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Accepted by D. Redei: 14 Aug. 2018; published: 17 Oct. 2018
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN
1175-5334
(online edition)
Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 4500 (3): 397
–
425
http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Article
397
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4500.3.7
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:768CD999-7B12-4E39-B50D-D60C109EDA2C
Annotated list of the assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) of Belize,
with the description of two new species
DANIEL R. SWANSON
1
& STEPHEN W. CHORDAS III
2
1
Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL
61801. Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak
Street, Champaign, IL 61820-6960. E-mail: drswanny@gmail.com
2
Center for Life Science Education, The Ohio State University, 260 Jennings Hall, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
E-mail: chordas.2@osu.edu
Abstract
Fifty-one species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are recorded from Belize; literature citations are provided
where relevant, and specimen data are included for examined material. Thirteen previously-described species are reported
from Belize for the first time, ten of which represent new generic records: Eupheno histrionicus Stål, 1862 (Cetherinae);
Ghinallelia signoreti (Dohrn, 1860) (Emesinae); Rasahus albomaculatus (Mayr, 1865) (Peiratinae); Leogorrus interrup-
tus Champion, 1899; Microlestria laevis Champion, 1899; Nalata quadrituberculata Champion, 1899; Nalata setulosa
Stål, 1862; Pseudozelurus superbus (Champion, 1899); Zelurus spinidorsis (Gray, 1832) (all Reduviinae); Oncerotrache-
lus conformis Uhler, 1894; Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862 (both Saicinae); Gnathobleda litigiosa Stål, 1862; and Stenopoda wy-
godzinskyi Giacchi, 1969 (both Stenopodainae). Among the ten subfamilies reported, Belizean records for one subfamily,
Saicinae, are reported for the first time. Accompanying the checklist are the descriptions of Castolus omega Swanson sp.
nov. (Harpactorinae) and Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov. (Stenopodainae).
Key words: Distribution, faunistics, checklist, Hemiptera
Introduction
The Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Belize has remained untreated essentially since the time of the
Biologia Centrali-Americana (Champion 1898, 1899). Yet, this small country contains a surprising array of
habitats, including montane forests, rainforests, pine savannas, coastal plains, mangrove swamps, shrub lowlands,
riparian zones, lagoons, and barrier reefs, that support a diverse arthropod fauna. Many conservation issues
threatening biodiversity in Belize necessitate that the fauna be better documented and understood (Young 2008).
Additionally, the lack of study of the Belizean fauna makes it a potential hotspot for the discovery of undescribed
species.
This study was spurred by a lot of specimens sent to the first author in September of 2012. Among the material,
two species new to science were discovered. Herein, the new species are described, and the first faunal checklist for
the Reduviidae of Belize is compiled.
Materials and methods
Material examined. Most specimens were collected by Peter W. Kovarik from eight different localities in Belize
between 2004 and 2007 (Fig. 1). Although some come from specialized habitats (indicated in the label data), most
were collected by general gleaning. Additionally, three new records discovered during the first author’s ongoing
study of the reduviid material housed in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Collection also
were included to provide a more complete faunal picture.
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FIGURE 1. Map of collecting localities in Belize.
Identification. Identification of the specimens was rendered by the first author, and all new records pertain to
specimens vouchered in one of the collections listed below, unless otherwise noted. Label data were not copied
verbatim, although complete locality information was included. Any additions, changes, or interpretive elements
provided by the authors are shown in brackets.
Description. Morphological terminology generally follows Schuh & Slater (1995) and Weirauch (2008).
Measurements were made with a 10 mm ocular micrometer on a Bausch & Lomb StereoZoom 4 dissecting
microscope. Specimens were photographed using a Canon EOS 5D SLR camera with a Canon MP-E 65mm macro
lens attached to a StackShot Automated Focus Stacking Macro Rail motorized carriage mounted to a Keiser copy
stand. Paired Neewer CN-216 LED video lights were used for additional lighting. Unprocessed images were focus-
stacked using Helicon Focus version 5.3 (Helicon Soft Ltd., Kharkov, Ukraine), and the resulting composite was
processed using Adobe Photoshop CS5.
Species entries. Each entry begins with specific reference to the first Belizean record for the species; other
pertinent taxonomic or distributional notes occasionally follow. This is followed by the current known distribution,
by country, for the species; here, new records for Belize are marked in bold. The subsequent list of citations
encompasses references from which the distribution list may be derived. We have attempted to locate all original
citations for each country record, although we were not successful in all cases.
Repository. Collections are designated as follows: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New
York (AMNH); Daniel R. Swanson, personal collection (DRS); and University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
Insect Collection, Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMMZ).
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REDUVIIDAE OF BELIZE
TABLE 1. Species of Reduviidae found in Belize.
Subfamily Species
Cetherinae Eupheno histrionicus Stål, 1862
Eupheno pallens (Laporte, 1833)
Emesinae Emesa annulata (Dohrn, 1860)
Gardena americana Champion, 1898
Ghilianella globulata McAtee & Malloch, 1925
Ghilianella granulata Champion, 1898
Ghinallelia signoreti (Dohrn, 1860)
Harpactorinae Apiomerus elatus Stål, 1862
Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898
Apiomerus maya Dispons, 1971
Apiomerus pictipes Herrich-Schäffer, 1846
Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872
Calliclopius nigripes (Linnaeus, 1767)
Castolus omega Swanson sp. nov.
Castolus tricolor Champion, 1899
Doldina interjungens Bergroth, 1913
Doldina penalea Hussey & Elkins, 1955
Heza multiguttata Champion, 1899
Mucrolicter alienus Elkins, 1962
Microtominae Microtomus luctuosus (Stål, 1854)
Homalocoris varius (Perty, 1833)
Peiratinae Melanolestes morio (Erichson, 1848)
Rasahus albomaculatus (Mayr, 1865)
Rasahus castaneus Coscarón, 1983
Rasahus hamatus (Fabricius, 1781)
Rasahus myrmecinus (Erichson, 1848)
Rasahus sulcicollis (Audinet-Serville, 1831)
Rasahus thoracicus Stål, 1872
Sirthenea stria (Fabricius, 1794)
Reduviinae Leogorrus formicarius (Fabricius, 1803)
Leogorrus interruptus Champion, 1899
Leogorrus litura (Fabricius, 1787)
Leogorrus longiceps Champion, 1899
Microlestria laevis Champion, 1899
Nalata quadrituberculata Champion, 1899
Nalata setulosa Stål, 1862
Opisthacidius pertinax (Breddin, 1903)
Pseudozelurus superbus (Champion, 1899)
Zelurus spinidorsis (Gray, 1832)
Saicinae Oncerotrachelus conformis Uhler, 1894
Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862
......continued on the next page
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Results
Fifty-one species in 31 genera in ten subfamilies are known for Belize (Table 1), of which thirteen previously-
described species and one subfamily are reported for the first time in this treatment. Two species are described as
new: Castolus omega Swanson sp. nov. (Harpactorinae) and Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov.
(Stenopodainae).
Subfamily CETHERINAE
Eupheno histrionicus Stål, 1862
(Fig. 2)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, on logs at night, 16°
20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, 16 August 2006, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (UMMZ) (NEW
SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia.
Citations: Stål (1862, 1872); Champion (1899).
Eupheno pallens (Laporte, 1833)
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as Macrophthalmus pallens from British Honduras).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil,
Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.
Citations: Laporte (1833), Amyot & Audinet-Serville (1843), Stål (1872), Walker (1873b), Champion (1899),
Van Duzee (1901), Wygodzinsky (1959), Melo & Coscarόn (2004).
Subfamily EMESINAE
Tribe EMESINI
Emesa annulata (Dohrn, 1860)
Wygodzinsky (1966) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras). Maldonado Capriles (1990)
confounded distributional records for this species with Ghilianella annulata (Dohrn, 1863).
TABLE 1. (Continued)
Subfamily Species
Salyavatinae Salyavata mcmahanae van Doesburg & Brailovsky, 2001
Stenopodainae Diaditus nocturnus Hussey, 1954
Gnathobleda litigiosa Stål, 1862
Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov.
Stenopoda azteca Giacchi, 1969
Stenopoda wygodzinskyi Giacchi, 1969
Triatominae Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932
Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872
Triatoma dimidiata Latreille, 1811
Triatoma mopan Dorn, Justi & Dale, 2018
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REDUVIIDAE OF BELIZE
Distribution: U.S.A. (Arizona), Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Panama, and Colombia.
Citations: Dohrn (1860), Champion (1898), Wygodzinsky (1966), Forero (2006).
Gardena americana Champion, 1898
Wygodzinsky (1966) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras). Putshkov & Putshkov’s (1988a)
record from Honduras undoubtedly corresponds to Wygodzinsky’s (1966) record from British Honduras.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela.
Citations: Champion (1898), Wygodzinsky (1966).
Tribe METAPTERINI
Ghilianella globulata McAtee & Malloch, 1925
McAtee & Malloch (1925) first reported this species (= Ghilianella ignorata Champion, 1898 nec Dohrn, 1860)
from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description. McAtee & Malloch (1925) described their new
species from Guatamala and allotted Champion’s (1898) records of Ghilianella ignorata from Mexico, Guatemala,
[Br.] Honduras, and Panama to their new species; they also added localities from La Ceiba (Honduras) and
Yurimaguas (Peru). This left true Ghilianella ignorata Dohrn, 1860 being known only from Dohrn’s original
localities from La Guayra [= Venezuela] and Brazil, as well as Walker’s (1873a) addition of Colombia. Maldonado
Capriles (1960) corroborated the records for G. ignorata, adding Panama. However, Wygodzinsky (1966) correctly,
but incompletely, recorded G. globulata from only Guatemala, Honduras, and Peru, whereas he correctly, but
incompletely, recorded G. i gn o r a t a from only Panama and Venezuela. Maldonado Capriles (1990) understandably
confounded the records, erroneously recording G. ignorata from Mexico, Guatemala, Belice [sic], and Colombia.
In conclusion, Ghilianella ignorata Dohrn, 1860 is not known from Belize, and its distribution may be summarized
as follows: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil. Ghilianella globulata remains one of two species of the genus
found in Belize.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Panama, and Peru.
Citations: McAtee & Malloch (1925).
Ghilianella granulata Champion, 1898
This species was described from Belize (as British Honduras) by Champion (1898). However, Maldonado Capriles
(1960) reported that the terminalia of the type specimen are missing and the species is, therefore, unidentifiable.
Distribution: Belize.
Citations: Champion (1898).
Ghinallelia signoreti (Dohrn, 1860)
(Fig. 3)
The specimen was examined by the first author as part of a loan from UMMZ and will be returned there initially.
However, it is not known how the specimen came to be deposited in UMMZ, and it is likely that it will be sent to
AMNH thereafter (M. O’Brien, pers. comm. 2017).
Material examined: BR[ITISH] HONDURAS [= BELIZE]: “192”, “Ac. 29596”, AMNH, “130”, det. D. R.
Swanson 2017 [1 female] (UMMZ/AMNH) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Belize and Jamaica.
Citations: Dohrn (1860).
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Subfamily HARPACTORINAE
Tribe APIOMERINI
Apiomerus elatus Stål, 1862
Szerlip (1980) first recorded the species from Belize, apparently having examined a specimen from “Stann Cr.
Dist.”.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Colombia, “Guianas”, Peru, and Brazil.
Citations: Stål (1862), Stål (1872), Champion (1899), Costa Lima et al. (1951), Szerlip (1980).
Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898
Szerlip’s (1980, fig. 105) map showed a specimen recorded from Belize, although neither locality data is given, nor
is the specimen mentioned in the species account. Readio (1927) listed this species from California, although this
record remains questionable. Elkins (1951) examined a single specimen from Texas, although he erroneously
stated that Readio (1927) had previously recorded this species from Texas.
Distribution: U.S.A. (California?, Texas), Mexico, and Belize.
Citations: Bergroth (1898), Readio (1927), Elkins (1951), Szerlip (1980).
Apiomerus maya Dispons, 1971
Szerlip (1980) first recorded the species from Belize (as British Honduras), apparently having examined a
specimen from “Never Delay”.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.
Citations: Dispons (1971), Szerlip (1980).
Apiomerus pictipes Herrich-Schäffer, 1846
(Fig. 4)
Champion (1899) first recorded the species from Belize (as British Honduras). Gowdey (1926) reported this
species from Jamaica, although Maldonado Capriles & Farr (1977) doubted its presence on the island. Records for
this species from the U.S.A. (Putshkov & Putshkov 1988b, Berniker et al. 2011) are almost certainly based on
misidentification, mislabeled specimens, or passive transport.
Material examined: BELIZE: Corozal District, “The Farm” nr. Copper Bank Village, 18°18′ 16″ N 88° 22′
23″ W, 14 August 2007, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Jamaica(?), Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil.
Citations: Herrich-Schäffer (1846b), Stål (1872), Champion (1899), Fracker & Bruner (1924), Gowdey
(1926), Costa Lima et al. (1951), Maldonado Capriles & Farr (1977), Berniker et al. (2011).
Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872
Szerlip (1980) included Belize (as British Honduras) in the range of this species, although prior records are
unknown to us and Szerlip (1980) did not include specimen data from this locality.
Distribution: Mexico and Belize.
Citations: Stål (1872), Szerlip (1980).
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REDUVIIDAE OF BELIZE
FIGURES 2–5. Dorsal habitus: (2) Eupheno histrionicus, adult male; (3) Ghinalellia signoreti, adult female; (4) Apiomerus
pictipes, adult male; (5) Homalocoris varius, adult female.
Calliclopius nigripes (Linnaeus, 1767)
Wygodzinsky (1948) first reported this species from Belize (as Honduras Británica). Putshkov & Putshkov’s
(1988b) record from Honduras undoubtedly corresponds to Wygodzinsky’s (1948) record from British Honduras.
We failed to find a record for this species from Cuba; the only one known to us is from Maldonado Capriles (1990).
Distribution: Belize, Cuba, Lesser Antilles: Guadeloupe, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French
Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.
Citations: Fabricius (1803), Erichson (1848), Stål (1872), Bergroth (1905), Fracker & Bruner (1924), Costa
Lima et al. (1947), Wygodzinsky (1948), Maldonado Capriles (1990).
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Tribe HARPACTORINI
Castolus omega Swanson sp. nov.
(Fig. 6)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6D0C7E8A-F227-403B-A044-C5A79D5EA582
Diagnosis: Easily diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of characters: humeral angle with short
tooth and pronotum with both lobes possessing a single large black discal macula. Additional characters of utility
include a uniformly black scape and a bicolored head. In the male genitalia, the hairy submedian processes or
patches of the pygophore characteristic of the genus are absent, and the median process is S-shaped and apically-
expanded dorsoventrally.
Description: Coloration: general color pale, reddish to yellowish, except antennae, postantennal tubercles,
eyes, lunate area encompassing ocellar region, disc of both pronotal lobes (excepting submedian carinae),
scutellum, two distal rings of femora (distal one wider), whole tibiae (except pale annulus one-third of length from
base), and all tarsi fuscous or black. Hemelytra generally fuscous to darkish red, seemingly alternating in diffuse
longitudinal stripes, clavus and corial apex fuscous, wing membrane inconspicuously fumose, veins slightly darker.
Venter verging to brownish near midline.
Structure: Head oval, smooth, glabrous. Anteocular region declivitous in front of antennae, with two small
black conical postantennal tubercles, clypeus and mandibular plates rounded, inconspicuous. Interocular region
with transverse sulcus present near posterior portion of eye. Postocular region dorsally convex, slightly wider than
anteocular region, posteriorly rounded, converging to distinct neck. Neck conspicuous, subequal in length to
postocular region. Ventral surface of head glabrous.
Antennae: Only scape and basal portion of pedicel of right antenna still present. Both segments cylindrical and
subequal in thickness. Scape with sparse setae, pedicel with moderate fine setae.
Eyes large, prominent, round, glabrous, in lateral view nearly reaching ventral margin, little remote from
dorsal margin.
Ocelli present, conspicuous, each ocellus on own conspicuously raised tubercle in lateral view, closer to eyes
than each other, approx. diameter of one ocellus from margin of eye and about twice that from the other ocellus.
Rostrum curved, glabrous.
Pronotum: Anterior pronotal lobe with collar with salient anterolateral angles, disc convex, smooth, mostly
shiny, glabrous, disc unarmed, sulcate medially, two submedial carinae incipient before transverse sulcus that
delimits anterior and posterior lobe. Posterior pronotal lobe hexagonal, submedian carinae diverging slightly
posteriad, smooth to slightly rugulose at margins, slightly pubescent, disc unarmed, with short conical tubercles
over humeral angles, posterior margin straight to slightly sinuate, posterior angles roundly and obtusely angulate.
Scutellum triangular, rounded posteriorly, disc raised, flat, unspined, setose.
Pleura: All pleura unspined, pubescent, and slightly setose. Mesopleural plica absent.
Sterna: All sterna unspined, pubescent to shortly setose. Prosternal groove relatively short. Mesosternum with
fovea at posterior margin.
Hemelytra: Insect macropterous, hemelytra clearly longer than abdomen, apparently as wide as abdomen,
pruinose.
Forelegs: procoxa contiguous, cavities open posteriorly, sparsely setose ventrally. Protrochanter densely setose
ventrally. Profemur cylindrical, straight, subequal thickness to other legs, with slight preapical dorsal bulge, with
erect dense setae on venter. Protibia cylindrical, straight, with dorsal subapical protuberance, setaceous on all
surfaces. Protarsus three-segmented, basal segment shortest, apical segment longest, straight, cylindrical, setose on
all surfaces. Protarsal claws conspicuously toothed.
Middle legs: Ventral surface of mesofemur less setose than profemur. Otherwise similar to forelegs.
Hind legs: Ventral surface of metafemur less setose than mesofemur, not attaining abdominal apex. Otherwise
similar to middle legs.
Abdomen oval, connexival margin entire, with posterolateral angles not salient, venter convex, setose, with
longer setae on lateral margins.
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REDUVIIDAE OF BELIZE
FIGURE 6. Habitus of Castolus omega Swanson sp. nov., adult male (holotype): (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c) dorsal
view of pronotum, showing color pattern; (d) caudal view of pygophore; and (e) lateral view of pygophore.
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Male genitalia: Pygophore with posterior margin concave beside apical process, submedian processes slightly
raised, hairy patches on these processes apparently absent or obsolete, median apical process with triangular
median erect S-shaped process that expands dorsoventrally at apex, sparsely setose. Parameres very small, not
reaching apical rim of pygophore, cylindrical, with apical setae.
Female: unknown.
Measurements (in mm): total length (apex of head to apex of hemelytra): 10.4; head length: 1.6; head width
(across eyes): 1.1; anteocular region length: 0.5; postocular region length: 0.9; neck length: 0.4; scape length: 3.4;
eye length: 0.5; eye width: 0.3; rostral segment 1 length: 0.9; rostral segment 2 length: 0.9; rostral segment 3
length: 0.3; rostral segment ratio: 1 : 1 : 0.33; pronotum length: 1.7; pronotum width (across humeri): 2.3; anterior
pronotal lobe length: 0.6; posterior pronotal lobe length: 1.1; scutellum length: 0.9; scutellum width (at base): 1.0;
hemelytra length: 7.1; procoxa length: 0.7; protrochanter length: 0.4; profemur length: 3.1; protibia length: 3.5;
protarsus length: 0.4; mesocoxa length: 0.5; mesotrochanter length: 0.4; mesofemur length: 2.4; mesotibia length:
3.1; mesotarsus length: 0.4; metacoxa length: 0.6; metatrochanter length: 0.5; metafemur length: 3.5; metatibia
length: 4.4; metatarsus length: 0.4; abdomen length: 4.4; pygophore length: 1.5; pygophore width (across widest
point): 0.9; parameres: 0.2.
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Union Camp, 16° 23′ 53.7″ N 89°
09′ 34.1″ W, FITs [= flight interception traps], 11–15 August 2006, P. W. Kovarik [1 male, holotype] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Belize, known only from the type locality.
Etymology: From the Greek, ὠμέγα, Latinized omega, ultimate letter of the Greek alphabet. The specific
epithet, a noun-in-apposition, was chosen to highlight the black spot of the posterior pronotal lobe, partitioned by
the pale submedian carinae into the three apices of an ‘ω’.
Remarks: The specimen was pinned out of ethanol. As a consequence, the abdomen has shrunk, and the wings
and hemelytra are not in the normal resting position. The coloration also may be diluted. Additionally, the head had
become detached from the body in transit. The first author glued the head back on, although this has resulted in a
slightly distorted habitus and measurements.
The species was placed in the genus Castolus Stål, 1858 based on the following characters: mesopleuron
lacking a plica; first rostral segment longer than second; dorsum of pronotum smooth and discally lacking spines,
tubercles, or swollen masses; profemoral apices unspined; ocelli elevated above dorsum of head; and hemelytra not
wider than greatest pronotal width (Maldonado Capriles 1976a; Swanson, unpublished). The genitalia differ
somewhat from members of Castolus in the apparent absence of the hairy submedian patches of the pygophore
characteristic of the genus (Maldonado Capriles 1976a). However, it is possible that the hairs have been thinned or
matted, given the specimen’s initial preservation in ethanol. Furthermore, the patches appear to be reduced in some
species, e.g., Castolus spissicornis (Stål, 1860), suggesting the potential for variability (or loss) in this character.
Additional specimens will be needed to better assess this condition.
The humeral angles of the new species are similar to only three other species, i.e., Castolus ferox (Banks,
1910); Castolus trinotatus (Stål, 1866); Castolus annulatus Maldonado Capriles & Brailovsky, 1992), in the
possession of a short tooth (Maldonado Capriles 1976a, Maldonado Capriles & Brailovsky 1992). The median
process of the pygophore most closely resembles other species with thin dorsally-directed processes, e.g., Castolus
lineatus Maldonado Capriles, 1976a; Castolus pallidus Maldonado Capriles, 1976a; Castolus bicolor Maldonado
Capriles, 1976a; Castolus plagiaticollis Stål, 1858 (Maldonado Capriles 1976a). As the third antennomeres are
missing in the holotype, additional specimens will be needed to determine whether this species possesses the same
level of sexual dimorphism as congeners.
Color pattern is used extensively to delimit species in Castolus (Maldonado Capriles 1976a), and the color
pattern of this new species is unique within the genus. However, as the description is based only on a single
specimen, it is impossible to assess intraspecific variation, particularly in the extent of the dark spot of the posterior
pronotal lobe. Several other species have large black areas on the disc of the posterior pronotal lobe, i.e., C.
annulatus; Castolus bolivari Brailovsky, 1982; Castolus fuscoapicatus (Stål, 1860); Castolus multicinctus Stål,
1872; C. plagiaticollis; Castolus rufomarginatus Champion, 1899; Castolus tricolor Champion, 1899, although
each possesses a different combination of morphologies and color pattern that makes it distinct from C. omega
Swanson sp. nov.
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REDUVIIDAE OF BELIZE
Castolus tricolor Champion, 1899
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Citations: Champion (1899), Maldonado Capriles (1976a), Putshkov & Putshkov (1988b).
Doldina interjungens Bergroth, 1913
This species was first reported from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description of Doldina
praetermissa Bergroth, 1913, currently a junior synonym of D. interjungens. Hussey & Elkins (1955) noted that
the cotype from British Honduras had not been located. Although they considered that the Belizean cotype might
actually be their newly described D. penalea Hussey & Elkins, 1955 (see below), they concluded that Bergroth
would have recognized it as a new species. Hussey & Elkins (1955) also reported a specimen intercepted from
Honduras without definite locality in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Distribution: U.S.A., Belize, Honduras, Cuba, and Jamaica.
Citations: Bergroth (1913), Bruner & Barber (1937), Hussey & Elkins (1955), Maldonado Capriles & Farr
(1977).
Doldina penalea Hussey & Elkins, 1955
Hussey & Elkins (1955) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description.
Distribution: Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Ecuador.
Citations: Hussey & Elkins (1955).
Heza multiguttata Champion, 1899
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description. Putshkov
& Putshkov’s (1988b) record from Honduras undoubtedly corresponds to Champion’s (1899) record from British
Honduras.
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Panama, Lesser Antilles: Curaçao, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and
Suriname.
Citations: Champion (1899), Cobben & Wygodzinsky (1975), Maldonado Capriles & Brailovsky (1983),
Maldonado Capriles (1976b).
Mucrolicter alienus Elkins, 1962
Elkins (1962) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras) in the original description. Maldonado
Capriles & Farr (1977) suggested that the paratype labeled “Jamaica?” was based on passive transport on imported
bananas from one of the mainland countries; thus, Jamaica is excluded from the distribution.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Citations: Elkins (1962).
Subfamily MICROTOMINAE
Microtomus luctuosus (Stål, 1854)
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras).
Distribution: U.S.A. (Texas), Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Panama.
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Citations: Stål (1854), Champion (1899), Barber (1906).
Homalocoris varius (Perty, 1833)
(Fig. 5)
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras).
Material examined: BELIZE: Corozal District, “The Farm” nr. Copper Bank Village, collected under bark,
18° 18′ 16″ N 88° 22′ 23″ W, 10 August 2007, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [3 males, 4 females] (UMMZ);
idem. [1 male, 1 female] (DRS); idem. associated with dead Bursera tree trunks [1 female] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Citations: Perty (1833), Stål (1854), Champion (1899), Wygodzinsky (1945, 1959), Maldonado Capriles
(1972, 1986), Putshkov & Putshkov (1988c).
Subfamily PEIRATINAE
Melanolestes morio (Erichson, 1848)
Coscarón (1983b) included Belize in the distribution of the species, but the original citation was not located. The
records from Illinois and Florida (U.S.A.) are certainly erroneous, and the one for U.S.A. (Arizona) reported by
Coscarón & Carpintero (1994) is suspect. In fact, the true distribution of this species and its congeners appear to be
confounded and further revisionary study is necessary for the group.
Distribution: U.S.A. (Arizona), Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Lesser Antilles: Trinidad,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Citations: Erichson (1848), Stål (1872), Walker (1873a), Champion (1899), Torre-Bueno (1915), Fracker &
Bruner (1924), Villiers (1971), Coscarón (1983b), Coscarón & Carpintero (1994).
Rasahus albomaculatus (Mayr, 1865)
(Fig. 7)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, on logs at night, 16°
20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, 9 August 2006, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ) (NEW
SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil, and Argentina.
Citations: Mayr (1865), Stål (1866, 1872), Fallou (18910, Champion (1899), Haviland (1931), Coscarón
(1983a).
Rasahus castaneus Coscarón, 1983
Coscarón (1983a) reported this species from Belize in the original description.
Distribution: Belize, French Guiana, and Brazil.
Citations: Coscarón (1983a), Swanson (2018).
Rasahus hamatus (Fabricius, 1781)
Coscarón (1983a) included Belize in the distribution of the species, but the original citation was not located.
Distribution: U.S.A.; Mexico; Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Costa Rica; Panama; Cuba; Dominican
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Republic; Jamaica; Lesser Antilles: Curaçao, Grenada, Trinidad; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; Suriname; French
Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; and Argentina.
Citations: Fabricius (1794, 1803), Herrich-Schäffer (1846a), Walker (1873a), Berg (1879), Uhler (1894),
Champion (1899), Barber (1906), Gowdey (1926), Campos (1928), Haviland (1931), Cobben & Wygodzinsky
(1975), Maldonado Capriles (1972), Coscarón (1983a).
Rasahus myrmecinus (Erichson, 1848)
(Fig. 8)
Swanson (2018) first reported this species from Belize, while clarifying the confused status of this species in
relation to Reduvius scutellaris Fabricius, 1787.
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Midway Village, collected under bark, 16° 07.3′ N 88° 57′
37.3″ W, 16–17 July 2005, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2017 [1 male, 1 female] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Belize and Guyana.
Citations: Erichson (1848), Swanson (2018).
Rasahus sulcicollis (Audinet-Serville, 1831)
(Fig. 9)
Coscarón (1983a) included Belize in the distribution of the species, but the original citation was not located.
Putshkov & Putshkov’s (1987) record from the U.S.A. is probably based on a misidentification of another species.
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, BARC San Pedro Columbia, under bark at night, 16° 16′ 43″ N
88° 57′ 49″ W, 25 September 2004, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (UMMZ); Toledo District,
Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, on logs at night, 16° 20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, 9 August 2006, P.
Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (DRS).
FIGURES 7–9. Dorsal habitus: (7) Rasahus albomaculatus, adult female; (8) Rasahus myrmecinus, adult male; (9) Rasahus
sulcicollis, adult female.
Distribution: Mexico; Guatemala; Belize; El Salvador; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Lesser Antilles:
Grenada, Trinidad; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; Suriname; French Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; and
Argentina.
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Citations: Audinet-Serville (1831), Herrich-Schäffer (1846a), Stål (1866, 1872), Uhler (1894), Champion
(1899), Campos (1928), Fracker & Bruner (1924), Haviland (1931), Wygodzinsky (1959), Maldonado Capriles
(1972), Coscarón (1983a).
Rasahus thoracicus Stål, 1872
Maldonado Capriles (1990) included Belize in the distribution of the species, but the original citation was not
located.
Distribution: U.S.A., Mexico, Belize, and Cuba.
Citations: Stål (1872), Elkins (1951), Coscarón (1983a), Maldonado Capriles (1990).
Sirthenea stria (Fabricius, 1794)
Coscarón (1983b) first reported this species from Belize.
Distribution: U.S.A.; Mexico; Guatemala; Belize; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Lesser
Antilles: Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Grenada, Trinidad; Colombia; Venezuela; Guyana; Suriname; French
Guiana; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; and Argentina.
Citations: Fabricius (1794, 1798), Herrich-Schäffer (1845), Stål (1866, 1872), Walker (1873a), Berg (1879),
Uhler (1894), Champion (1899), Horváth (1909), Fracker & Bruner (1924), Haviland (1931), Coscarón (1983b),
Willemse (1985), Martínez (1987).
Subfamily REDUVIINAE
Leogorrus formicarius (Fabricius, 1803)
(Fig. 10)
Champion (1899) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras).
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Na Lum Cah, 16° 18′ 14.1″ N 89° 04′ 9.8″ W, 13 August 2006,
P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Panama, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia,
Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia.
Citations: Stål (1862, 1872), Walker (1873a), Champion (1899), Wygodzinsky (1948, 1949, 1959),
Maldonado Capriles (1972), Melo (2007).
Leogorrus interruptus Champion, 1899
(Fig. 11)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, on logs at night, 16°
20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, 16 August 2006, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (UMMZ) (NEW
SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Belize, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and Bolivia.
Citations: Champion (1899), Melo (2007).
Leogorrus litura (Fabricius, 1787)
(Fig. 12)
Melo (2007) first reported this species from Belize.
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, on logs at night,
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16° 20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, 9 August 2006, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ); idem.
[1 male, 1 female] (DRS); Corozal District, “The Farm” nr. Copper Bank Village, collected under bark, 18° 18′ 16″
N 88° 22′ 23″ W, 10 August 2007, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female) (UMMZ).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Dominican
Republic, Lesser Antilles: Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru,
Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina.
Citations: Fabricius (1787), Stål (1868, 1872), Walker (1873a), Champion (1899), Van Duzee (1901),
Wygodzinsky (1959), Maldonado Capriles (1990), Melo (2007).
Leogorrus longiceps Champion, 1899
(Fig. 13)
Melo (2007) first reported this species from Belize.
Material examined: BELIZE: Corozal District, “The Farm” nr. Copper Bank Village, collected under bark,
18° 18′ 16″ N 88° 22′ 23″ W, 10 August 2007, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras.
Citations: Champion (1899), Melo (2007).
Microlestria laevis Champion, 1899
(Fig. 14)
Forero (2006) included Mexico and Brazil in the distribution of this species, although this appears to be erroneous,
being possibly confounded with congeners.
Material examined: BELIZE: Cayo District, Chiquibul N.P., Doyle’s Delight, nr. campground, 16° 29′ 35″ N
89° 02′ 49″ W, 1100 m, FITs [= flight interception traps], 19–28 August 2007, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson
2012 [3 males] (UMMZ); idem. [1 male, 1 female] (DRS); Cayo District, Chiquibul N.P., Doyle’s Delight, Dry
Creek Trail, ex. rotting wood, 16° 29′ N 89° 02′ W, 950–1100 m, 19 August 2007, C. Cawich, det. D. R. Swanson
2012 [1 female] (UMMZ) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Belize, Panama, Colombia, and Peru.
Citations: Champion (1899), Forero (2006), Melo (2008).
Nalata quadrituberculata Champion, 1899
(Fig. 15)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Union Camp, 16° 23′ 53.6.7″ N 89° 08′
34.1″ W, 14 August 2006, Kovarik & Tzub, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ); Toledo District,
Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, 16° 20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′ 09.7″ W, FITs [= flight interception traps], 9–
17 August 2006, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (DRS) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
RECORD).
Distribution: Belize, Nicaragua, Panama, and Brazil.
Citations: Champion (1899), Maldonado Capriles (1972).
Nalata setulosa Stål, 1862
(Fig. 16)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, 16° 20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′
09.7″ W, FITs [= flight interception traps], 9–17 August 2006, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female]
(UMMZ) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES RECORD).
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FIGURES 10–18. Dorsal habitus: (10) Leogorrus formicarius, adult female; (11) Leogorrus interruptus, adult male; (12)
Leogorrus litura, adult female; (13) Leogorrus longiceps, adult female; (14) Microlestria laevis, adult female; (15) Nalata
quadrituberculata, adult female; (16) Nalata setulosa, adult female; (17) Pseudozelurus superbus, adult female; and (18)
Zelurus spinidorsis, adult male.
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Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, and Peru.
Citations: Stål (1862), Champion (1899), Melo (2008).
Opisthacidius pertinax (Breddin, 1903)
Lent & Wygodzinsky (1956) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras). Putshkov & Putshkov’s
(1987) record from Honduras undoubtedly corresponds to Lent & Wygodzinsky’s (1956) record from British
Honduras.
Distribution: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Citations: Breddin (1903), Pinto (1927), Costa Lima (1940), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1945, 1956).
Pseudozelurus superbus (Champion, 1899)
(Fig. 17)
Material examined: BRITISH HONDURAS [= BELIZE]: Punta Gorda, [no date] 1934, J. J. White, det. R. F.
Hussey 1952, det. D. R. Swanson 2017 [1 female] (UMMZ) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras.
Citations: Champion (1899), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1959).
Zelurus spinidorsis (Gray, 1832)
(Fig. 18)
Material examined: Cayo-Toledo Border, Doyle’s Delight Helicopter Landing area, 16° 29′ 39″ N 89° 02′ 46″ W,
1130 m, UV & Hg light, 18 August 2007, P. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (DRS); Toledo District,
American Camp, 16° 17′ 00″ N 89° 06′ 00″ W, 14 July 2005, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male]
(UMMZ) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,
French Guiana, Peru, and Brazil.
Citations: Gray (1832), Mayr (1865), Stål (1872), Champion (1899), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1947, 1951, 1955,
1957).
Subfamily SAICINAE
Oncerotrachelus conformis Uhler, 1894
(Fig. 19)
Material examined: BELIZE: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Edwards Central, 16° 20′ 24.7″ N 89° 09′
09.7″ W, FITs [= flight interception traps], 9–17 August 2006, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2017 [1 male]
(UMMZ) (NEW SUBFAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES RECORD).
Distribution: Belize, Panama, Lesser Antilles: Grenada, and Brazil.
Citations: Uhler (1894), McAtee & Malloch (1923), Gil-Santana (2013).
Saica fuscipes Stål, 1862
(Fig. 20)
Material examined: BELIZE: Cayo District, Chiquibul N.P., Doyle’s Delight, nr. campground, 16° 29′ 35″ N 89°
02′ 49″ W, 1100 m, 25 August 2007, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 female] (UMMZ) (NEW
SUBFAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES RECORD).
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Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.
Citations: Stål (1862), Champion (1898).
Subfamily SALYAVATINAE
Salyavata mcmahanae Van Doesburg & Brailovsky, 2001
Van Doesburg & Brailovsky (2001) first reported this species from Belize in the original description.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Citations: Van Doesburg & Brailovsky (2001), Van Doesburg & Forero (2012).
Subfamily STENOPODAINAE
Diaditus nocturnus Hussey, 1954
Giacchi (1982) first reported this species from Belize (as British Honduras).
Distribution: Belize, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles: Curaçao, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil.
Citations: Hussey (1954), Cobben & Wygodzinsky (1975), Giacchi (1982), Maldonado Capriles (1986).
Gnathobleda litigiosa Stål, 1862
(Fig. 21)
Material examined: Toledo District, Columbia Forest Reserve Union Camp, 16° 23′ 53.6.7″ N 89° 08′ 34.1″ W,
12 August 2006, Kovarik & Tzub, det. D. R. Swanson 2012 [1 male] (UMMZ) (NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
RECORD).
Distribution: U.S.A., Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guyana, Brazil, and
Argentina.
Citations: Stål (1862), Van Duzee (1901, 1917), Valdés (1910), Fracker (1913), Barber (1929), Costa Lima &
Campos Seabra (1945b), Maldonado Capriles (1990), Diez & Coscarón (2014).
FIGURES 19–21. Dorsal habitus: (19) Oncerotrachelus conformis, adult male; (20) Saica fuscipes, adult female; and (21)
Gnathobleda litigiosa, adult male.
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Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov.
(Fig. 22)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F4FF40F0-4B60-4176-A28A-0BC903B47CB2
Diagnosis: Easily diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of characters: scape approximately 1.3
times longer than head, abdomen distinctly oval, and posterolateral regions of seventh abdominal tergite triangular,
angulate, with apices parallel to slightly divergent. Additional characters of utility include brachypterous hemelytra
and the generally uniform fuscous coloration of the body.
Description: Coloration: Whole insect uniformly dark chocolate brown, except pro- and mesotibia with two
broad faint paler annulations. Under high magnification, pubescent areas and setae generally with golden hue.
Structure: Head quadrate, essentially parallel-sided (excluding eyes), generally appearing granulose and
covered with pubescence and short spiny setae. Anteocular region unarmed dorsally, tylus with small setigerous
spines, juga inconspicuous, with more conspicuous setigerous tubercles along the ventrolateral margin. Interocular
region with transverse sulcus between eyes. Postocular region generally covered with spiny setae and with small
bulb capped with ramous setigerous tubercles near posteroventral region of eye, additional isolated ramous
setigerous tubercle nearer to neck, occiput rimmed with setigerous tubercles, parallel or only slightly converged to
neck. Neck almost as broad as postocular region, generally obscured by occiput and anterior pronotal margin.
Ventral surface of head only pruinose or with sparse short setae.
Antennae: All segments cylindrical, scape thickest, with spiny setae shorter or equal to width of scape on
lateral and dorsal surfaces. Pedicel thicker than following basi- and distiflagellum, with golden hairs of varying
length (usually equal to or longer than width of pedicel) on all surfaces, easily folds under scape. Basiflagellum and
distiflagellum similarly, but more sparsely, setose.
Eyes round, somewhat prominent, with spiny setae sparsely projecting between some ommatidia, in lateral
view slightly remote from dorsal and ventral margins of head.
Ocelli present, small, inconspicuous, not on raised area, closer to each other than to eye, approx. twice
diameter of one ocellus from each other and thrice diameter of one ocellus to margin of eye.
Rostrum slightly curved, all segments sparsely setose.
Pronotum long, trapezoidal. Anterior pronotal lobe anterolateral angles rounded, fovea at posterior margin that
reaches half-way to anterior margin, lateral margins with small short thick curved setae projecting caudad, disc
unarmed, with alternating glabrous and pubescent longitudinal stripes. Posterior pronotal lobe with lateral margins
with short thick curved setae projecting caudad, disc unarmed, almost entirely pubescent, humeral angles rounded
and somewhat elevated, posterior margin more-or-less straight, posterior angles absent.
Scutellum small, triangular, disc unspined, pubescent, with central sulcus, apex rounded and swollen.
Pleura: All pleura pubescent. Propleura with small conical protuberance half-way between dorsal and ventral
margin and longer spinous process at ventral margin (= prosternal spine).
Sterna: All sterna pubescent or with sparse short setae. Prosternal spine long, thin, acute. Mesosternum with
inconspicuous round medial bump at anterior end between procoxae. Metasternum protuberant between
mesocoxae.
Hemelytra: Insect brachypterous, hemelytra reaching half way down third abdominal segment, corium and
clavus pruinose, membrane fumose and glabrous.
Forelegs: procoxa contiguous, cavities open posteriorly, setigerous and/or pruinose. Protrochanter setigerous
and/or pruinose. Profemur cylindrical, straight, slightly thicker than meso- or metafemur, longitudinally sulcate on
sides, generally with thicker shorter setae on dorsal surface and longer thinner setae on ventral surface. Protibia
cylindrical, straight, unspined, generally with thicker shorter setae on dorsal surface and longer thinner setae on
ventral surface. Protarsus three-segmented, basal segment shortest, apical segment longest, first short triangular,
second and third cylindrical, setose on all surfaces. Protarsal claws simple.
Middle legs: Similar to forelegs.
Hind legs: Metacoxae widely separated, metafemur reaching abdominal apex, metatibial setae longer in apical
two-thirds. Otherwise similar to middle legs.
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FIGURE 22. Habitus of Pygolampis aptena Swanson sp. nov., adult male (holotype): (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c)
dorsal view of hemelytra; (d) ventral view of abdomen; and (e) caudal view of pygophore.
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Abdomen oval, generally smooth, with minute transverse wrinkles, connexiva little more pubescent,
posterolateral apex inconspicuous on second segment, gradually becoming more salient caudad through sixth
segment, seventh segment with apex angulate, parallel to slightly divergent, posterior margin smoothly concave in
between. Venter smoothly convex, neither carinate nor sulcate medially, generally pruinose.
Male genitalia: Pygophore with posterior margin with raised lateral convex humps from whence the parameres
arise, generally with short thick blunt setae, median process small and triangular. Parameres moderately large,
reaching apex of pygophore and concealing median process at rest, clavate with compressed ventral margins,
generally with short blunt setae.
Female: unknown.
Measurements (in mm): total length (apex of head to apex of abdomen): 15.6; head length: 2.4 mm, head width
(across eyes): 1.4; anteocular region length: 0.9; postocular region length: 0.6; scape length: 3.1; pedicel length:
3.5; basiflagellomere length: 0.4; distiflagellomere length 1.0; antennal segment ratio: 1 : 1.13 : 0.13 : 0.81; eye
length: 0.5; eye width: 0.4; rostral segment 1 length: 1.8; rostral segment 2 length: 0.5; rostral segment 3 length:
0.4; rostral segment ratio: 1 : 0.28 : 0.22; pronotum length: 2.8; pronotum width (across humeri): 2.1; anterior
pronotal lobe length: 1.8; posterior pronotal lobe length: 1.0; scutellum length: 1.0; scutellum width (at base): 0.5;
hemelytra length: 3.5; procoxa length: 0.8; protrochanter length: 0.7; profemur length: 4.0; protibia length: 3.7;
protarsus length: 0.6; mesocoxa length: 0.8; mesotrochanter length: 0.7; mesofemur length: 4.1; mesotibia length:
3.5; mesotarsus length: 0.7; metacoxa length: 1.2; metatrochanter length: 1.1; metafemora length: 8.0; metatibia
length: 8.2; metatarsus length: 0.9; abdomen length: 8.6; pygophore length: 1.2; pygophore width (across widest
point): 1.1.
Material examined: BELIZE: Cayo District, Chiquibul N.P., Doyle’s Delight, nr. campground, 16° 29′ 35″ N
89° 02′ 49″ W, 1100 m, FITs [= flight interception traps], 25 August 2007, P. W. Kovarik, det. D. R. Swanson 2012
[1 male, holotype] (UMMZ) (NEW GENUS RECORD).
Distribution: Belize, known only from the type locality.
Etymology: Derived from the Greek, ἀπτήν, -ῆνος, Latinized aptenus, -a, -um, ‘unable to fly, unfledged,
wingless’, which references the shortened wings of the species.
Remarks: In the New World, species are easily referrable to the genus Pygolampis Germar, 1817 by the ratio
of the lengths of the rostral segments, in which the first rostral segment is approximately twice as long as the
second and third combined (Wygodzinsky & Giacchi 1994). The new species also matches other species of
Pygolampis in general facies and habitus.
Pygolampis is a global genus of 91 species found in all zoogeographic regions, of which six were previously
known from the New World (Putshkov & Putshkov 1988c, Maldonado Capriles 1990). From these New World
species, P. aptena Swanson sp. nov. remains distinct from all in its brachypterous condition (but see below) and all
except Pygolampis matogrossensis Costa Lima & Campos Seabra, 1945 by the absence of a ventral abdominal
midlongitudinal sulcus. Additional characters segregating the species include:
Pygolampis atrolineata Barber, 1929: apices of seventh tergite acutely angulate, size smaller (male: 15–16
mm), and color pattern more-or-less unicolorous deep brown vs. apices of seventh tergite obtusely rounded, size
larger (male: 18–19 mm), and pale posterolateral connexival angles in P. atrolineata.
Pygolampis duckei Costa Lima & Campos Seabra, 1945: scape relatively longer (one-third longer than head),
abdomen more ovate, apices of seventh tergite acutely angulate and parallel, and color pattern more-or-less
unicolorous deep brown vs. scape relatively shorter (subequal to head), abdomen more slender, apices of seventh
tergite obtusely rounded and divergent, and a strong cream-colored lateral thoracic stripe and pale posterolateral
connexival angles in P. duckei.
Pygolampis matogrossensis Costa Lima & Campos Seabra, 1945: scape relatively shorter (one-third longer
than head), humeral angles obtusely rounded and size larger (male: 15–16 mm) vs. scape relatively longer (one-
half longer than head), humeral angles triangularly spined and size smaller (male: 11–12 mm) in P. matogrossensis.
Pygolampis pectoralis (Say, 1831): same as P. duckei.
Pygolampis sericea Stål, 1859: scape distinctly longer than head (1.3 : 1) and color pattern more-or-less
unicolorous deep brown vs. scape half-length of head (0.5 : 1) and hemelytral color pattern silver anteriorly and
darkening posteriorly in P. sericea.
Pygolampis spurca Stål, 1859: scape relatively shorter (one-third longer than head), abdomen more ovate,
apices of seventh tergite acutely angulate, and size larger (male: 15–16 mm) vs. scape relatively longer (one-half
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longer than head), abdomen more slender, apices of seventh tergite obtusely rounded, and size smaller (male: 12–
15 mm) in P. s pu rc a .
Pterygopolymorphism is known in the genus (e.g., Ren 1981, Tomokuni & Cai 2003), although description of
this species marks the first such instance in the New World. In reduviids, reduced hemelytra and wings may be
confined to one sex or occur in both, depending on taxon (Readio 1927; McPherson et al. 1991, 1992). This is true
even for Stenopodainae: in Stenopoda Laporte, 1833, brachyptery seems to be limited to females (Giacchi 1969;
Swanson, pers. obs.), whereas both sexes can have reduced hemelytra in Oncocephalus Klug, 1830 (Moulet 2008).
However, I am aware of no instances in Reduviidae where abbreviated hemelytra are confined to males. The new
species superficially resembles the Chinese Pygolampis breviptera Ren, 1981, another species based on
brachypterous males. However, despite similarity in the oval abdomen and the development of the wings, the
hemelytra extend to the posterior margin of the fifth tergite and the posterolateral corners of the seventh tergite are
not as sharply angulate as in P. aptena Swanson sp. nov. Given the sex and the dearth of previous New World
records of pterygopolymorphism in Pygolampis, more diagnostic emphasis has been placed on this condition for
the species here described. However, as this description is based on only one specimen, it remains to be seen
whether brachyptery is the usual condition or simply one morph for this species.
Stenopoda azteca Giacchi, 1969
Giacchi (1988) first reported this species from Belize.
Distribution: Mexico, Belize, and Honduras.
Citations: Giacchi (1969, 1988).
Stenopoda wygodzinskyi Giacchi, 1969
(Fig. 23)
Material examined: BELIZE: [Belize District], Altum [sic] Ha, 29 December 1977, E. Franklin, det. D. R.
Swanson 2017 [1 male] (UMMZ) (NEW SPECIES RECORD).
FIGURE 23. Dorsal habitus: (23) Stenopoda wygodzinskyi, adult male.
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Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,
Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Argentina.
Citations: Giacchi (1969, 1988).
Subfamily TRIATOMINAE
Tribe RHODNIINI
Rhodnius pallescens Barber, 1932
Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) first reported this species from Belize.
Distribution: Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
Citations: Barber (1932), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979), Galvão et al. (2003).
Rhodnius pictipes Stål, 1872
Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) first reported this species from Belize, thereby extending the range of this species
from South America into Central America.
Distribution: Belize, Lesser Antilles: Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana,
Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia.
Citations: Stål (1872), Walker (1873b), Lent (1948), Dias (1952a), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979).
Tribe TRIATOMINI
Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811)
Buhagiar (1966) first reported this species from Belize.
Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, and Peru.
Citations: Latreille (1811), Stål (1859c, 1872), Walker (1873b), Champion (1899), Usinger (1941), Dias
(1952b), Buhagiar (1965, 1966), Maldonado Capriles (1972), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979).
Triatoma mopan Dorn, Justi & Dale, 2018
Dorn et al. (2018) first reported this species from Belize in the original description. Previous records of T.
dimidiata in Belize might be confounded with this species; however, Dorn et al. (2018) examined specimens of
both species from Belize.
Distribution: Belize.
Citations: Dorn et al. (2018).
Discussion
This is undoubtedly a gross underrepresentation, both in genera and species, for the fauna of the country. A
stunning phenomenon is the absence of any records for the Ectrichodiinae and Phymatinae, although members of
both subfamilies certainly occur within the borders, and there is reasonable evidence (i.e., Coscarón & Melo 2003)
that the Bactrodinae may occur there as well. Additionally, maps included by Morrone & Coscarón (1996)
indicated that the peiratine genera Thymbreus Stål, 1859a and Tydides Stål, 1865 should be found in Belize. Indeed,
a cursory survey of the world catalogs (Putshkov & Putshkov 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988a, b, c; Maldonado Capriles
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1990) reveals a potential addition of more than 70 species to the list based on supra- and sub-Belizean latitudinal
localities, a 143% increase in fauna for the family. This status surely is not limited to Reduviidae, and many groups
of arthropods have not been surveyed in Belize. Therefore, greater focus on the biodiversity of the country is
certainly warranted.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully thank Peter W. Kovarik for his generous donation of the material that forms the basis of this study.
This interesting lot of Heteroptera has done much to improve the knowledge of the Reduviidae fauna of the region.
We also thank Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira, Guanyang Zhang, and another anonymous reviewer, whose astute
comments greatly improved the writing of the manuscript. We also thank David Rédei for formatting and editorial
assistance.
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