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QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction
The main role performed by green areas for the cities is
servicing the most dynamic parts of the city, namely population.
From this perspective, maintaining a high quality of urban green
space and improving functional performance are necessary for
a better quality of life. To this aim, urban planning and manage-
ment of urban green spaces actions require the creation of a
complex information base (both qualitative and quantitative)
about it, to create any urban policies in accordance both with the
local needs and national and international goals. At the same
time it needs an active involvement of communities in the
sustainable management of green spaces field (Baycan,
Nijkamp, 2004).
However, as local promoters of quality of life, urban green
spaces requires their association and their conjugation in
increased value systems (Leeuwen, Nijkamp, Noronha, 2009).
Creating green urban structures would significantly contribute to
balancing urban system, at structural and functional level
(Quintas, Curado, 2009). The attributes of urban green space
from Bucharest are effectively manifested even through the
quality of its overall structure, represented by the whole system
of green space in the metropolitan area, but also by its
relationship with the entire territorial context in which they are
located (Sanesi, Chiarello, 2006).
Green spaces can be defined as a public or private spaces
in urban areas, covered by vegetation, and can be direct (may
carry out passive or active recreation) or indirect (have a
positive influence on the urban environment), available to city
residents (Haq, 2011). Urban green space is one of the most
important components of current urban systems, their status
being in a constant evolution, evolving through the acquisition of
new values and functions, towards defining them as an element
with fundamental value in the sustainable development of the
city. Urban green spaces are recognized by their multifunc-
tionality, by having not only a decorative character, but acting
like a complex system, with social, environmental and services
functions, contributing to improved the quality of life (Quintas,
Curado, 2009).
The quality and the sustainability of cities depend largely on
the design, maintenance and management of the green spaces
and other open and public spaces, so they fulfill their social role
and in creating the image of the city (Baycan, Nijkamp, 2004).
Recreational spaces include all the arrangements for their role:
parks, public gardens, amusement parks, swimming pools,
sports centers, museums, theaters, exhibitions, cinemas, public
food units etc. (Cândea, Bogan, Simon, 2012).
In addition to its sanogenous, psychogenic, ecological,
aesthetic, recreational and conservation of biological diversity
roles, the urban green space has an more and more importance
as motivation for increasing the social participation and colla-
boration between citizens, facilitating social inclusion.
The green spaces of the Bucharest city have a total area of
31,257,894 m2(excluding the green spaces in the courts of the
military units, the education units and the hospitals), having the
largest concentration in the residential complexes.
The Bucharest's parks, as the most appreciated green spa-
ces in an urban system (Figure 1), represents only 21.6% of the
total area of the green areas from Bucharest, having a maximum
concentration in the Sector 4 (1,647,900 m2– 24% from the total
area of the parks). At the city level, the green park space
indicator is 3.3 m2per capita, and there are significant
differences between the 6 sectors. Thus, Sector 1 has the
highest value of this indicator – 5.85 m2/ capita, while Sector 5
is the lowest represented, with only 1.22 m2of green space per
capita / capita.
Q U A L I T Y
Access to Success
Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Promoting the Health and Social Inclusion of the Urban Population
by endowing and improving the Quality of Leisure Facilities
in the Parks in Bucharest
Elena BOGAN
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Bucharest, Romania
E-mail: elena.bogan@yahoo.com
Abstract
Green spaces are an essential component of urban environment due to their role in improving the quality of life by
ensuring the quality of environmental factors and the health of the population as well as contributing to increased
social inclusion by creating opportunities for people of all ages to interact through both informal social contact and
participation in city events. From this perspective, this research aims to evaluate and analyze green spaces and
recreational facilities in parks of Bucharest, in order to determine their role in the communities, for each of the six
sectors and the entire Bucharest. This theme is linked with the human need to be closer to nature, even when
choosing to live in a highly urbanized environment. In recent years, in Bucharest, more and more areas of green
spaces suffered, being modified and replaced by various constructions. While the surface of the green spaces has
decreased, the surface of the areas intended for recreation has also decreased. This paper is mainly aimed at
presenting and analyzing the perception of residents regarding green spaces and recreational and leisure facilities in
the Bucharest parks. The results of this study can be useful in the urban planning activity of the local authorities.
Keywords: urban green space, leisure facilities, parks, quality of life, social inclusion.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
8 1
At the level of the capital city, it can be remarked the
existence of a north to south-east axis with a concentration of
parks with important surfaces: Herăstrău, Kiseleff, Cişmigiu,
Izvor, Carol, Tineretului, Văcăreşti. In this sense, sector 1 has 22
parks with a total area of 1,395,354 m2, sector 2 has 26 parks
occupying 1,043,203 m2, in sector 3 there are 6 parks of
1,532,401 m2, and sector 4 holds for the largest area of green
space with only 10 units (1,647,900 m2). The most difficult posi-
tion defines sector 5 (26 parks), that occupies only 331,129 m2
of this type of green space. Similarly, the 12 parks in sector 6
cover only 466,499 m2.
From the analysis of the parks in Bucharest, according to the
size criterion results the dominance of reduced values (parks
with areas of less than 10,000 m2). The investments and cultural
events are concentrated in only 3 parks representative for
Bucharest: Herăstrău, Carol I and Alexandru Ioan Cuza. In addi-
tion, 3 of the sectors (2, 5 and 6) are in need for redevelopment
measures based on the lack of parks with a high cultural value.
Especially in sectors 5 and 6, the parks with low scores have the
highest percentage (83% and, respectively 96%). From the
indexes used in determining this spatial criterion, the most
reduced values are considered for the presence of museums.
Only the three parks with a high cultural value mentioned
include this type of areas.
2. Methodology
In order to know the perception of the inhabitants of Bucha-
rest about the green spaces, the questionnaire was the most
efficient way, being a unique tool for collecting information
(Colibaba, 2001) and opinions on a given subject of a particular
audience at a time. It had a total of 15 questions, being a mixed
questionnaire, consisting of open and closed questions, as well
as identification questions.
The questionnaire contains questions about the inhabitants'
perception of the past and present state of the green areas, why
they choose a park, activities they undertake in its perimeter, but
also the risks which green spaces are exposed in the context of
the urban development.
The questionnaire was applied between May and July 2017.
There were 485 persons, aged between 15 and 82, participated
in the survey.
The questionnaire was applied in five large Bucharest parks
from different sectors (Herăstrău, Tineretului, Alexandru Ioan
Cuza, Circul de Stat and Drumul Taberei), these parks being
selected on the basis of representativeness of the surface and
the activities carried out. Between 87 and 102 persons were
interviewed in each park, in order to highlight the differences
between parks, and the perception that inhabitants have
regarding the green spaces in which they go for various relaxing
activities. At the same time, for the truthfulness of the answers
and the analysis of the questionnaire, the people were asked to
choose only one answer. The persons surveyed were randomly
chosen.
3. Residents’ perceptions regarding leisure
facilities in the parks of Bucharest
Newer researches by some specialists in the field has
highlighted the importance of green spaces as ideal spaces for
meeting people or as a community focus, both formal and
informal (Woolley, 2003). They provide space for socializing and
cultural expression (Li, 2014). In addition, there may be greater
social unity between people who interact in recreational activities
(organizing public ceremonies, athletics, cycling), connecting
them (Konijnendijk et. all, 2013).
Leisure satisfaction, as the degree of satisfaction of indi-
viduals at leisure experiences and contexts, is regarded as
positive perception when individuals are participating in leisure
activities (Beard, Ragheb, 1980). Leisure satisfaction is consi-
Q U A L I T Y
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Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Figure 1. Distribution of parks in Bucharest
Source: The Author
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QUALITY MANAGEMENT
dered as the degree of satisfaction at expected demands when
participating in leisure activities (Siegenthaler, O’Dell, 2000).
With its facilities, the park offers the possibility of walking and
resting in clean air, in a wide and varied landscape, as well as
exercising various compensatory activities in the sphere of
active rest (practicing a sport, outdoor games, various recrea-
tional activities) or any cultural activities (shows, fairs, outdoor or
indoor exhibitions).
The facilities and landscaping that generate noise and
crowding (entertainment areas, restaurants, terraces etc.) are
located in easily accessible places, especially at the entrance of
the parks, but at a reasonable distance from the quiet areas,
reserved for walking and rest. For sports grounds, flat areas are
chosen, preferably all around the perimeter, near a traffic artery.
The structure of the park is designed to ensure a balanced
territorial distribution of the different components. Areas for
cultural and entertainment activities should not exceed 20% of
the territory, with most of the park being occupied by green
space. In large parks the share of water bodies increases, a lake
can hold up to 30% of the total area (Iliescu, 2003).
3.1. The respondent profile
The questionnaire was applied to a sample of 485 persons,
and we take in consideration the analysis of five parks in
Bucharest, respectively between 87 and 102 questionnaires for
each park. The 485 persons, respectively residents, were both
male and females, with different ages, social categories, levels
of study and different civil status.
Most of the respondents who responded to the questionnaire
applied in Herăstrău Park belong to the age group of 15-25
years (over 31.6%), having a high school education and being
part of the active population. Over 50% of them are unmarried
persons. Over 63% of the total respondents were females.
In the Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park the majority age group is
15-25 years old, there are predominantly female with high
school education, classified as active and married population. In
the case of the Circul de Stat Park, the majority age groups are
15-25, 26-35 and over 65.
Most persons are female, have high school education and
are part of the active population group.
Most of the interviewees in the Tineretului Park are aged 15-
25, with the gender ratio being equal. A percentage of 59.5% of
respondents have a higher education, 34% are employed, while
16% are unemployed, 51% of them are married.
In Drumul Taberei Park, the majority of the age group is 15-
25 years old, with 39%, followed by 26-35 by 23%; More than
60% of the respondents in the Drumul Taberei Park are female,
and from the total of respondents, more than 40% having either
high school or university education (Table 1).
Q U A L I T Y
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Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Characteristics
Parks
Herăstrău Al. I. Cuza Circul de Stat Tineretului Drumul Taberei
Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage (%) Percentage (%)
Age group
15-25 years 31.6 33 24.6 29 39
26-35 years 23.5 21 22.4 20 23
36-45 years 18.5 19 10 17 21
46-55 years 5.6 4.8 13.5 10 5
56-65 years 4.3 5.2 8.5 4.5 2.5
over 65 years 16.5 17 21 19.5 9.5
Gender Male 36.5 43 32.5 47 39
Female 63.5 57 67.5 53 61
Studies
Gymnasium 5 6 6.5 5.5 5
High school 48 52 51 35 46
University 43 39 37 54.5 45
Postgraduate
university degree 4 3 5.5 5 4
Occupation
Pupil/Student 28 27 19 30 29
Employee 50 43 51 34 34
Unemployed 4 12 6 16 15
Housewife 4 6 5 2 1
Pensioner 14 12 19 18 21
Marital status
Unmarried 53 45 47 43 48
Married 37 49 46 51 45
Divorced 2 2.5 1 1.5 4
Widow/widower 8 3.5 6 4.5 3
Table 1. Characteristics / Profile of respondents
3.2. Results and discussions
For the Question no 1: What was the motivation for choosing
this park? (Figure 2), the persons questioned in Herăstrău Park
motivated the choice of this park by being accessible and they
opted for the third variant, in the proportion of 53.3%. The next
option was for the neighborhood, that being chosen by 33.3% of
the respondents.
The interviewed persons in the Circul de Stat Park had the
first motivation to choose this park, the fact that it is in the
neighborhood, and over 50% checked this variant. Only 26.6%
chose the park for the related facilities.
In the case of Al. I. Cuza Park, the main motivation was its
neighborhood, followed by the fact that the park is easy to
access. More than 40% of the people surveyed in the Tineretului
Park said they chose this park due to its accessibility, second
being its facilities for leisure. Also the accessibility is the reason
for choosing the Drumul Taberei Park, 40% of respondents,
while 36.6% had as motivation the neighborhood of this park.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
8 3
To the question What do you like about this park? (Figure 3),
most persons in Herăstrău Park responded that they most
appreciate the tranquility, cleanliness and vegetation, about over
60% of respondents, followed by motivation, and the neigh-
borhood.
In the Circul de Stat Park, the quietness, cleanliness, the
lake and vegetation are among the most appreciated, followed
by the extensive space that the park occupies. This also applies
to those questioned in the Al I. Cuza Park. So, in that case, 80%
of respondents choose this park for the environment, and only
20% for the extended space that park occupies.
Among the things appreciated by the visitors of the
Tineretului Park are the silence and the lake, followed by its
facilities for leisure. 10% of the respondents appreciate the large
area of this park. Those in Drumul Taberei Park appreciate also
the silence and the vegetation (50%), on the second place of
preferences related to this park, being the neighborhood – 30%.
Among the main problems encountered by respondents in
Herăstrău Park are the agglomeration (30%) and the lack of
facilities (26.6%), as well the insufficiency of garbage dumps
and garbage thrown anywhere.
In the Circul de Stat Park, 23.3% of the respondents men-
tioned the garbage on the alleys and the insufficiency of the
trash cans, while 20% are unhappy with the existing facilities in
the park, and over 13% are disturbed by the stray dogs that are
found here.
Insufficient facilities seem to be the main problem of Al I.
Cuza Park, problem mentioned by about 60% of people. The
second problem is the presence of waste and the lack of
garbage bins across the park.
Most of those surveyed in the Tineretului Park (36.6%)
chose the variant / I don’t know. The most noticeable problem in
this park is represented by poor lighting in some areas, which
involve any uncertainty that they feel. Approximately 16% are
also complained about the agglomeration and the facilities
distributed unevenly and insufficient.
In Drumul Taberei Park, half of those interviewed said that
the existing facilities are not enough to meet current
requirements, such as bicycle tracks, specially arranged places
for dogs etc.; 40% of respondents chose the option / I don’t
know, followed by those disturbed by the presence of the strays
dogs (Figure 4).
For the question How many times do you go to the neigh-
borhood park or garden nearest to your home? (Figure 5), most
respondents in Herăstrău Park, over 50%, said that they come
to the park several times a week, 26.6% come once a week,
while 13.3% come a few times a month.
Most of the people surveyed in the Circul de Stat Park
responded that they come several times a week in the park,
followed by those who walk to the park once a week. The same
percentage is also recorded for those surveyed in Al. I. Cuza
Park. The proportion of those who attend the Tineretului Park
several times a week is 60%, followed by a sudden drop to those
who choose to come to the park once a week and to those who
rarely come here. Over 40% respondents from Drumul Taberei
Park opted for several times a week and once a week variants.
Regarding the time interval in which they choose to go to the
park, most of those interviewed chose the interval between 4pm
to 8pm. Another significant percentage is represented by those
who choose to go to the park between 8pm to 10pm (Figure 6).
Regarding the activities undertaken into the park (Figure 7),
40% of respondents said that they prefer Herăstrău Park for
walking, while 30% said that they come here to meet friends.
Circul de Stat Park is particularly chosen especially for
Q U A L I T Y
Access to Success
Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Figure 2. What was the motivation for choosing this park?
Figure 3. What do you like about this park?
Figure 4. What are the problems of this park?
Figure 5.
How many times do you go to the park nearest to your home?
Figure 6. At what time do you come to the park?
8 4
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
walking and for relax (53.3%), but activities such as walking pets
or walking children are also preferred into this park.
Activities such as walking, walking children or meetings with
friends are the choices of respondents in the Al. I. Cuza Park.
46.6% of respondents from the Tineretului Park said that they
come here for a walk, while 16.6% come to meet friends, 10%
to practice some sports, and 13.3% are coming here with kids.
In the Drumul Taberei Park most responded that they come to
the park to walk, followed by those who come here with children
and pets for walking along the lake.
A large number of people surveyed in Herăstrău Park, 33.3%
(Figure 8), said that the main threat for the park is to give an
increasingly public utility, with the degradation of green areas
and construction of buildings. The biggest risk in the case of
Circul de Stat Park is, according to the respondents, the
construction of buildings and leaving them in degradation. The
commercial spaces are also a threat for the integrity of the park.
Also, construction of buildings is a threat to the Al. I. Cuza
Park, 30% of respondents considering this. At the same time, a
large number of them considered that the commercial spaces
represent a risk factor for the park, reducing its area. They con-
sidered also negative action to leave these spaces in de-
gradation, while 16.6% of them mentioned the restitution of the
public properties to the private persons.
Buildings (30%), commercial spaces (23.3%), and leaving
green space in degradation (20%) are the main risks claimed by
individuals interviewed in the Tineretului Park. As in the other
parks from Bucharest, the respondents from Drumul Taberei
Park consider that the main risk is the construction of buildings
(over 43.3%), followed by commercial spaces and leaving them
in degradation.
According to the way the green spaces are maintained
(Figure 9), in the opinion of the respondents from Herăstrău
Park, they are perceived as being satisfying (over 40%) or good
(30%). The respondents from The Circus Park think that the
maintenance are also satisfying (50%), only 10% claims a low
maintenance. The same results are recorded in the other three
parks, 80% of respondents considering that the green spaces
are positively maintained.
The evolution of the green areas (Figure 10), compared to
the level before 1989, is good, more than 26% of respondents
considering that. Over 30% of respondents from the Drumul
Taberei Park appreciated a very good progress compared to the
period before 1989.
The area of green space is considered sufficient by the
respondents from Herăstrău, Circul de Stat, and Al. I. Cuza
Parks (over 40%). However, more than 30% of respondents
from Al. I. Cuza Park, 40% from Herăstrău and Tineretului
Parks, and also 50% from Circul de Stat Park said that the area
occupied by green areas is insufficient for current needs of the
population. The respondents from Al I. Cuza Park and the
Tineretului Park answered that they have no idea about this
subject. In the case of Drumul Taberei Park, 70% of respondents
said that the green space is not enough for meet the needs of
residents (Figure 11).
According to the persons surveyed (Figure 12), is that the
Bucharest districts should have more parks and gardens (over
60% in Drumul Taberei Park, and more than 36.6% in the rest of
the parks), and also more green spaces in the residential areas
(over 30%, except the Drumul Taberei Park). Squares and street
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Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Figure 7. What activities do you prefer in this area?
Figure 8. What are the main risks for green spaces in your
sector, in your opinion?
Figure 9. What do you think about the maintenance of green
spaces from the sector where you live?
Figure 10. What do you think about the evolution of the area
occupied by green spaces in your neighborhood in the last 20
years, compared to the period before 1989?
Figure 11. Do you consider that the green space area from the
sector where you live is sufficient to meet the needs and
demands of the people?
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
8 5
alignments showed a higher proportion (≥10%) among those
interviewed in Tineretului and Drumul Taberei Parks.
Asked What do you think that the population can do to
reducing the destruction of green spaces? 50% of respondents
from the Circul de Stat Park underlines the importance of
keeping the public spaces clean, but also to react through the
petitions if the integrity of these areas is in danger.
Respondents from Al. I. Cuza Park agreed that people should
keep clean and preserve green spaces (≥40%), while only 6.6%
of them see useful any action of planting. Respondents from the
Tineretului Park underlines the need to involve the population to
avoid the destruction of green areas, first by maintaining all
spaces clean and also by petitions.
In the Drumul Taberei Park, over 20% of people suggest the
awareness and accountability of the population. There, 50%
responded that it no depends on the population or they
answered that they have no knowledge about this subject. To
avoid destruction of green spaces (Figure 13), respondents
suggest that people must keep the Herăstrău Park clean (40%),
in order to preserve the green areas (23.3%), but also to initiate
some actions such as planting new vegetation (20%).
Green spaces have a multifunctional role in land mana-
gement, having a very important role in how city people choose
to spend their free time. Green spaces from the urban areas
could be an alternative for leisure of the citizens, easily
accessible, in their neighborhood and arranged so as to satisfy
both the requirements of those who want to spend time actively
and for those who want to rest in a natural environment, creating
social unity between people who interact in recreational acti-
vities.
The way and time in which to use green spaces as
recreational spaces depends largely on free time of the people.
The free time depends also on the position that they have both
at work and in society, on their education, age, gender etc.
The daily free time of people is less and less, because of an
increasing working program. The way that the free time can be
used for leisure has suffered major changes compared to pre-
vious years. A big difference can be seen between the genders,
because on average, women dedicate more time to activities
like caring home and family (Roman, 2006), while men spend an
hour more to the work (Time use in Romania, 2013, the National
Institute of Statistics).
4. Conclusions
For the maintenance and rehabilitation of the parks and
green areas in Bucharest, are little or not at all involved the
professionals (architects, landscape architects, and agrono-
mists), plantations being made without a quality concept of
landscape in mind, in order to make the city more beautiful.
Many projects for gardening of the public green spaces are
made by external companies at high costs. For the urban trees,
the cuts are performed often without supervision of the spe-
cialists and an excessive grooming are practices. The excessive
grooming affects the vitality of the trees, the aesthetic of their
crown and not least, the quality of the urban environment. Poor
quality of the facilities for the public green spaces is a con-
sequence of the selection of projects, chosen under the lower
cost criteria and not based on quality.
The main problem in organizing recreational area in Bucha-
rest is the unequal distribution of these spaces. Arrangements
and endowments are not as developed throughout the city,
being several differences between landscaped recreation areas
in the northern Bucharest and the south, and also between
areas of the east with the west. Using recreational areas in
Bucharest mean to satisfy the desire of relaxation by using the
existing facilities. It is estimated that the townspeople attending
recreational areas in their neighborhood.
Thus, the questionnaire shows that most respondents
choose to go to the park or garden near their house, and most
often choose to go to the park several times a week. Majority of
respondents said that they prefer activities such as walking,
relaxing, meeting friends mainly after 4pm or 8pm hours.
Regarding the threats for the green spaces in Bucharest,
about all options allocated to this question showed high values.
The biggest threat, according to the residents surveyed, is the
construction of buildings, but also of commercial spaces. Ano-
ther one is related to the increasingly number of demand for
parking spaces and also the needs to storage various garbage
and waste.
The area occupied by green areas is considered insufficient
in most cases, people saying that they need more parks and
gardens, green spaces in residential areas, and sports.
The suggestions of the population for conservation and re-
ducing destruction aimed at preserving green spaces in their
cleanliness and the involvement through petitions when the
integrity of the green spaces is threatened.
Among the multiple functions that green spaces haves, but
also by the fact that green spaces allow the arrangement of
recreational facilities, their importance in Bucharest is very high.
But the real threat is the reduction of these areas in favor of
the concrete buildings for offices, residential areas, and
commercial spaces. This reduction has long-term effects, first on
physical and mental health of residents. Second, on the image
of the city, because any resident and tourist appreciates natural
and architectural arrangements and landscapes including urban
green spaces.
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Q U A L I T Y
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Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
Figure 12. What types of green spaces should be common in
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Figure 13. What do you think that the population can do to
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QUALITY MANAGEMENT
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[18] Use time in Romania, 2013 press release no. 307 of December 20, 2013, the National Institute of Statistics.
Q U A L I T Y
Access to Success
Vo l . 1 9 , N o . 1 6 6 / O c t o b e r 2 0 1 8
