ArticleLiterature Review

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

October 2018
Phytotherapy Research 33(7-8)

DOI:10.1002/ptr.6213

Authors:

Shabnam Salekzamani

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Khatereh Rezazadeh

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Current evidence has shown antioxidant activity of artichoke as a potent source of antioxidant compounds. However, it seems that the antioxidant activity of artichoke has not yet been reviewed. Therefore, the present study was designed to perform a systematic review of human studies, animal models, and in vitro systems and to conduct a meta‐analysis of animal studies on the antioxidant effects of artichoke. We searched four electronic databases till April 2018 using relevant keywords. All English language articles were assessed. For animal studies, standardized mean difference was pooled using a random effects model. The included studies were evaluated for eligibility and risk of bias. Thirty‐nine articles (two human, 23 animal, and 14 in vitro studies) were reviewed. The results of in vitro systems supported the antioxidant effect of artichoke, whereas limited clinical trials indicated no change or a slight improvement of antioxidant status. Finding of animal studies indicated that artichoke extract supplementation increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase level in liver, as well as, decreased malondialdehyde level in liver and plasma of animals with induced disease significantly compared with comparison group. This meta‐analysis provided convincing evidence for antioxidant activity of artichoke in animals.

TỔNG QUAN VỀ ĐẶC ĐIỂM THỰC VẬT, THÀNH PHẦN HÓA HỌC VÀ TÁC DỤNG SINH HỌC CỦA CÂY ACTISÔ (CYNARA SCOLYMUS) A REVIEW ON BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CYNARA SCOLYMUS

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

Tóm tắt-Actisô (Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae), hoa tự dạng đầu được dùng chủ yếu làm thực phẩm và cao chiết lá thường dùng làm thuốc thảo dược trong điều trị chứng khó tiêu, đầy hơi, và viêm gan. Bài báo này nhằm tóm tắt các đặc điểm thực vật đặc biệt là sự đa dạng di truyền, thành phần hóa học, tác dụng dược lý, các thử nghiệm lâm sàng, các phương pháp phân tích và một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến hàm lượng của polyphenol. Actisô giàu các polyphenol có hoạt tính sinh học bao gồm acid caffeoylquinic, flavonoid… Bên cạnh đó, inulin là polysaccharid fructan trong Actisô, được dùng để kiểm tra chức năng thận và dùng trong thực phẩm. Các sesquiterpen lacton và triterpen là thành phần kém phân cực cũng được tìm thấy trong Actisô. Actisô có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao và có tính chất trị liệu như chống oxy hóa, bảo vệ gan, lợi mật, kháng viêm, hạ lipid máu. Các acid phenol đã được phân tích bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng hiệu năng cao (HPLC) và siêu hiệu năng (UHPLC) kết nối với các đầu dò PDA và MS. Abstract-Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae, whose flower head is primarily used as food and whose leaf extract (ALE) used commonly as herbal medicine for treating dyspepsia, flatulence, and hepatitis. This review article aims to summarize the botanical characteristics, especially the genetic diversity, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical trials, analytical methods and some factors notably influencing the content of polyphenols. C. scolymus contains large amounts of bioactive phenolic compounds including caffeoylquinic acids, flavonoids… Besides, inulin a fructan polysaccharide found in C. scolymus is often used for tests of renal function and food ingredient. The sesquiterpenes lactones and triterpenes, non-polar compounds, are also found in C. scolymus. C. scolymus has important nutritional value and therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, blood lipid-lowering activity... The phenolic acids were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to photodiode array detector (PDA) and mass spectrometry detector. Từ khóa-Actisô (Cynara scolymus L.); Cynara cardunculus; cynarin; acid chlorogenic.

Cynara scolymus L. Yaprağının Farklı Ekstraktlarda Invitro Aktioksidan Aktivitelerinin ve Makro ve Mikro Element Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi

Article

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Nov 2022

Papatyagiller familyasına ait olan Küre enginarın (Cynara scolymus L.) antioksidan, hepatoprotektif ve hipoglisemik etkilere sahiptir, yaprakları geleneksel olarak idrar söktürücü ve koleretik amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı enginar yaprağının ve yaprağın metanollü (Me-OH), etil asetatlı (EtOAc) ve n-hekzanlı (N-HXN) ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik içeriğini bazı in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri ve temel besin bileşenlerini, seçilmiş makro (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) ve mikro(Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, I) element düzeylerini, belirlemektir. Toplam fenolik içerik değerlerine göre Me-OH, EtOAc ve N-HXN ekstraktları sırasıyla 5,375 mg, 0,917 mg, 0,167 mg gallik asit (GAE)/g bulunmuştur. Me-OH ekstraktı en yüksek DPPH serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi (%87,73) gösterirken, EtOAc ekstraktı en yüksek süperoksit radikal süpürme aktivitesine (%49,02) sahip iken N-HXN ekstraktı yüksek seviye metal şelatlama kapasitesi (289,32 µM Fe) içermektedir. Makro ve mikro elementler açısından (I ve Cr seviyeleri hariç) en yüksek konsantrasyonlar doğal mineral kaynağı olarak kabul edilen yapraklarında kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre enginar yapraklarının potansiyel bir doğal K ve Zn kaynağı sağladığı, Me-OH ve N-HXN ekstraktlarının ise iyi P ve Zn kaynağı olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

The effects of Cynara scolymus L. supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Article

Aug 2021

Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to summarize studies conducted on the effects of artichoke supplementation on liver enzymes. Methods Suitable studies were detected by searching online databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases, until 05 June 2021. As liver enzymes were reported in different units, standardized mean differences (SMD) were used and data were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also assessed. Results Pooled analysis, of eight clinical trials, revealed that artichoke supplementation significantly reduced the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.001) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (; P = 0.016), in comparison with placebo. Subgroup analysis suggested that artichoke administration significantly reduces AST and ALT in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (P=0.003 for AST and P<0.001 for ALT), and ALT among overweight/obese subjects (P=0.025). Conclusions Artichoke supplementation elicited significant reductions in liver enzymes, especially among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Amelioration of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes Status in the Serum and Erythrocytes of Phenylhydrazine-Induced Anemic Male Rats: The Protective Role of Artichoke Extract (Cynara scolymus L.)

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020

BACKGROUND: Hemolytic anemia is a disorder characterized by the premature erythrocytes destruction. Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) induces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which causes hemolytic anemia. Cynara scolymus due to its antioxidant compounds, has been used for various therapeutic purposes in traditional medicine. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Cynara scolymus extract on PHZ -induced anemia in male rats. METHODS: Hemolytic anemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PHZ (40 mg/kg) for 2 days. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 (normal control). Group 2 (anemic control) received only PHZ. The groups 3 to 5 were injected with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of the Cynara scolymus by gavage, respectively, daily from day 2 to day 15 after PHZ administration. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected to assess hematological parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and antioxidant enzymes activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the serum and erythrocytes. RESULTS: In anemic rats, serum and erythrocytes MDA level increased, but SOD and TAC activity decreased when compared with control group (P≤ 0.05). These changes were ameliorated by treatment with Cynara scolymus at different doses (P≤ 0.05). Also, improvement in several hematological parameters was observed in anemic rats after administration of Cynara scolymus (P≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cynara scolymus extract exhibits protective property against PHZ-induced oxidative stress presumably due to antioxidative activity.

Cynara cardunculus L.: Outgoing and potential trends of phytochemical, industrial, nutritive and medicinal merits

Article

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Apr 2020

Cynara cardunculus L. with its three botanical varieties are presented as potential food and drug resources. Its young flower heads are commonly consumed as a principal part of different Mediterranean dishes, especially the globe artichoke, whereas its different plant parts are considered potential sources of valuable phytoconstituents, mainly polysaccharides, and polyphenols. These chemicals contribute to its nutrition, industry, and bioactivities, including hepatic-and cardiovascular protection and inflammation disorders. A holistic comparative study of artichoke phytochemicals make-up as determinants of its quality, nutritive value and health benefits is presented for its different varieties. Such reviewed evidence is an essential prerequisite for a future better selection of certain variety, and or utilization in therapeutic, food and pharmaceutical applications. The review presented few endeavors for the development of potential novel functional foods fortified with artichoke extracts and/or its bioactive which are of value and need to be more recognized commercially.

The role of plant-derived natural antioxidants in reduction of oxidative stress

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Mar 2022

Free radicals are a group of damaging molecules produced during the normal metabolism of cells in the human body. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, and other environmental pollutants enhances free radicals in the human body. The destructive effects of free radicals may also cause harm to membranes, enzymes, and DNA, leading to several human diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, malaria, coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative illnesses. This process occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant defenses. Since antioxidants scavenge free radicals and repair damaged cells, increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high antioxidant values is recommended to slow down oxidative stress in the body. Additionally, natural products demonstrated a wide range of biological impacts such as anti‐inflammatory, anti‐aging, anti‐atherosclerosis, and anti‐cancer properties. Hence, in this review article, our goal is to explore the role of natural therapeutic antioxidant effects to reduce oxidative stress in the diseases. Role of natural products in oxidative stress (Confirmation of publication and licensing light by bio RENDER; Agreement Number: PS238VX2QY)

Effects of artichoke leaf extract on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups such as sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum obtained from the subjects. Histopathological findings were scored semiquantitatively. Results: Statistically, the antioxidant activity was highest in the artichoke leaf extract group, the difference in biochemical parameters and C-reactive protein was significant compared with the control group, and the histopathological positive effects were found to be significantly higher. Conclusions: As a result, artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect and that this effect was related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke.

Evidences on Molecules Most Frequently Included in Canine and Feline Complementary Feed to Support Liver Function

Article

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May 2020

Numerous complementary feeds to support liver function are commercially available for small animals. Aiming to furnish a scientific support for clinicians/nutritionists that necessitate a complementary feed to support liver function in dogs and cats, with the present paper, we analyzed scientific evidences supporting the use, for this purpose, of ingredients/additives such as artichoke (Cynara scolymus), curcumin, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), phosphatidylcholine, and S-adenosylmethionine. Although sustained by significant results, our review found only few scientific papers, and albeit we believe that they represent a significant aid in handling hepatopathies, in the authors’ opinion, this topic probably deserves, and would benefit of, further studies.

Artichoke as a melanoma growth inhibitor

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
MED ONCOL

Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy in skin cancers. About 97,610 new cases of melanoma are projected to occur in the United States (US) in 2023. Artichoke is a very popular plant widely consumed in the US due to its nutrition. In recent years, it has been shown that artichoke shows powerful anti-cancer effects on cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. However, there is little known about its effect on melanoma. This study was designed to investigate if artichoke extract (AE) has any direct effect on the growth of melanoma. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects AE has on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of the widely studied melanoma cell line HTB-72. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of colonies of HTB-72 melanoma cells decreased significantly after treated with AE. This was paralleled with the decrease in the optic density (OD) value of cancer cells after treatment with AE. This was further supported by the decreased expression of PCNA mRNA after treated with AE. Furthermore, the cellular caspase-3 activity increased after treated with AE. The anti-proliferative effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with increased p21, p27, and decreased CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with decreased survivin. Artichoke inhibits growth of melanoma by inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Such a study might be helpful to develop a new promising treatment for melanoma.

Bioactive Compounds from Artichoke and Application Potential

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus known as artichoke, is originally from the Mediterranean and is currently cultivated in several countries. The artichoke has leaves, stem, and head, also called a floral capitula, covered in green and pointed bracts. It is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, anthocyanins, terpenes, dietary fiber, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals, and vitamins, thus having a wide spectrum of applications in food industries, medicine, and biofuels, among others. Several studies have shown that artichokes present properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering effects. This research aims to present a literature review on phytochemical composition, bioactivities, and applications, with an emphasis on methods of extraction, purification, and concentration of enzymes present in artichoke.

GC-MS chemical profiling, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antiinflammatory activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C.D. Adams Leaves: Experimental and Computational Studies

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

This study aimed to investigate the chemical profile of GC-MS, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antiinflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis leaves (EFSFL) via experimental and computational studies. After inducing oxidative damage with FeSO4, we treated the tissues with different concentrations of EFSFL. An in-vitro analysis of EFSFL was carried out to determine its potential for antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. We also measured the levels of CAT, SOD, GSH, and MDA. EFSFL exhibited anti-inflammatory properties through membrane stabilizing properties (IC50 = 572.79 μg/mL), proteinase inhibition (IC50 = 319.90 μg/mL), and inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 409.88 µg/mL). Furthermore, EFSFL inhibited α-amylase (IC50 = 169.77 µg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 293.12 µg/mL) and DPP-IV (IC50 = 380.94 µg/mL) activities, respectively. Our results indicated that induction of tissue damage reduced the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activities, and increased MDA levels. However, EFSFL treatment restores these levels to near normal. GC-MS profiling shows that EFSFL contains 13 compounds, with piperine being the most abundant. In silico interaction of the phytoconstituents using molecular and ensembled-based docking revealed strong binding tendencies of two hit compounds to DPP IV (alpha-caryophyllene and piperine with a binding affinity of -7.8 and -7.8 Kcal/mol), α-glucosidase (alpha-caryophyllene and piperine with a binding affinity of -9.6 and -8.9 Kcal/mol), and to α-amylase (piperine and Benzocycloheptano[2,3,4-I,j]isoquinoline, 4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-1,9-dihydroxy-2,10-dimethoxy-5-methyl with a binding affinity of -7.8 and -7.9 Kcal/mol), respectively. These compounds also presented druggable properties with favorable ADMET. Conclusively, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of EFSFL could be due to the presence of secondary metabolites.

Nutritional Intervention as a Complementary Neuroprotective Approach against Propionic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity and Associated Biochemical Autistic Features in Rat Pups

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Since there is no known cure for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its incidence rate is on the rise. Common comorbidities like gastrointestinal problems are observed as common signs of ASD and play a major role in controlling social and behavioral symptoms. Although there is a lot of interest in dietary treatments, no harmony exists with regard to the ideal nutritional therapy. To better direct prevention and intervention measures for ASD, the identification of risk and protective factors is required. Through the use of a rat model, our study aims to assess the possible danger of exposure to neurotoxic doses of propionic acid (PPA) and the nutritional protective effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Here, we conducted a biochemical assessment of the effects of dietary supplement therapy in the PPA model of autism. We used 36 male Sprague Dawley albino rat pups divided into six groups. Standard food and drink were given to the control group. The PPA-induced ASD model was the second group; it was fed a conventional diet for 27 days before receiving 250 mg/kg of PPA orally for three days. The four other groups were given 3 mL/kg of yoghurt daily, 400 mg/Kg of artichokes daily, 50 mg/kg of luteolin daily and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG at 0.2 mL daily for 27 days before being given PPA (250 mg/kg BW) for three days along with their normal diet. All groups had their brain homogenates tested for biochemical markers, which included gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione (GSH), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). When compared with the control group, the PPA-induced model presented increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation but groups treated with all four dietary therapies presented improvements in biochemical characteristics for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As all of the therapies show sufficient anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, they can be used as a useful dietary component to help prevent ASD.

Suplementación de extracto de Cynara scolymus L. y betaína en cerdas durante la lactancia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Introducción. La cerda moderna tiene la capacidad genética de producir un mayor número de lechones por camada y una mayor producción de leche, lo que conlleva que el animal tenga mayores requerimientos de nutrientes. Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño productivo de las cerdas y su progenie a la suplementación de un producto comercial a base de extracto seco de alcuacil (Cynara scolymus) e hidrocloruro de betaína durante el período de lactancia. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el primer semestre del año 2020, en la provincia de Limón, Costa Rica. Se utilizaron un total de 42 cerdas en etapa de lactancia que fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos: dieta control (T1), dieta control + 0,25 kg t-1 de producto comercial (T2) y dieta control + 0,50 kg t-1 de producto comercial (T3), todos los tratamientos fueron isoproteicos e isoenergéticos. Resultados. La inclusión del aditivo mostró una tendencia a la mejora (p=0,09) de los parámetros evaluados en la cerda. La pérdida de condición corporal al final de la lactancia fue menor (p=0,03) en T2, mientras que la suplementación con 0,50 kg t-1 de producto comercial presentó resultados intermedios. Los parámetros evaluados en la camada (peso al destete, ganancia de peso y cantidad de lechones destetados por cerda) no presentaron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) entre tratamientos. Conclusión. El uso del aditivo mostró una tendencia a mejorar el consumo de alimento en la cerda durante la etapa de lactancia, lo que disminuyó las pérdidas de peso y condición corporal durante este periodo. La inclusión del aditivo no mejoró el desempeño productivo de los lechones.

Quercetin supplementation and muscular atrophy in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Muscle atrophy is a degenerative condition characterized by secondary inflammation, free radical injury, and metabolic dysregulation. Evidence regarding the effects of quercetin on skeletal muscle atrophy is currently controversial and unclear. We hypothesized that quercetin, a anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties phytochemical, may play an important role in muscle atrophy, and we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effects of quercetin supplementation on muscular atrophy based on studies performed in animal models. Three atrophy biomarkers (muscle mass, fiber size, and function) with enough eligible studies (n = 6, 7, and 4, respectively) were combined in the final meta-analysis. Next, we calculated the overall and stratified effects of quercetin administration on muscular atrophy. No significant effects were observed on muscle mass and muscle function; however, we observed protective effects of quercetin on muscle fiber diameter and area [(Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.82, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 1.28), and (SMD: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.62), respectively]. This study suggests that quercetin could have histological protection effect on muscle fiber. Thus, it could become a promising complementary therapy for muscle atrophy that occurs due to various clinical conditions. Abbreviations: SMD, Standardized Mean Difference; CI, Confidence interval; PRISMA-P, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; SIRT-1, silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1; PGC-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α; FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Cynara Scolymus (Artichoke) Improves Liver Regeneration after Partial Liver Resection in Rats

Article

Feb 2022

Objective: Liver regeneration is necessary to restore hepatic mass and functional capacity after partial hepatectomy (PH). Cynara scolymus (CS) is a pharmacologically important plant that contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, and experimental studies have indicated that it has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CS in liver regeneration after PH in rats. Methods: A total of 36 Wistar albino rats weighing 280.5 ± 18.6 g were used. CS leaf extract was administered after partial hepatectomy. The rats were sacrificed at postoperative day 14, and the histological changes were assessed. The mitotic index (MI), nucleus size, hepatocyte size, and binucleation rate (BR) of hepatocytes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The rats that received CS extract had significant differences in liver regeneration markers, including the hepatocyte size, mitotic index, and Ki-67 proliferation index (p

Effects of Artichoke Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Studies examining the effect of artichoke on liver enzymes have reported inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of artichoke administration on the liver enzymes. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published up to January 2022. Standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) were analyzed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were assessed for the liver enzymes. Pooled analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that the artichoke administration has an effect on both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Hedges' g, -1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.76 to -0.40; p = 0.002), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Hedges' g, -1.02; 95% CI, -1.76 to -0.28; p = 0.007). Greater effects on ALT were detected in trials that lasted ≤8 weeks. Also, greater effects on AST were detected in trials using > 500 mg artichoke. Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrated artichoke supplementation decreased ALT and AST.

The Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Five Vegetal Extracts with Hepatoprotective Potential

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Oxidative stress is among the major triggers for many important human functional disorders, which often lead to various metabolic or tissue diseases. The aim of the study is to obtain five standardized vegetal extracts (Cynarae extractum—CE, Rosmarini extractum—RE, Taraxaci extractum—TE, Cichorii extractum—CHE, and Agrimoniae extractum—AE) that contain active principles with an essential role in protecting liver cells against free radicals and quantify their antioxidant actions. The compounds of therapeutic interest from the analyzed extracts were identified and quantified using the UHPLC–HRMS/MS technique. Thus, the resulting identified compounds were 28 compounds in CE, 48 compounds in RE, 39 compounds in TE, 43 compounds in CHE, and 31 compounds in AE. These compounds belong to the class of flavonoids, isoflavones, phenolic acids and dicarboxylic acids, depsides, diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidins, or coumarin derivatives. From the major polyphenolic compounds quantified in all the extracts analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS/MS, considerable amounts have been found for chlorogenic acid (619.8 µg/g extract for TE–2032.4 µg/g extract for AE), rutoside (105.1 µg/g extract for RE–1724.7 µg/g extract for AE), kaempferol (243 µg/g extract for CHE–2028.4 µg/g extract for CE), and for naringenin (383 µg/g extract for CHE–1375.8 µg/g extract for AE). The quantitative chemical analysis showed the highest content of total phenolic acids for AE (24.1528 ± 1.1936 g chlorogenic acid/100 g dry extract), the highest concentration of flavones for RE (6.0847 ± 0.3025 g rutoside/100 g dry extract), and the richest extract in total polyphenols with 31.7017 ± 1.2211 g tannic acid equivalent/100 g dry extract for AE. Several methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) have been used to determine the in vitro total antioxidant activity of the extracts to evaluate their free radical scavenging ability, influenced by the identified compounds. As a result, the correlation between the content of the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant effect of the extracts has been demonstrated. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the antiradical capacity within the study groups. Although all the analyzed extracts showed good IC50 values, which may explain their antihepatotoxic effects, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for Agrimoniae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.0147 mg/mL) and the lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for Cynarae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.1588 mg/mL). Furthermore, the hepatoprotective potential was evaluated in silico by predicting the interactions between the determined phytochemicals and key molecular targets relevant to liver disease pathophysiology. Finally, the evaluation of the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of the studied extracts validates their use as adjuvants in phytotherapy, as they reduce oxidative stress and toxin accumulation and thus exert a hepatoprotective effect at the cellular level.

Metabolite Profiling of “Green” Extracts of Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus, Cultivar “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI by 1H NMR and HRMS-Based Metabolomics

Article

Full-text available

May 2022
MOLECULES

Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.), is a perennial plant widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area, known for its edible part named capitula or heads. Its functional properties are related to its high levels of polyphenolic compounds and inulin. “Carciofo di Paestum”, an Italian traditional cultivar, is a labeled PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) product of the Campania region, representing an important economic resource. So far, a few chemical investigations were performed on this cultivar, mainly focused on the analysis of methanol extracts. Due to the increasing use of food supplements, in this study, a comprehensive analysis of green extracts of Carciofo di Paestum” PGI heads was performed. EtOH, EtOH: H2O (80:20, 70:30, 60:40) extracts, as well as infusions and decoctions prepared according to Pharmacopeia XII were analyzed by LC-ESI/QExactive/MS/MS. A total of 17 compounds corresponding to caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids were identified. The extracts were further submitted to NMR analysis to highlight the occurrence of primary metabolites. Both LCMS and NMR data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), showing significant differences among the extraction methods. Moreover, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were quantified in the extracts by LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. Furthermore, the phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. cardunculus var. scolymus “Carciofo di Paestum” extracts were evaluated.

Artichoke for biochemistry, histology, and gene expression in obstructive jaundice

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) in experimental obstructive jaundice. Methods: Rats were separated into three groups, namely, sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract. Ischemia was created for 60 min, and then liver tissue and blood samples were taken at the 90th minute of reperfusion. Artichoke leaf extract was given at a 300 mg/kg dose 2 h before the operation. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum. Histopathological findings of the liver were scored semiquantitatively. Results: Antioxidant enzyme activities in the artichoke leaf extract group were statistically significantly higher than that in the other two groups. Biochemical parameters, which show hepatocellular damage, were found to be similar in both sham and artichoke leaf extract groups. Although the values in the sham group were higher than the artichoke group in terms of protein and gene expressions, no statistically significant difference was found between these two groups. Regarding the hepatocellular effects of obstructive jaundice, the artichoke leaf extract group showed lower scores than the control group in all histopathological scores. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect that was associated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke leaf extract.

Herbal, Animal and Mineral Remedies in Burn Wound: a review of Persian Traditional Medicine literature

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Background: Burn wound is one of the most common injuries worldwide. However, its management still remains a health concern and research is ongoing for more efficient therapies. Persian medicine has described different methods in this regard. Previous reviews have mostly focused on the herbal-based therapies for burn management. Hence, the current study aimed to review both non-herbal and herbal-based therapies used in Persian medicine for their burn healing properties, and to compare them with new evidence. Method: The most important texts of Persian medicine were reviewed for burn wound classification, managements and treatment approaches. Moreover, herbal, minerals, and animal-based products claimed to possess burn wound healing activity, were extracted. In the next step, digital databases were searched to find new supporting data for the extracted-traditional remedies and their healing mechanisms. Results: More than one hundred traditional medicinal herbs, minerals, and animal-based products have been recommended to treat burn wound in Persian medicine among them, the healing effect of thirty-five herbs and eight non-herbal treatments (mineral and animal-based compounds) were supported by new evidence. Otherwise, there was not new evidence reporting the healing effect of seventy-three herbs and sixteen non-herbal compounds extracted from Persian Medicine literature. Conclusion: Although some managements of burn wounds in Persian medicine have been confirmed by new evidence, the efficacy of a plenty of materials needs to be methodically evaluated. Hence, it could introduce new clues for future research. © 2021, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Phytochemical and multi-biological characterization of two Cynara scolymus L. varieties: A glance into their potential large scale cultivation and valorization as bio-functional ingredients

Article

Apr 2022
IND CROP PROD

Artichoke leaf (Cynarae folium) extracts are used as traditional herbal medicinal products to treat a wide range of human ailments, being widely commercialized as nutraceutical or pharmaceutical preparations. In the current study, the hydromethanolic dried leaf extracts of Cynara scolymus L. var. major Brotero and C. scolymus L. var. redonensis N.H.F. Desp. were phytochemically and biologically investigated. The liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) metabolite profiling showed a complex composition, with phenolic acids (mostly mono- and di-caffeoylquinic acids), flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones as the most representative classes. The strong antioxidant activity of the two C. scolymus varieties was evidenced in DPPH [64.84–65.21 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g] and ABTS (86.39–95.55 mg TE/g) radical scavenging, cupric (160.49–171.07 mg TE/g) and ferric (71.47–78.95 mg TE/g) reducing capacity, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum assays. In addition, the two extracts also displayed anti-enzymatic effects, as assessed in cholinesterase, tyrosinase, glucosidase and amylase tests. Lastly, the artichoke samples (at the concentration of 20 μg/mL) proved a very potent inhibition of the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β [7.55–15.75% of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + cells], IL-8 (11.72–13.46% of LPS + cells) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (4.07–10.35% LPS + cells), in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the two C. scolymus varieties could be regarded as a rich source of biologically active compounds, opening thus the perspectives for their future large scale cultivation and valorization as bio-functional ingredients with putative antioxidant, anti-enzymatic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Chemical composition and biological activity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) seeds harvested at different maturity stages

Article

Mar 2022
FOOD CHEM

Cardoon seeds collected in Greece at four different maturity stages (samples S1 to S4) were analysed in terms of chemical composition and in vitro bioactivities. The content of phenolic compounds (six compounds in total) increased with increasing maturity, and 3,5-O-dicaffeyolquinic (14.8–33.8 mg/g extract) acid was the compound detected in higher abundance. Mature seeds (sample S4) also revealed the highest content in lipids (23 g/100 g extract) and tocopherols (29.62 mg/100 g dw) and demonstrated the highest cytotoxic (GI50 of 97–216 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 148 µg/mL) activities, and capacity to inhibit the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (IC50 = 5 µg/mL). Cardoon seed hydroethanolic extracts also revealed high antibacterial and antifungal potential, particularly samples S3 and S1, respectively. This study proved the multifaceted potential associated with valorisation of cardoon seeds, while their biological and chemical composition can be influenced by the maturity stage.

Metabolic and Anti-Inflammatory Protective Properties of Human Enriched Serum Following Artichoke Leaf Extract Absorption: Results from an Innovative Ex Vivo Clinical Trial

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

The aging of our population is accompanied by an increased prevalence of chronic diseases. Among those, liver, joint and adipose tissue-related pathologies have a major socio-economic impact. They share common origins as they result from a dysregulation of the inflammatory and metabolic status. Plant-derived nutrients and especially polyphenols, exert a large range of beneficial effects in the prevention of chronic diseases but require clinically validated approaches for optimized care management. In this study, we designed an innovative clinical approach considering the metabolites produced by the digestive tract following the ingestion of an artichoke leaf extract. Human serum, enriched with metabolites deriving from the extract, was collected and incubated with human hepatocytes, human primary chondrocytes and adipocytes to determine the biological activity of the extract. Changes in cellular behavior demonstrated that the artichoke leaf extract protects hepatocytes from lipotoxic stress, prevents adipocytes differentiation and hyperplasia, and exerts chondroprotective properties in an inflammatory context. These data validate the beneficial health properties of an artichoke leaf extract at the clinical level and provide both insights and further evidence that plant-derived nutrients and especially polyphenols from artichoke may represent a relevant alternative for nutritional strategies addressing chronic disease issues.

The Effect of Artichoke Ethanolic Extract on Antibiotic-Resistant Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Women

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory and lethal effect of artichoke on pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and compare it with antibiotics in vitro. Methods: Ten strains of S. aureus were isolated from the vagina of women in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital of Zabol, Iran. The resistance pattern was determined by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the effect of the extract on bacteria was determined by the 96-well microplate method. Results: The results of the antibiotic resistance pattern showed that S. aureus samples had the highest resistance to oxacillin antibiotic and were sensitive to other antibiotics, and only one sample was sensitive to vancomycin antibiotic. The lowest inhibitory concentration of artichoke against S. aureus was 3.1 mg/mL, but five strains were inhibited at a concentration of 6.25 mg/mL. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus pathogens. Further clinical research is necessary for clinical use of these extracts.

Metabolomics of Artichoke Bud Extract in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Hypertension adversely affects the quality of life in humans across modern society. Studies have attributed increased reactive oxygen species production to the pathophysiology of hypertension. So far, a specific drug to control the disease perfectly has not been developed. However, artichoke, an edible vegetable, plays an essential role in treating many diseases due to its potent antioxidant activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of artichoke bud extract (ABE) on heart tissue metabolomics of hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into six groups, then exposed to different doses comprising ABE, Enalapril Maleate, or 1% carboxylmethyl cellulose for 4 weeks. Their blood pressures were recorded at 0, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the start of the test period. Thereafter, all rats were anesthetized, and blood was collected from their cardiac apexes. Then, we measured the levels for 15 kinds of serum biochemical parameters. An established orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis model completed the metabolomic analysis. Hypertensive rats in the ABE group exhibited well-controlled blood pressure, relative to those in the model group. Specifically, artichoke significantly lowered serum levels for total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and uric acid (UA) in the hypertensive rats. This effect involved the action of eight metabolites, including guanine, 1-methylnicotinamide, p-aminobenzoic acid, NAD, NADH, uridine 5′-monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and methylmalonic acid. Collectively, these findings suggest that ABE may play a role in affecting oxidative stress and purine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism.

Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Artichoke Leaf Extracts in Human HT-29 and RKO Colon Cancer Cells

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

(1) Background: Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi, popularly known as artichoke, is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Artichoke leaf extracts (ALEs) have been widely used in traditional medicine because of their hepatoprotective, cholagogic, hypoglycaemic, hypolipemic and antibacterial properties. ALEs are also recognized for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic activities, as well as effect on cell growth of ALEs on human colon cancer HT-29 and RKO cells. HT-29 and RKO cells exhibit a different p53 status: RKO cells express the wild-type protein, whereas HT-29 cells express a p53-R273H contact mutant. (2) Methods: Four different ALEs were obtained by sequential extraction of dried artichoke leaves; ALEs were characterized for their content in chlorogenic acid, cynaropicrin, and caffeoylquinic acids. HT-29 and RKO cells were used for in vitro testing (i.e., cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis induction). (3) Results: Two out of the four tested ALEs showed marked effects on cell vitality toward HT-29 and RKO tumour cells. The effect was accompanied by a genotoxic activity exerted at a non-cytotoxic concentrations, by a significant perturbation of cell cycle (i.e., with increase of cells in the sub-G1 phase), and by the induction of apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: ALEs rich in cynaropicrin, caffeoylquinic acids, and chlorogenic acid showed to be capable of affecting HT-29 and RKO colon cancer cells by inducing favourable biological effects: cell cycle perturbation, activation of mitochondrial dependent pathway of apoptosis, and the induction of genotoxic effects probably mediated by the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these results weigh in favour of a potential cancer chemotherapeutic activity of ALEs.

Combined electrochemical/surface investigations and computer modeling of the aquatic Artichoke extract molecules corrosion inhibition properties on the mild steel surface immersed in the acidic medium

Article

Nov 2020
J MOL LIQ

Regarding the favorable advantages of green inhibitors, there are a number of studies to introduce the inhibition behavior of this type of material to enhance the protection of metals. In the present study, the mild steel substrates are protected in the acidic process by Artichoke as a green corrosion inhibitor. Some professional measurements were chosen for the corrosion inhibitive action evaluation of the Artichoke at various concentrations in the acidic solution. The electrochemical outcomes implied that the Artichoke revealed a superior inhibition action to mild steel. It was demonstrated that the charge transfer resistance of the Artichoke with a higher concentration (1000 ppm) enhanced from ∼9.9 Ω. cm2 to ∼795.2 Ω. cm2 after 24 h of immersion. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency (about 98.7%) and surface coverage (about 76.3%) were obtained in the presence of 1000 ppm Artichoke extract after 24 h immersion. The polarization results also revealed that by the addition of Artichoke extract, the corrosion current density of the mild steel significantly decreased from 6.3 μA/cm2 for the sample without inhibitor to 0.1 μA/cm2 for the sample containing 1000 ppm inhibitor. The Artichoke could effectively protect the steel through physicochemical interaction and film formation to mitigate the serious demolition of cl−. This green corrosion inhibitor is applicable to work out the corrosion obstacles of metallic equipment in the acidic process. Also, the adsorption of anticorrosive chemicals on the substrate was computationally ascertained by molecular/DFT (density functional theory) modelings

Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses Horses

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Background Despite hepatotoxic effects, imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for treatment of equine piroplasmosis. It is important, therefore, to identify adjuvant therapies that may improve the safety of imidocarb dipropionate by reducing the risk of liver damage during its use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hepatoregulatory effects of treatment with Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum during administration of imidocarb dipropionate. Methods Ten healthy horses, seroconverted to Theileria equi by C-ELISA, were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days. The study population was divided into two groups. The control group did not receive any complementary treatments. The treated group received a daily oral supplement containing C scolymus and S marianum for 30 days. Physical, haematological and histological examinations of hepatic fragments were performed. Results All haematological values remained within normal range for the study population. Histological analysis revealed that treated group animals had 62 per cent less lobular inflammation, 55 per cent less pigment accumulation, 65 per cent less steatosis and 57 per cent less portal inflammation than control group animals, with an equivalent percentage of hydropic degeneration. Conclusion C scolymus and S marianum supplements resulted in beneficial hepatoprotective effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

Artichoke extracts in cancer therapy: do the extraction conditions affect the anticancer activity?

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020

Background Artichoke is an edible plant that is grown in the Mediterranean region and is known for its antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Different artichoke extraction methods can impressively affect the nature as well as the yield of the extracted components. Main body The different methods of artichoke extraction and the influence of the extraction conditions on the extraction efficiency are summarized herein. In addition, cancer causalities and hallmarks together with the molecular mechanisms of artichoke active molecules in cancer treatment are also discussed. Moreover, a short background is given on the common types of cancer that can be treated with artichoke extracts as well as their pathogenesis. A brief discussion of the previous works devoted to the application of artichoke extracts in the treatment of these cancers is also given. Conclusion This review article covers the extraction methods, composition, utilization and applications of artichoke extracts in the treatment of different cancers.

Effects of Cynara scolymus L. on Glycemic Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Article

Jun 2020
COMPLEMENT THER MED

Objectives Cynara scolymus L. (common artichoke) and its products have been considered as potential phytotherapeutic agents for various conditions, such as cardiovascular, hepatic and gastric diseases, among others. Until now, the effects of artichoke and artichoke products administration on glycemic indices have not been sufficiently appraised. The present study evaluated the effects of artichoke and artichoke products administration on the glycemic indices. Methods Clinical trials were identified in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases; to infinity until 15 March 2020. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. Results Pooled analysis of nine Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), demonstrated that the administration of artichoke and artichoke products led to a significant reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD: -5.28 mg/dl, 95% CI: -8.95, -1.61; p = 0.005). However, other glycemic indeces including fasting insulin (WMD: -0.45 μIU/dL, 95% CI: -1.14, 0.25; p = 0.20), HOMA-IR (MD: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.57, 0.07; p = 0.12) or Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.09, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.02; p = 0.09) did not alter after the administration of artichoke and artichoke products. A subgroup analysis comparing the kind of intervention, revealed that just the supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products, in a noco-supplementation form, was efficacy for the reduction of Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.52, 95% CI: -0.85, -0.19; p = 0.002) Conclusions The supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products can significantly reduce the FBS concentrations in humans. Moreover, these outcomes suggested that just the supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products is more effective in the reduction of HOMA-IR levels than the co-supplementation form. However, additional clinical trials with longer study periods are necessitated to obtain a robust conclusion for producing new guidelines as part of a healthy diet.

Meta‐analysis of dietary supplementation effect of turmeric and curcumin on growth performance in fish

Article

May 2020

Plant‐based additives are currently used in aquaculture for their various beneficial properties. Curcumin and turmeric are usually applied for their interesting results on growth performance of fish. In this paper, the effect of dietary inclusion of curcumin and turmeric powder on growth performance in fish was studied. Twenty data sets from 5 studies and 29 data sets from 8 publications were respectively computed for curcumin and turmeric in this analysis. Specific growth rate (SGR) was the quantitative criteria recorded for each data set. After, a brief systemic summary of each study, the quantitative analysis was performed. Results showed a significant increase in pooled standard mean difference (SMD) for both fixed and random model in curcumin and turmeric. Although fish species were categorized into family (subcategory), high heterogeneity (>96%) was found in all random and fixed model analysis. Contrary to turmeric, higher curcumin inclusion results in lower specific growth rate. The higher effect sizes observed when fed curcumin at lower inclusion levels suggests that feeding low levels of phytochemicals might be beneficial and its content in turmeric should be analysed for quite homogeneous feed. This study contributes to the analysis of overall growth performance properties of turmeric and curcumin incorporation in fish diet, irrespective to their strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.

Libro: La alcachofa, de la huerta a la mesa Capitulo: Composición química de la alcachofa y evidencias sobre sus efectos beneficiosos para la salud

Chapter

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Cistus monspeliensis extract as antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor of ordinary steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid medium

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

p>The aim of this study is the valorization of the Cistus monspeliensis plant, native to North of Morocco, as antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor. Firstly, the plant is extracted by maceration in a mixture of water/acetone solvents. Phytochemical tests are carried out on the extract obtained. The antioxidant power of Cistus monspeliensis extract is evaluated by two methods: the test of reduction of the free radical DPPH <sup>∙</sup> (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and that of Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization are used to study the anticorrosion effect of Cistus monspeliensis extract. The results showed that the extract, 27.6% yield, contains phenolic compounds in the form of flavonoids, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, saponins, reducing sugars and glycosides. This extract has an antioxidant capacity similar to that of ascorbic acid with an inhibition concentration of 0.077 mg/mL 0.102 mg/mL for DPPH and FRAP test, respectively. Tafel plots show that the extract is an excellent cathodic inhibitor. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 92 % was obtained with 0.25 g/L of the inhibitor at 298 k. The impedance plot is characterized by a single capacitive loop attributed to the charge transfer process. The results also showed that the inhibitor acts on the surface of the metal principally by adsorption, leading to the formation of a protective film limiting the corrosion of ordinary steel.</p

Protective Effect of Cynara scolymus L. on Blood Biochem- ical Parameters and Liver Histopathological Changes in Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Background: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) possesses bioactive components with antioxidant effects. This plant has been widely used in traditional medicine. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the protective activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Cynara scolymus (HECS) against experimentally-induced hemolytic anemia in rats. Methods: Hemolytic anemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) 40 mg/kg for 2 days. PHZ induces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species formation, which causes hemolytic anemia. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6 for each group). Group 1 (normal control) was injected with normal saline. Group 2 (anemic control) received only PHZ. Groups 3 to 5 were injected with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of the HECS by gavage, respectively, daily from day 2 to day 15 after PHZ administration. At the end of the treatment period, their blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: The results indicated that serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the PHZ (anemic) group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P

Extraction and Characterization of Inulin-Type Fructans from Artichoke Wastes and Their Effect on the Growth of Intestinal Bacteria Associated with Health

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2019
BMRI

Globe artichoke is an intriguing source of indigestible sugar polymers such as inulin-type fructans. In this study, the effect of ultrasound in combination with ethanol precipitation to enhance the extraction of long chain fructans from artichoke wastes has been evaluated. The inulin-type fructans content both from bracts and stems was measured using an enzymatic fructanase-based assay, while its average degree of polymerization (DP) was determined by HPLC-RID analysis. Results show that this method provides artichoke extracts with an inulin-type fructans content of 70% with an average DP between 32 and 42 both in bracts and in stems. The prebiotic effect of long chain inulins from artichoke extract wastes was demonstrated by its ability to support the growth of five Lactobacillus and four Bifidobacterium species, previously characterized as probiotics. Besides, we considered the possibility to industrialize the process developing a simpler method for the production of inulin-type fructans from the artichoke wastes so that the artichoke inulin preparation could be suitable for its use in synbiotic formulations in combination with different probiotics for further studies including in vivo trials.

Cynarin alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration via protecting nucleus pulposus cells from ferroptosis

Article

Aug 2023

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) leads to a series of degenerative spine diseases. Clinical treatment of IVDD is mainly surgery, lacking effective drugs to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration. In this study, we analysed the mRNA sequencing dataset of human degenerative intervertebral disc tissues and revealed the participation of ferroptosis in IVDD. Furthermore, we confirmed that TNF-α, an important cytokine in IVDD, induces ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Subsequently, a ferroptosis inhibitors screening strategy using multiple ferroptosis indicators was developed. Through the screen of various natural compounds, cynarin, a natural product enriched in Artichoke, was discovered to inhibit ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells. Cynarin can dose-dependently inhibit the catabolism of nucleus pulposus cells, increase the expression of key ferroptosis-inhibiting genes (GPX4 and NRF2), inhibit the increment of cellular Fe2+, lipid peroxides, and reactive oxygen species. It can also prevent mitochondria shrinkage, reduce mitochondria cristae density in ferroptosis, and prevent IVDD in the rat model. In conclusion, cynarin is a potential candidate for the drug development for IVDD.

By-products of dates, cherries, plums and artichokes: A source of valuable bioactive compounds

Article

Dec 2022
TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH

Background: Food processing is fundamental to extend the shelf-life of food products. During the processing, several parts of food are wasted. FAO indicated that about one-third of the world's food production for human consumption was lost or wasted, and food waste is an environmental, economic, and social problem. Fruits and vegetables are the food groups with the highest amount of food waste, both in food processing and in consumption stage. However, those by-products constitute a potential source of bioactive compounds, with powerful biological activities. Scope and Approach: This paper carries out a comprehensive review of the scientific literature, on the main active compounds of some fruits and vegetable by-products, their biological activities, and potential uses. This study highlights the importance of food safety assessment of by-products to ensure human health. Key Findings and Conclusions: The cherry, plum, date and artichoke by-products presented high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which makes them sustainable natural high-added value compounds to be reincorporated into the food supply chain, to improve functionality as well as to extend the shelf-life of food products, within the framework of the circular economy.

Metabolic and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of differential carbohydrates formation from flower buds to flowers of Hemerocallis citrina

Article

Jan 2023
SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM

The flower buds of Hemerocallis citrina that are about to open are an edible vegetable with health care functions of "forgetting worries". However, the flower buds that open into flowers will be discarded due to changes in nutritional composition such as carbohydrates which is still unclear on their difference and formation mechanism from flower buds. In this study, the combined analysis of transcriptome, metabolome and degradome was used to investigate the above problems. The results found that there were 32 differential carbohydrates, 370 differential genes, 23 differential miRNAs and their 49 target genes in flowers compared to flower buds, among which at least nine conserved miRNA families such as miR393, miR394, miR395 and miR156 targeted to act on eleven key enzyme genes, such as INV (beta-fructofuranosidase), BAM (beta-amylase), malZ (alpha-glucosidase) and pgm (phosphoglucomutase), and then involved together in the regulation of differential carbohydrates metabolism including starch and sucrose, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, fructose and mannose, and galactose metabolism in flower opening development of H. citrina.

Caffeoylquinic acids and flavones profile in Cynara cardunculus L. seedlings under controlled conditions as affected by light and water-supply treatments

Article

Aug 2022
SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM

Cynara cardunculus L. is an Asteraceae member widely diffused in the Mediterranean Basin, rich in phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids and derivatives), flavones (luteolin, apigenin and their conjugates), anthocyanins, inulin and vitamin C. Thanks to their numerous biological activities, these compounds are in high demand for food and no-food applications. To match such request, in this research we evaluated the effect of three water-supply (100%, 75% and 50% of plant requirement) and light (24 h, 12 h and 0 h) treatments on the polyphenols profile of C. cardunculus seedlings, with the aim of developing a production system under controlled conditions. Overall, the 100% of plant water requirement increased the amount of caffeoylquinic acids (+28%), luteolines (+27%) and total measured polyphenols (+26%) respect to water-stressed plants (75% and 50% of plant requirement), with cultivated cardoon showing a higher concentration than the globe artichoke. Concerning the light treatment, the trend 0 < 12< 24 h was found for all phytochemical compounds. In particular, 24 h of light strongly induced the biosynthesis of caffeoylquinic acids (+119%), luteolines (+273%) and total measured polyphenols (+129%) compared to 0 h of light. In both experiments, the most abundant compounds were 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Regardless of experiment, the genetic background showed a significant role, since the responses were genotype-dependent. From these results clearly emerged the possibility of producing polyphenols-enriched C. cardunculus seedlings in controlled conditions.

Artichoke and bergamot extracts: a new opportunity for the management of dyslipidemia and related risk factors

Article

Mar 2022
MINERVA MED

The relationship between low LDL-C (cholesterol associated with low-density lipoprotein) and a lower relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been widely demonstrated. Although from a pharmacological point of view, statins, ezetimibe and PCSK inhibitors, alone or in combination are the front and center of the therapeutic approaches for reducing LDL-C and its CV consequences, in recent years nutraceuticals and functional foods have increasingly been considered as a valid support in the reduction of LDL-C, especially in patients with mild/moderate hyperlipidemia - therefore not requiring pharmacological treatment - or in patients intolerant to statins or other drugs. An approach also shared by the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Of the various active ingredients with hypolipidemic properties, we include the artichoke (Cynara cardunculus, Cynara scolymus) and the bergamot (Citrus bergamia) which, thanks essentially to the significant presence of polyphenols in their extracts, can exert this action associated with a number of other complementary inflammation and oxidation benefits. In light of these evidence, this review aimed to describe the effects of artichoke and bergamot in modifying the lipid and inflammatory parameters described in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The available data support the use of standardized compositions of artichoke and bergamot extracts, alone or in combination, in the treatment of mild to moderate dyslipidemia, in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, or intolerant to common hypolipidemic treatments.

Standardized Artichoke Extract: Physiological Effects, Possibilities of Use in Medical Practice

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

I. G. Paliy

Recently, among general practitioners – family doctors, therapists, specialists, there is a growing interest to the use of phytotherapy for the prevention and treatment of various pathologies. One of the classic examples of a medicinal plant with a long history of human use is the Spanish Artichoke. The objective: to analyze the results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of standardized artichoke extract (SAE). Materials and methods. The review of the modern scientific literature publications about the properties of artichoke and possible areas of its use in medical practice is performed. Results. The presented results of experimental studies confirmed that SAE is one of the safest phytopreparations, which has almost no side effects in most subjects. In a number of cases, the data of experimental pharmacology is confirmed by the results of clinical studies of evidence based medicine. Among the effects that have been established in animal models and confirmed in clinical trials should be noted: hepatoprotective, choleretic, detoxification, prebiotic, cardioprotective, lipid-lowering, nephroprotective, carcinopreventive, gravidoprotective, etc. Conclusion. The described effects allow the use of standardized artichoke leaf extract (dried water extract of the artichoke leaves, which has a positive clinical history in both Ukraine and Europe) as an addition to the traditional therapy for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal pathology, kidney diseases, hypercholesterolemia and other pathology.

Polyphenols-based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Management

Book

Jan 2021

This book reviews the applications of polyphenols in cancer treatment. The initial chapter of the book classifies different polyphenols and discusses their biological and chemical properties. The subsequent chapters then explore the diverse role of polyphenols in modulating signal transduction pathways in cancer including, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This book highlights the usefulness of polyphenol enriched seafood in modulating the anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. The book also presents nanoformulation of polyphenol as a promising strategy for their enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery. Lastly, the book examines the toxicity and safety evaluations of polyphenols as anticancer agents.

Polyphenols as Modulators of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Disease

Chapter

Oct 2021

Epidemiologic reports have revealed that cancer is a major health risk and considered a leading cause of increasing death rates all over the world. High oxidative stress can mediate chronic diseases such as onset of cancer because of damaging effects on vital molecules, DNA mutation, cell proliferation, and genome modification. Among bioactive phytoconstituents, dietary polyphenols are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, spices, etc., having strong antioxidant activity and believed to act extensively as chemopreventive agents causing interference with carcinogenesis. Anticancer effect of polyphenols is induced via regulation of antioxidant enzymatic activity, apoptosis induction by downregulation of various signaling pathways, and cell cycle arrest by initiating cell senescence associated with oxidative stress. Several polyphenols are demonstrated to act directly by affecting epigenetic process via modulating level of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, prooxidant mechanism of polyphenols impedes the metabolic process of cancer stem cells as well as self-renewal signaling pathways. Polyphenols can be suggested as a beneficial anticancer tool in a combinational protocol with a standard chemotherapeutic agent resulting in significantly fewer side effects.

Non-flavonoids Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: A Promising Therapeutic Avenue for Cancer Treatment

Chapter

Oct 2021

Despite the concerted efforts in pursuit of developing effective therapy, the human race has merely succeeded in its fight against cancer. The limited success in this battle against cancer may be attributed to the development of resistance to the available therapeutic regimens, frequent recurrence, metastasis, tumor heterogeneity, and immune evasion. The sub-populated cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often held responsible for cancer relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. The stemness and tumorigenicity of CSCs are regulated by various pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, and notch signaling. Various therapeutic agents targeting CSCs are now being considered for the treatment of various malignancies. However, conventional therapies are associated with various side effects. Therefore, current therapeutic approaches are witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural compounds. To this end, dietary polyphenols are considered promising drug candidates for their both preventive as well as therapeutic properties. In this chapter, the non-flavonoid polyphenols are discussed in the context of their ability to target CSCs and their role in attenuation of fundamental pathways involved in the maintenance of CSCs such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, notch, and induction of programmed cell death pathways has been explored. The overview of this chapter will help the oncologist to devise more efficacious combinatorial therapies, utilizing naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenols and their derivatives along with chemotherapeutic drugs, which will offer the advantage of eliminating both the CSCs and other malignant cells in the heterogeneous tumor mass as a multipronged approach. The traditional knowledge of phytomedicines along with the current advancements of molecular and precision medicine and suitable delivery system hold a great promise to combat cancer and exterminate it from the root.

Artischocke – Gemüsepflanze mit potenter Heilkraft

Article

Aug 2021

Sigrun Chrubasik-Hausmann

Trotz jahrzehntelanger, intensiver Forschung ist die Wirksamkeit der Artischocke noch immer nicht in klinischen Studien belegt. – Dennoch scheint eine Linderung von Verdauungsbeschwerden plausibel

Artichoke

Chapter

Jan 2020

Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) is a species of thistle cultivated as a food. The edible portion of the plant consists of the flower buds before the flowers come into bloom. It is a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region. C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus is a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds, and also inulin, other fibers, and minerals. For this reason, it is considered a functional food. Several studies described numerous pharmacological activities associated with the artichoke, such as hepatoprotective, antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, bile-expelling, and urinative effects. Moreover, the biological activities of the artichoke have been reported in various studies, mainly the strong antioxidative effects, which are attributed to caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, and flavonoids such as luteolin glycosides. The present chapter reviews some selected literature published recently about the globe artichoke, its chemical composition and nutritional and functional properties, with the purpose of contributing to the systematization of the information concerning the relation between chemical composition and health benefits.

Artichoke leaf extract and use in metabolic syndrome as an antioxidant

Chapter

Jan 2020

Oxidative stress (OS), an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, may play a role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. There is debate about whether OS is causal or merely associated to metabolic syndrome. Substantial evidence indicated the importance of the potential natural antioxidants in the restoration of impaired redox state in patients with metabolic syndrome. Artichoke leaf extract (ALE), an extract from the antioxidant-rich herb, is potentially involved in the prevention and treatment of free radical–related diseases mainly by neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during oxidative damage, and improving the antioxidant defense system. A recent meta-analysis of animal studies demonstrated the antioxidant activity of ALE in experimentally induced disease. Indeed, the supplementation with ALE resulted in decreased concentration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in patients with metabolic syndrome. The mechanisms involved in the antioxidant properties of ALE are complex and multifactorial. Although, the antioxidant capacity of ALE has been demonstrated in experimental studies, there are limited human studies in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Atık Değerlendirmeye Yeni Bir Bakış; Enginar (Cynara scolymus L.) Yapraklarının Fonksiyonel Kraker Üretiminde Kullanımı

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

In this study, it was aimed to utilize artichoke leaf powder (

Preventive effect of Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) in kidney dysfunction against high fat-diet induced obesity in rats

Article

Dec 2019

A high-fat diet (HFD) promotes oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of kidney dysfunction. We examined the protective effects of an ethanol extract of artichoke leaves (EEA) compared to Atorvastatin (ATOR) in the kidney of Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. The experimental animals were divided into five groups: control (Cont), HFD, HFD treated with EEA (200 mg/kg), HFD treated with EEA (400 mg/kg), and HFD treated with ATOR. Organ weights, lipid profile, renal markers, and antioxidants enzymes were measured. Oral administration of EEA (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 60 days showed a significant decrease in organ weights and kidney markers levels accompanied by decreasing in oxidative stress biomarkers as compared to HFD groups. The histological findings showed a renoprotective effect of artichoke extract. These findings suggest that EEA exerts anti-oxidant kidney effects in HFD- induced obese rats.

Edible flowers: Bioactive profile and its potential to be used in food development

Article

Dec 2019
FOOD RES INT

The consumption of flowers as food is reported in various cultures around the world as part of traditional cuisine or alternative medicine, in addition to their wide use as ornaments. However, many species of edible flowers can be considered more than a delicacy or a garnish due to their nutritional value as source of protein and essential aminoacids. In this scenario, flowers represent an important segment to expand food market, due to their suitable sensory and nutritional characteristics, as well as presence of bioactive compounds beneficial to human health. Research on consumer behavior and purchase intent have been unraveling ways to explore the different attributes of edible flowers, in order to conquer this promising market in the following decades. Socio-cultural factors involved in the consumption of edible flowers have been subject of several studies aiming at popularizing and expanding this growing industry and encouraging local use of traditional flowers is important to preserve endangered traditions. On the other hand, nutritional properties, pharmacological benefits, chemical composition and the forms of preparation of edible species have been increasingly studied with the growing search for natural and health foods. Modern and effective methods for extraction of bioactive compounds from flowers are also contributing to explore their components, allowing the development of functional ingredients for food industry. Some key information as proper taxonomy and toxicological profile are still necessary to stimulate the consumption of edible flowers, as well as the creation of a good practice manual for proper management (cultivation, handling and preparation) of flowers for commercialization. Scientific and technical information on nutritional, therapeutic and chemical features of edible flowers are reviewed and discussed, aiming at strengthening the knowledge, and, consequently, consuming habits and research on their benefits in human diet.

Fingerprinting Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) by Means of a Green Statistically Developed HPLC-PAD Method

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2018
FOOD ANAL METHOD

The process to develop a chromatographic method for fingerprinting complex matrices should be performed through a multiparameter approach that could lead to the desired separation and save environmental resources such as organic solvents and energy. In other words, this process should be pursued by employing an optimized experimental design and having a response function which takes into consideration separation parameters together with environmental parameters. Green Analytical Chemistry principles should be pursued during all steps of the research. This work presents a heuristic approach to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method for fingerprinting an extract from leaves of Cynara scolymus L., a food plant consumed worldwide. A fractional factorial design was used to identify relevant chromatographic variables followed by a comprehensive design for optimization purposes (Doehlert design). A response function called green chromatographic fingerprinting response was employed to obtain a compromise between fingerprint quality and low environmental impact of the method. This optimized approach led to the development of a robust and green method for fingerprinting C. scolymus by HPLC-PAD. This method proved to be greener than the reference method reported in literature and compatible even with no state of art HPLC instruments because the system backpressure did not exceed 15 MPa and the column temperature was 35 °C.

Antioxidant potential of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts extracts in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of artichoke byproducts extract (AE) and butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced beef was assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) control (no antioxidant) (2) 27.3 mg AE phenolics/100 g meat (optimized by using response surface methodology), (3) 10 mg BHT/100 g meat. Total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, color values, iron content, primary oxidation products, secondary oxidation products and protein oxidation were evaluated during storage. Results showed that AE is rich sources of phenolic compounds and these compounds showed high efficiency as antioxidant against lipid oxidation during the storage. The AE treatment substantially inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid and protein oxidation in raw beef patties to a much greater extent than BHT treatment. The amount of carbonyls from protein oxidation significantly (P < 0.05) increased during storage, and this increase was significantly higher in the control patties than in their treated counterparts. a* values of refrigerated beef patties decreased with storage. It was concluded that AE have potential to be used as natural antioxidant when compared to BHT in meat products.

Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke, an Edible Herbal Medicine, against Acute Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Oxidative stress and inflammation are well-documented pathological factors in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a healthy food and folk medicine with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of ethanolic extract from artichoke against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice were treated with an ethanolic extract of artichoke (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg body weight) by gavage once daily. Up to 40% alcohol (12 mL/kg body weight) was administered orally 1 h after artichoke treatment. All mice were fed for 10 consecutive days. Results showed that artichoke extract significantly prevented elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, the decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were elevated by artichoke administration. Histopathological examination showed that artichoke attenuated degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-�B) in liver tissues were significantly suppressed by artichoke treatment. Results obtained demonstrated that artichoke extract exhibited significant preventive protective effect against acute alcohol-induced liver injury. This finding is mainly attributed to its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and suppress the TLR4/NF-�B inflammatory pathway. To the best of

Protective effects of Cynara scolymus leaves extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in alloxan-diabetic rats

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017
BMC Compl Alternative Med

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, inflammatory disorders and abnormal lipid profiles, currently the extracts from leaves of cynara scolymus has been discovered to treat metabolic disorders and has been stated by multitudinous scientists according to a good source of polyphenols compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol leaves extract of C. scolymus in alloxan induced stress oxidant, hepatic-kidney dysfunction and histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas of different experimental groups of rats. Methods We determinate the antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ and antioxidant total capacity (TAC) of all extracts of C. scolymus leaves, the inhibition of α-amylase activity in vitro was also investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were induced to diabetes with a single dose intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Diabetic rats were orally and daily administrated of ethanol extract from C. scolymus at two doses (200-400 mg/kg, b.w) or (12 mg/kg, b.w) with anti-diabetic reference drug, Acarbose for one month. Ethanol extract of C. scolymus effect was confirmed by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and histological study. Results The results indicated that the ethanol extract from leaves of C. scolymus showed the highest antioxidant activity by ABTS.+ (499.43g± 39.72 Trolox/g dry extract) and (128.75 ± 8.45 mg VC /g dry extract) for TAC and endowed the powerful inhibition in vitro of α-amylase activity with IC50=72,22 ug/uL. In vivo, the results showed that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus (200-400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) the α-amylase levels in serum of diabetic rats, respectively associated with significant reduction (p < 0.001) in blood glucose rate of 42,84% and 37,91% compared to diabetic groups after 28 days of treatment, a significant lowered of plasma total cholesterol (T-Ch) by 18,11% and triglyceride (TG) by 60,47%, significantly and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) by 37,77%, compared to diabetic rats, moreover, the administration of ethanol extract appears to exert anti-oxidative activity demonstrated by the increase of CAT, SOD and GSH activities in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats. This positive effect of the ethanol extract from C. scolymus was confirmed by histological study. Conclusion These observed strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of C. scolymus has anti-hyperglycemic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

Chemicals Compositions, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cynara scolymus Leaves Extracts, and Analysis of Major Bioactive Polyphenols by HPLC

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Khaled Athmouni

Objective . Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) was one of the plant remedies for primary health care. The present study was focused on the determination of chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity and on analyzing its major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Methods . Artichoke Leaves Extracts (ALE) were analyzed for proximate analysis and phytochemical and antioxidant activity by several methods such as DDPH, ABTS, FRAP, and beta-carotene bleaching test. The carrageenan (Carr) model induced paw oedema in order to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity. Identification and quantification of bioactive polyphenols compounds were done by HPLC method. The oxidative stress parameters were determined; CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA, and AOPP activities and the histopathological examination were also performed. Results . It was noted that EtOH extract of ALE contained the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents and the strongest antioxidants activities including DDPH (94.23%), ABTS (538.75 mmol), FRAP assay (542.62 umol), and β -carotene bleaching (70.74%) compared to the other extracts of ALE. Administration of EtOH extract at dose 400 mg/kg/bw exhibited a maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by Carr for 3 and 5 hours compared to reference group Indomethacin (Indo). Conclusion . ALE displayed high potential as natural source of minerals and phytochemicals compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Studies on the protective effect of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against cadmium toxicity-induced oxidative stress, hepatorenal damage, and immunosuppressive and hematological disorders in rats

Article

Full-text available

May 2017
ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R

Our objective was to explore the protective effect of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) against cadmium (Cd) toxicity-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups of eight animals each. The first group was assigned as a control. Groups 2-4 were orally administered with ALE (300?mg/kg bw), Cd (CdCl2, 100?mg/L drinking water), and ALE plus Cd, respectively, daily for 4?weeks. After treatment with Cd, the liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly compared with the control rats. The sera interleukin (IL)-1?, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-?), and IL-10, liver transaminase, urea, creatinine, and peripheral neutrophil count were significantly increased in Cd-exposed rats compared to the control group. The reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) decreased in the liver and kidney in Cd-exposed group. In combination treatment, Cd and ALE significantly improved immune response, an antioxidant system, and hepatorenal function with a significant decline in MDA. In conclusion, ALE ameliorates the immunosuppressive and hepatorenal oxidative injury stimulated by Cd in rats. These results suggest that artichoke has shown promising effects against adverse effects of Cd toxicity.

Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for the Determination of the Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Cynara Scolymus and C. Cardunculus Extracts and Infusions

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017
NAT PROD COMMUN

Extracts and infusions of wild artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.) and globe artichoke (C. scolymus L.) (heads, bracts and stems) were examined for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity after performing Classical Extraction (CE) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). UAE proved to be more effective, since extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity and TPC values than CE extracts and infusions. Moreover C. cardunculus heads extract using UAE, displayed the maximum TPC values (1.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 fresh weight (fw)), the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50;0.91mg mL-1) and the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity (2.08 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE) g-1 fw). Moreover, the effect of different concentrations of C. cardunculus head extracts (showing the highest TPC and antioxidant activity) on Aspergillus parasiticus growth was estimated in AFPA medium. The maximum inhibition was found to be ~42.1% in comparison with the control.

Effects of Aqueous Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Leaf Extract on Hepatic Damage Generated by Alpha-Amanitine

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2016
KAFKAS UNIV VET FAK

Approximately 90% of mushroom poisoning deaths in the world is caused by types of Amanita phalloides. Alpha-amanitine has a bicyclic octapeptide structure, which is the main structure responsible for these poisoning cases. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate effects of leaf extracts with artichoke extract on this toxicity. In the study, 28 male rats of Sprague-Dawley species were randomized to 4 groups. The groups were designed as control; receiving serum physiological solution of 0.1 mL intraperitoneally (ip), alpha-amanitine; receiving 3 mg/kg single dose ip, artichoke leaf extract; receiving 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d, and treatment group¸ receiving alpha-amanitine 3 mg/kg single dose ip+artichoke leaf extract 1.5 g/kg orally for 14 d. It was determined that alpha-amanitine increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) activities with decreasing glutathione (GSH) levels. The supplementation with extract with artichoke, decreased MDA levels, it improved antioxidant parameters, and histopathological findings, so it was decided that extract with artichoke juice might be beneficial in alpha-amanitine related hepatic damage. Keywords: Artichoke, Alpha-Amanitine, Amanita phalloides, Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity

Αntioxidant activity of Cynara scolymus L. and Cynara cardunculus L. extracts obtained by different extraction techniques

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2016

Extracts of different parts (heads, bracts and stems) of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) and Cynara scolymus L. (globe artichoke), obtained by two different extraction techniques (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and classical extraction (CE)) were examined and compared for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, infusions of the plant’s parts were also analysed and compared to aforementioned samples. Results showed that cardoon’s heads extract (obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) displayed the highest TPC values (1.57 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) g−1 fresh weight (fw)), the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50; 0.91 mg ml−1) and the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity (2.08 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE) g−1 fw) compared to infusions and other extracts studied. Moreover, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction technique proved to be more appropriate and effective for the extraction of antiradical and phenolic compounds.

The hepatocurative effects of Cynara scolymus L. leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2016

Cynara scolymus is a pharmacologically important medicinal plant containing phenolic acids and flavonoids. Experimental studies indicate antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of C. scolymus but there have been no studies about therapeutic effects of liver diseases yet. In the present study, hepatocurative effects of C. scolymus leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury in rats were investigated by serum hepatic enzyme levels, oxidative stress indicator (malondialdehyde-MDA), endogenous antioxidants, DNA fragmentation, p53, caspase 3 and histopathology. Animals were divided into six groups: control, olive oil, CCl 4 , C. scolymus leaf extract, recovery and curative. CCl 4 was administered at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg twice daily on CCl 4 , recovery and curative groups. Cynara scolymus extract was given orally for 2 weeks at a dose of 1.5 g/kg after CCl 4 application on the curative group. Significant decrease of serum alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) levels were determined in the curative group. MDA levels were significantly lower in the curative group. Significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in the curative group was determined. In the curative group, C. scolymus leaf extract application caused the DNA % fragmentation, p53 and caspase 3 levels of liver tissues towards the normal range. Our results indicated that C. scolymus leaf extract has hepatocurative effects of on CCl 4 -induced oxidative stress and hepatic injury by reducing lipid peroxidation, providing affected antioxidant systems towards the normal range. It also had positive effects on the pathway of the regulatory mechanism allowing repair of DNA damage on CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity.

ARTICLE IN PRESS G Model Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of Cynara scolymus in cholesterol-fed rats

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016
REV BRAS FARMACOGN

Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae, are traditionally used to treat dyspepsia. This study evaluated the hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of C. scolymus in rat's model. Hypercholesterolemic rats (1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid for 15 days) were treated (0.5ml/200g) with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600mg/kg p.o.; n=6) or simvastatin (4mg/kg p.o.; n=6) once per day for 30 days along with hypercaloric diet. A control group (C) was given water (0.5ml/200g; n=6). A high-cholesterol diet was maintained throughout the treatment period. Rats treated with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600mg/kg) and simvastatin showed significant decreases in serum levels of total cholesterol (−46.9%, −51.9%, −44%, and −41.9%, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C; −52.1%, −54.8%, −51.9%, and −46.7%, respectively), compared with group C (p<0.005). Biochemical analyses revealed significant decrease in the concentration of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein, oxidized-LDL, and antioxidized-LDL in rats treated with extract of C. scolymus (150, 300, or 600mg/kg). There were no differences in serum ALT enzyme activity between the groups. Our results suggest that hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects could be related with the presence of polar substances present in aqueous extract of C. scolymus.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2014
AFR J PHARM PHARMACO

Antioxidant activities of artichoke phenolics

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2005

Both leaves and heads from artichokes are rich in phenolic compounds belonging to different classes: benzoic and cinnamic derivatives, flavonoids and tannins. There are conditions when these phenolic compounds show antioxidant activities and quench different types of free radicals. Therefore, they can be used as nutrient compounds, because of their role in preventing and treating different diseases of radical origin, or as food preservatives. This research deals with the composition and biological activities of artichoke extracts prepared from leaves and heads. Mono-caffeoylquinic acids and di-caffeoylquinic acids are the predominant phenolics in these extracts, which also contain flavonoids (apigenin and luteolin glycosides) and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed tannins). Artichoke extracts and some of their pure phenolic constituents were assessed for their protective role in the control of oxidative damage to biological molecules (proteins, lipids and DNA), caused by free radicals such as RCOO· and/or OH·, and the mechanism of their action using the β-carotene/linoleate assay, the deoxyribose assay and the metmyoglobin assay. The results of this study suggests that artichoke heads are rich in phenolics showing, in some conditions, a good antioxidant activity and might, therefore, be regarded as a source of dietary antioxidants. In addition, leaves and outer bracts of artichoke heads can be considered as a cheap, as yet unused, source of natural non toxic antioxidants for use in industrial processes (to preserve and stabilize the freshness, nutritive value, flavour and colour of foods).

The possible cardioprotective effects of different fractions of artichoke extracts against 5-Fu induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of ethyl acetate and methanolartichoke extracts(Cynara scolymus L.) against 5-Flurouracil (5-FU) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Methods: Thirty-six albino rats were divided randomly and equallyin to six groups (each group with 6 rats): I, negative control, received (2 ml/kg/d)of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) orally for 30 successive d; II, positive control, received (2 ml/kg/d) of (DMSO) orally for 30 successive d, and subsequently administered a single dose of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection on 27thd in assossiation with DSMO; III and V, received (200 mg/kg/d) of oral methanol and ethyl acetate artichoke extracts respectivelyfor 30 successive d; V and VI, received(200 mg/kg/d) of oral methanol and ethyl acetate artichoke extracts respectively for 30 successive d,with a subsequently received single dose of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection on 27thd of the experiment. Results: Prophylactic treatment of ethyl acetate and methanol artichoke extracts significantly attenuates the increased level of serum cardiac troponin T (CTn-T) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)caused by 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity in experimental albino rats while it increases the serum level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Conclusion: Results of the present study suggest that methanol and ethyl acetate artichoke extracts may be an effective modulator in mitigating 5-FU induced cardiotoxicity. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. All rights reserved.

Artichoke: botanical, agronomical, phytochemical, and pharmacological overview

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2015
Phytochemistry Rev

Artichoke, Cynara cardunculus, is a dietary and medicinal plant species with a long tradition of use dating back to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. It comprises the globe artichoke, C. cardunculus subsp. scolymus, the cultivated cardoon, C. cardunculus subsp. altilis, and the wild cardoon, C. cardunculus subsp. sylvestris. The edible part of the plant is limited to the fleshy leaves (bracts) and receptacle of a large immature inflorescence, named capitulum or head, that has been shown to be a rich source of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, leaves, external bracts and stems discarded by the artichoke processing industry corresponding to about 80–85 % of the total biomass of the plant, represent a suitable potential source of food additives and nutraceuticals. Nutritional and pharmacological properties of artichoke heads and leaves are attributed mainly to polyphenolic compounds and inulin present at high concentration. Other classes of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes have been also found in the plant at lower amounts. This review, after a general historical, phytogeographical, and ethnobotanical overview, summarizes the current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this plant, with special emphasis on the agronomical and nutritional importance of the plant and to the methods of analysis, including the recently developed metabolomic studies.

Long Term Exposure to Polyphenols of Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) Exerts Induction of Senescence Driven Growth Arrest in the MDA-MB231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015
OXID MED CELL LONGEV

Polyphenolic extracts from the edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) have been shown to be potential chemopreventive and anticancer dietary compounds. High doses of polyphenolic extracts (AEs) induce apoptosis and decrease the invasive potential of the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB231. However, the molecular mechanism underlying AEs antiproliferative effects is not completely understood. We demonstrate that chronic and low doses of AEs treatment at sublethal concentrations suppress human breast cancer cell growth via a caspases-independent mechanism. Furthermore, AEs exposure induces a significant increase of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and upregulation of tumour suppressor genes, and in MDA-MB231 cells. AEs treatment leads to epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, modulating DNA hypomethylation and lysine acetylation levels in total proteins. Cell growth arrest correlates with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AEs treated breast cancer cells. Inhibition of ROS generation by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuates the antiproliferative effect. These findings demonstrate that chronic AEs treatment inhibits breast cancer cell growth via the induction of premature senescence through epigenetic and ROS-mediated mechanisms. Our results suggest that artichoke polyphenols could be a promising dietary tool either in cancer chemoprevention or/and in cancer treatment as a nonconventional, adjuvant therapy.

Beneficial effects of artichoke on liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and plasma lipids in rats fed by lipogenic diet

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is full of natural antioxidants and has a lipid-lowering effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of artichoke on the liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, plasma lipid levels, plasma malondialdehyde, and plasma antioxidant in rats fed by lipogenic diet. Male rats were fed by standard pellet diet (group I), standard diet supplemented with 10% artichoke (group II), lipogenic diet (containing sunflower oil, cholesterol and ethanol) plus 10% artichoke (group III) and only lipogenic diet (group IV). On day 60 of the experiment, liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity, liver triglyceride, plasma lipids, plasma malondialdehyde, and plasma antioxidant levels were measured. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity, liver triglyceride, the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased due to artichoke treatment in groups II and III compared to groups I and IV, respectively. Significant reduction in plasma malondialdehyde and significant elevation in plasma antioxidant power observed in groups II and III compared to groups I and IV, respectively. The results clearly indicated that artichoke can be useful for the reduction of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity and liver triglyceride. Also, artichoke has beneficial effects in the controlling of hyperlipidemia, abnormalities in lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic regimes.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Cynara Scolymus (Cynarae folium, Asteraceae Family)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
TROP J PHARM RES

Purpose: Cynara scolymus is a medicinal plant frequently used in traditional medicine for stomach and liver diseases. The purpose of the study was to identify the most suitable extraction solvent for maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of fluidized bed extracts. Methods: The extracts were obtained by conventional maceration and fluidized bed extraction using 25, 50, 75 and 97 % v/v ethanol as solvent. The antioxidant effect of the extracts was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The quantities of phenols and flavonoids, and the reducing power of the extracts were also determined. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against different microbial strains using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) of the fluidized bed extract was also determined. Results: The ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity as well as yielded the largest quantity of polyphenolic compounds. For the extract obtained by fluidized bed technique, the optimum concentration of 10 mg/ml gave maximum antioxidant activity of 65.15 %. The MIC values obtained using the freeze-dried extract ranged from 5.0 mg/ml – 15.0 mg/ml. The extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against the tested strains of Listeria innocua CMGB 218, Bacillus cereus CMGB 215 with MIC of 5 mg/ml but showed MIC of 15 mg/ml for the other strains. Conclusion: The results indicate that the freeze-dried extract from Cynara scolymus is capable of yielding nutritional supplements with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Lipid-lowering effect of artichoke on liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and plasma lipids in hyperlipidemic rats

Article

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Sep 2011
J MED PLANTS RES

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is full of natural antioxidants and has a lipid-lowering effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of artichoke on the liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP), plasma lipid levels, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma antioxidant in hyperlipidemic rats. Male rats were fed by standard pellet diet (Group 1), standard diet supplemented with 10% artichoke (Group 2), lipogenic diet (containing sunflower oil, cholesterol and ethanol) plus 10% artichoke (Group 3) and only lipogenic diet (Group 4). On day 60 of the experiment, liver PAP activity, liver triglyceride (TG), plasma lipids, plasma MDA, and plasma antioxidant levels were measured. PAP activity, liver TG, the ratio of total cholesterol (TC) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, plasma TC and TG levels were significantly decreased due to artichoke treatment in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Groups 1 and 4, respectively. Significant reduction in plasma MDA and significant elevation in plasma antioxidant power observed in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Groups 1 and 4, respectively. The results clearly indicated that artichoke can be useful for the reduction of PAP activity and liver TG. Also, artichoke has beneficial effects in the controlling of hyperlipidemia, abnormalities in lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic regimes.

Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of aerial part of Cynara scolymus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

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Jul 2011
J MED PLANTS RES

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf aqueous extract (ALE) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. ALE (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats and fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), atherogenic index, lipid peroxidation (LPO), red blood cell (RBC) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and plasma antioxidant capacity were measured. The oral administration of ALE for 21 days significantly reduced TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and hyperglycemia in treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control group. ALE also markedly ameliorated the level of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased plasma antioxidant capacity of treated diabetic group. The results clearly indicate the beneficial reducing effects of ALE on serum TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose levels and plasma MDA level in STZ-treated rats.

CRIS Guidelines (Checklist for Reporting In-vitro Studies): A concept note on the need for standardized guidelines for improving quality and transparency in reporting in-vitro studies in experimental dental research

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Jul 2014

In vitro studies form a pivotal role in dental research contribution to a substantial evidence base. The reporting standards of these studies are not uniform thus resulting in lacunae in evidence reported. The effort of this concept note is to propose a Checklist for Reporting in vitro Studies (CRIS guidelines) that would promote quality and transparency in reporting in vitro studies.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Artichoke

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Jul 2014

Sobhy Ahmad El-Sohaimy

Artichoke can be eaten as a fresh, canned or frozen vegetable for its health benefits due to the high content of polyphenols. The aim of this study is to elucidate the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L) and baby anzio artichoke (Cyrnara scolymus). The results of this investigation revealed that, the globe artichoke showed a moisture, protein and carbohydrate content higher than baby anzio. On the other hand the baby anzio showed a lipid content higher than globe artichoke. Baby anzio extract showed a higher phenolic compounds than glob artichoke extract. The baby anzio methanol extract showed the antioxidant activity higher than globe artichoke (IC50 of baby anzio extract lower that IC50 of globe artichoke extract). At the same time the baby anizio extract exhibited more toxicity and inhibition zone diameter against 5 pathogenic bacterial strains than globe artichoke extract. This study confirmed that the two varieties of artichoke exhibited moderate functional properties like antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, baby anzio artichoke is more effective and powerful in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies

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Mar 2014
BMC MED RES METHODOL

The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies

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