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Abstract

In this article, a science interest network model (SINM) is introduced and a first empirical test of the model is presented. The SINM models interest as a dynamic relational construct, in which different interest components, that is, affective, behavioral, and cognitive components and related motivational components mutually reinforce one another within the development of interest. The dynamical relational perspective hypothesizes the mutual interactions between interest components to underlie the development of interest. Applying the SINM to the PISA 2015 data of two countries, that is, The Netherlands and Colombia, we were able to not only illuminate the structure of interactions between the different variables (i.e., indicators) in the networks of different groups of adolescents but we could also make predictions about which variables are of structural importance within the interest construct and as such worthwhile to test as potential candidates for intervention. Additionally, we were able to replicate earlier findings of the literature, namely that (1) enjoyment is central within the interest network and that (2) important structural differences exist in the interest network across countries, which, for instance, point to differences in domain specificity of interest between countries. While the network approach is sensitive to structural differences in science interest across countries, the network structure is stable across subgroups within countries. Future studies are proposed to test theoretically important assumptions of a dynamical perspective on interest, such as the causal role of different interest components in the development of interest.
Introducing a Science Interest Network Model to
Reveal Country Dierences
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© 2018, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the
copy of record and may not exactly replicate the *nal, authoritative
version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors'
permission. The *nal article will be available, upon publication, via
its DOI: 10.1037/edu0000327
(.
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3(&F(&)#C042%
#%.2#%3
6.42
#3%;<&42&.$$&6

%#"&##
##%"
#$$$%.2#%
#3F
))CAI##))4+$2"31,4
#%$%$$1,
.2%#
#$$1,
#%-$($,2"3-(,A)C4
2$$$.2
#%$/6.(5%
2##)81(3?!-
)C4122&.$$$%
.26.341,
%6$#%.$2$"#
.$2%$$#2
8
1,2"
2"$22#%

Theoretical background
+G"%@$&%
H3(#0EC#=E4J)&%(#
.G%.%H25
%.&
$#3F)4%%
9%$##/:;#5
2&2$
. &"25$
.&3K00CA-F7000A
0*8L00JAI##F00A))C4
5%.$
%$23F
))CAI##))A))C4&$2
#%3.42
$$$6
#3FI##))EA%))042
$%2##.&6#
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$$%.2#
#% ! 
Interest as Dynamic Construct
#%$$&%.2
##%.$
&%(&3)J4&
..&$
#%#;. @$25
2.#
#9&.$%.
&&&&32FK)))A
F))J42&$%;7
&+5%&&&
$$%3$4
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1,2"
$$%$B#2. %
$#%#
#$%#2. %
29#%%$$##$3(&))A
(&F)E41#$&.
.2&#&%3
"%$$G1
H4;#$
 &2$%
.3(&F(&)A,$)84
(&(&3)4%$!##1(
))C.2;
#6$2.5
#22%$$;
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5&$2$$
.2#22
$#%#&2"##
&2"2$
$##2$.3
.F-)=AINF-)A
))C4K%2
#$7.$.&$&%3&
%A"00E4.$#9&2#
$#&9##%%
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3))C4&
#&$$$..
$2"%2"3)C4-$($
,2"3-(,4#$7$2"%$&
$.
377&.$-F0J0A"0*EA
!&F-"00=42$. 3)C4
1$#.&;
$.2$#.&
.23&4
Introducing the Science Interest Network Model (SINM)
-$($,2"3-(,A
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#$%;<&%#%
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)
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34#$7%
&#&2"
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$$34%
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6.3$$"24
#2&#3
%;<&4 12"
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&#2""2:$/K
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2.-@$&&$$$. %
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.& &#2",#
%##$$
.2#%2
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.$A"O"2.$6%
A"O"2.$$%A#
O#.&.$%
##
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.:#5324
#9&D$ :#
5$
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$. &2%$%&+-$
%&;;2$$
3+F700*4(2##&#
$$$%2"#
#&$2"%%
$23
.#42
,3469&62"
##22"$.
%&2%2"
3:0J*A?#(F"7))41%
G &%.$H%
# &%.$
#6"2
$$%2"%#5$#%$
%6##%
#.&6
&$.#$&
%#&2"$;2$$
5%$3$4%3
$#FK$&))*AF#&))84:9#$
=
1,2"
2"#3,-A"$!#"#F)C4
2"%6$#.#A2$%
9#2 &%.$%
#2"%6$#
A *rst empirical test
5%2.
#$2"##2##1,1(
)8%2$,-.3?!-
)J4.;
$%..$%$&
2;5%
$$%.2#
#
1$%$&#2"
2%#$&.
##1(
)8$%2#/
/!&
! 11())C
1()8$#$
$%$$23?!-))C
)C41()8$%  
!22$%
3#4$%$.
E
1,2"
2##2&%;<&2
$1()822$
##%$$
1#&$$66
$#$&.%$$1())C3(&F
(&)4(&(&3)4#$.
;$$%$;
$%;9#$2$.$&
#$%31F")))A
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$$$&2#2$;
F%;9#@$1$#2
@$.$$&#&%&
$.$%;9#
$$$&$. 2;.2
%B@$&%%#1F+7
3))842
$$&-$
F$@$$#1(
$3(&F(&)4-.2
$L%;9#92%
$.2
A2%.$
$&2$$&?6.2
$$2"2#&/"22
8
1,2"
&$-.2#&
#%2$3(&F(&)4
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2%"2$2.&%
$##$%##
###$%,
2(9#6.2,-$.
%$$#;#5"2
#-@$&.2
;#5"2;@$
.&,.2;
@$%6.
&2"%$$33$";.F&)4
:2#$2#
1,%.&2%$&+.&
%%.&%.&&#&
MBA6%%
$%3$F6)))A
2F$)))A.$7,$2PFK.
)))4(%;<&%%$6
.2.&1,%.&
#%%;<&1())C
3?!-))C4+$9#.&
$2%;<&
$,2&$$
C
1,2"
6.2#($$6
.2#$#$
"2.$29##.
6;.2"
&2#;&$2
$2;&$&
6$$29#.2,
-$..;$$69#
.2$#26!2$$";.&
3)42%'(##$%$3%#.
1(##4.2;#5
"2%.&!2
.$%!."$
%29#1,%!$#
%"2#
2!
$#(9#@$%#%;
#5.&;!$#22"2
$%2"#
$$
$72"&.$"
&$3)C4:$1,
25&#2"%$-.#
$2" #3,-A"$)C4. 
2.$$%22".&#
J
1,2"
;2;$2",92
9&%622
2"2.$&#
#:$2#
1,%.&%$%
."$%,
-$.#&
Method
Participants
Netherlands. +$1()8%$(P?LP+?
$$#7%E03=CJC.&4
+$91("6.2
#;"3P?42%%&
$3(P?LP+?46%.2P?
(P?LP+?,@$%$2P?
&##$%(P?LP+?
$$&$"$#2$
.$#.2&$(P?LP+?
$.#5#%2%
$EE$%P+?C**$%
(P?$03E00*).&4$2
%8J=&30O)04
+#2"%P+?$2%(P?
$$,-3"$)C45
56.22"%2
$%,-$##&
*
1,2"
Colombia++$1()8%-.$##
&$##&$
#7%J003E)=*0.&4+-.
91("6.22&
$2%%$##&$
3L4"-.##.
%$$2&$$%$##&
$$%2
%#7%888J3=8E)C.&4
?%#=JJ8$2%$##&
J*%$##&
28**&30O)*4
PISA Measures
%$%1()825&3?!-))C)C4
5&25G.&2;
$2%D7H
3?!-)C#=4$5&
2"2@$2@$6
#5&3 &%41
%222$$2$$
&.2%$+2#
.%$1($3?!-)J.4
2$&#
+#2"%2%$%
$,-3"$)C45
56.22"%2
$%,-$##&
0
1,2"
9.$#;..$
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Science interest evaluations (named science interest in PISA
2015)+#2$.&"$
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   1R$.S
   1$$##$#T$.
   1$##$#T$.
2   12.%&
.   1%22..
P2 P$  !62#%2"
P P$  $. #%2"
P# P$  $&$. 22%#
##
P# P$  $. # .
1,2"
I I2 "$ -#&;!9#5&
I I2 "$ -#&;!$5!@$&
I I2 "$ -#&;1#!5&
I" I2 "$ I2;-
I"# I2 "$ I2;$F!#
I# I2 "$ &;&
I I2 "$ &;
I I2 "$ &;!F
 %;!<& $# @$$2###
$
 %;!<& $# !9#2&%@$&@$"6%6
 %;!<& $# .%.%
 %;!<& $# 1%&@$2#%.
 %;!<& $# 226$%
#
% %;!<& $# 1#5%#.%%

 %;!<& $# $22&$&$
$.$#.&%%
% %;!<& $# 1%&.%29#%%%
(Personal) value+:$2$$$%
3$4A$.
$%
3#4$%$%%$$1
#$7%%$%. %
&&.3#&4%$
$$2$1()82?
E;#"%3G&H4E3G&
H4$2$&2$
G"6&RS$. 342.$
2#2"12H
#$%.2$2
%$$%
$%.&3-.B#4%
$2)08%$#)*0%
-.#3?!-)J.4
Science knowledge#26
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"22#&%5&
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&45 )!4
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$.&%5"2&3
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..&4) 6)&3
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($&2$.%"2
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.$%$B#5&.
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3!-4%$2#-#(&3-(4
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27.3-.B#4.)CJ%
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)J.4
Network Estimation
+$7$$%62"$%
#"5&)2"7))89)2$:,
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#2#.&
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;#"&.3"$F!#"#)C42@$
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1,2"
12$)62"/$&2
2"22".
%$22".$B;
$
Network Analysis
Network comparison+,2"-#3,-A
"$)C42$#2"%$#
3,-.A.&A
;."$4$#$
#%#:&,-2
2"$$%22"22
&2#&&%2"$$2
2$,-2#52
@$&22"&.
3&4222
#$72$%.$3
U&;FP#))E42
&#%&..22,-
256.222"
1#&,-6#7
.2$#12$#22#6
#&72$.#%.$#
7$#$#
+-.#.$$#%
1,2"
2&#0$%-.
$#-.$.#27$
$#$##&%$#
7$%,-
Community detection++2
$3$42"2&"$
2$2".#
&2.2$2"#
3F#&))842.2#%2
#&2"3K&&F:)CAKF
!#"#)J42"#
%&%.&22
6&3KF!#"#)J41
5$%2".
$&
Small-world-ness+22"2
$$3(.F.V))A+F700*42
29%2",2"2
2$$$.&
&3+F
700*4;2$$2"$
$#.$&
#;29%.
$9384%.##2
#314%.#2%
1,2"
&(;29%
;2;%2"3$#FK$&))*4
2;29%$2"2
5&2$5$
)));-$%#3$#FK$&
))*4$B3)C4##.$$
G.H&&#
Node centrality+$$#%
62&2.$%
2$.%&
$&$.2
3))EA:0J*A?#))4
&%$&%&$#
#","7))$.;*2%$
.&<3-;<4
$###%)82",
&222"$%$
A%9%D$%
2"
Additional analyses. +#%.&$&"
.&%2"%&
3!#"#.F:)J42
,-#2"%6$.$#%$#
$&#5&$#2,-#
(P?2P+?$1-.#25
1,2"
#$%$##$##"
&2$2$&2"6
%9#$&%2"
$##&%.&"2$%
,-$$

Results
Descriptive Statistics
##$&$.$#.%$
.2$65&$%
##%%;<&#2
$$"2-.
$% &.
$$&6
#$.$#.##/+26
#.$#
%;<&,2.&
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$%2!
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& &.
#-.$%!."$
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."$2-.$%2!."$
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."$
.
%##$&$.$#
N Interest Enjoyment Behavior Value Knowledge Self-Efficacy
Netherlands 2129 2.53 (0.96)** 2.36 (0.89)** 1.38 (0.61)** 2.53 (0.99)** 588.15 (71.28)** 2.79 (0.86)
Boys 980 2.62 (0.95)** 2.50 (0.90)** 1.50 (0.69)** 2.63 (0.97)** 598.42 (74.48)** 2.86 (0.83)
Girls 1149 2.44 (0.93)** 2.25 (0.86)** 1.28 (0.50)** 2.45 (1.01)** 579.40 (67.08)** 2.72 (0.86)
Low SES 533 2.47 (0.97)** 2.31 (0.87)* 1.33 (0.57)** 2.52 (0.98)* 573.58 (70.16)** 2.70 (0.86)
High SES 533 2.67 (0.94)** 2.46 (0.89)* 1.45 (0.67)** 2.63 (0.99)* 605.42 (72.19)** 2.92 (0.82)
Colombia 5557 2.87 (0.88)** 2.82 (0.77)** 1.83 (0.88)** 2.93 (0.80)** 454.99 (76.24)** 2.66 (0.86)
Boys 2406 2.90 (0.88)* 2.81 (0.79) 1.91 (0.91)** 2.92 (0.80) 469.14 (76.39)** 2.67 (0.85)
Girls 3151 2.85 (0.87)* 2.83 (0.75) 1.76 (0.85)** 2.94 (0.79) 444.18 (74.30)** 2.66 (0.89)
Low SES 1390 2.83 (0.87)* 2.80 (0.76) 1.81 (0.88) 3.01 (0.75)** 419.71 (67.04)** 2.61 (0.88)**
High SES 1390 2.90 (0.89)* 2.83 (0.80) 1.85 (0.88) 2.90 (0.82)** 493.40 (72.82)** 2.75 (0.86)**
Note. The subgroups per country (i.e., boys vs. girls; high SES vs. low SES) and the overall scores of the countries were compared.
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.001
Network Analysis
Netherlands vs. Colombia.P$&2"%$
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&-.
2"
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$LP2$3%4-.$##&$
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.%?"6.2
2"#%.2$$
2":#5$
1,2"
Network comparison tests (NCT). +$1,.
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1,2"
.& ?+ ,2"#$%
#;;.$LP2
$3%4-.$##&$34
$.2"#.
6.&2%.
%$2"#:$.
%.%?"6.2
2"#%;$$&
-.2"2#$2":
#5$
Small-world-ness.$1,$3)E84
##%3)C42
#.#30CJ04
;29%8*$##%000W5
%;29%#0+$
$$1,;2$$
Centrality. 2
%2"2"%2
#&:$E2%
 &#..$
#3!4%2.& &@$;"2
3!4".$3!4%
 &&.#&$$2
 &$.$%$2
%$ &$#&
#$$22"!%
21%3)=4%$
#P23)EE4%$#23)804%
.#3)84%%;<&#I
3)J4%"2#
NCT: boys vs. girls. ,-2"$$%
$.&65&%%$3<=)0)
=)=8422#56
.%2"5&63=EA
1,2"
)O)C842$22"2
%$&6%
.& @-&#%2"%$
LP2$3.$4-.$##&$
34.%.%:#
.## &G!HG!H
$2"2.G.GH
-.2":#
5$
NCT: low vs. high SES. ,-2"
$$%$2##$
65&3<=JJA)O))*422
#5622"6
5&.3====A)O)E*42
$22"2%$&6%

1,2"
Colombia+1-.2"$%
$531(4#&2$3:$
4$%#
$5.&$&&3:$=
41$%.;#5
2$$;#.
.;#?-.
1,2"@$#&2"2$
%;<&.###.
#%2"$.2
&2 &2#;
%;<&
Small-world-ness.-.2"$
3)804##%3)42
#.#3C0)4
;29%8$##%000W5
%#E+$$
-.1,;2$$
Centrality. 2
%2"2"%
2#&:$E%
.#.2.$&."#
3.4$.34$$#
#$34%.
2"&$2.$
1,2"
#5&.2.
22% &
#3!A)84;$#31%A)=4
$#3PA)4%;<&#3A)E4
$$#
NCT: boys vs. girls. +,-%.&3,OEC)4
$.#%-.3,OE)C42"
$$%-..&65&%%
-.3<=J)=C4.%
2"5&63=)8A)OJ042
$22"2%$&6%

NCT: low vs. high SES. ,-2"
$$%-.2##$
65&3<=*EA)O=)422"2
65&.3=80EA)O)422
!2".&3=0))C4
!2"3=*E4(22"65&2
%$22".&"$&
%;2;2%%.
2"
SINM for low vs. high SES. +$$
2"%$%23:$8%4!3:$8
4."$?2!2"
32"4#&% &.
1,2"
;$$$&#$
2"#:$8.
2"$##
.&1($
Small-world-ness low vs high SES. 2!2"
$3)C4##%
3)*42#.#
3J)C4;29%80$##
%000W5%#2=J
2$2!2";2
$$2$%!2"
$##3)C8)C4#.
#3**84;2
9%0*2000W5%
#3EE4
1,2"
.& + ,2"#$%
#;;.-.$
%2!."$3%4%!."$34
$.2"#.
6.&2%.
%$..2.%
22".@$22!
2"3%432"4.2$:
#5$
Centrality low vs. high SES.%%2
!!2"#&:$C34:
.$#2%.#
$##$34:2!
2"2"2%&3I4
%!2"2"2#%
#5&3I4?%
%22"2#.2;$
#.&2%.
"2##.&
1,2"
.& '+-&#%-.$%2!
."$3.$4%!."$34
.$%22"#2
.3GHGH4"23GIHGIH4.
.2".%.%
:#5$
Summary.$-.2"
6#.&,-$$
#52.1
$%#5
3&42%$6.2$$%$
-.2"%$2"$##
%;#5&%;$
%#$.$$2#;%;
<&2;$$
;$#311%42 &
1-.2";$%
#$2$$&
%2;-
6..222"$1,
&-.1,2&
$$3%;%#42
$-.2"&2$
#%.&2!6
5&2"#$##$&
%$&6%2$$%
&.$.$#($.
1,2"
&%-.!2"65&%
%2;$#&&$$
6.22"
Discussion
$##5##&#&2"
###%$%&
$$%$$#5&2
$2"31,4.&9-(,
2.##$2"%
$3)C426
#..#%
$$%(5#%
2$%$&##1,1()8%2
6$,-.26
#&1X"X3)))4;$$
$;$%;9#
$?$$#5#
% &2#.2;$&
6$$%3(&F(&)41
%2225$%$5
22"&$5#$5
%2"%3#4&22
$##%$$2%$2
2"&.$%#&"
1,2"
#.&
22$%$$&%$$
%$1,
Theoretical Relevance
2"31,4%$%
&###3(&
)J4%$%1,$$%.2
.#+$$
&#&.234#$
;$"2
#$%;<&#%%
#3(&)JAF))CAI##))4
&$%!&#&$&7
3(&F(&)A,$)8415
##%1,3;41()82
$#%$$.2
##%$$2
2".##5&5
.$-.1,#2
$$11,2#&
%$222$
$$.%$1#&;2;
$$#%&$2
2"@$"&3+F700*4
1,2"
#$2"&
-.2".&.&&
&&%2&.9#$
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#$$$&.5.2
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.#%2&2%;<&.
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#2;$$ &
$$2"2.$
2& &$"&.
#1-.2"
;$%$
-.6;
#5&$.&#7$
5.2$2&
$.%$2
&$..&#5&
$3$F:&))*A?.F))*A
 Y.F))84+$6;
1,2"
#5&&.&2$!
;$.%.
3;$4$2"##.$2.2;
$&6;#5&
Practical relevance
(#%52&
&$B#
#%%$&3(&F(&)A
27F)=A,$)84+2
2"%$&%#2
##D$
2#&62"(
#&2"##3.##4
$22"&#7
2"1%22
G &.$HG5
H$$3!#"#)C41#&
.#9#$.
3$#%42"(
2"2%##&
$.22".$&%
##%"2
19%
#$7%%#&"2$
1,2"
$.#5#%2"
,#%
%%$&#5.3$
&#AG;BZH!'#%)4
-#.5%(&(&3)4
#% &2%
 &$$1,1
-..2
##%#-.2
#.2,.&.%)
.&#$;
$1())C3(&F(&)A)=4
2& $#%.2
$$
$&.&(&(&3)4
"2#&62
$52#$$&#I2
2&#&;.
-.1,2"2%;<&
.$-.1,1
$$2$
,$"2.A
.2$$-.3(&F
(&)4##$%##
1,2"
$-.&.%
6
Limitations and future research
+$2$%
#%$%&
$2#5%1
,2"31,4?$$$.#2
%2:%$
$&5%1,;
($$$.5%&
$$%#+%"&.
$.$%.2%
#31,$$4##%
#$3I##))42"
##2#$22%&
%;.$;$&
$$2.2;$. 6%;
$$3!#"#+#[$F.
)C422"##$.%
#&%2"$##
#2&%%$$$$#&2"
##%$&%#
!#&#.&#%2
.2$&..5&2$%&
1,2"
.2#%
9%#&&2222.
#7&2%#3#$
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%#&5%
.%#%6%
#3(&)JAF)4
&2%;# 3?!-)C4
2$$$2# 
+1()8$$5.
##2&.###%
2"##1#&##$
$@$.##&;
##@$$$.#3
..F))E4($2"
%#%2"
%%$&3)C4?
#&"%$%3#4$.
2&9#2&%$#&
#22"$##&
#&$$.
%#%3(&)))JA(&F
)E4?##&$
$3)=4%2
2$2"#1())C%;
1,2"
#2#&&2%;<&.$2
 &$%225
#%2A$%;#
&$.
&..2
2"27.2$2
5%%@$.#
$$.#(9$
%$$.&..%$3)C4
 (&$.&I##73)4#
6%#5&%
.#2#&34.$#&
A29%+2
1())C3?!-))C42
#2$$M.B##;;
$2#2"22
1()83?!-)C4$$
&6;#5&A &$
.2.3G1
 &@$2"2H42;
$%;<&2;#53G1
/#H4:"2;#5&2
.$.&2.%
6#.$#%
1,2"
2"2$$.#"$
%#5&%
Conclusion
1$1,$##2.
#&2"###%$%
2&;##
##&2"###2
&7$$&%
122&.$$$%
.262"%
6$#%.$$"#.$
2%$$#$22
#%2"##$
$$62"$$
$.$&.$.$#2$
$$6&##.$
#&2$.
'
#&2"###2&$&&
%##&.##&
;.$;$2%$&%
#%
1,2"
Acknowledgements
We thank the reviewers for their important suggestions which improved our manuscript
considerably. This work is part of the research Yield Graduate Program with project number
022.006.0, which is financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
(NWO).
%
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JE=3))4))))C())
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7 2&C@3=48E8>8C#/LLL))=JL));
)CC=0E=8E8
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2&'?3*4JC)>JC0#/LLL))=JL)))=;
)CC]C=*JC)
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... In addition, the approach fits well with the theoretical idea we put forward earlier. Specifically, motivational engagement is an emerging property that we construe from the dynamic causal interaction of motivational components (Murayama, 2022; see also ;Sachisthal et al., 2019). ...
... Only a limited number of studies have applied the psychological network approach to education data in general, let alone to data on motivational engagement. Sachisthal et al. (2019) conducted a network analysis using variables that reflect science interest using 2015 data from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA; interest appraisal, enjoyment, value, achievement scores, self-efficacy, and engagement behavior with science) and found that enjoyment was central within the network structure. Govorova et al. (2020) also used PISA data from 2018 assessments and examined students' well-being networks, which included variables related to cognitive, psychological, and social well-being as well as teaching style. ...
... In the partial correlation network that we used, edge weights can take negative values (i.e., negative partial regression coefficients). We computed these two indices based on the absolute value of the edge weights, as is commonly done in previous research (e.g., Sachisthal et al., 2019). Although there are some new centrality indices that sum up signed edges weights (e.g., expected influence; D. J. Robinaugh et al., 2016), these indices are not particularly useful in this particular study because the network includes both "adaptive" (e.g., expectancy belief) and "maladaptive" (e.g., loneliness) components in the motivational engagement process. ...
Article
Existing theoretical frameworks on motivation have identified a number of critical components in our motivational engagement process in learning. However, little empirical research has examined how these different components interact with each other to support our overall motivational engagement. This study explores such dynamics in a bottom-up manner by examining the within-person contemporaneous network structure of key components in the motivational engagement process (i.e., reasons/values, expectancy belief, goals, social relations, affective experiences, and perceived autonomy). We tracked four participants working on psychological research projects over the course of a year on a daily basis, and found that their motivational engagement mainly consisted of a large network of nodes that support autonomous forms of self-regulation. Scrutiny of the network also suggests the critical roles of curiosity and intrinsic reason in bridging affective and core motivational aspects of engagement.
... Students' attitude toward S&T has consistently been shown to decline as they grow older, which affects learning and later career choices (Potvin and Hasni, 2014a;Denessen et al., 2015;van Aalderen-Smeets and Walma van der Molen, 2018). A recent study modeled science interest as a dynamic relational network, in which different interest components, such as attitude, are shown to reinforce one another (Sachisthal et al., 2019). Central components within this network are most influential in positively affecting the network, and are thus interesting targets for interventions. ...
... Central components within this network are most influential in positively affecting the network, and are thus interesting targets for interventions. Among 15-year-olds in the Netherlands, enjoyment seems to be a central component that influences other components such as behavior and self-efficacy (Sachisthal et al., 2019). Furthermore, it is quite possible that the decline in interest or motivation is not inevitable; it seems that the school environment is a more determining factor for whether students are willing to learn science rather than the home environment (Vedder-Weiss and Fortus, 2012). ...
... This information is essential for tailoring learning environments such that they can trigger interest in S&T (Loukomies et al., 2015). Ultimately, interest could reinforce other affective components and science-related behaviors (Palmer et al., 2017;Sachisthal et al., 2019;Vu et al., 2021). Fourth, supported by both our quantitative and qualitative results, is that language can be a hindering factor in S&T learning; students sometimes explicitly indicated their troubles with the terms used in the lesson unit. ...
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The primary aim of this study was to identify how elementary school students' individual differences are related to their learning outcomes and learning process in science and technology (S&T) education, using a mixed methods design. At the start of the study, we assessed the reading comprehension, math skills, science skills, executive functions, coherence of speech, science curiosity and attitude toward S&T of 73 fifth and sixth graders. The students then received a four-lesson inquiry-and design-based learning unit on the concept of sound. Learning outcomes were measured through a pre-and post-test regarding students' conceptual knowledge of sound, a practical assessment of design skills and a situational interest measure. A factor score regression model (N = 62) showed significant influence from prior conceptual knowledge and the latent factor "academic abilities" (reading, math, and science skills) on post conceptual knowledge. The latent factor "affective" (curiosity and attitude toward S&T) and to a lesser extend also prior conceptual knowledge were predictive of situational interest. Learning process was measured through individual interviews and student worksheets within a subsample (N = 24). We used latent profile analysis to identify three profiles based on students' individual differences, from which the subsample for qualitative analyses was selected. Codes and themes that emerged from the qualitative analyses revealed differences between students from the three profiles. The results of this study show how different types of students succeed or struggle within S&T education, which is essential for teachers in order to differentiate their instruction and guidance. Differentiation aimed at supporting language and the integration of science into design, while facilitating a variety of learning activities and assessments that move beyond written assignments, could help achieve the most optimal learning conditions for each student.
... The idea of a network of mutual relations to model psychological constructs was introduced by van der Maas and colleagues (van der Maas et al., 2006(van der Maas et al., , 2017 as an explanation for the positive correlations (the positive manifold) between intelligence sub-test scores. This led to a productive area of research with applications in many areas of psychology (Dalege et al., 2016;Robinaugh et al., 2020;Sachisthal et al., 2019Sachisthal et al., , 2020Zwicker et al., 2020). The general hypothesis in psychological network models is that correlations between observed behaviors, such as cognitive functions, psychopathological symptoms, and attitudes (or, motivation constructs), are not due to unobserved common causes, but to a network of interacting psychological, social, and/or biological factors. ...
... An example of how such a network approach can be applied to the area of motivation can be found in a study of interest in science (Sachisthal et al., 2019). This study included measures of students' value of science, their science engagement, and achievement. ...
... A positive change in a central variable should lead to a positive change throughout the network and these central variables may differ between contexts. For example, enjoyment emerged as the central node in the network of Dutch students, whereas engagement behaviors emerged as central in the network of Colombian students and therefore different approaches for increasing science interest are advised for the two countries (Sachisthal et al., 2019). Central variables may be efficient intervention targets as interventions informed by network analyses have been shown to be highly effective as these central variables were later shown to be predictive of subsequent behaviors (e.g., Sachisthal et al., 2020). ...
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The question of how learners’ motivation influences their academic achievement and vice versa has been the subject of intensive research due to its theoretical relevance and important implications for the field of education. Here, we present our understanding of how influential theories of academic motivation have conceptualized reciprocal interactions between motivation and achievement and the kinds of evidence that support this reciprocity. While the reciprocal nature of the relationship between motivation and academic achievement has been established in the literature, further insights into several features of this relationship are still lacking. We therefore present a research agenda where we identify theoretical and methodological challenges that could inspire further understanding of the reciprocal relationship between motivation and achievement as well as inform future interventions. Specifically, the research agenda includes the recommendation that future research considers (1) multiple motivation constructs, (2) behavioral mediators, (3) a network approach, (4) alignment of intervals of measurement and the short vs. long time scales of motivation constructs, (5) designs that meet the criteria for making causal, reciprocal inferences, (6) appropriate statistical models, (7) alternatives to self-reports, (8) different ways of measuring achievement, and (9) generalizability of the reciprocal relations to various developmental, ethnic, and sociocultural groups.
... Node centrality has been shown to be related with relevant outcome variables: In attitude networks, central nodes predicted voting behaviour (Dalege et al., 2017), and in clinical networks, central nodes predicted post-treatment outcomes in anorexia nervosa (Elliott et al., 2020). In a previous study on the SINM using PISA 2015 data from the Netherlands and Colombia, enjoyment nodes were strongest in the SINM for Dutch students and behaviour nodes were strongest in the SINM for Columbian students indicating that the efficacy of intervention targets may vary across cultural environments (Sachisthal et al., 2019). ...
... Considering the cross-sectional nature of the data set and the fact that the psychometric network approach to science interest is still in its early stages (Sachisthal et al., 2019), the current study should be seen as an exploratory study. We do expect to find a positive correlation between centrality of nodes and their strength of relation with the outcome measure (course enrolment). ...
... We do expect to find a positive correlation between centrality of nodes and their strength of relation with the outcome measure (course enrolment). Based on earlier studies we hypothesize that (1) generally, enjoyment nodes will be central to the SINMs (Sachisthal et al., 2019) but that (2) centrality of other nodes may differ between the specific course networks (Ainley & Ainley, 2015). ...
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Recently, students' interest in science has been conceptualized as a network model: the science interest network model (SINM) in which affective, behavioural and cognitive components interact together; building on science interest being a dynamic relational construct. In the current study, we combine the Australian Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 and Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth 2008 data (N ¼ 4758) to investigate relationships between the network characteristics of Year 10 students with their decision to enrol in a science course in Year 12. Specifically, we identified indicators central to the SINM and tested whether they predicted chemistry, physics and biology course enrolment. Students' intentions to pursue a science-related study or career (future intentions in science) and their enjoyment of science (science enjoyment) were the most central indicators for all three science courses. Centrality was strongly related to course enrolment (r ¼.36-.74), lending support to the validity of network
... Recently, researchers have begun using network analysis to examine relations of motivational constructs. Using cross-sectional data, in which the focus is on individual differences, Sachisthal et al. (2019) found that science interest can be described as a network model of mutually interacting motivation constructs, such as self-beliefs (i.e., self-efficacy), values (i.e., interest, instrumental value), and enjoyment, that represents the science interest network model (SINM). Moreover, Tang and colleagues (in press) compared networks including expectancies, task values and achievement across contexts (i.e., grade levels, subject domains and countries). ...
... Further, empirical research has shown that cost facets tend to be negatively correlated with competence beliefs and task values (Benden & Lauermann, 2022;Beymer et al., 2021;Flake et al., 2015;Perez et al., 2014Perez et al., , 2019Robinson et al., 2019). Previous research has also found tight clusters of closely related motivational variables to form when using network analysis on crosssectional data (Sachisthal et al., 2019). Because of this, we expected that nodes representing constructs of similar valence would form tight clusters of positively-related nodes. ...
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Students' competence beliefs and task values are proximal psychological predictors of their achievement-related choices and academic achievement. Situated expectancy-value theory (SEVT) suggests that these beliefs are situationally sensitive and interact over short periods of time. In the present study, we explored the dynamic nature of students' situation-specific expectancy-value beliefs in five sections of an introductory calculus course across one semester (11 weeks, N = 429). Using psychometric network analysis, we examined how facets of the SEVT framework are related between persons (i.e., between-person network), within situations (i.e., within-person contemporaneous network), and from one time point to the next across one semester (i.e., within-person temporal network). Results suggested that differences existed among motivational constructs across the three networks in that costs and positively-valenced facets of motivation (i.e., competence and values) were relatively independent of each other within a given situation, but showed some significant cross-lagged effects over time. Our results suggest that interventions to support students in STEM should target positively and negatively valenced constructs (i.e., values and costs).
... Psychological network analysis is a more data-driven approach and produces an undirected graph with edges estimated between all nodes, better reflecting key CDST concepts such as multicausality and interconnectedness. This has already been noted in the field of psychology, where researchers working from a CDST perspective are using network analysis as an exploratory tool to better visualize the complex patterns of relations between variables of interest Sachisthal et al., 2019;van der Maas et al., 2017). ...
Article
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Network analysis is a method used to explore the structural relationships between people or organizations, and more recently between psychological constructs. Network analysis is a novel technique that can be used to model psychological constructs that influence language learning as complex systems, with longitudinal data, or cross-sectional data. The majority of complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) research in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) to date has been time-intensive, with a focus on analyzing intraindividual variation with dense longitudinal data collection. The question of how to model systems from a structural perspective using relation-intensive methods is an underexplored dimension of CDST research in applied linguistics. To expand our research agenda, we highlight the potential that psychological networks have for studying individual differences in language learning. We provide two empirical examples of network models using cross-sectional datasets that are publicly available online. We believe that this methodology can complement time-intensive approaches and that it has the potential to contribute to the development of new dimensions of CDST research in applied linguistics.
... A network can be directed or undirected depending on whether the connections are to be examined as unidirectional (i.e., causal relation) or bi-directional. In educational and psychological research, both directed and undirected networks have been studied (Lee et al., pre-print;Sachisthal et al., 2019). A network can also be signed or unsigned depending on the nature of the connections. ...
Article
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In their recently renamed theory, Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT), Eccles and Wigfield (2020) emphasized the importance of situations in influencing individuals’ motivational beliefs and academic choices. Adopting a novel approach—network analysis, this study aimed to examine how situations may impact the associations among expectancies, subjective task values, and achievement from a holistic perspective. In this study, situations were operationalized as grade levels (i.e., 6th -9th grade), subject domains (i.e., language arts and math), and countries (i.e., Finland and Germany). Adolescents from Finland (N = 4,062) and Germany (N = 449) were included in the study. Results showed that, overall, the networks are mostly subject-bound, yearly-varied, and country-specific, supporting the situative nature of SEVT. We also found that expectancies were consistently the closest motivational beliefs to achievement, whereas utility values were the least close ones, implying that expectancies, not utility, might be the most desirable intervention targets for achievement improvement.
... In fact, we believe it is at the root of a paradigm shift. The network perspective is not only greedily applied in empirical investigations-most notably in the field of psychopathology Fried et al., 2016;Robinaugh, Hoekstra, Toner, & Borsboom, 2019;Schmittmann et al., 2013)-it moreover inspired the formation of network theories across a range of other psychological constructs, including psychopathology (Borsboom, 2017), panic disorder (Robinaugh, Haslbeck, et al., 2019), attitudes (Dalege, Borsboom, van Harreveld, & van der Maas, 2018;Dalege et al., 2016;van der Maas, Dalege, & Waldorp, 2020), emotion (Lange, Dalege, Borsboom, van Kleef, & Fischer, 2020), interest (Sachisthal et al., 2019), and rational choice (Kruis, Maris, Marsman, Bolsinova, & van der Maas, 2020). These theoretical advances have sparked a renewed interest in formal psychological theory formation, reflected in a recent surge of studies that discuss and advocate the topic, and suggest best practices (Borsboom, van der Maas, Dalege, Kievit, & Haig, 2020;Eronen & Romeijn, 2020;Fried, 2020;Guest & Martin, 2020;Haslbeck, Ryan, Robinaugh, Waldorp, & Borsboom, 2019;Robinaugh, Haslbeck, Ryan, Fried, & Waldorp, 2020;van Rooij & Baggio, 2021). ...
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Twentieth century theory formation in human intelligence was dominated by factor theories; network theories will dominate the twenty first. Network theories answer a broad call for formal theories in psychological science, provide a strong approach to an idiographic science, and create an opportunity to study the developmental mechanisms of human's cognitive dynamics. Although the current century already delivered two formal stationary network theories of human intelligence—mutualism and wired intelligence—integrating dynamic mechanisms remains a serious challenge. This challenge translates into clear priorities: the identification of robust developmental phenomena, the study of the biological and cognitive mechanisms that drive these phenomena, the integration of these mechanisms into network theories of growth, the integration of network theories from different explanatory levels, and the empirical characterization of the structure of network theories.
... Second, we examine whether national differences can be observed in the networks by investigating two countries with different policies: the UK (quite strict in its lockdown) and the NL (with a more advisory approach). Differences between countries in terms of their approach toward the preventive measures and promoting compliance may lead to different patterns in terms of how the psychological factors (i.e., nodes in the network) relate (see Sachisthal et al., 2019, for an example on national differences in science interest networks). ...
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Preventive behaviors are crucial to prevent the spread of the coronavirus causing COVID-19. We adopted a complex psychological systems approach to obtain a descriptive account of the network of attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19. A survey study ( N = 1,022) was conducted with subsamples from the United Kingdom ( n = 502) and the Netherlands ( n = 520). The results highlight the importance of people’s support for, and perceived efficacy of, the measures and preventive behaviors. This also applies to the perceived norm of family and friends adopting these behaviors. The networks in both countries were largely similar but also showed notable differences. The interplay of psychological factors in the networks is also highlighted, resulting in our appeal to policy makers to take complexity and mutual dependence of psychological factors into account. Future research should study the effects of interventions aimed at these factors, including effects on the network, to make causal inferences.
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Science centers and science museums have an important social role in engaging people with science and technology relevant for complex societal problems—so called wicked problems. We used the case of personalized medicine to illustrate a methodology that can be used to inform the development of exhibitions on such wicked problems. The methodology that is presented is grounded in dynamic theories of interest development that define interest as a multidimensional construct involving knowledge, behavior (personal and general) value, self-efficacy, and emotion. The methodology uses a mixed method design that is able to (1) study the predictive effects of background variables on interest, (2) study the interest dimensions predicting individual interest, and (3) identify the most influential interest dimensions. We set up focus groups (N = 16, age = 20–74, low SES) to design a survey study (N = 341, age 19–89 years olds with a broad range of SES) about people’s interest in personalized medicine. Results of a network analysis of the survey data show that despite the variety in emotions and knowledge about subtopics, these dimensions do not play a central role in the multidimensional interest construct. In contrast, general value and behavior (related to understanding scientific research) seem to be interesting candidates for eliciting situational interest that could have an effect on the more long term individual interest. These results are specific for the case of personalized medicine. We discuss ways in which results of studies with the presented methodology might be useful for exhibition development.
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