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Comparison of the Dimensions of the Psychological Capital of Athlete Women and non-Athlete
... Hope is a state that enables one to set realistic but challenging goals and expectations and to achieve those goals through self-leadership, willpower, energy, and a sense of internal control [9]. ...
Aim and Background: Considering the prevalence of the Covid-19 virus and its effect on medical staff's personal and marital life. The present study aimed to compare the psychological capital and marital adjustment of medical staff working in COVID-19-related wards with staff in other hospital wards. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive causal-comparative study. The statistical population of the present study was all medical staff of Shahidi Rahimi Hospital in Lorestan. Among them, 160 people were selected using the available sampling method and were replaced in two groups of 80 people. The first group was the staff working in the ward of COVID 19, and the second group was another staff working in the hospital Who were not directly employed in COVID 19-related departments to collect the data of the present study, the Lutens psychological capital questionnaire (CD-RSC) and Spinner marital adjustment scale (DAS) were used. The present study's data were analyzed using an independent t-test, for which 25 SPSS software was used. Results: The independent t-test showed a comparison of the average psychological capital and marital adjustment of the two groups. There is a significant difference between group therapy working in the ward related to COVID 19 and other medical staff of the hospital in terms of psychological capital and marital adjustment (p < 0.05). The amount of psychological capital and marital adjustment of medical staff working in departments related to COVID 19 was significantly lower than the scores of other hospital staff's psychological capital and marital compatibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the staff working in the ward of COVID-19 are more vulnerable than other hospital staff due to the consequences and tensions related to COVID-19 in terms of their personal and marital life.
... The strategies adopted to promote psychological capital in middle age include improving social capital, [12] yoga, [13] teaching positive thinking skills, [14] acceptance and commitment therapy, [15] promoting spiritual health, and mindfulness. [16] Happiness also appears effective in this regard and encompasses different meanings, including instant pleasure, long-term pleasure, and enjoying the whole life. ...
Aims: In middle age, women's psychological capital decreases. Happiness is one of the possible solutions to this problem. This study was designed to investigate the effect of happiness on the psychological capital of middle-aged women. Materials and Methods: The present study is a clinical trial study in which 60 middle-aged women participated through continuous sampling. The samples were divided into control and intervention groups by block randomization. The experimental group received group happiness training for 8 sessions of 90 min over 4 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. Psychological capital scores were measured at the beginning, end, and 4 weeks after the end of the study. The psychological capital questionnaire of McGee et al. and the background data questionnaire was used to collect information. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: The mean score of psychological capital at the beginning of the study in the two groups of intervention (100.615 ± 6.616) and control (104.9 ± 5.921) was not statistically significant. At the end of the intervention in the experimental group (146.154 ± 9.362) and the control group (109.700 ± 6.869) and 4 weeks after the intervention of the experimental group (129.423 ± 9.153) and the control group (110.700 ± 6.670), a statistically significant difference was observed (P < 0.0001). The difference between the scores of the two groups at the end and 4 weeks after the intervention in all dimensions of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) was statistically significant. Conclusions: Health-care professionals can use group happiness training to increase the psychological capital of middle-aged women.
Background & Aims: Job adaptability is essential to the successful employment of nurses, which could be largely influenced by psychological capital. The present study aimed to investigate the association between psychological capital and job adaptability in the nurses at Kashan University of Medical Sciences hospital, Iran.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 190 nurses at Kashan University of Medical Sciences hospital, who were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using two questionnaires of psychological capital and job compatibility. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The mean psychological capital (5.41±0.77) was above average 4, and the mean job compatibility (3.23±0.43) was above average 3. Pearson's correlation-coefficient indicated a positive, significant correlation between psychological capital and job adaptability of nurses (r=0.43). In addition, the most significant association was observed between psychological capital and value orientation (r=0.43), while the least significant correlation was denoted between psychological capital and autonomy (r=0.15).
Conclusion: According to the results, the implementation of programs for the improvement of psychological capital in the nursing community could result in the job adaptability of nurses. Furthermore, a supportive view within hospitals toward nurses and the subsequent perception of being supported on behalf of nurses could effectively enhance their job adaptability.
With the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) being the standard measure to assess psychological capital (PsyCap) in the context of organizations, this paper aims to broaden this domain-specific approach by introducing a measure with universal claim. Two studies were conducted to create and validate a German self-report scale (CPC-12) measuring PsyCap. We performed confirmatory factor analyses and correlations with other positive psychological constructs on the data of two German samples (N1 = 321; N2 = 202). The twelve-item CPC-12 exhibits the anticipated factorial structure with a very good model fit and associations to other constructs concur with previous findings with other measures of PsyCap.
Yoga and mindfulness aim to achieve the same goal of quieting the mind and having participants look within. In this article, yoga practices are discussed for their potential role in mindfulness skill development. An examination of the literature provides a description of yoga and the theory of mindfulness, including the reduction of negative functioning and increase of mental health, physical health and behaviour regulation. The process through which yoga is theorized to function as a mindfulness skill is discussed along with future directions in theoretical development.
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to access the flexibility of the spine in women practicing yoga as a part of the "University for Health" project. [Subjects and Methods] The study included 56 women ranging in age between 50-79 and attending 90 minutes hatha yoga sessions once a week. The measurements were performed twice-at the beginning of the project and after its completion, i.e., after 20 weeks of classes. The range of spine mobility in three planes was measured using a Rippstein plurimeter. The range of motion in the sagittal and frontal planes was measured in a standing position with the feet hip-width apart. The torsional range of motion of the subjects was measured with the trunk bent at a right angle and the legs apart. The flexibility ranges of the spine and hamstrings were also measured by the toe-touch test in a standing position. [Results] This study showed that the applied yoga exercises increased spinal mobility and flexibility of the hamstring muscles regardless of age. [Conclusion] Yoga exercises should be recommended to the elderly to make their muscles more flexible and to increase the range of motion in the joints, which is particularly important for improving their life quality.
This study examined the influence of psychological capital (PsyCap), on the well-being of university un- dergraduates during an academic semester. PsyCap, a recently developed, higher-order construct, applied to the world of work has been hypothesized to aid employees cope with stressors in the workplace. The current study extends this concept to work in the academic environment. Psychological capital is hypothesized to empower students with the necessary metal strength to cope up with adverse circumstances. Among undergraduate students from a university in the Western US, Psychological Capital (PsyCap) mediated between stress and indices of psychological and physical well-being. In the case of Psychological Symptoms and Health Problems, PsyCap buffered the impact of stress so that the relationship between stress and negative outcomes was reduced. In the case of Satisfaction with Life, PsyCap augmented a positive psychological outcome. We discuss implications for research on resilience to academic stress, the power of the PsyCap construct to effect positive psychological outcomes in a variety of student situations, and implications for educators in developing and promoting positive outcomes based on this valuable personal capital.
Tested the self-efficacy hypotheses that (1) personal mastery expectations are the primary determinants of behavioral change and (2) individual differences in past experiences and attribution of success to skill or chance result in different levels of generalized self-efficacy expectations. A Self-Efficacy Scale was developed and tested with 376 college students. Factor analysis yielded 2 subscales: a General Self-Efficacy subscale (17 items) and a Social Self-Efficacy subscale (6 items). Confirmation of several predicted conceptual relationships between the Self-Efficacy subscales and other personality measures (i.e., Locus of Control, Personal Control, Social Desirability, Ego Strength, Interpersonal Competence, and Self-Esteem) provided evidence of construct validity. Positive relationships between the Self-Efficacy Scale and vocational, educational, and military success established criterion validity. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)
Yoga as a life-style practice has demonstrated beneficial effects. The role of yoga in the elderly for such benefits merits investigation.
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of yoga intervention on quality-of-life (QOL) and sleep quality in the elderly living in old age homes.
Single blind controlled study with block randomization of elderly homes.
A total of 120 subjects from nine elderly homes were randomized in to yoga group (n=62) and waitlist group (n=58). Subjects in the yoga group were given yoga intervention daily for 1 month and weekly until 3 months and were encouraged to practice yoga without supervision until for 6 months. Subjects in waitlist group received no intervention during this period. Subjects were evaluated with World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF for measuring QOL and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality in the baseline and after 6 months.
Independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of covariance respectively was used to measure the difference in outcome measures between the two groups at baseline and after the study period.
Subjects in the yoga group had significantly higher number of years of formal education. Subjects in the yoga group had significant improvement in all the domains of QOL and total sleep quality after controlling for the effect of baseline difference in education between the two groups.
Yoga intervention appears to improve the QOL and sleep quality of elderly living in old age homes. There is a need for further studies overcoming the limitations in this study to confirm the benefits of yoga for elderly in QOL and sleep quality.
Background: In the field of exercise and mental health was already on the perception that sport is beneficial for physical health. Today physical exercise can also be effective in promoting mental health.
Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to compare mental health of athletic and non-athletic disabled people in Arak city.
Materials and Method: A descriptive-analytical study and cross method, was done to evaluate the mental. Disabled man in the entire city was considered as a population study. Samples were selected randomly into two groups with 120 athletes (60) and non-athletes (60). Mental health of participants was assessed by GHQ-28. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test was used for data analysis.
Results: Findings of study showed significant differences between mental health of athletic and non-athletic disabled people. Disabled people that participant in physical activity were in better mental health situation than the non-athletic disabled people.
Conclusion: According to sport effective role on mental health of people, especially disabled people recommend responsible organizations for making the bed than the rest of the act.
Recent research has indicated concern for the degree of stress and emotional well-being among university staff. This study examined the effectiveness of yoga in enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress among university employees.
In a randomized controlled trial at a British university, we recruited 48 employees and randomized them into either a yoga or a wait-list control group. The yoga group was offered six weeks of Dru Yoga, comprising one 60-minute class per week. These classes were offered by a certified Dru Yoga instructor at lunchtime from January-March 2008. The wait-list control group received no intervention during this six-week study. Baseline and end-program measurements of self-reported mood and well-being were self-assessed with the Profile of Mood States - Bipolar (POMS-Bi) and the Inventory of Positive Psychological Attitudes (IPPA).
This six-week yoga intervention resulted in significantly improved POMS-Bi and IPPA scores for the yoga compared to the wait-list control group for seven of eight measures of mood and well-being. In comparison to the wait-list control group at baseline and the end of the program, the yoga group reported marked improvements in feelings of clear-mindedness, composure, elation, energy, and confidence. In addition, the yoga group reported increased life purpose and satisfaction, and feelings of greater self-confidence during stressful situations.
These results show that even a short program of yoga is effective for enhancing emotional well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. We suggest that employers should consider offering yoga classes to their employees.
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.
Given recent attention to emotion regulation as a potentially unifying function of diverse symptom presentations, there is a need for comprehensive measures that adequately assess difficulties in emotion regulation among adults. This paper (a) proposes an integrative conceptualization of emotion regulation as involving not just the modulation of emotional arousal, but also the awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state; and (b) begins to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of a new measure, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Two samples of undergraduate students completed questionnaire packets. Preliminary findings suggest that the DERS has high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity.
This study mainly explores the impacts of different background variables, perceived organizational support, and psychological capital on sport burnout of junior high PE students. The participants were PE students in 7th-9th grades from 11 public junior high schools. Out of 420 distributed questionnaires, 388 valid responses were obtained with a response rate of 92.4%. The analysis result showed that in Model 1, only grade dimension of background variables had a significant explanatory power on sport burnout. In Model 2, perceived organizational support in involvement with control background variables (gender, grade, sport training seniority) was found to effectively promote the model's explanatory power at 5% level, implying the higher perceived organizational support junior high students acknowledge, the lower sport burnout possibility is. In Model 3, control background variables (gender, grade, sport training seniority) and perceived organizational support when involving four dimensions of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, resiliency) can additionally increase 29.2% of the explanatory power. Among these dimensions, self-efficiency and optimism are considered two most critical factors affecting sport burnout of junior high students, implying that once students have higher self-efficiency and optimism, the rate of sport burnout will be definitely lower. The achieved findings hope to provide related organizations and future studies with useful references and guidelines in their work field.
This book draws from a foundation of positive psychology and recently emerging positive organizational behavior (POB). Its purpose is to introduce the untapped human resource capacity of psychological capital, or simply PsyCap. This PsyCap goes beyond traditionally recognized human and social capital and must meet the scientific criteria of theory, research, and valid measurement. To distinguish from other constructs in positive psychology and organizational behavior, to be included in PsyCap the resource capacity must also be 'state-like' and thus open to development (as opposed to momentary states or fixed traits) and have performance impact. The positive psychological resource capacities that meet these PsyCap criteria - efficacy (confidence), hope, optimism, and resilience - are covered in separate chapters. These four resource capacities are conceptually and empirically distinct, but also have underlying common processes for striving to succeed and when in combination contribute to a higher-order, core construct of psychological capital. Besides these four, other potential positive constructs such as creativity, wisdom, well being, flow, humor, gratitude, forgiveness, emotional intelligence, spirituality, authenticity, and courage are covered in Chapters 6 and 7. The concluding Chapter 8 summarizes and presents the research demonstrating the performance impact of PsyCap, the PsyCap questionnaire (PCQ) for measurement and the PsyCap Intervention (PCI) for development. Utility analysis indicates that investing in the development of PsyCap can result in a very substantial return. In total, this book provides the theory, research, measure, and method of application for the new resource of Psychological Capital that can be developed and sustained for competitive advantage.
Defining hope as a cognitive set that is composed of a reciprocally derived sense of successful (1) agency (goal-directed determination) and (2) pathways (planning of ways to meet goals), an individual-differences measure is developed. Studies with college students and patients demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and the factor structure identifies the agency and pathways components of the Hope Scale. Convergent and discriminant validity are documented, along with evidence suggesting that Hope Scale scores augmented the prediction of goal-related activities and coping strategies beyond other self-report measures. Construct validational support is provided in regard to predicted goal-setting behaviors; moreover, the hypothesized goal appraisal processes that accompany the various levels of hope are corroborated.
To examine the relationship between resilience, psychological distress, adjustment, and community participation after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Large university health system.
Adult survivors of mild to severe TBI (N = 96).
Descriptive, preliminary.
The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item version) was used to assess resilience, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) was used to characterize psychological distress, and the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Index (MPAI-4) was used to measure ability, adjustment, and participation.
Resilience scores were substantially lower than those of the general population. Significant relationships were found between resilience, psychological distress, and adjustment. Partial correlations (adjusting for the other MPAI-4 indices) showed significant correlation (P < .05) between MPAI-4 Adjustment and resilience. Partial correlations (adjusting for the other BSI-18 scales) also showed significance for Depression (P < .01) and resilience. Resilience scores differed significantly (P < .001) between individuals meeting BSI-18 caseness criteria for psychological distress (n = 55) and those not meeting criteria (n = 41).
Individuals with TBI are at risk for low resilience, which was found to correlate with psychological distress and psychosocial maladjustment. Developing interventions to strengthen resilience skills has the potential to improve postinjury psychosocial adjustment, an important area for future research.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The CD-RISC was completed by a sample of 323 Isfahan university students (168 females, 155 males) aged 19–34 years. A maximum likelihood method with an oblique solution resulted in four factors (achievement motivation, self-confidence, tenacity, and adaptability), and all estimates of reliability (alpha and test-retest correlations) coefficients were sufficiently high to provide confidence in the scores from these four factors of resilience.
Patient use of complementary and alternative treatments, including yoga, to manage mood and anxiety disorders, has been well documented. Despite research interest, there are few recent reviews of the evidence of the benefit of yoga in these conditions.
The PubMed, Medline and PsycInfo databases were searched for literature published up to July 2008, relating to yoga and depressive and anxiety disorders.
The paucity of reported studies and several methodological constraints limit data interpretation. In depressive disorders, yoga may be comparable to medication and the combination superior to medication alone. There is reasonable evidence for its use as second-line monotherapy or augmentation to medication in mild to moderate major depression and dysthymia, with early evidence of benefit in more severe depression. In anxiety disorders, yoga may be superior to medication for a subgroup of patients, but its benefits in specific conditions are still largely unknown. Second-line monotherapy is indicated in performance or test anxiety, but only preliminary evidence exists for obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Yoga appears to be superior to no treatment and progressive relaxation for both depression and anxiety, and may benefit mood and anxiety symptoms associated with medical illness. It shows good safety and tolerability in short-term treatment.
Reasonable evidence supports the benefit of yoga in specific depressive disorders. The evidence is still preliminary in anxiety disorders. Given its patient appeal and the promising findings thus far, further research on yoga in these conditions is encouraged.
After first providing the meaning of psychological capital (PsyCap), we present a micro-intervention to develop it. Drawn from hope, optimism, efficacy, and resiliency development, this PsyCap Intervention (PCI) is shown to have preliminary support for not only increasing participants' PsyCap, but also financial impact and high return on investment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workplace stress is a growing concern for human resource managers. Although considerable scholarly and practical attention has been devoted to stress management over the years, the time has come for new perspectives and research. Drawing from the emerging field of positive organizational behavior, this study offers research findings with implications for combating occupational stress. Specifically, data from a large sample of working adults across a variety of industries suggest that psychological capital (the positive resources of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) may be key to better understanding the variation in perceived symptoms of stress, as well as intentions to quit and job search behaviors. The article concludes with practical strategies aimed at leveraging and developing employees' psychological capital to help them better cope with workplace stress. copyright 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Human Resource Management is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of flexibility, functional autonomy and QoL in elderly yoga practitioners. The subjects were divided into a yoga group (YG; n = 52; age = 66.79 ± 3.30 years; BMI = 24.77 ± 3.18) and control group (CG; n = 31; age = 69.33 ± 4.84 years; BMI = 24.32 ± 3.71) and submitted to flexibility tests through goniometry, the LADEG autonomy protocol and QoL, using the WHOQOL-Old questionnaire. Repeated measures ANOVA showed increases in articular range of motion in shoulder abduction (Δ%SA = 14.11%; p = 0.0001), horizontal shoulder extension (Δ%HSE = 33.90%; p = 0.0001), lumbar spine flexion (Δ%LSF = 50.74%; p = 0.0001), hip flexion (Δ%HF = 35.75%; p = 0.0001), hip extension (Δ%HE = 10.93%; p = 0.021) and knee flexion (Δ%KF = 3.90%; p = 0.001) and in the GDLAM autonomy index (Δ%AI = -13.67%; p = 0.0001) in the YG compared to the CG. The Mann-Whitney test revealed increases in QoL scores in Facet 1 (Δ%Fac1 = 9.04%; p=0.043), Facet 5 (Δ%Fac5 = 51.06%; p = 0.0001) and in overall QoL (Δ%OqoL = 8.13%; p = 0.046) in the YG compared to the CG. The remaining variables showed no significant intergroup modifications. Thus, the study suggests that the regular practice of yoga may lead to improved range of motion in the performance of activities of daily living in elderly women.
Yoga and exercise have beneficial effects on mood and anxiety. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic activity is reduced in mood and anxiety disorders. The practice of yoga postures is associated with increased brain GABA levels. This study addresses the question of whether changes in mood, anxiety, and GABA levels are specific to yoga or related to physical activity.
Healthy subjects with no significant medical/psychiatric disorders were randomized to yoga or a metabolically matched walking intervention for 60 minutes 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Mood and anxiety scales were taken at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and before each magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. Scan 1 was at baseline. Scan 2, obtained after the 12-week intervention, was followed by a 60-minute yoga or walking intervention, which was immediately followed by Scan 3.
The yoga subjects (n = 19) reported greater improvement in mood and greater decreases in anxiety than the walking group (n = 15). There were positive correlations between improved mood and decreased anxiety and thalamic GABA levels. The yoga group had positive correlations between changes in mood scales and changes in GABA levels.
The 12-week yoga intervention was associated with greater improvements in mood and anxiety than a metabolically matched walking exercise. This is the first study to demonstrate that increased thalamic GABA levels are associated with improved mood and decreased anxiety. It is also the first time that a behavioral intervention (i.e., yoga postures) has been associated with a positive correlation between acute increases in thalamic GABA levels and improvements in mood and anxiety scales. Given that pharmacologic agents that increase the activity of the GABA system are prescribed to improve mood and decrease anxiety, the reported correlations are in the expected direction. The possible role of GABA in mediating the beneficial effects of yoga on mood and anxiety warrants further study.
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2003;9(1):82-7.
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[ DOI: 10.29252/hrjbaq.3.2.82 ]