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International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research (IRJEIS)
Available online at http://ijcu.us/online/journal/index.php/irjeis
Vol. 3 Issue 2, March 2017, pages: 84~90
ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211 | Thomson Reuters: K-4290-2016
: http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v3i2.415
84
Use of Small Wind Turbines in Isolated Areas Social Impact
Julio Cesar Hernández Chilan a
Antonio Vázquez Pérez b
María Rodríguez Gámez c
Antonio Alberto Martínez García d
Orlys Ernesto Torres Breffe
e
Article history:
Abstract
Received: 10 September 2016
Revised: 17 February 2017
Approved: 28 February 2017
Published: 15 March 2017
Local development is aimed at achieving sustainability and energy
independence with the use of indigenous resources, in this
environment technologies that take advantage of wind energy are
one of the most propitious in low wind speed. Since very remote
times have been solving different problems in the isolated and rural
areas, in the province of Manabí there are no high wind speeds these
are maintained between 2.5 and 3.5 m / s. In the research carried
out, it was possible to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing
small wind turbines in most of the territory of the Chone canton of
the province of Manabí, visualizing that the implementation of
small-scale technology can provide adequate solutions to the use of
the resource since there is potentiality Energy to introduce the
technology with the use of micro-wind turbines that its starting
speed is in the range of 1-3 m / s, knowing that these only require
small technical maintenance, besides being viable technologies to
support the change of Energy matrix, generation of jobs and
promises to achieve energy independence in isolated rural areas,
improving the living conditions of the population and enhancing
social development.
Keywords:
Wind turbines;
Hybrid System;
Isolated systems;
Small wind power;
Local development;
2454-2261© Copyright 2017 The Author. Published by International
Journal of College and University. This is an open access article under the
CC-BY-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
All rights reserved.
Author correspondence:
Julio Cesar Hernández Chilan,
Doctorate Program, Electrical Engineer Program Studies,
Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador,
Email address: jhernandez@utm.edu.ec
a Doctorate Program, Electrical Engineer Program Studies, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
b Professor, Scientific collaborator of the Universidad Técnica de Manabí
c PhD. Professor and Researcher of the Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
d PhD. Electrical Engineer, Professor of the Universidad Politécnica de la Habana, Cuba.
e PhD. Electrical Engineer, Professor of the Universidad Politécnica de la Habana, Cuba.
IRJEIS ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211
Use of Small Wind Turbines in Isolated Areas. Social Impact
(Julio Cesar Hernández Chilan, Antonio Vázquez Pérez, María Rodríguez Gámez, Antonio Alberto Martínez
García, Orlys Ernesto Torres Breffe)
85
1. Introduction
Wind energy is dependent on the heating of the earth's surface. In the equatorial zones, a great
absorption of solar radiation takes place, in comparison with other regions; Hot air rises in the tropics and
is replaced by masses of cold surface air that comes from colder regions. This cycle closes with the air
movement in the upper atmosphere, in addition to the incidence of the rotation of the earth linked to the
seasonal changes where the incident solar radiation fluctuates and influences the variations in the
magnitude and direction of the prevailing winds in the earth's crust [1].
Wind energy presents positive environmental aspects, first that it is renewable and sustainable
characteristics that make it propitious to be used in almost all regions where the renewable resource exists
since at present there are technologies for small powers, it also offers one of the energy options
Renewable sources in terms of reducing CO2 emissions. Its implementation generates savings in the use
of fossil fuel reserves. For many poor countries, it contributes to security and diversity in energy supply,
empowering local economies to create a new vision for the use of renewable energy.
The wind energy that reaches the rotor of a wind machine is initially transformed into mechanical
energy available in a rotating movement; this can be used to drive devices that transform it into other
forms of energy: mechanical, electrical, thermal or potential. The most effective applications will be those
in which the final use of energy with the least number of transformations is reached [2].
This research assesses the social and environmental impact of wind turbines that can work at low wind
speeds and can be used in areas where wind densities are not high and serve to benefit independent rural
housing in areas difficult to access as Is the canton of Chone in the province of Manabí.
2. Research Method
In order to develop the research work, we reviewed information on wind turbine applications
operating at low wind speeds, their technical characteristics and the impact of their introduction in
isolated areas. The Chone canton of the province of Manabí was taken as an example because it has two
characteristics that make it competitive, first because it has low wind densities in most of its territory and
second because there are still scattered houses without electrification and in some things the service
Electric comes with difficulty.
Through the deductive research it was possible to verify that the conditions of the indigenous energy
resource, the techniques for its use, the isolated areas without energy service or of poor quality and the
social necessity, elements that are essential for the decision-making in local programs for The
improvement of social conditions and the development of isolated áreas.
3. Results and Analysis
3.1 Use of wind turbines in isolated areas
In isolated areas it is difficult and expensive to carry energy, but if the local renewable resource is
used, energy independence can be achieved and costs reduced, renewable sources of energy are
distributed, wind to a greater or lesser degree can be harnessed depending Of the climatic conditions and
relief of the area, the cost of the technologies that provide the potential for the wind at the present time for
isolated zones are competitive with the extension of the network and more even when they are combined
with other energies like solar. In the scheme of Figure 1, it is possible to observe the elements necessary
to achieve energy independence and improve social conditions.
Impact Factor: 5.211 ISSN: 2454-2261
IRJEIS Vol. 3 Issue 2, March 2017, pages: 84~90
86
Figure 1
Schematic for achieving social development
There are small wind turbines that can provide solutions to isolated homes, for rural electrification where
the energy service does not arrive or arrives with very poor quality. According to studies carried out,
these do not require strong winds to start harnessing their energy. The development of this technology has
succeeded in starting to generate electricity with start speeds of 1 m/s [1].
There are different models that can be used to generate at low speeds and that do not impact the
medium as they are: the American multi-blade, the Savonius among others that today are used for water
pumping, power generation, grinding of grains, etc.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) there are 17% of the world's people without
electricity, or 2.7 billion people [2], where the province of Manabí accounts for one percent, being one of
the provinces of Ecuador that has 5% without electrification according to data of SENPLADES and the
Chone canton with 9,072 houses without electrification [3].
3.2 Analysis of the wind in rural areas of the province of Manabí
The study has developed in the province of Manabí, especially the municipality of Chone, where there
are adequate renewable resources (wind) that can give a solution to problems of rural electrification if the
use of small wind turbines is used. Figure 2 shows the wind potential of the municipality of Chone, this
information was processed using satellite information published by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) [3], in addition to using information from the population settlements published
on the Military Geographic Institute (MGI) [4], as can be seen in almost all the canton the available
resource to be used, in addition to the isolated populations of the electric distribution lines.
As you can see the most intense colorations are those with the highest wind speed measured at 10
meters in height, are not very high but to meet the energy needs of independent homes and use the small
wind turbines or technologies that generate energy from Small wind speeds, which as shown in the
greater areas of the territory is greater than 3 m/s (meters per second).
IRJEIS ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211
Use of Small Wind Turbines in Isolated Areas. Social Impact
(Julio Cesar Hernández Chilan, Antonio Vázquez Pérez, María Rodríguez Gámez, Antonio Alberto Martínez
García, Orlys Ernesto Torres Breffe)
87
Figure 2
Chone wind potential and its towns
In order to decide the type of wind turbine to be used, it is necessary to know the energy demand and to
measure the wind speed in a timely manner.
To know the energy that can be generated applies equation (1).
𝐶𝑒 =1
2𝑚𝑉2 (1)
Where:
Ce → Kinetic energy (Joule/s)
M → Airflow (kg/s)
V → Wind Speed (m/s)
From this analysis, the area swept by the shovel is the area of catchment where the wind will strike
perpendicular to it and the density of the air, as shown in equation (2).
𝑚 =
𝐴 𝑉 (2)
Where:
→ air density (kg / m3)
A → catchment area (m2)
It is possible to state that the theoretical power (Pm) that can be obtained in the unit of time is calculated
with Eq. (3), for A = 1 [2].
𝑃𝑚 =1
2
𝑉3 (3)
Taking into account studies carried out at the University San Francisco de Quito, where an analysis is
made for the location of wind farms on the Ecuadorian coast and comparing the values of the wind speed
in the Chone cotton that ranges between 2.5-3.5 m/s [6], it can be said that it is feasible in these isolated
rural regions to use wind technologies to generate electricity in the province of Manabí
3.2 Social, economic, technical and environmental impacts of the use of wind turbines in isolated
areas.
The social impacts come hand in hand with energy development; if you manage to energize the
isolated areas of Chone canton could have positive impacts on the population living in those regions,
Impact Factor: 5.211 ISSN: 2454-2261
IRJEIS Vol. 3 Issue 2, March 2017, pages: 84~90
88
playing a basic role in eradicating poverty, guarantee quality Of life, the development of the region,
creating new jobs and improving the conditions that favor gender equality.
Specifically, the most used option in the province of Manabí in the rural electrification plans that have
been developed have been promoting the extension of the electrical infrastructure network, connecting
settlements in increasing order according to the investment cost.
That the quality of the energy decreases when the distance increases the distance, but in addition as it
is extended it becomes more expensive [6], making the connection to the network less viable.
Small wind generation systems are reliable technologies for sites that are far from generation centers
and meet small energy demands, where homes are scattered one from the other In the studied region the
dwellings are located at distances between 500 meters and one kilometer between them and also distant
from the low voltage network, in many cases by mountainous areas, as shown in figure 3, the electric line
is far from Many settlements where small wind turbines could be installed to provide specific and
distributed solutions to homes, solving a social problem and applying the concepts of distributed
generation with small generation sources and where users can self-supply and control their consumption.
Figure 3. Remote mountain ranges and wind potentials
When it is valued economically the installation can be considered that it is competitive with the extension
of the network for sites like the one studied, by the dispersion of the houses. With the introduction of
technology, users can become energetically independent and sustainable, promoting local development,
creating a new approach to development that improves their living conditions, creates new jobs and
creates an awareness of the use of clean energy.
Being small the format of the wind turbines can be instantiated in places near the dwelling taking into
account technically that the noise levels do not affect the residents. They are also combined with other
types of renewable energy such as solar [8]. The study results allow verifying that annual average solar
radiation in Chone canton behaves between 4,010 kWh/m2 day and 4,880 kWh/m2 day [9].
For these types of installations, the environmental impact is minimal because they do not contaminate
in the middle, in their maintenance stage they do not affect the ground, the noise levels are not high. They
are economically viable, maintenance can be done by the user and if they are necessary because they help
to improve social conditions and development opportunities in isolated areas.
The qualities and the results that can be obtained are necessary to socialize with the people of the
community explaining the benefits that the project will generate in a way that assimilates the technology
creating the conditions and commitment to support the whole process of installation and maintenance to
last during The life cycle and achieve their sustainability in the places where they are installed.
4. Conclusion
Renewable energy sources are the sustenance and guarantee for the sustainable development of the
isolated rural regions that today are not electrified or where the service of energy arrives with poor quality
these allows to be used in combination with other energies to diminish the processes of interference of the
wind. It has been demonstrated that it is viable in Chone canton of the province of Manabí its introduction
to gather the energy characteristics and the social necessity to implement a program of energy
IRJEIS ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211
Use of Small Wind Turbines in Isolated Areas. Social Impact
(Julio Cesar Hernández Chilan, Antonio Vázquez Pérez, María Rodríguez Gámez, Antonio Alberto Martínez
García, Orlys Ernesto Torres Breffe)
89
development with small wind turbines and with that, it achieves energy sustainability in isolated rural
areas And supporting local development.
Acknowledgement
The exploration about your thank to other, from top to down / highest position to lowest position,
contributor, supporter that was involved in completing the article.
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Impact Factor: 5.211 ISSN: 2454-2261
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Biography of Authors
A graduate of Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Técnica de Manabí
(UTM), Portoviejo, Ecuador. Magister in Teaching and Educational Research.
Assistant Professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Faculty of
Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences of the Technical, Portoviejo,
Ecuador. He currently carries out his doctoral work on the technology theme to
improve the behavior of variable speed synchronous wind turbines in front of
the voltage gaps.
Lawyer, Master in International Environmental Education, Professor and
Researcher, a specialist in risk assessment and disaster reduction, Civil Defense
of corporate systems, project management of renewable energy sources,
professor in environmental law and natural disasters.
Scientific collaborator at the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidad Técnica de
Manabi.
Professor and Researcher of the Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo,
Ecuador. Bachelor in Education, Specialization: Physics and Astronomy, Master
in Spatial Planning and Development in Renewable Sources of Energy, Ph.D. of
the Strategies and Planning of the Territory Program in Renewable Sources of
Energy, Pablo De Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain, Ph.D. in Science.
Geographic. National Commission of Scientific Degree in the Republic of Cuba.
Electrical Engineer, Master in Electrical Sciences, Doctor in Technical Sciences
at the Central Universidad Central de Las Villas. He is currently working in the
Center for Research and Electrical Testing (CIPEL) José Antonio Echeverría, of
the Universidad Tecnológica de la Habana, Cuba (CUJAE), Adviser in free
exercise in Ecuador
