ArticleLiterature Review

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

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Abstract

Current evidence has shown antioxidant activity of artichoke as a potent source of antioxidant compounds. However, it seems that the antioxidant activity of artichoke has not yet been reviewed. Therefore, the present study was designed to perform a systematic review of human studies, animal models, and in vitro systems and to conduct a meta‐analysis of animal studies on the antioxidant effects of artichoke. We searched four electronic databases till April 2018 using relevant keywords. All English language articles were assessed. For animal studies, standardized mean difference was pooled using a random effects model. The included studies were evaluated for eligibility and risk of bias. Thirty‐nine articles (two human, 23 animal, and 14 in vitro studies) were reviewed. The results of in vitro systems supported the antioxidant effect of artichoke, whereas limited clinical trials indicated no change or a slight improvement of antioxidant status. Finding of animal studies indicated that artichoke extract supplementation increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase level in liver, as well as, decreased malondialdehyde level in liver and plasma of animals with induced disease significantly compared with comparison group. This meta‐analysis provided convincing evidence for antioxidant activity of artichoke in animals.

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... The high content of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, inulin and pectins, provide artichoke beneficial effects against a variety of diseases. Numerous studies have found that artichoke present an anti-inflammatory [10], antioxidant [11], antimicrobial [12] and anticarcinogenic [13] effect, as well as an hepato-and cardioprotective action [14]. Moreover, new alternative uses for artichoke bio-wastes have been proposed in order to avoid environmental problems [15]. ...
... Carpentieri et al. [86] reported similar results in the application of artichoke stem extracts (1 and 2 mg/mL) in human THP-1 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), obtaining a reduction in ROS and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines. The antioxidant effect of artichoke has also been confirmed in in vivo experiments through several meta-analyses [11,125]. Ben Salem et al. [88] investigated the effects of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with artichoke leaf extracts daily for 4 weeks, report-ing marked changes associated with a protective effect against ROS. ...
... The antioxidant capacity of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids can also be attributed to their H-donating function due to their specific structural characteristics [127]. However, the modulating effects could be mostly attributed to the interception of free radicals and ROS at the level of critical signaling pathways involving several protein kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors [11]. In particular, antioxidants are able to modulate the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. ...
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Cynara scolymus L. is an herbaceous plant originally from the western Mediterranean area, with Italy, Spain and France the main being producers. Both the edible flowering head and the by-products generated during processing (outer bracts, leaves and stem) are characterized by a high content of essential vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds. In particular, the leaves represent a great source of phenolic acids derived from caffeoylquinic acid or flavonoids such as luteonin and apigenin, while the head and stem contain a high content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, especially inulin and pectins. Its high content of bioactive compounds provides artichoke a high antioxidant power due to the modulation effect of the transcription factor Nrf2, which may lead to protection against cardiovascular, hepatic and neurological disorders. The potential use of artichoke as a functional ingredient in the food industry may be promising in terms of improving the nutritional value of products, as well as preventing oxidation and extending the shelf-life of processed foods due to its antimicrobial activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the nutritional qualities of Cynara scolymus L. and its by-products, focusing on the possible health effects and potential applications in food products as a higher-value-added alternative ingredient.
... Các nghiên cứu trên người chưa thể đưa ra kết luận do cần phải có thêm dữ liệu nghiên cứu. Hoạt tính chống oxy hóa của ALE phụ thuộc vào liều và có lợi trong điều trị các bệnh về gan [67]. ...
... Tác dụng hạ lipid huyết của ALE được chứng minh qua ít nhất 19 thử nghiệm lâm sàng từ năm 2000-2020 [67], [101], [102]. Trong đó, 14 thử nghiệm được phân tích tổng hợp. ...
... Lá Actisô dùng an toàn và đã được chấp nhận dùng để điều trị chứng khó tiêu bởi Hội Đồng Chuyên Luận Dược Điển Đức [118]. Trong các thử nghiệm lâm sàng, liều ALE thường dùng từ 200 -600 mg/ngày, kéo dài 6 -12 tuần cho người từ 18 -70 tuổi, trong đó cũng có một số nghiên cứu dùng với liều khá lớn 1250 -2700 mg/ngày, tuy nhiên ALE cho thấy khả năng dung nạp tốt và tỷ lệ các tác dụng phụ nhẹ và rất ít, thậm chí có một số tác dụng tích cực được báo cáo [67], [119], [101], [120]. ...
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Tóm tắt-Actisô (Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae), hoa tự dạng đầu được dùng chủ yếu làm thực phẩm và cao chiết lá thường dùng làm thuốc thảo dược trong điều trị chứng khó tiêu, đầy hơi, và viêm gan. Bài báo này nhằm tóm tắt các đặc điểm thực vật đặc biệt là sự đa dạng di truyền, thành phần hóa học, tác dụng dược lý, các thử nghiệm lâm sàng, các phương pháp phân tích và một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến hàm lượng của polyphenol. Actisô giàu các polyphenol có hoạt tính sinh học bao gồm acid caffeoylquinic, flavonoid… Bên cạnh đó, inulin là polysaccharid fructan trong Actisô, được dùng để kiểm tra chức năng thận và dùng trong thực phẩm. Các sesquiterpen lacton và triterpen là thành phần kém phân cực cũng được tìm thấy trong Actisô. Actisô có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao và có tính chất trị liệu như chống oxy hóa, bảo vệ gan, lợi mật, kháng viêm, hạ lipid máu. Các acid phenol đã được phân tích bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng hiệu năng cao (HPLC) và siêu hiệu năng (UHPLC) kết nối với các đầu dò PDA và MS. Abstract-Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae, whose flower head is primarily used as food and whose leaf extract (ALE) used commonly as herbal medicine for treating dyspepsia, flatulence, and hepatitis. This review article aims to summarize the botanical characteristics, especially the genetic diversity, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical trials, analytical methods and some factors notably influencing the content of polyphenols. C. scolymus contains large amounts of bioactive phenolic compounds including caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids… Besides, inulin a fructan polysaccharide found in C. scolymus is often used for tests of renal function and food ingredient. The sesquiterpenes lactones and triterpenes, non-polar compounds, are also found in C. scolymus. C. scolymus has important nutritional value and therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid-lowering activity... The phenolic acids were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to photodiode array detector (PDA) and mass spectrometry detector. Từ khóa-Actisô (Cynara scolymus L.); Cynara cardunculus; cynarin; acid chlorogenic.
... In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that artichoke and its leaves have antimicrobial (Vamanu et al. 2011), antioxidant (Ben Salem et al. 2017a, Biel et al. 2020, hypocholesterolemic (Mocelin et al. 2016(Mocelin et al. , Öcal et al. 2019, hypoglycemic (Ben Salem et al. 2017b), anticancer (Nadova et al. 2008, Sokkar et al. 2020, antifungal (Ben Salem at al.2017b), hepatoprotective (Colak et al. 2016) and choleretic Kraft (1997) effects. Artichoke head and leaves mainly contain phenolic compounds such as chologenic acid and cynarin, flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin, polyphenolic compounds, carotenoids, inulin, fiber, vitamin C, E and minerals (Ben Salem et al. 2015, Biel et al. 2020, Salekzamani et al. 2019. Artichoke, which is a natural source of antioxidants in this respect, has been used in human and animal nutrition since ancient times, and at the same time, artichoke and leaf extracts are used in foods both as flavoring and to prolong the shelf life of foods by preventing lipid and protein oxidation (Biel et al. 2020). ...
... The interest in artichoke, a natural antioxidant, as well as its extracts is due to their versatile therapeutic effect (Biel et al. 2020). Oxidative stress is characterized by insufficient enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) and non-enzymatic (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols and others) antioxidant capacity due to excessive increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), so shifting the balance towards oxidants (Salekzamani et al. 2019). While increasing oxidative stress has been reported to play a role in many disease such as aging, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (Valko et al. 2007), plants with strong antioxidant activity such as artichoke contain polyphenols, vitamins and minerals have a role in reducing the risk of disease that develop due to oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS production and reducing radicals (Salekzamani et al. 2019). ...
... Oxidative stress is characterized by insufficient enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) and non-enzymatic (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols and others) antioxidant capacity due to excessive increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), so shifting the balance towards oxidants (Salekzamani et al. 2019). While increasing oxidative stress has been reported to play a role in many disease such as aging, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (Valko et al. 2007), plants with strong antioxidant activity such as artichoke contain polyphenols, vitamins and minerals have a role in reducing the risk of disease that develop due to oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS production and reducing radicals (Salekzamani et al. 2019). Indeed Demir and Agaoglu (2021) Wojdylo et al. 2007), and when this purple-colored substance interacts with antioxidants, it transforms into a yellow-colored reduced form of DPPH (DPPH-H). ...
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Papatyagiller familyasına ait olan Küre enginarın (Cynara scolymus L.) antioksidan, hepatoprotektif ve hipoglisemik etkilere sahiptir, yaprakları geleneksel olarak idrar söktürücü ve koleretik amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı enginar yaprağının ve yaprağın metanollü (Me-OH), etil asetatlı (EtOAc) ve n-hekzanlı (N-HXN) ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik içeriğini bazı in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri ve temel besin bileşenlerini, seçilmiş makro (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) ve mikro(Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, I) element düzeylerini, belirlemektir. Toplam fenolik içerik değerlerine göre Me-OH, EtOAc ve N-HXN ekstraktları sırasıyla 5,375 mg, 0,917 mg, 0,167 mg gallik asit (GAE)/g bulunmuştur. Me-OH ekstraktı en yüksek DPPH serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi (%87,73) gösterirken, EtOAc ekstraktı en yüksek süperoksit radikal süpürme aktivitesine (%49,02) sahip iken N-HXN ekstraktı yüksek seviye metal şelatlama kapasitesi (289,32 µM Fe) içermektedir. Makro ve mikro elementler açısından (I ve Cr seviyeleri hariç) en yüksek konsantrasyonlar doğal mineral kaynağı olarak kabul edilen yapraklarında kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre enginar yapraklarının potansiyel bir doğal K ve Zn kaynağı sağladığı, Me-OH ve N-HXN ekstraktlarının ise iyi P ve Zn kaynağı olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.
... Our systematic review and meta-analysis of eight clinical trials generated novel evidence, showcasing that artichoke administration may elicit significant beneficial effects on circulating AST and ALT Our results were concordant with a recent meta-analysis of animal studies that proposed the potential properties of artichoke on the reduction of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. 28 The role of oxidative stress (increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and oxidant and antioxidant imbalance) in cellular degradation and toxicity of the liver has been identified in several studies. 29,30 Indeed, following rupture of the plasma membrane and cellular damage, the release of liver enzymes into the blood circulation occurs. ...
... It seems that the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of artichoke could prevent liver toxicity and improve the cell membrane integrity, which may be characterised by reduced levels of ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. 28 Another possible explanation for the reduction in liver enzyme levels and hepato-protective consequences, following of artichoke administration, could be manifest from its' lipid and glycemicreducing action. There is strong evidence indicating that increased transportation of fat to the liver, and accumulation of lipids within hepatocytes, mostly in the form of triglycerides, may be risk factors for impaired liver function. ...
... Numerous studies have shown that artichoke extract can improve the balance of antioxidants and oxidants, which plays an important role in controlling and regulating cell function. 28 It has also been suggested that artichokes, and their extracts, can be effective as an antioxidant in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. 33,46 Therefore, the beneficial effect of artichoke treatment on cell integrity, and consequently the reduction of in both ALT and AST enzyme levels, may be explained in this manner. ...
Article
Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarize studies conducted on the effects of artichoke supplementation on liver enzymes. Methods Suitable studies were detected by searching online databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases, until 05 June 2021. As liver enzymes were reported in different units, standardized mean differences (SMD) were used and data were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also assessed. Results Pooled analysis, of eight clinical trials, revealed that artichoke supplementation significantly reduced the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.001) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (; P = 0.016), in comparison with placebo. Subgroup analysis suggested that artichoke administration significantly reduces AST and ALT in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (P=0.003 for AST and P<0.001 for ALT), and ALT among overweight/obese subjects (P=0.025). Conclusions Artichoke supplementation elicited significant reductions in liver enzymes, especially among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
... ALE contains bioactive and flavonoid compounds such as caffeoylquinic acids and luteolin glucosides. 88,89 The potent antioxidant, choleretic, hepatoprotective, bile-enhancing and lipid-lowering effects of this herb have been recognized as well. The research studies demonstrated that artichoke seems to be a beneficial effect on the liver. ...
... ALE also has shown a remarkable increase in anti-inflammatory factors, which indicated that serum NF-κB, TNF-α, Cox-2, CD 40, and HGF levels have a significant increase as a result of treatment with both crude aqueous methanolic extract and crude aqueous fraction as in comparison with the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in untreated rats. 88,89 ...
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Free radicals are a group of damaging molecules produced during the normal metabolism of cells in the human body. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, and other environmental pollutants enhances free radicals in the human body. The destructive effects of free radicals may also cause harm to membranes, enzymes, and DNA, leading to several human diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, malaria, coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative illnesses. This process occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant defenses. Since antioxidants scavenge free radicals and repair damaged cells, increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high antioxidant values is recommended to slow down oxidative stress in the body. Additionally, natural products demonstrated a wide range of biological impacts such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐aging, anti‐atherosclerosis, and anti‐cancer properties. Hence, in this review article, our goal is to explore the role of natural therapeutic antioxidant effects to reduce oxidative stress in the diseases. Role of natural products in oxidative stress (Confirmation of publication and licensing light by bio RENDER; Agreement Number: PS238VX2QY)
... Artichoke is a native plant of the Mediterranean basin, which is known worldwide for its medicinal properties, including hypoglycemic, cholesterol lowering, anti-atherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, prebiotic and probiotic, choleretic (ALE might increase secretion in perfused rat liver and liver cell cultures), antimicrobial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. However, it is accepted that the positive impact of artichoke on health is mainly related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects 20 . ...
... By helping to remove ROS, ALE prevents lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and significantly prevents oxidative damage 20 . In this study, with the use of ALE during I/R injury, a statistically significant improvement was observed in the ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, and CK values in plasma, which had increased as a result of membrane damage, and this was considered the hepatoprotective effect of ALE against I/R injury. ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups such as sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum obtained from the subjects. Histopathological findings were scored semiquantitatively. Results: Statistically, the antioxidant activity was highest in the artichoke leaf extract group, the difference in biochemical parameters and C-reactive protein was significant compared with the control group, and the histopathological positive effects were found to be significantly higher. Conclusions: As a result, artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect and that this effect was related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke.
... Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids is linked to their hydrogen-donating capacity, which arise from their unique structural features [95]. However, their modulatory effects are primarily associated with the interception of free radicals and ROS within critical signaling pathways involving various transcription factors, protein kinases, and phosphatases [96]. Notably, antioxidants can modulate the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. ...
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In addition to the immature edible flower heads, the cultivation of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) generates substantial quantities of by-products, including leaves, stems, and roots, which constitute potential sources of bioactive compounds and prebiotic dietary fiber. Preserving agricultural biodiversity and promoting socioeconomic development are essential for enhancing domestic production and fostering innovation. In the search for new biomolecules with antioxidant properties, this research focused on a globe artichoke landrace at risk of genetic erosion, still cultivated in the northern part of the Lazio region, known as the “Carciofo Ortano”. To investigate the antioxidant properties of various globe artichoke tissues from the “Carciofo Ortano” landrace, methanolic extracts were prepared from the immature main and secondary flower heads, stems, and leaves of representative genotypes of this landrace. Additionally, extracts were obtained from the same tissues of four landraces/clones included in the varietal platform of the PGI “Carciofo Romanesco del Lazio”, which served as reference genotypes: Campagnano, Castellammare, C3, and Grato 1. The antioxidant properties of these extracts were assessed using FRAP, ABTS, DPPH assays, and total phenolic content (TPC). The stem and secondary flower head extracts of two representative “Carciofo Ortano” genotypes and the Grato 1 clone, which have higher phenolic content, demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. These extracts were therefore studied for their chemical profile using HPLC-DAD and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Additionally, the same extracts were investigated in vitro for their antioxidant capacity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, assessing their effects on ROS levels and the restoration of GSH levels. Furthermore, the in vivo beneficial effects of counteracting oxidative stress were evaluated in high sucrose-fed Drosophila melanogaster, as oxidative stress is a typical hallmark of hyperglycemic status. Overall, the results indicated that the edible immature inflorescences of the “Carciofo Ortano” landrace, along with the byproducts of its cultivation, are sources of raw materials containing biomolecules whose properties can be exploited for further applications in the pharmaceutical and medical sectors.
... This allows us to confirm the possible implication of luteolin in the antioxidant effect of AE observed in mice liver. In the same vein, several researchers have shown that flavonoids from artichokes could be capable of limiting oxidative stress and its complications in animal models [22]. The analysis of polyphenols in the studied extract shows that the 1,5 di-O-caffeoylquinic acid remains the prominent compound. ...
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Background/Objectives: Hyperlipidemia is a major contributor to metabolic complications and tissue damage, leading to conditions such as liver steatosis, atherosclerosis, and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous artichoke bract extract (AE) on lipid metabolism, liver antioxidative defense, and liver steatosis in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet while elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Methods: An 8-week study used hyperlipidemic mice treated with AE at daily doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw, compared to fenofibrate. Plasma, liver, fecal, and biliary lipids, as well as blood glucose, were analyzed enzymatically. The liver antioxidative defense was assessed by measuring reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activities, while liver steatosis was evaluated through transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and histological monitoring of lipid droplets. Polyphenol profiling and quantification were performed using HPLC–DAD, and potential mechanisms were predicted by molecular docking and confirmed in HepG2 cells. Results: At 200 mg/kg, AE significantly improved plasma lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL–cholesterol while increasing HDL–cholesterol. It facilitated cholesterol reduction in the liver and its excretion, indicating activation of reverse cholesterol transport, which led to reduced body weight and liver steatosis. AE lowered MDA levels and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. AE was found to be safe (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg) and modulated gene expression in HepG2 cells. Conclusions: Based on our results, the artichoke bract extract could be considered a natural resource of bioactive compounds to treat hyperlipidemia and related cardiometabolic diseases.
... EFSFL treatment improved CAT, SOD activities, and GSH while decreasing MDA levels, indicating a protective effect against oxidative damage produced by ferric-induced oxidation. Previous reports on the use of plants as antioxidants in managing oxidative-related diseases found similar results (Han et al., 2013;Salekzamani et al., 2019;Yue et al., 2020;Tekin and Seven, 2022). ...
... Artichokes contain high concentrations of bioactive chemicals, which help protect against a range of illnesses (Feiden et al., 2023). Artichokes have many health benefits; for example, they are antibacterial (Rotondo et al., 2022), protect the heart and liver (El Sayed et al., 2018), have antioxidant properties (Salekzamani et al., 2019), and are antimicrobial (Shallan et al., 2020). Barracosa et al. (2019) suggested new potential applications for artichoke biowaste to mitigate environmental issues. ...
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This study aimed to discover how using nano artichoke leaf extract Stabilized with zinc Nanoparticles (ZnO-Nano-ALPE) as an alternative to antibiotics and an antioxidant in broiler feed affected their growth, meat quality, and blood. In a completely randomized design experiment, 210 1-day-old chicks (Arbor Acres) were assigned to three trial groups. Each group was subdivided into seven replicates, each with ten unsexed chicks. The groups formed were as follows: the control group received a basal diet without additives. In contrast, the ZnO-Nano-ALPE1 and ZnO-Nano-ALPE2 groups received a basal diet plus 1.0 and 2.0 cm3 of nano artichoke leaf extract ZnO-Nano-ALPE /kg diet, respectively. The results showed significant changes in LBW on days 28 and 31 of their lives, with the ZnO-Nano-ALPE groups showing the greatest changes. Variation analysis revealed no discernible changes between the treatment groups; however, there were notable variations in the calculated feed intake (FI) on days 29 and 31. There were no notable variations in carcass features between treatments, except for the percentage of carcass, dressing, thigh, heart, and intestine cecum in the control group. In addition, we found significant differences in total protein, albumin, and globulin levels between treatments, with the control group showing higher levels compared to the other two groups. The diet increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and elevated cholesterol levels. The study revealed significant differences in immunoglobulins, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels among the treatments, with the 1.0 cm3 treatment group exhibiting the highest levels. Thus, adding ZnO-Nano-ALPE to growing chick feeds at 1.0 and 2.0 cm3 rates could improve productivity, some carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
... The perennial plant, which is endemic to Mediterranean areas, is a member of the Asteraceae family. Large-headed blooms and glaucous green foliage adorn the shrub, which may reach a height of 2 m. [36] The purple blossom features buds that are delicious. It is believed that artichokes contain flavonoids and polyphenolic chemicals, namely caffeoylquinic acids, in addition to the polysaccharide inulin. ...
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There is a global increase in the number of reported cases of drug misuse and addictions. In addition to several healthissues, the addict-forming substance affects society economically. Cocaine, heroin, opium, alcohol, nicotine, andmarijuana are a few of the major substances that are abused. These agents’ inexpensive cost and wide availabilitycontribute to their abuse. Many conventional medications are available to treat substance abuse-related disorders,but they come with several side effects. One potential treatment option for the issues experienced by addicts isthe use of alternative medications obtained from natural sources. The current study provided an overview ofa few published studies that suggested herbal medication may be effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms.The information was obtained from the Web of Science, NCBI, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Theretrieved data were analyzed to determine the active constituent present in the plant material, the type of addictsubstance tested, and the possible mechanism identified. The research identified some of the plants that have beenreported to be effective in the management of substance abuse complications. Information analysis revealed thatplant-based medications helped lessen anxiety, pain, insomnia, and deviant conduct, among other consequences ofsubstance usage. Withdrawal as well as dependence liabilities due to addictive agents were found to be reduced.The plant-based medicines exhibited their action on brain centers involving dopaminergic, serotonergic, andadrenergic transmission. The observations from the study revealed that herbal medicines were effective in themanagement of substance abuse complications. However, most of the investigations were conducted using preclinical testing models. Therefore, it can be said that while herbal medications showed promise in treating drugabuse-related problems, further study is necessary to pinpoint the exact safety and effectiveness of these agents.
... Currently, functional foods like grains, spices and herbs have acquired interest as anticancer agents due to their significant amounts of bioactive compounds that can contribute to inhibition of the multi-step processes of carcinogenesis (20) . Thus, in this study we examined the effect of artichoke and fennel seeds on OSCC cell lines (OECM-1). ...
... Ben Salem et al. 2017). Artichoke has been traditionally used to treat liver-biliary diseases and indigestion (Salekzamani et al. 2019). Experimental studies underscore artichoke's antioxidant activity, suggesting its potential to protect against oxidative stress induced by various oxidants or toxins (MB et al. 2017;Wauquier et al. 2021). ...
Article
Neuropathic pain, a nerve damage consequence, presents symptoms such as dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. This study aimed to evaluate the alleviating potential of artichoke leaf extract in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in male rats. The hydroethanolic extract of artichoke leaf was administered via gavage at doses of 200, 400, and 800mg/kg for 21days. Behavioural tests were conducted on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-surgeries. Only the dose of 800mg/kg significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia from day 14 and mechanical allodynia from day 7, and the other doses did not affect behaviours. Biochemical analysis showed that artichoke extract decreased lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GPx) in the sciatic nerve tissue. In conclusion, artichoke leaf extract administration diminishes neuropathic pain-related behaviours by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative stress in the rats’ sciatic nerve
... Furthermore, the composition of the artichoke extract also comprises flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin [5,6]. Experimental studies have reported multiple pharmacological effects associated with C. scolymus and its active constituents, including antioxidant [7], hypoglycemic [8], antiatherogenic, and hypolipidemic [9] activities. Additionally, the antiinflammatory effect of artichoke extract has been proven through various demonstrations [10]. ...
Article
Background: Cynara scolymus has bioactive constituents and has been used for therapeutic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying pain-relieving effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. scolymus (HECS). Methods: The antinociceptive activity of HECS was assessed through formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Additionally, naloxone (non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (non-selective muscarinic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine HH1-receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (histamine H2-receptor antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABAA/BDZ receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg) were used to determine the systis implicated in HECS-induced analgesia. Impact of HECS on locomotor activity was executed by open-field test. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was done. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted iploying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results: HECS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly indicated dose dependent antinociceptive activity against pain-related behavior induced by formalin and acetic acid (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with naloxone, atropine and flumazenil significantly reversed HECS-induced analgesia. Antinociceptive effect of HECS riained unaffected by chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and cyproheptadine. Locomotor activity was not affected by HECS. TPC and TFC of HECS were 59.49 ± 5.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and 93.39 ± 17.16 mgRE/g dry extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50) of HECS was 161.32 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Conclusions: HECS possesses antinociceptive activity which is mediated via opioidergic, cholinergic and GABAergic pathways.
... Прием ЭЛА также приводил к значительному снижению общего холестерина (P = 0,004), ХС ЛПНП (P < 0,001) и триглицеридов (P < 0,001). Метаанализ иранских ученых [25], в котором рассмотрено 39 статей (2 исследования на людях, 23 -на животных и 14 -in vitro), предоставил убедительные доказательства антиоксидантной активности артишока. Результаты экспериментальных исследований на животных показали, что добавление ЭЛА повышало уровень супероксиддисмутазы, каталазы, глутатиона и глутатионпероксидазы в печени, а также значительно снижало уровень малонового диальдегида в печени и плазме животных с индуцированным заболеванием по сравнению с группой сравнения. ...
Article
Introduction . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by excess accumulation of fats in hepatocytes. An increasing percentage of adipose tissue is associated with chronic inflammation and developing oxidative stress. These pathological conditions can lead to the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis with the further development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Aim . To evaluate the indicators of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence factors in steatosis and steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD. Materials and methods . During the work, 116 patients with NAFLD were examined, of which 65 had steatosis, and 51 had steatohepatitis. The study of biochemical markers of metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates was performed on a Mindray BS-380 biochemical analyzer. The indicators of the LPO-AOD system (MDA, SOD, catalase, ceruloplasmin) were assessed using spectrophotometric methods. Statistical data processing was carried out in the STATISTICA and SPSS 26 programs using nonparametric tests. Results . Patients with steatohepatitis had more severe dyslipidemia, blood triglyceride, total cholesterol levels and LDL were significantly higher (p > 0.05). Impaired cholesterol metabolism was reflected by a high atherogenic index of 3.46. In patients with steatosis, changes in the lipid profile were less pronounced. No disturbances in protein and carbohydrate metabolism were detected. Increased levels of liver markers were noted only in patients with steatohepatitis. The change in the balance in the LPO- AOD system was more pronounced in patients with steatohepatitis; they had a high level of MDA, a high concentration of catalase; in patients with steatosis, only a decrease in the level of MDA and an increase in the level of ceruloplasmin were noted. Conclusion . Dyslipidemia, hepatocyte cytolysis and liver fibrosis are detected in patients with steatohepatitis. Disturbances in the LPO-AOD system have been identified in both forms of NAFLD, but in steatosis they are compensated. In steatohepatitis, disturbances in “LPO-AOD” in the form of an increase in pro-oxidants and a decrease in antioxidants cause the development of oxidative stress.
... Furthermore, supplementation with artichoke extract led to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels in both the liver and plasma of animals with induced disease, compared to the control group. (12). The present investigation highlighted liver damage by a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, and GGT levels, which was further validated by histological analysis in the NAFLD group. ...
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Background: The artichoke plant, scientifically known as Cynara scolymus, is often planted in Mediterranean regions. It has a notable abundance of antioxidants. This research aims to evaluate the medical capacity of artichoke in modulating biochemical oxidant and antioxidant enzymes, as well as liver biomarkers, in adult male albino rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: The rats were allocated into three distinct cohorts for the purpose of the study: a control group, a group that was provided with a high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia, and a group that received treatment with artichoke leaf extract. Following the conclusion of the experimental phase, blood samples were obtained and subjected to analysis to assess the lipid profile, liver enzyme activity, as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). Additionally, liver specimens had been subjected to examination using a light microscope. Results: Artichoke extract improved blood serum lipids in rats with NAFLD. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios decreased significantly. HDL values also rose. The treatment with artichoke extract to rats with NAFLD significantly reduced liver enzyme levels. In the group with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), artichoke extract restored GSH and MDA levels to normal levels. Conclusions: The use of artichoke in rat models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) had a relation to diminished indicators of oxidative stress.
... For example, the authors observed that the concentration of TEAC in the liver homogenate was about 1 µmol/g of homogenate. The antioxidant property of artichoke has also been examined by a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies [10]. The studies indicate that artichoke extract supplementation increases liver glutathione levels and the activity of the antioxidative enzymes GPx, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreases lipid peroxidation in plasma and liver. ...
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Cynara scolymus, also known as the globe artichoke or artichoke, is grown as a food, mainly in the Mediterranean, Canary Islands, and Egypt, as well as in Asia and South America. It has also been associated with various health benefits and is used in plant-based dietary supplements and herbal infusions. Its edible parts, consisting of the head or capitula, flower, and leaves, have shown various biological activities, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial potential. The leaves are mainly used in infusions and extracts for their health-promoting properties, although all their edible parts may also be consumed as fresh, frozen, or canned foods. However, its primary health-promoting activity is associated with its antioxidant potential, which has been linked to its chemical composition, particularly its phenolic compounds (representing 96 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of raw plant material) and dietary fiber. The main phenolic compounds in the heads and leaves are caffeic acid derivatives, while the flavonoids luteolin and apigenin (both present as glucosides and rutinosides) have also been identified. In addition, heat-treated artichokes (i.e., boiled, steamed or fried), their extracts, and waste from artichoke processing also have antioxidant activity. The present paper reviews the current literature concerning the biological properties of different parts of C. scolymus, its by-products and dietary supplements, as well as their chemical content and toxicity. The literature was obtained by a search of PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, with extra papers being identified by manually reviewing the references.
... Artichoke is composed of fibers, minerals, vitamin C, and polyphenolic compounds which exert anti-oxidative effects that can decrease the risk of oxidative stress-related diseases [6]. The anti-oxidative properties in artichoke can be used as a protective mechanism of various diseases and cancers. ...
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Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy in skin cancers. About 97,610 new cases of melanoma are projected to occur in the United States (US) in 2023. Artichoke is a very popular plant widely consumed in the US due to its nutrition. In recent years, it has been shown that artichoke shows powerful anti-cancer effects on cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. However, there is little known about its effect on melanoma. This study was designed to investigate if artichoke extract (AE) has any direct effect on the growth of melanoma. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects AE has on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of the widely studied melanoma cell line HTB-72. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of colonies of HTB-72 melanoma cells decreased significantly after treated with AE. This was paralleled with the decrease in the optic density (OD) value of cancer cells after treatment with AE. This was further supported by the decreased expression of PCNA mRNA after treated with AE. Furthermore, the cellular caspase-3 activity increased after treated with AE. The anti-proliferative effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with increased p21, p27, and decreased CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with decreased survivin. Artichoke inhibits growth of melanoma by inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Such a study might be helpful to develop a new promising treatment for melanoma.
... In vitro studies, normal cell lines were exposed to inflammatory cytokines, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet B (UVB), confirming the effects of leaves in reducing the production of harmful and destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. In vivo studies and meta-analyses confirmed the antioxidant activity of artichoke extract in animals, mediated by the increase of liver-protective enzymes against free radicals (catalase -CAT, superoxide dismutase -SOD, and glutathione peroxidase -GSH-Px), in addition to decreasing levels of malondialdehyde in the liver and plasma (29). ...
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Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus known as artichoke, is originally from the Mediterranean and is currently cultivated in several countries. The artichoke has leaves, stem, and head, also called a floral capitula, covered in green and pointed bracts. It is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, anthocyanins, terpenes, dietary fiber, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals, and vitamins, thus having a wide spectrum of applications in food industries, medicine, and biofuels, among others. Several studies have shown that artichokes present properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering effects. This research aims to present a literature review on phytochemical composition, bioactivities, and applications, with an emphasis on methods of extraction, purification, and concentration of enzymes present in artichoke.
... EFSFL treatment improved CAT, SOD activities, and GSH while decreasing MDA levels, indicating a protective effect against oxidative damage produced by ferric-induced oxidation. Previous reports on the use of plants as antioxidants in managing oxidative-related diseases found similar results (Han et al., 2013;Salekzamani et al., 2019;Yue et al., 2020;Tekin and Seven, 2022). ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the chemical profile of GC-MS, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis leaves (EFSFL) via experimental and computational studies. Methods: After inducing oxidative damage with FeSO4, we treated the tissues with different concentrations of EFSFL. An in-vitro analysis of EFSFL was carried out to determine its potential for antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. We also measured the levels of CAT, SOD, GSH, and MDA. Results and discussion: EFSFL exhibited anti-inflammatory properties through membrane stabilizing properties (IC50 = 572.79 μg/ml), proteinase inhibition (IC50 = 319.90 μg/ml), and inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 409.88 μg/ml). Furthermore, EFSFL inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 169.77 μg/ml), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 293.12 μg/ml) and DPP-IV (IC50 = 380.94 μg/ml) activities, respectively. Our results indicated that induction of tissue damage reduced the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activities, and increased MDA levels. However, EFSFL treatment restores these levels to near normal. GC-MS profiling shows that EFSFL contains 13 compounds, with piperine being the most abundant. In silico interaction of the phytoconstituents using molecular and ensembled-based docking revealed strong binding tendencies of two hit compounds to DPP IV (alpha-caryophyllene and piperine with a binding affinity of −7.8 and −7.8 Kcal/mol), α-glucosidase (alpha-caryophyllene and piperine with a binding affinity of −9.6 and −8.9 Kcal/mol), and to α-amylase (piperine and Benzocycloheptano[2,3,4-I,j]isoquinoline, 4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-5-methyl with a binding affinity of −7.8 and −7.9 Kcal/mol), respectively. These compounds also presented druggable properties with favorable ADMET. Conclusively, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of EFSFL could be due to the presence of secondary metabolites.
... The highly significant increase in GSH and GPX in artichoke and luteolin-protected rats can be complemented by the work of. Salekzamani et al. [36], which showed that supplementing with artichoke extract increased the levels of the antioxidants catalase, GSH, GPX, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde as a marker of oxidative stress in the liver and plasma of animals with induced disease in comparison to the control group. Indisputable proof of the artichoke's antioxidant properties in animals was revealed by our current study. ...
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Since there is no known cure for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its incidence rate is on the rise. Common comorbidities like gastrointestinal problems are observed as common signs of ASD and play a major role in controlling social and behavioral symptoms. Although there is a lot of interest in dietary treatments, no harmony exists with regard to the ideal nutritional therapy. To better direct prevention and intervention measures for ASD, the identification of risk and protective factors is required. Through the use of a rat model, our study aims to assess the possible danger of exposure to neurotoxic doses of propionic acid (PPA) and the nutritional protective effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Here, we conducted a biochemical assessment of the effects of dietary supplement therapy in the PPA model of autism. We used 36 male Sprague Dawley albino rat pups divided into six groups. Standard food and drink were given to the control group. The PPA-induced ASD model was the second group; it was fed a conventional diet for 27 days before receiving 250 mg/kg of PPA orally for three days. The four other groups were given 3 mL/kg of yoghurt daily, 400 mg/Kg of artichokes daily, 50 mg/kg of luteolin daily and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG at 0.2 mL daily for 27 days before being given PPA (250 mg/kg BW) for three days along with their normal diet. All groups had their brain homogenates tested for biochemical markers, which included gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione (GSH), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). When compared with the control group, the PPA-induced model presented increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation but groups treated with all four dietary therapies presented improvements in biochemical characteristics for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As all of the therapies show sufficient anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, they can be used as a useful dietary component to help prevent ASD.
... La alcuacil (Cynara scolymus) es una planta que aporta compuestos bioactivos como los polifenoles (ácido clorogénico y cinarina) y flavonoides (luteolina, apigenina y otros glucósidos) (Salem et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2003). Entre sus principales funciones se encuentra la capacidad antioxidante (Salekzamani et al., 2019), hepatoprotectora (efectos colagogos y coleréticos), asociado a una mejora del aprovechamiento de las grasas y un aumento en la producción y concentración de bilis (Martínez et al., 2018). (Cynara scolymus) and betaine hydrochloride during the lactation period. ...
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Introducción. La cerda moderna tiene la capacidad genética de producir un mayor número de lechones por camada y una mayor producción de leche, lo que conlleva que el animal tenga mayores requerimientos de nutrientes. Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño productivo de las cerdas y su progenie a la suplementación de un producto comercial a base de extracto seco de alcuacil (Cynara scolymus) e hidrocloruro de betaína durante el período de lactancia. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el primer semestre del año 2020, en la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica. Se utilizaron un total de 42 cerdas en etapa de lactancia que fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos: dieta control (T1), dieta control + 0,25 kg t-1 de producto comercial (T2) y dieta control + 0,50 kg t-1 de producto comercial (T3), todos los tratamientos fueron isoproteicos e isoenergéticos. Resultados. La inclusión del aditivo mostró una tendencia a la mejora (p=0,09) de los parámetros evaluados en la cerda. La pérdida de condición corporal al final de la lactancia fue menor (p=0,03) en T2, mientras que la suplementación con 0,50 kg t-1 de producto comercial presentó resultados intermedios. Los parámetros evaluados en la camada (peso al destete, ganancia de peso y cantidad de lechones destetados por cerda) no presentaron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) entre tratamientos. Conclusión. El uso del aditivo mostró una tendencia a mejorar el consumo de alimento en la cerda durante la etapa de lactancia, lo que disminuyó las pérdidas de peso y condición corporal durante este periodo. La inclusión del aditivo no mejoró el desempeño productivo de los lechones.
... In cases where different doses of quercetin were assessed in the same study, we compared each intervention dose separately, as described previously. [21] Quality assessment Quality assessment was performed following the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. [22] Further quality assessments were conducted according to the Essential 10 criteria specified in the ARRIVE guidelines (version 2.0) for animal research. ...
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Muscle atrophy is a degenerative condition characterized by secondary inflammation, free radical injury, and metabolic dysregulation. Evidence regarding the effects of quercetin on skeletal muscle atrophy is currently controversial and unclear. We hypothesized that quercetin, a anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties phytochemical, may play an important role in muscle atrophy, and we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effects of quercetin supplementation on muscular atrophy based on studies performed in animal models. Three atrophy biomarkers (muscle mass, fiber size, and function) with enough eligible studies (n = 6, 7, and 4, respectively) were combined in the final meta-analysis. Next, we calculated the overall and stratified effects of quercetin administration on muscular atrophy. No significant effects were observed on muscle mass and muscle function; however, we observed protective effects of quercetin on muscle fiber diameter and area [(Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.82, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 1.28), and (SMD: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.62), respectively]. This study suggests that quercetin could have histological protection effect on muscle fiber. Thus, it could become a promising complementary therapy for muscle atrophy that occurs due to various clinical conditions. Abbreviations: SMD, Standardized Mean Difference; CI, Confidence interval; PRISMA-P, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; SIRT-1, silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1; PGC-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α; FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
... Commonly known as artichoke, Cynara scolymus (CS) is a pharmacologically important plant that contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, and experimental studies have indicated that it has antioxidant activity (7). Many studies have shown that CS has liver-protective effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing glutathione peroxidase activity (8,9). ...
Article
Objective: Liver regeneration is necessary to restore hepatic mass and functional capacity after partial hepatectomy (PH). Cynara scolymus (CS) is a pharmacologically important plant that contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, and experimental studies have indicated that it has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CS in liver regeneration after PH in rats. Methods: A total of 36 Wistar albino rats weighing 280.5 ± 18.6 g were used. CS leaf extract was administered after partial hepatectomy. The rats were sacrificed at postoperative day 14, and the histological changes were assessed. The mitotic index (MI), nucleus size, hepatocyte size, and binucleation rate (BR) of hepatocytes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The rats that received CS extract had significant differences in liver regeneration markers, including the hepatocyte size, mitotic index, and Ki-67 proliferation index (p
... Intercepting free radicals and ROS at the level of critical signaling pathways involving various protein kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors may be responsible for the modulation effects [55]. Finding from a meta-analysis showed that animals with hepatotoxicity compared with animals with other diseases may benefit more from artichoke extract [56]. However, the high dose and duration of intervention with artichoke extract in patients with hepatitis C did not have a remarkable reduction in serum ALT and AST levels [57]. ...
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Studies examining the effect of artichoke on liver enzymes have reported inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of artichoke administration on the liver enzymes. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published up to January 2022. Standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) were analyzed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were assessed for the liver enzymes. Pooled analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that the artichoke administration has an effect on both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Hedges' g, -1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.76 to -0.40; p = 0.002), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Hedges' g, -1.02; 95% CI, -1.76 to -0.28; p = 0.007). Greater effects on ALT were detected in trials that lasted ≤8 weeks. Also, greater effects on AST were detected in trials using > 500 mg artichoke. Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrated artichoke supplementation decreased ALT and AST.
... In a clinical study reported in the literature, the benefits of artichoke extract supplementation were shown in patients with metabolic syndrome, where a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol was observed, based on the antioxidant effects induced by polyphenolic compounds [50]. In addition, an important decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver was observed in preclinical studies [51]. ...
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Oxidative stress is among the major triggers for many important human functional disorders, which often lead to various metabolic or tissue diseases. The aim of the study is to obtain five standardized vegetal extracts (Cynarae extractum—CE, Rosmarini extractum—RE, Taraxaci extractum—TE, Cichorii extractum—CHE, and Agrimoniae extractum—AE) that contain active principles with an essential role in protecting liver cells against free radicals and quantify their antioxidant actions. The compounds of therapeutic interest from the analyzed extracts were identified and quantified using the UHPLC–HRMS/MS technique. Thus, the resulting identified compounds were 28 compounds in CE, 48 compounds in RE, 39 compounds in TE, 43 compounds in CHE, and 31 compounds in AE. These compounds belong to the class of flavonoids, isoflavones, phenolic acids and dicarboxylic acids, depsides, diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidins, or coumarin derivatives. From the major polyphenolic compounds quantified in all the extracts analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS/MS, considerable amounts have been found for chlorogenic acid (619.8 µg/g extract for TE–2032.4 µg/g extract for AE), rutoside (105.1 µg/g extract for RE–1724.7 µg/g extract for AE), kaempferol (243 µg/g extract for CHE–2028.4 µg/g extract for CE), and for naringenin (383 µg/g extract for CHE–1375.8 µg/g extract for AE). The quantitative chemical analysis showed the highest content of total phenolic acids for AE (24.1528 ± 1.1936 g chlorogenic acid/100 g dry extract), the highest concentration of flavones for RE (6.0847 ± 0.3025 g rutoside/100 g dry extract), and the richest extract in total polyphenols with 31.7017 ± 1.2211 g tannic acid equivalent/100 g dry extract for AE. Several methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) have been used to determine the in vitro total antioxidant activity of the extracts to evaluate their free radical scavenging ability, influenced by the identified compounds. As a result, the correlation between the content of the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant effect of the extracts has been demonstrated. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the antiradical capacity within the study groups. Although all the analyzed extracts showed good IC50 values, which may explain their antihepatotoxic effects, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for Agrimoniae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.0147 mg/mL) and the lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for Cynarae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.1588 mg/mL). Furthermore, the hepatoprotective potential was evaluated in silico by predicting the interactions between the determined phytochemicals and key molecular targets relevant to liver disease pathophysiology. Finally, the evaluation of the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of the studied extracts validates their use as adjuvants in phytotherapy, as they reduce oxidative stress and toxin accumulation and thus exert a hepatoprotective effect at the cellular level.
... sylvestris (Lamk)) [1]. The globe artichoke is widely investigated for its chemical profile and valued for its nutraceutical and medicinal properties [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Globe artichokes contain a very little amount of fats and high levels of minerals (potassium, sodium, phosphorus), vitamin C, fiber, inulin and polyphenols, hydroxycinnamates, and flavones [8,9]. ...
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Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.), is a perennial plant widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area, known for its edible part named capitula or heads. Its functional properties are related to its high levels of polyphenolic compounds and inulin. “Carciofo di Paestum”, an Italian traditional cultivar, is a labeled PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) product of the Campania region, representing an important economic resource. So far, a few chemical investigations were performed on this cultivar, mainly focused on the analysis of methanol extracts. Due to the increasing use of food supplements, in this study, a comprehensive analysis of green extracts of Carciofo di Paestum” PGI heads was performed. EtOH, EtOH: H2O (80:20, 70:30, 60:40) extracts, as well as infusions and decoctions prepared according to Pharmacopeia XII were analyzed by LC-ESI/QExactive/MS/MS. A total of 17 compounds corresponding to caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified. The extracts were further submitted to NMR analysis to highlight the occurrence of primary metabolites. Both LCMS and NMR data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), showing significant differences among the extraction methods. Moreover, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. Furthermore, the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. cardunculus var. scolymus “Carciofo di Paestum” extracts were evaluated.
... In OJ, increased bile acids promote the expression of free oxygen radicals from neutrophils and macrophages and induce oxidative damage by stimulating free oxygen radical formation from mitochondria 17 . Quantitative analysis in animal studies has shown that supplementation with ALE can increase SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx in the liver 18 . In this study, SOD, CAT, and GPx enzyme activities were measured and found that all three antioxidant activities in the ALE group were significantly higher than in the other two groups (p<0.05). ...
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) in experimental obstructive jaundice. Methods: Rats were separated into three groups, namely, sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract. Ischemia was created for 60 min, and then liver tissue and blood samples were taken at the 90th minute of reperfusion. Artichoke leaf extract was given at a 300 mg/kg dose 2 h before the operation. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum. Histopathological findings of the liver were scored semiquantitatively. Results: Antioxidant enzyme activities in the artichoke leaf extract group were statistically significantly higher than that in the other two groups. Biochemical parameters, which show hepatocellular damage, were found to be similar in both sham and artichoke leaf extract groups. Although the values in the sham group were higher than the artichoke group in terms of protein and gene expressions, no statistically significant difference was found between these two groups. Regarding the hepatocellular effects of obstructive jaundice, the artichoke leaf extract group showed lower scores than the control group in all histopathological scores. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect that was associated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke leaf extract.
... Cynara scolymus L. and Tanacetum parthenium L. are from Asteraceae family used as components of topical remedy for burn wound in TPM. Cynara scolymus L. contains considerable amounts of minerals and polyphenolic compounds, along with antioxidant and cardioprotective effects (141)(142)(143). Also, numerous studies have argued the pharmacologic properties such as antiinflammatory effect of Tanacetum parthenium L. (144). ...
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Background: Burn wound is one of the most common injuries worldwide. However, its management still remains a health concern and research is ongoing for more efficient therapies. Persian medicine has described different methods in this regard. Previous reviews have mostly focused on the herbal-based therapies for burn management. Hence, the current study aimed to review both non-herbal and herbal-based therapies used in Persian medicine for their burn healing properties, and to compare them with new evidence. Method: The most important texts of Persian medicine were reviewed for burn wound classification, managements and treatment approaches. Moreover, herbal, minerals, and animal-based products claimed to possess burn wound healing activity, were extracted. In the next step, digital databases were searched to find new supporting data for the extracted-traditional remedies and their healing mechanisms. Results: More than one hundred traditional medicinal herbs, minerals, and animal-based products have been recommended to treat burn wound in Persian medicine among them, the healing effect of thirty-five herbs and eight non-herbal treatments (mineral and animal-based compounds) were supported by new evidence. Otherwise, there was not new evidence reporting the healing effect of seventy-three herbs and sixteen non-herbal compounds extracted from Persian Medicine literature. Conclusion: Although some managements of burn wounds in Persian medicine have been confirmed by new evidence, the efficacy of a plenty of materials needs to be methodically evaluated. Hence, it could introduce new clues for future research. © 2021, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... It has been shown that C. scolymus extracts are able to prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and improve the antioxidant status in animal studies (Ben Salem et al., 2017;El-Boshy et al., 2017;Tang et al., 2017). Several clinical trials revealed a slight improvement in the anti-oxidant status in humans after oral intake of artichoke leaf extracts, as assessed by the levels of several serum enzymes, such as malondialdehyde, oxidized-LDL, glutathione peroxidase or superoxidase dismutase (Rezazadeh et al., 2018a(Rezazadeh et al., , 2018bSalekzamani et al., 2019;Skarpañska-Stejnborn et al., 2008). ...
Article
Artichoke leaf (Cynarae folium) extracts are used as traditional herbal medicinal products to treat a wide range of human ailments, being widely commercialized as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical preparations. In the current study, the hydromethanolic dried leaf extracts of Cynara scolymus L. var. major Brotero and C. scolymus L. var. redonensis N.H.F. Desp. were phytochemically and biologically investigated. The liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) metabolite profiling showed a complex composition, with phenolic acids (mostly mono- and di-caffeoylquinic acids), flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones as the most representative classes. The strong antioxidant activity of the two C. scolymus varieties was evidenced in DPPH [64.84–65.21 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g] and ABTS (86.39–95.55 mg TE/g) radical scavenging, cupric (160.49–171.07 mg TE/g) and ferric (71.47–78.95 mg TE/g) reducing capacity, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum assays. In addition, the two extracts also displayed anti-enzymatic effects, as assessed in cholinesterase, tyrosinase, glucosidase and amylase tests. Lastly, the artichoke samples (at the concentration of 20 μg/mL) proved a very potent inhibition of the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β [7.55–15.75% of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + cells], IL-8 (11.72–13.46% of LPS + cells) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (4.07–10.35% LPS + cells), in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the two C. scolymus varieties could be regarded as a rich source of biologically active compounds, opening thus the perspectives for their future large scale cultivation and valorization as bio-functional ingredients with putative antioxidant, anti-enzymatic and anti-inflammatory effects.
... It is consumed and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and as an antidiabetic, cardiotonic, choleretic, and antihemorrhodial agent (Conceição et al., 2012;Gostin & Waisundara, 2019;Salem et al., 2017). Scientific evidence has attributed lipidlowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (Chihoub et al., 2019;Salekzamani, Ebrahimi-Mameghani, & Rezazadeh, 2019), antimicrobial, and cytotoxic (Chihoub et al., 2019;Conceição et al., 2012) effects to this plant. Furthermore, in the last few years, the economic and commercial interest associated with this species has been growing due to its diverse industrial applications, such as the production of paper pulp, energy (including biodiesel), and lignocellulosic biomass, and also as a food ingredient for the production of edible oils and some types of cheese (Almeida & Simões, 2018;Barbanera et al., 2021;Bartocci et al., 2016). ...
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Cardoon seeds collected in Greece at four different maturity stages (samples S1 to S4) were analysed in terms of chemical composition and in vitro bioactivities. The content of phenolic compounds (six compounds in total) increased with increasing maturity, and 3,5-O-dicaffeyolquinic (14.8–33.8 mg/g extract) acid was the compound detected in higher abundance. Mature seeds (sample S4) also revealed the highest content in lipids (23 g/100 g extract) and tocopherols (29.62 mg/100 g dw) and demonstrated the highest cytotoxic (GI50 of 97–216 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 148 µg/mL) activities, and capacity to inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (IC50 = 5 µg/mL). Cardoon seed hydroethanolic extracts also revealed high antibacterial and antifungal potential, particularly samples S3 and S1, respectively. This study proved the multifaceted potential associated with valorisation of cardoon seeds, while their biological and chemical composition can be influenced by the maturity stage.
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Background Cynara cardunculus is frequently used in Mediterranean cuisine and is known for its possible medicinal properties. These properties are usually related to the presence of specific bioactive compounds present in the leaves of the artichoke. On the other hand, the root parts of the artichoke have not been subjected to extensive studies so far. Objective The main objective of this study was to conduct a chemical analysis of the root part of the hexane extract of Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus and Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris, while exploring their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hemolytic effects. Methods The chemical composition of the extracts of both species was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antioxidant properties were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through the protein denaturation method using diclofenac as a positive control. The hemolytic effect was examined on a suspension of erythrocytes in human blood. Results The main constituents of the hexane extract of C. cardunculus and C. sylvestris were aplotaxene (70.5% and 56.3%, respectively) and hexadecanoic acid (10.2% and 13.2%, respectively). The hexane extracts of C. sylvestris and C. cardunculus showed positive antioxidant activity with the DPPH test by comparing them with the BHT control. However, it should be noted that the extract of C. cardunculus showed the best performance, with an IC50 of 4.3 μg/mL, while the extract of C. sylvestris presented an IC50 of 5.6 μg/mL. The hexane extracts of C. cardunclus and C. sylvastris showed good anti-inflammatory activity with IC50s of 17.3 μg/mL and 23.8 μg/mL compared to diclofenac (IC50= 13.3 μg/mL), respectively. The toxicity assessment on human erythrocytes shows that both extracts of roots of C. cardunculus and C. sylvestris have a very low hemolysis rate (1.4% and 11.1%, respectively), even at high concentrations (2000 μg/mL). Result The main constituents of the hexane extract of C. cardunculus and C. sylvestris were aplotaxene (70.5% and 56.3%, respectively) and hexadecanoic acid (10.2% and 13.2%, respectively). The hexane extracts of C. sylvestris and C. cardunculus showed positive antioxidant activity with the DPPH test by comparing them with the BHT control. However, it should be noted that the extract of C. cardunculus showed the best performance, with an IC50 of 4.3 μg/mL, while the extract of C. sylvestris presented a IC50 of 5.6 μg/mL. Hexane extracts of C. cardunclus and C. sylvastris showed good anti-inflammatory activity with IC50s of 17.3 μg/mL and 23.8 μg/mL compared to diclofenac (IC50= 13.3 μg/mL) respectively. The toxicity assessment on human erythrocytes shows that both extracts of roots of C. cardunculus and C. sylvestris have a very low hemolysis rate (1.4% and 11.1%, respectively), even at high concentrations (2000 μg/mL). Conclusion The extracts obtained from hexane from the plants C. cardunculus and C. sylvestris, during the tests, revealed particularly promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hemolytic properties. These results offer an interesting perspective for the creation and development of new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
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Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) were highly prevalent and involve gastrointestinal discomfort characterized by non-organic abnormalities in the morphology and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. According to the Rome IV criteria, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia are the most common FGIDs. Complementary and alternative medicines are employed by increasing numbers of individuals around the world, and they include herbal and dietary supplements, acupuncture, and hypnosis. Of these, herbal and dietary supplements seem to have the greatest potential for relieving FGIDs, through multiple modes of action. However, despite the extensive application of natural extracts in alternative treatments for FGIDs, the safety and effectiveness of food and orally ingested food-derived extracts remain uncertain. Many randomized controlled trials have provided compelling evidence supporting their potential, as detailed in this review. The consumption of certain foods (eg, kiwifruit, mentha, ginger, etc) and food ingredients may contribute to the alleviation of symptoms associated with FGID,. However, it is crucial to emphasize that the short-term consumption of these components may not yield satisfactory efficacy. Physicians are advised to share both the benefits and potential risks of these alternative therapies with patients. Furthermore, larger randomized clinical trials with appropriate comparators are imperative.
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Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) leads to a series of degenerative spine diseases. Clinical treatment of IVDD is mainly surgery, lacking effective drugs to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration. In this study, we analysed the mRNA sequencing dataset of human degenerative intervertebral disc tissues and revealed the participation of ferroptosis in IVDD. Furthermore, we confirmed that TNF-α, an important cytokine in IVDD, induces ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Subsequently, a ferroptosis inhibitors screening strategy using multiple ferroptosis indicators was developed. Through the screen of various natural compounds, cynarin, a natural product enriched in Artichoke, was discovered to inhibit ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells. Cynarin can dose-dependently inhibit the catabolism of nucleus pulposus cells, increase the expression of key ferroptosis-inhibiting genes (GPX4 and NRF2), inhibit the increment of cellular Fe2+, lipid peroxides, and reactive oxygen species. It can also prevent mitochondria shrinkage, reduce mitochondria cristae density in ferroptosis, and prevent IVDD in the rat model. In conclusion, cynarin is a potential candidate for the drug development for IVDD.
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Recently, among general practitioners – family doctors, therapists, specialists, there is a growing interest to the use of phytotherapy for the prevention and treatment of various pathologies. One of the classic examples of a medicinal plant with a long history of human use is the Spanish Artichoke. The objective: to analyze the results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of standardized artichoke extract (SAE). Materials and methods. The review of the modern scientific literature publications about the properties of artichoke and possible areas of its use in medical practice is performed. Results. The presented results of experimental studies confirmed that SAE is one of the safest phytopreparations, which has almost no side effects in most subjects. In a number of cases, the data of experimental pharmacology is confirmed by the results of clinical studies of evidence based medicine. Among the effects that have been established in animal models and confirmed in clinical trials should be noted: hepatoprotective, choleretic, detoxification, prebiotic, cardioprotective, lipid-lowering, nephroprotective, carcinopreventive, gravidoprotective, etc. Conclusion. The described effects allow the use of standardized artichoke leaf extract (dried water extract of the artichoke leaves, which has a positive clinical history in both Ukraine and Europe) as an addition to the traditional therapy for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal pathology, kidney diseases, hypercholesterolemia and other pathology.
Book
This book reviews the applications of polyphenols in cancer treatment. The initial chapter of the book classifies different polyphenols and discusses their biological and chemical properties. The subsequent chapters then explore the diverse role of polyphenols in modulating signal transduction pathways in cancer including, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This book highlights the usefulness of polyphenol enriched seafood in modulating the anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. The book also presents nanoformulation of polyphenol as a promising strategy for their enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery. Lastly, the book examines the toxicity and safety evaluations of polyphenols as anticancer agents.
Chapter
Epidemiologic reports have revealed that cancer is a major health risk and considered a leading cause of increasing death rates all over the world. High oxidative stress can mediate chronic diseases such as onset of cancer because of damaging effects on vital molecules, DNA mutation, cell proliferation, and genome modification. Among bioactive phytoconstituents, dietary polyphenols are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, spices, etc., having strong antioxidant activity and believed to act extensively as chemopreventive agents causing interference with carcinogenesis. Anticancer effect of polyphenols is induced via regulation of antioxidant enzymatic activity, apoptosis induction by downregulation of various signaling pathways, and cell cycle arrest by initiating cell senescence associated with oxidative stress. Several polyphenols are demonstrated to act directly by affecting epigenetic process via modulating level of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, prooxidant mechanism of polyphenols impedes the metabolic process of cancer stem cells as well as self-renewal signaling pathways. Polyphenols can be suggested as a beneficial anticancer tool in a combinational protocol with a standard chemotherapeutic agent resulting in significantly fewer side effects.
Chapter
Despite the concerted efforts in pursuit of developing effective therapy, the human race has merely succeeded in its fight against cancer. The limited success in this battle against cancer may be attributed to the development of resistance to the available therapeutic regimens, frequent recurrence, metastasis, tumor heterogeneity, and immune evasion. The sub-populated cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often held responsible for cancer relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. The stemness and tumorigenicity of CSCs are regulated by various pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, and notch signaling. Various therapeutic agents targeting CSCs are now being considered for the treatment of various malignancies. However, conventional therapies are associated with various side effects. Therefore, current therapeutic approaches are witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural compounds. To this end, dietary polyphenols are considered promising drug candidates for their both preventive as well as therapeutic properties. In this chapter, the non-flavonoid polyphenols are discussed in the context of their ability to target CSCs and their role in attenuation of fundamental pathways involved in the maintenance of CSCs such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, notch, and induction of programmed cell death pathways has been explored. The overview of this chapter will help the oncologist to devise more efficacious combinatorial therapies, utilizing naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenols and their derivatives along with chemotherapeutic drugs, which will offer the advantage of eliminating both the CSCs and other malignant cells in the heterogeneous tumor mass as a multipronged approach. The traditional knowledge of phytomedicines along with the current advancements of molecular and precision medicine and suitable delivery system hold a great promise to combat cancer and exterminate it from the root.
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Trotz jahrzehntelanger, intensiver Forschung ist die Wirksamkeit der Artischocke noch immer nicht in klinischen Studien belegt. – Dennoch scheint eine Linderung von Verdauungsbeschwerden plausibel
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The process to develop a chromatographic method for fingerprinting complex matrices should be performed through a multiparameter approach that could lead to the desired separation and save environmental resources such as organic solvents and energy. In other words, this process should be pursued by employing an optimized experimental design and having a response function which takes into consideration separation parameters together with environmental parameters. Green Analytical Chemistry principles should be pursued during all steps of the research. This work presents a heuristic approach to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method for fingerprinting an extract from leaves of Cynara scolymus L., a food plant consumed worldwide. A fractional factorial design was used to identify relevant chromatographic variables followed by a comprehensive design for optimization purposes (Doehlert design). A response function called green chromatographic fingerprinting response was employed to obtain a compromise between fingerprint quality and low environmental impact of the method. This optimized approach led to the development of a robust and green method for fingerprinting C. scolymus by HPLC-PAD. This method proved to be greener than the reference method reported in literature and compatible even with no state of art HPLC instruments because the system backpressure did not exceed 15 MPa and the column temperature was 35 °C.
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of artichoke byproducts extract (AE) and butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced beef was assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) control (no antioxidant) (2) 27.3 mg AE phenolics/100 g meat (optimized by using response surface methodology), (3) 10 mg BHT/100 g meat. Total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, color values, iron content, primary oxidation products, secondary oxidation products and protein oxidation were evaluated during storage. Results showed that AE is rich sources of phenolic compounds and these compounds showed high efficiency as antioxidant against lipid oxidation during the storage. The AE treatment substantially inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid and protein oxidation in raw beef patties to a much greater extent than BHT treatment. The amount of carbonyls from protein oxidation significantly (P < 0.05) increased during storage, and this increase was significantly higher in the control patties than in their treated counterparts. a* values of refrigerated beef patties decreased with storage. It was concluded that AE have potential to be used as natural antioxidant when compared to BHT in meat products.
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Oxidative stress and inflammation are well-documented pathological factors in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a healthy food and folk medicine with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of ethanolic extract from artichoke against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice were treated with an ethanolic extract of artichoke (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight) by gavage once daily. Up to 40% alcohol (12 mL/kg body weight) was administered orally 1 h after artichoke treatment. All mice were fed for 10 consecutive days. Results showed that artichoke extract significantly prevented elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, the decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were elevated by artichoke administration. Histopathological examination showed that artichoke attenuated degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-�B) in liver tissues were significantly suppressed by artichoke treatment. Results obtained demonstrated that artichoke extract exhibited significant preventive protective effect against acute alcohol-induced liver injury. This finding is mainly attributed to its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and suppress the TLR4/NF-�B inflammatory pathway. To the best of
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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats. Methods We determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study. Results The results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study. Conclusion These observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.
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Objective . Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) was one of the plant remedies for primary health care. The present study was focused on the determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity and on analyzing its major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Methods . Artichoke Leaves Extracts (ALE) were analyzed for proximate analysis and phytochemical and antioxidant activity by several methods such as DDPH, ABTS, FRAP, and beta-carotene bleaching test. The carrageenan (Carr) model induced paw oedema in order to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. Identification and quantification of bioactive polyphenols compounds were done by HPLC method. The oxidative stress parameters were determined; CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA, and AOPP activities and the histopathological examination were also performed. Results . It was noted that EtOH extract of ALE contained the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents and the strongest antioxidants activities including DDPH (94.23%), ABTS (538.75 mmol), FRAP assay (542.62 umol), and β -carotene bleaching (70.74%) compared to the other extracts of ALE. Administration of EtOH extract at dose 400 mg/kg/bw exhibited a maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by Carr for 3 and 5 hours compared to reference group Indomethacin (Indo). Conclusion . ALE displayed high potential as natural source of minerals and phytochemicals compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Our objective was to explore the protective effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) against cadmium (Cd) toxicity-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups of eight animals each. The first group was assigned as a control. Groups 2-4 were orally administered with ALE (300?mg/kg bw), Cd (CdCl2, 100?mg/L drinking water), and ALE plus Cd, respectively, daily for 4?weeks. After treatment with Cd, the liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly compared with the control rats. The sera interleukin (IL)-1?, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-?), and IL-10, liver transaminase, urea, creatinine, and peripheral neutrophil count were significantly increased in Cd-exposed rats compared to the control group. The reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) decreased in the liver and kidney in Cd-exposed group. In combination treatment, Cd and ALE significantly improved immune response, an antioxidant system, and hepatorenal function with a significant decline in MDA. In conclusion, ALE ameliorates the immunosuppressive and hepatorenal oxidative injury stimulated by Cd in rats. These results suggest that artichoke has shown promising effects against adverse effects of Cd toxicity.
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Extracts and infusions of wild artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.) and globe artichoke (C. scolymus L.) (heads, bracts and stems) were examined for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity after performing Classical Extraction (CE) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). UAE proved to be more effective, since extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity and TPC values than CE extracts and infusions. Moreover C. cardunculus heads extract using UAE, displayed the maximum TPC values (1.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 fresh weight (fw)), the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50;0.91mg mL-1) and the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity (2.08 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE) g-1 fw). Moreover, the effect of different concentrations of C. cardunculus head extracts (showing the highest TPC and antioxidant activity) on Aspergillus parasiticus growth was estimated in AFPA medium. The maximum inhibition was found to be ~42.1% in comparison with the control.
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Approximately 90% of mushroom poisoning deaths in the world is caused by types of Amanita phalloides. Alpha-amanitine has a bicyclic octapeptide structure, which is the main structure responsible for these poisoning cases. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate effects of leaf extracts with artichoke extract on this toxicity. In the study, 28 male rats of Sprague-Dawley species were randomized to 4 groups. The groups were designed as control; receiving serum physiological solution of 0.1 mL intraperitoneally (ip), alpha-amanitine; receiving 3 mg/kg single dose ip, artichoke leaf extract; receiving 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d, and treatment group¸ receiving alpha-amanitine 3 mg/kg single dose ip+artichoke leaf extract 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d. It was determined that alpha-amanitine increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) activities with decreasing glutathione (GSH) levels. The supplementation with extract with artichoke, decreased MDA levels, it improved antioxidant parameters, and histopathological findings, so it was decided that extract with artichoke juice might be beneficial in alpha-amanitine related hepatic damage. Keywords: Artichoke, Alpha-Amanitine, Amanita phalloides, Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity
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Extracts of different parts (heads, bracts and stems) of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) and Cynara scolymus L. (globe artichoke), obtained by two different extraction techniques (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and classical extraction (CE)) were examined and compared for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, infusions of the plant’s parts were also analysed and compared to aforementioned samples. Results showed that cardoon’s heads extract (obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) displayed the highest TPC values (1.57 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) g−1 fresh weight (fw)), the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50; 0.91 mg ml−1) and the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity (2.08 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE) g−1 fw) compared to infusions and other extracts studied. Moreover, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction technique proved to be more appropriate and effective for the extraction of antiradical and phenolic compounds.
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The objective of this study was the investigation of a potential influence of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on the cell physiology and gene expression of phase I/II enzymes of human liver cells HepG2 and investigation on potential cell protective effects against ethanol-induced cell toxicity against HepG2 cells. Cell biological assays under in vitro conditions using HepG2 liver cells and investigation of mitochondrial activity (MTT test), proliferation assay (BrdU incorporation ELISA), LDH as toxicity marker, gene expression analysis by RT-PCR and enzyme activity of glutationtransferase. Artichocke extract, containing 27% caffeoylquinic acids and 7% flavonoids induced mitochondrial activity, proliferation and total protein content under in vitro conditions in human liver cells HepG2. These effects could not be correlated to the well-known artichoke secondary compounds cynarin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The flavones luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside had inhibitory effects at 100 µg/mL level on HepG2 cells, with luteolin being a significant stronger inhibitor compared to the respective glucoside. Artichoke leaf extract had minor stimulating effect on gene expression of CYP1A2, while CYP3A4, GGT, GPX2, GSR and GST were slightly inhibited. GST inhibition under in vitro conditions was also shown by quantification of GST enzyme activity. Induction of gene expression of CYP1A2 was shown to be supraadditive after simultaneous application of ethanol plus artichoke extract. Artichoke leaf extract exhibited cell protective effects against ethanol-induced toxicity within cotreatment under in vitro conditions. Also H2O2 damage was significantly inhibited by simultaneous artichoke incubation. Pre- and posttreatments did not exert protective effects. DMSO-induced toxicity was significantly reduced by pre-, post- and cotreatment with artichoke extract and especially with luteolin-7-O-glucoside, indicating a direct interaction with the toxifying agent and an induction of repair mechanisms.
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Spices, like vegetables, fruit, and medicinal herbs, are known to possess a variety of antioxidant effects and other biological activities. Phenolic compounds in these plant materials are closely associated with their antioxidant activity, which is mainly due to their redox properties and their capacity to block the production of reactive oxygen species. More recently, their ability to interfere with signal transduction pathways involving various transcription factors, protein kinases, phosphatases, and other metabolic enzymes has also been demonstrated. Many of the spice-derived compounds which are potent antioxidants are of great interest to biologists and clinicians because they may help protect the human body against oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. It is important to study the bioactive compounds that can modulate target functions related to defence against oxidative stress, and that might be used to achieve health benefits individually. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the most current scientific evidence about the in vitro and in vivo effects of the bioactive compounds derived from herbs and spices, focused on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in order to provide science-based evidence for the traditional uses and develop either functional foods or nutraceuticals.
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Background: Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2)-rs7903146 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The response of insulin and insulin resistance to artichoke leaf extract (ALE) may be affected by TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism. Objective: This study examined the effects of ALE supplementation on metabolic parameters of the TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Design, setting, participants and interventions: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients with MetS in Sina Clinic, Khoy, Iran. The patients were randomized into ALE or placebo groups to receive either ALE (1800 mg/d as four tablets) or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Main outcome measures: Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, glucose and lipid profile levels were measured before and after the study. Moreover, patients were genotyped for TCF7L2 polymorphism. Results: ALE supplementation decreased insulin level and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with the TT genotype of TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism (P < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between blood pressure, glucose and lipid profile response to ALE supplementation. Conclusion: The responses of insulin and HOMA-IR to ALE supplementation have shown an interaction with single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7903146 in TCF7L2. Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial IRCT201409033320N9.
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Introduction The potentially favorable effects of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) have been shown on lipid profile; however, results are inconsistent. Taq IB polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene may modulate the response to intervention. This study was aimed to examine the effects of ALE supplementation on serum lipid profile and CETP levels regarding CETP Taq IB polymorphism in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods In this double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 patients with MetS were randomized to receive ALE (1800 mg per day as four tablets) or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Serum levels of lipid profile and CETP, as well as physical activity levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Physical activity levels were measured using short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Moreover, patients were genotyped for CETP Taq IB polymorphism. Results Mean age and BMI of the patients was 38.91 ± 6.90 years and 34.32 ± 4.28 kg/m², respectively. Twenty-eight percent of the patients were male. ALE supplementation decreased serum triglyceride (TG) level compared to placebo over 12 weeks (−10% vs. −2%, p = 0.01). There was no interaction between CETP Taq IB genotype and response to ALE supplementation. The subgroup analysis showed that in men carriers of Taq IB-B1B1, LDL-C level significantly decreased in ALE group compared to the placebo group (-15% vs. 9%, p = 0.004). Conclusions ALE supplementation decreased TG levels without intervention-genotype interaction in patients with MetS. However, men with Taq IB-B1B1 genotype indicated a reduction of LDL-C in response to ALE.