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The Difference in the Verbal Knowledge of Expert Chess Players Using Think-aloud Protocol
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Nine (9) expert chess players with an ELO rating ranging from 1800 to 2600 were asked to verbally report their solution, evaluation, and judgment towards chess board puzzles intended to measure one's tactical ability, positional judgment, and endgame knowledge respectively. The goal of this study was to find out the differences of chess-specific verbal knowledge among expert chess players of different skill levels through think-aloud protocol. The verbal reports gathered were subjected to content analysis.
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What kinds of information facilitate the identification of expert performance? How well can chess players of different performance levels identify the level of players who produced a chess position, or the moves leading to it? Fifteen chess players with U.S. Chess Federation (USCF) ratings from 1300 to 2210 judged six unfamiliar chess positions taken from games between players with USCF ratings from 1400 to 2600. The moves immediately preceding the starting position were successively revealed, with rating and confidence estimations made at each move. Estimation error decreased as a function of number of moves revealed (p < .001). Higher rated players consistently made lower estimation errors (p < .01). Judges at all personal levels were more accurate about positions arising between players close in rating to themselves. A self-reference heuristic is proposed in which estimation of expertise is made relative to the judge's own projected performance.