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Oil penetration study of hair using LSCM 11.08.2018

October 2018

Authors:

Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai

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Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy applied to study the oil penetration efficiency across the human hair. A very simple flurescent based approach for comparision.

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3D Reconstruction of human hair by confocal microscopy

January 1993 · Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists

Confocal microscopy is a highly original, non-destructive method for observing objects in three dimensions and in their natural environment. As such, it is well suited to studies of human hair. The tandem-scanning reflected-light microscope was used to study the hair surface in its natural environment, which included sweat and sebum. Micrometric measurements assessed the effects of classical ... [Show full abstract] treatments (permanent waving and bleaching), swelling in water and urea solution, and stretching. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to reconstruct a volume of hair shafe. The internal structures (cortex and medulla) were contrasted using a fluorescent marker (rhodamin) and could be observed in both longitudinal and transverse optical sections at all levels. Our results demonstrate the value of confocal microscopy in describing hair structure and the effects of treatments on the cuticle. Methods based on classical optical and electron microscopy are far more complex and time-consuming than confocal microscopy, which represents an extremely promising technique for cosmetic research.

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Polymer-based candle-shaped microneedle electrodes for electroencephalography on hairy skin

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In this paper, we report on the optimization of the shape of dry microneedle electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) on hairy locations and compare the electrodes we developed with conventional wet electrodes. We propose the use of SU-8-based candle-shaped microneedle electrodes (CMEs), which have pillars of 1.0 mm height and 0.4 mm diameter with a gap of 0.43 mm between pillars. Microneedles ... [Show full abstract] are formed on the top of the pillars. The shape was determined by how well the pillars can avoid hairs and support the microneedles to penetrate through the stratum corneum. The skin–electrode contact impedances of the fabricated CMEs were found to be higher and less stable than those of conventional wet electrodes. However, the CMEs successfully acquired signals with qualities as good as those of conventional wet electrodes. Given the usability of the CMEs, which do not require skin preparation or gel, they are promising alternatives to conventional wet electrodes.

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Contrast improvement in scattered light confocal imaging of skin birefringent structures by depolari...

November 2011 · Journal of Biophotonics

Here we describe a method for enhancing the contrast in imaging skin birefringent structures. The method relies on polarization-dependent optical properties and is implemented using cross polarized confocal microscopy. The experimental data obtained using ex-vivo and in-vivo measurements on human scalp hairs and human skin demonstrate a significant dependence of the change in polarization of ... [Show full abstract] light that interacted with the birefringent hair on the orientation of the incident polarization. The polarization dependent contrast, defined as the ratio of intensity measured for different orientations of the incident polarization when observed using cross polarized confocal microscopy furthermore depends on the hair type/degree of pigmentation and on the focusing depth inside the hair. No such dependence was observed for the upper skin layers, including the stratum corneum and epidermis. We propose a new method for enhancing the contrast between the skin and the birefringent hair by the use of cross polarized confocal microscopy combined with the variation of the polarization of the incoming light. Potential applications of this method include imaging of hairs for assessing the efficacy of hair removal methods and measurement of skin birefringence. The underestimation of the birefringence content resulting from the orientation related effects associated with the use of linearly polarized light for imaging tissues containing wavy birefringent structures could be minimized by this method.

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Approximately 40% of women experience excessive hair shedding during styling (e.g., hair brushing). Previously, we demonstrated that topically applied phenylephrine, a potent α1 adrenergic receptor agonist, can be used to contract the arrector pili muscle of the follicular unit; thus, increasing the force required to pluck hair and reducing shedding during brushing. While demonstrating efficacy, ... [Show full abstract] phenylephrine has several drawbacks when applied to the scalp, including the possibility cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that a high concentration of a weak α1 agonist would allow for: (a) rapid penetration through the stratum corneum eliciting a quick response; (b) a low probability of cardiac adverse events owing to the low receptor binding affinity; and (c) an efficacy of the weak α1 agonist similar to that of phenylephrine at the local site of application. Accordingly, we developed a novel topical solution, AB-102, containing a high concentration of a weak α1 agonist. Several studies were conducted to test the safety and efficacy of AB-102. In a dose escalating safety study, utilizing a wearable holter monitor, we observed no cardiac or hemodynamic adverse events. In addition, in a controlled efficacy study, AB-102 reduced the number of hairs shed during brushing by up to 77% (average of 38%).

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March 2006 · Journal of Cosmetic Science

In this study, hydrogen bonds around hair proteins were analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy to reveal the mechanism of improving hair-set durability by treatment with a specific organic acid. The improvement of set durability was confirmed by measurement on single hair fibers, suggesting that improvement is not because of the surface adhesion increase but because of the internal changes in the ... [Show full abstract] hair. Through analysis by two-dimensional near-infrared correlation spectroscopy, it was found that a combination band of stretching NH and amide II is deconvoluted into three bands interacting with different hydrogen bonds. From the assignment of the three bands, the behavior of the organic acid in the hair was clarified as follows: it absorbs at the site where water originally binds, even in extremely dry conditions, prevents water penetration, and makes strong and stable hydrogen bonds with hair proteins. The formation of such strong and stable hydrogen bonds suppresses the exchange of hydrogen bonds that is the cause of the breakage of set durability.

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Skin reactions to hair dyes

June 1952 · A M A Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology

A J REICHES

Hair dyes have been used by man since ancient times. However, the recent popularization of hair dyeing has greatly broadened this field of cosmetology. Up-to-date home hair dyes and practically all the beauty-parlor hair-dye preparations1 are of the so-called oxidation or penetration type of hair coloring. This hair dye is basically a solution of p-phenylenediamine. I am reporting three cases of ... [Show full abstract] cutaneous irritation of the scalp from the use of an oxidation type of hair dye. Although untoward reactions are apparently not numerous, the occasional occurrence of a severe reaction justifies the report of the following cases. REPORT OF CASES In two of the three cases herein reported the hair coloring was applied at beauty parlors, and in the third it was applied at home. Case 1.—M. S., a white woman aged 42, had one brand of an oxidation-type hair dye applied to her scalp at a local

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The purpose of this study was to determine if the penetration enhancer SEPATM (2-n-nonyl-1,3-dioxolane) would augment the scalp hair growth effects of topical minoxidil in the balding stumptail macaque. A 1-in2 area on the balding scalp of 40 adult female monkeys (four drug-treated and four vehicle-treated groups of 5 monkeys each) was topically treated 5 days/week, q.d. or b.i.d., with ... [Show full abstract] approximately 250 μl of minoxidil-SEPATM (2.5&percnt; minoxidil, weight/volume in 10&percnt; SEPATM, 25&percnt; propylene glycol and 65&percnt; isopropyl alcohol), Rogaine® topical solution (TS, 2&percnt; minoxidil, weight/volume in 20&percnt; propylene glycol, 60&percnt; ethanol and 20&percnt; water) or respective vehicles (without drug) for 16 weeks via paintbrush application. Scalp hair was collected by shaving and vacuuming the dosed area at baseline and at 4-week intervals. The shaved hair was filtered, weighed and recorded as the change from baseline. The q.d. and b.i.d. minoxidil-SEPATM groups displayed a significant increase in hair weight compared to their respective vehicles at week 4 whereas q.d. and b.i.d. Rogaine® TS groups were not active until week 8 and 12, respectively. Both minoxidil-SEPATM treatments produced significantly greater cumulative hair weight over the entire 16-week study compared to either of the Rogaine® TS treatments. Comparable increases in cumulative hair weight were evident between q.d. and b.i.d. minoxidil-SEPATM groups and between q.d. and b.i.d. Rogaine® TS groups. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected at steady state to assess urinary excretion of total minoxidil via high performance liquid chromatography analysis in each of the four drug-treated groups. Urinary levels of total minoxidil tended to be greater in minoxidil-SEPATM groups. However, due to high intragroup variation, only the b.i.d. minoxidil-SEPATM group showed a significant 2.8-fold elevation compared to the b.i.d. Rogaine® TS group. These data suggest that the penetration enhancer SEPATM influences the topical delivery of minoxidil resulting in earlier and greater stimulation of scalp hair growth in the balding stumptail macaque.

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Monilethrix is a hereditary hair shaft disorder

September 2017 · Ugeskrift for Laeger

Monilethrix is a rare genodermatosis with high penetrance and variable expressivity. This is a case report of a Danish family with varying phenotypical presentations. The family members were diagnosed using dermatoscopy and microscopy, which were subsequently supported by gene sequence analysis. No cure of monilethrix exists, but a single case report shows promising results using low dosage of ... [Show full abstract] oral minoxidil. Reducing hair dressing trauma to diminish weathering remains the best prophylaxis.

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Foreign Body in Wharton's Duct

April 1962 · Archives of Otolaryngology

Walker, E.A., Jr

Foreign bodies of the salivary ducts and salivary glands are rare. A search of the medical literature available to me revealed reports of only 5 cases involving the submaxillary gland or duct. The earliest case report found was in 1923 by Baggio.¹ The foreign body consisted of a piece of grain scrap which was lodged in the duct of the submaxillary salivary gland and produced inflammatory reaction ... [Show full abstract] in that gland with retention of glandular secretions. Struycken⁴ in 1927 reported the finding of a piece of grain husk with a small bundle of hairs attached to it which had penetrated into Wharton's duct several years previously. It had caused obliteration of the lumen with severe inflammatory reaction and a retention reaction within the submaxillary gland. In 1936, Okayama Igakkai Zasshi² reported a foreign body in Wharton's duct, but the complete case report was not available. Pilcher³ in

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Effect of hair color on luster

February 2005 · Journal of Cosmetic Science

The effect of color on instrumentally evaluated luster of hair dyed to different colors and depths of shades is studied. For natural hair colors, such as blond, brown, and black, the increase in luster with increasing color is associated with a decrease in diffusely scattered light as a result of light absorption by melanin granules. On dyed hair the interpretation of data from a goniophotometer ... [Show full abstract] (GP) is more complicated. Using the colors covering the extremes and middle of the visible spectrum, our results demonstrate how dye composition (single or multicomponent), concentration, and penetration depth into the fiber affect the absorptive and scattering processes within the hair fiber to impact luster. Finally, we make an attempt to study the effect of hair color on subjective evaluation of luster. An equation for perceived luster, taking into account the spectral sensitivity of the human eye is derived. Theoretical considerations show that the luster of hair of different colors is perceived differently by the human eye.

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The behavior of hair from different countries

April 2010 · Journal of Cosmetic Science

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 97–109 (March/April 2009) J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 97–109 (March/April 2009) The properties of curly hair from different countries were assessed using geometrical measurements from a laser scanning micrometer and a new hair shape classification method. In addition, tensile tests, 2-D gel electrophoresis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed. Results ... [Show full abstract] concluded that hair characteristics are influenced by the degree of curl. For example, curlier hair tended to be more fragile. Interestingly, the degree of curl in hair also was dependent upon the country of origin. DSC and 2-D gel electrophoresis showed that the thermal behavior and the protein markers in hair differed as a function of hair origin. The variability seen in hair characteristics may potentially influence how the hair responds to treatment and these differences could be caused by regional and cultural diversities in the population from where the hair originated.

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The application of laser scanning confocal microscopy to the examination of hairs and textile fibers...

November 2009 · Forensic Science International

An initial investigation of the application of laser scanning confocal microscopy to the examination of hairs and fibers has been conducted. This technique allows the production of virtual transverse and longitudinal cross-sectional images of a wide range of hairs and fibers. Special mounting techniques are not required; specimens that have been mounted for conventional microscopy require no ... [Show full abstract] further treatment. Unlike physical cross-sectioning, in which it is difficult to produce multiple cross-sections from a single hair or fiber and the process is destructive, confocal microscopy allows the examiner to image the cross-section at any point in the field of view along the hair or fiber and it is non-destructive. Confocal microscopy is a fluorescence-based technique. The images described in this article were collected using only the autofluorescence exhibited by the specimen (i.e. fluorescence staining was not necessary). Colorless fibers generally and hairs required excitation at 405 nm in order to stimulate useful autofluorescence; longer wavelength excitation was suitable for dyed fibers. Although confocal microscopy was found to be generally applicable to the generation virtual transverse cross-sections from a wide range of hairs and fibers, on some occasions the autofluorescence signal was attenuated by heavy pigmentation or the presence of an opaque medulla in hairs, and by heavy delustering or the presence of air-filled voids in the case of fibers. In these situations only partial cross-sections were obtained.

Oil penetration study of hair using LSCM 11.08.2018

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