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Ann. Plant Physiol. 30(1) : 28-31 (2016)
STUDIES ON FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR OF ALPHONSO MANGO
(Mangifera indica L.) UNDER HARD LATERITIC RocKy coNDITIoNS
K.V. Malshe', B. R. Salvi'and R. G. Khandekar,
Mango Research sub-Centre, Rameshwar, TaI. Deogad, Dist. Sindhudurg 416g06
(Dr. B. S. K. K. V., Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Mango Research Sub-centre,
Rameshwar, Tal. Deogad, Dist. sindhudurg (Mahaiashtra) during the yeai
2ol3-14 on 2o yearsold mango trees (cv. Alphonso) to study ttrJfloweiing
behaviour under h_qrd lateritic rocky conditions. the first phase of flowerin!
occurred in the 43'o meteorological week (22.09.2013 to 2ti.09.2013) with thE
4owering intensity of 35.0 per cent with sex ratio of 11.42 per cent. The
flowering intensitywa_s maximum (73.O%l in fifth flowering phaie occu""ea irt
second meteorological week (08.0f .20f 4 to 15.01.2Ola) bif the sex ratio was
less (2.58%). The sex ratio was increased (9.03%) in seventh flowering pf,iie
(8'n Mw). The average length and breadth were 25.2g cm and fOIlS cm,
respectively. The mean hermaphrodite flowers percentage was 6.27%o, in the
ran_ge of 0.7 to I I.3 per cent-. The yiel4 per tree rlnged beiween 9.0 to 47.0 kg
with 24_.7kgltree average. The flowering and yield iaried among the observei
trees of Alphonso mango as coefficient of variation for flowerinfand yield was
high (35.3695 and, 4o.zr%, respectively). The panicle lelngth'showed
significantly negative correlation with the hermaphrodite flowers-(-0.682) and
yield (o'451). The p-eJlelltagg of hermaphrodiie flowers was significintly
positive correlation (O.397) with yield.
Key words : Mango, Alphonso, reproduction, environment.
INTRODUCTION
Mango (Mangifera indica) is the
premier and most popular fruit among the
millions of people in India and has been in
cultivation in the Indian subcontinent since
several centuries. It is a dominant fruit crop
of Konkan region of Maharashtra and
Alphonso is the most popular and delicious
leading cultivar commercially grown in this
region having peculiar characteristics like
firm, fibreless flesh and good keeping
quality. The mango fruits from Deogad tahsil
of Sindhudurg district are worth in mango
market which gain a unique importance as
grown in hard lateritic rock conditions,
mature early and have excellent qualities
which ultimately fetch high rates in the
market. Though the mango cultivation in this
region is renowned, the productivity is very
low compared to national productivity. In the
recent years, weather vagaries are affecting
the crop phenology especially the
reproductive phases disturbing crop yield
and productivity in Alphonso production.
The flowering is greatly influenced by
environment also, because mango cultivars
exhibit ecogeographical preference for
flowering and fruiting (Yadav and Rajan,
1993) and the same cultivar may behave
differently under different localities. Hence,
it was considered worthwhile as flowering is
a determinant of yield and the present
investigation was conducted to study the
flowering behaviour of Alphonso mango
(Mangifera indica L.) under hard lateritic
rocky conditions.
MATERIALAND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted at
Mango Research Sub-Centre, Rameshwar, Tal.
Deogad, Dist. Sindhudurg (Maharashtra)
during the year 2013-14 on 20 years old
mango trees (Cv. Alphonso). The Uniform 30
trees were selected and recommended
cultural practices were followed in
experimental trees block. The phasewise
flowering was observed and expressed in
terms of percentage. On each tree, four
panicles from each direction were tagged
after flowering for recording of inflorescence
characters like panicle length, diameter and
percentage of perfect (hermaphrodite)
flowers. The weekly meteorological data in
the flowering duration is given in Table I.
1. Jr. Horticulturisr,fv{ango Research Sub-Cenlre, Rameshwar, Tal. Deogad, Dist. Sindhudurg.4l6806
E-mail id : kvmalshe@rediffmail.com
2. Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
637
Malshe et al.,
The data were statically analyzed by the
method described by Panse and Sukhatme
(re67).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data on by and large phase wise
flowering and hermaphrodite flowers
percentage are presented in Table 2. The first
phase of flowering occurred in the 43rd
meteorological week (22.O9.2013 to
28.09.2013) and the flowering intensity of
35.0 per cent with sex ratio of 11.42 per cent.
The flowering intensity was maximum
(73.O%) in fifth flowering phase occurred in
second meteorological week (29.01.2014 to
04.02.2014) but the sex ratio was less (2.58%).
The sex ratio was increased (8.03%) in
seventh flowering phase (8'n MW).
Consequently the flowering was not uniform
and occurred in seven phases within 18
meteorological week's period. This is due to
uncongenial weather parameters. Ultimately
affected on the crop vigour, yield and
economic returns of the orchards. Haldankar
et al. (2014) reported that under normal
29
conditions, three flowering flushes are
noticed in mango cv. Alphonso. The
flowering phases also governed by several
factors like temperature fluctuation during
flowering period, maturity of shoots, etc. The
sex ratio might also be changed in every
flowering phase.
The inflorescence characteristics of
Alphonso mango viz; flowering percentage,
panicle length, panicle breadth, percentage
of hermaphrodite flowers and also yield are
given in Table 3. The flowering was ranged
between 20 to 85 per cent with 53.33 per
cent. The average length and breadth were
25.28 cm and 16.35 cm, respectively. The
coefficient of variation was 16.3Lo/" and
19.85%, respectivelY. The mean
hermaphrodite flowers percentage was
6.27%, in the range of 0.7 to 11.3 per cent.
The coefficient of variation was highest
(49.64%\. The results are analogues to Salvi et
al. (2013). The yield per tree was ranged
between 9.0 to 47.0 kg wirh 24.7 kgltree
average. The flowering and yield varied
Table l. Meteorological data (Weekly average) in the flowering period (Year 2013-14)
Std. Met week Temperature (oC) Relative humidity
(%\
Morning Evening
Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Forenoon Afternoon
Rainfall
(mm) (Cum.)
40 (2013)
4l
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1(2014)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
30.21
30,43
32.86
33.36
33.79
34.50
34.07
34.14
34.29
33.93
33.14
3 1.50
31.63
3L.57
30.50
31.00
3 1.71
33.14
3 1.71
30.43
3r.44
24.86
24.00
24.86
24.71
23.71
23.O7
19.71
19.5 7
18.21
20.00
17.64
17.93
19.00
18.93
18.50
19.00
20.57
20.00
18.64
18.07
r 9.10
31.36
31.71
34. s0
34.79
3 5.00
35.2r
35.14
35.50
3s.57
3 5.00
34.43
33.36
33.25
32.86
3 1.86
32.07
33.07
34.07
33.07
3 1.64
32.66
24.86
24.07
25.29
24.79
24.36
23.86
21.t4
22.t4
22.21
2r.79
20.2L
19.79
20.69
20.57
20.21
20.79
22.43
21.64
20.s7
20.07
20.90
92.43
92.14
92.29
89.86
88.14
85.14
78.57
89.5 7
83.86
82.57
80.43
89.29
86.2 5
91.29
85.29
85.00
76.00
81.43
80.29
81.86
83.02
82.57
78.86
71.71
66.7 I
56.57
52.7r
51.00
69.00
52.29
45.86
45.00
48.71
54.63
57.29
51.57
53.00
5 5.71
43.43
52.r4
61. 14
53.47
92.20
17.30
5.30
1.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
J
J
639
Malshe et al., 30
Table 2. Phasewise flowering and hermaphrodite flower percentage in Alphonso mango
No. No. the phase (%l
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
43 (22.09.2013 to
28.09.2013)
46 (13.10.2013 to
19.10.2013)
51 (17.11.2013 to
23.1 1.2013)
I (01.01.2014 to
07.0r.20r4)
2 (08.01.2014 to
r 5.0 r.2014)
5 (29.01.2014 to
04.02.20r4')
8 (19.02.2014 to
25.02.2014)
35.0
5.0
16.0
15.0
73.0
10.0
12.0
rr.42
7.29
4.38
2.58
2.86
6.14
8.03
Table 3. Inflorescence characteristics and yield of Alphonso mango
Character Mean Standard deviation Range Standard error C. V.
Flowering (%) 53.33 18.86 20.0 - 85.0 0.57 35.36
Panicle length (cm) 25.28 4.t2 16.5 - 32.6 O.7S 16.31
Panicle diameter (cm) 16.35 3.25 10.6 - 24.3 0.59 19.85
Hermaphrodite flowers (%) 6.27 3.ll 0.7 - 11.3 0.SZ 49.64
Yield (kgltree) 24.7 10.06 9.0 - 47.0 1.83 40.71
Table 4. Correlation among panicle character, hermaphrodite flowers and yield.
Parameter Panicle Panicle Hermaphrodite yield (kgltree)
length (cm) diameter (cm) flowers (%)
Panicle length (cm) 1.000
Panicle diameter 0.553*,. 1.000
(cm)
Hermaphrodite -0.682",. -0.168 1.000
flowers (%)
Yield (kg/tree) -0.451"" -0.189 0.397"" I.000
("o Significant at P = 0.05level) (n = 30)
among the observed trees of Alphonso panicle is an important criteria related to
mango as coefficient of variation for yield. The percentage of hermaphrodite
flowering and yield was high (35.36% and flowers varies depending upon late or early
40.71%, respectively). The phenomenon of emergence of panicle, cultivar, place and
flowering and fruiting of every mango tree temperature during flowering. Desai et al.
] [:1,::#,::""T"3*l$::;Tl;l,ffi,u: :""::]#:,ii:l'i.'";'i fl i;"'il,l*#:
of perfect flowers denotes the under Dapoli conditions. The variability in
I ';- proportionately number of perf ect or the perfect and staminate flower ratio may be
hermaphrodite flowers in total number of governed by physiological and
, flowers (including male flowers) in panicle. environmental conditions (Davenport and
The number of hermaphrodite flowers in a Nunez-Elisea,L997).
l
.L
633
Malshe et al.,
The correlation among the panicle
length, panicle diameter, hermaphrodite
flowers percentage and yietd (Table 4)
revealed that the panicle length showed
significantly negative correlation with the
hermaphrodite flowers C0.682) and yield ('
0.451). The more length of the panicle
adversely affects the occurrence of
hermaphrodite flowers and eventually yield
as longer panicles produces more number of
male fl ower s. The percentage of
hermaphrodite flowers has shown
significantly positive correlation (0.397) with
yield. Higher the hermaphrodite flowers
leads to more fruit set. As this is only one
year drift, it gave the trend of yield potential
of the experimental trees,
Thus, the flowering and inflorescence
characters of Alphonso mango are the
influential factors in the yield and climate
dependent.
REFERENCES
Davenport, T.L. and R. Nunez-Elisea, 1997.
Reproductive physiology. In: Litz, R.E.
(Ed.). The Mango; Botany, Production
and Use s, CAB International,
Wallingford, UK. pp. 69- 146.
Desai, A.G., v.P. Limaye and R.T. Gunjate,
1985. Ftoral biology of Alphonso,
Goamankur and Kesar varieties of
mango. J. Maharashtra Agri. Univ.,"Lo i
193- 19 5.
3r
Haldankar, P.M., Y.R. Parulekar, S.B. Thorat,
and K.E. Lawande,2014. Effect of
climatic variation on flowering and
fruit development of mango under
Konkan agroclimatic conditions of
Maharashtra. National seminar-cum-
workshop on 'Physiology of flowering
in perennial fruit crops'held at Central
Institute for Subtropical Horticulture
(ICAR), Lucknow, 24-26 May,2ol4 pp.
270-274.
Panse, V.G and P.V. Sukhatme, 1967.
Statistical methods for agricultural
workers, Pub ICAR, New Delhi. 1-22.
Ranpise, S.A., C.P. Gharge and P.V. Patil, 2013.
Sex expression of mango varieties
under Dapoli (Konkan) conditions of
Maharashtra. I. Aqri. Res. Technol.,
38(2):201-204.
Salvi, B.R., K.E. Lawande, S.R. Mahaldar and
A.R. Korde,2013. M orphological
descriptor of mango varieties under
agroclimatic conditions of
Maharashtra. Pub. AICRP (STF), CISH,
Lucknow, India. pp. 2-174.
Yadav, I.S. and S. Rajan, 1993. Genetic
resources of mango. ln: Advances in
Horticulture. Vol. 1 Part 1. (Eds. K. L.
Chadha and o. P. Pareek). Malhotra
Publ. House, New Delhi, pp.77-93.
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