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Non-invasive hemodynamic evaluation by Doppler echocardiography
Abstract and Figures
RESUMO A abordagem do doente hemodinamicamente instável constitui um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. A estabilização do doente deve ser rápida e eficaz, não existindo muita margem para erro. Esta estreita janela de intervenção faz com que seja necessário recorrer a métodos de avaliação hemodinâmica rápidos e precisos. A ecocardiografia constitui o método de eleição para a avaliação, à beira do leito, do doente em choque circulatório. De fato, foram os médicos intensivistas que cedo reconheceram as potencialidades do ecocardiograma com estudo Doppler para a abordagem inicial do doente em falência circulatória. O ecocardiograma permite uma avaliação cardíaca anatômica e funcional rápida, a qual pode incluir avaliação hemodinâmica não invasiva por meio do estudo Doppler. Tal estudo integrado pode fornecer dados de extrema importância para a compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes à instabilidade hemodinâmica do doente, permitindo a instituição célere das medidas terapêuticas apropriadas. No presente artigo, propomo-nos a descrever os achados ecocardiográficos mais relevantes em uma abordagem prática e dirigida ao doente crítico com instabilidade hemodinâmica.
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... In this context, echocardiography, either minimally invasive (transesophageal) or noninvasive (transthoracic), represents a valid alternative to thermodilution [12]. Te literature lacks consensus on the most efective method, and obtaining satisfactory results depends on the operator's experience in manually delimiting ventricular borders and correctly identifying cardiac structures during echocardiography [9,13,14]. ...
Introduction: Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic administered as a bolus or continuous infusion during anesthetic induction and maintenance. Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism with a rapid onset of action and short duration, which provides a smooth anesthetic induction without excitatory effects.
Objective: To evaluate whether the isolated use of propofol in anesthetic induction in dogs changes the hemodynamic variables assessed via echocardiography.
Study Design: Prospective clinical study.
Animals: Twelve healthy dogs.
Methods: The dogs were induced with propofol (dose/effect) at 3 mg/kg/minute, and echocardiographic evaluations were performed immediately before anesthetic induction (MB) and immediately after its interruption (MI), at the end of the supply of the anesthetic agent.
Results: A significant reduction was observed between the values of the following hemodynamic variables: Ejection Fraction (EF%), which varied from 70% to 65% (p=0.011) between moments, and the Doppler Ejection Index (DEI), which ranged from 27.1 mL/beat/m² to 22.4 mL/beat/m² (p=0.044). The heart rate (HR) and the other studied hemodynamic variables showed no significant differences between the evaluated moments.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Propofol was a safe anesthetic-inducing agent, maintaining stable hemodynamic indices during anesthetic induction at the used rate.
... Echocardiography, the fastest (approximately 5 minutes per animal) and least invasive imaging technique, records haemodynamic parameters in live animals. [82][83][84][85] We analysed cardiac function from sagittal views of the heart (Supplementary material online, Figure S2A), and through Doppler echocardiography were able to assess a range of features including the direction, amount, and velocity of blood flow (Figure 2A-D and Supplementary material online, Figure S2B-K, Table 5). Due to the intrinsic variability between individuals, the heart rate ranged from 58 to 143 beats per minute (bpm), with no statistically significant difference between the two genotypes ( Figure 2A). ...
Aims:
Mammalian models have been instrumental in investigating adult heart function and human disease. However, electrophysiological differences with human hearts and high costs motivate the need for non-mammalian models. The zebrafish is a well-established genetic model to study cardiovascular development and function; however, analysis of cardiovascular phenotypes in adult specimens is particularly challenging as they are opaque.
Methods and results:
Here, we optimized and combined multiple imaging techniques including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and micro-computed tomography to identify and analyze cardiovascular phenotypes in adult zebrafish. Using alk5a/tgfbr1a mutants as a case study, we observed morphological and functional cardiovascular defects that were undetected with conventional approaches. Correlation analysis of multiple parameters revealed an association between hemodynamic defects and structural alterations of the heart, as observed clinically.
Conclusion:
We report a new, comprehensive, and sensitive platform to identify otherwise indiscernible cardiovascular phenotypes in adult zebrafish.
Translational perspective:
This study further illustrates the importance of the zebrafish model to investigate cardiovascular phenotypes including morphological and functional alterations as observed in human disease settings.
... Echocardiography, the fastest (approximately 5 minutes per fish) and least invasive imaging technique, records hemodynamic parameters in live animals (Scherrer-Crosbie et al., 2008;Moran et al., 2013;Gaspar et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2018). We analyzed cardiac function from sagittal views of the heart ( Table 3). ...
Mammalian models have been instrumental to investigate adult heart function and human disease. However, electrophysiological differences with human hearts and high costs emphasize the need for additional models. The zebrafish is a well-established genetic model to study cardiac development and function; however, analysis of cardiac phenotypes in adult specimens is particularly challenging as they are opaque. Here, we optimized and combined multiple imaging techniques including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging and micro-computed tomography to identify and analyze cardiac phenotypes in adult zebrafish. Using alk5a/tgfbr1a mutants as a case study, we observed morphological and functional cardiac defects, which were undetected with conventional approaches. Correlation analysis of multiple parameters revealed an association between hemodynamic defects and structural alterations of the heart, as observed clinically. Thus, we report a comprehensive and sensitive platform to identify otherwise indiscernible cardiac phenotypes in adult zebrafish, a model with clear advantages to study cardiac function and disease.
Introducción: El choque séptico representa una de las principales causas de mortalidad debido a la disfunción multiorgánica, principalmente alteraciones cardiacas. Por ello, es fundamental el diagnóstico rápido y manejo terapéutico preciso por medio de la ecocardiografía que permite un correcto abordaje hemodinámico y estabilización en este tipo de pacientes. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 67 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial con tratamiento irregular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Presenta diagnóstico de choque séptico secundario a neumonía severa y cetoacidosis diabética moderada que ingresa a hospitalización para soporte hemodinámico debido a su cuadro clínico. Conclusiones: El abordaje hemodinámico en un paciente con choque séptico resulta clave para disminuir la mortalidad del mismo, para ello es fundamental conocer los mecanismos que originan la inestabilidad hemodinámica por medio de la ecocardiografía y posteriormente establecer las medidas terapéuticas adecuadas para controlar el cuadro.
Objective
to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale into Brazilian Portuguese.
Method
a methodological study carried out at the Clinical Hospital of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil, through the following stages: translation, synthesis, evaluation by the experts' committee, back-translation, consensus, semantic evaluation and pre-test. A sample of 188 adult patients was reached. Data collection took place between August and December 2020. Concurrent criterion validity was analyzed by comparing the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale with the Glasgow Coma Scale by means of Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficients; and predictive validity analysis was performed with Cox Regression, Sensitivity and Specificity and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. The Cronbach's alpha, weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation coefficients were also adopted for interobserver reliability.
Results
Spearman’s test for the motor and eye response items, respectively, resulted in 0.81 and 0.96, and Pearson's test for the total score was 0.97. A relative risk of 0.80, 95.5% specificity, 51.6% sensitivity and accuracy of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.688-0,905, p<0.001) were obtained. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, weighted Kappa varied from 0.89 to 1.0, and ICC resulted in 0.99.
Conclusion
the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale (Brazilian version), maintained four domains and the 20 items from the original scale, making it appropriate for use in Brazil and contributing to the assessment of the level of consciousness and prognosis of adult patients in severe conditions.
DESCRIPTORS:
Validation study; Psychometry; Nursing; Level of consciousness; Adult
Objective
to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale into Brazilian Portuguese.
Method
a methodological study carried out at the Clinical Hospital of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil, through the following stages: translation, synthesis, evaluation by the experts' committee, back-translation, consensus, semantic evaluation and pre-test. A sample of 188 adult patients was reached. Data collection took place between August and December 2020. Concurrent criterion validity was analyzed by comparing the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale with the Glasgow Coma Scale by means of Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficients; and predictive validity analysis was performed with Cox Regression, Sensitivity and Specificity and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. The Cronbach's alpha, weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation coefficients were also adopted for interobserver reliability.
Results
Spearman’s test for the motor and eye response items, respectively, resulted in 0.81 and 0.96, and Pearson's test for the total score was 0.97. A relative risk of 0.80, 95.5% specificity, 51.6% sensitivity and accuracy of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.688-0,905, p<0.001) were obtained. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, weighted Kappa varied from 0.89 to 1.0, and ICC resulted in 0.99.
Conclusion
the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness scale (Brazilian version), maintained four domains and the 20 items from the original scale, making it appropriate for use in Brazil and contributing to the assessment of the level of consciousness and prognosis of adult patients in severe conditions.
DESCRIPTORS:
Validation study; Psychometry; Nursing; Level of consciousness; Adult
Objective: In Brazil, there are no data on the preferences of intensivists regarding hemodynamic monitoring methods. The present study aimed to identify the methods used by national intensivists, the hemodynamic variables they consider important, the regional differences, the reasons for choosing a particular method, and the use of protocols and continued training.
Methods: National intensivists were invited to answer an electronic questionnaire during three intensive care events and later, through the Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira portal, between March and October 2009. Demographic data and aspects related to the respondent preferences regarding hemodynamic monitoring were researched.
Results: In total, 211 professionals answered the questionnaire. Private hospitals showed higher availability of resources for hemodynamic monitoring than did public institutions. The pulmonary artery catheter was considered the most trusted by 56.9%
INTRODUCTION
of the respondents, followed by echocardiograms, at 22.3%. Cardiac output was considered the most important variable. Other variables also considered relevant were mixed/central venous oxygen saturation, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume. Echocardiography was the most used method (64.5%), followed by pulmonary artery catheter (49.3%). Only half of respondents used treatment protocols, and 25% worked in continuing education programs in hemodynamic monitoring.
Conclusion: Hemodynamic monitoring has a greater availability in intensive care units of private institutions in Brazil. Echocardiography was the most used monitoring method, but the pulmonary artery catheter remains the most reliable. The implementation of treatment protocols and continuing education programs in hemodynamic monitoring in Brazil is still insufficient.
Introduction:
Echocardiographic indices based on respiratory variations of superior and inferior vena cavae diameters (ΔSVC and ΔIVC, respectively) have been proposed as predictors of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients, but they have never been compared simultaneously in the same patient sample. The aim of this study was to compare the predictive value of these echocardiographic indices when concomitantly recorded in mechanically ventilated septic patients.
Methods:
Septic shock patients requiring hemodynamic monitoring were prospectively enrolled over a 1-year period in a mixed medical surgical ICU of a university teaching hospital (Toulouse, France). All patients were mechanically ventilated. Predictive indices were obtained by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography and were calculated as follows: (Dmax - Dmin)/Dmax for ΔSVC and (Dmax - Dmin)/Dmin for ΔIVC, where Dmax and Dmin are the maximal and minimal diameters of SVC and IVC. Measurements were performed at baseline and after a 7-ml/kg volume expansion using a plasma expander. Patients were separated into responders (increase in cardiac index ≥15%) and nonresponders (increase in cardiac index <15%).
Results:
Among 44 included patients, 26 (59%) patients were responders (R). ΔSVC was significantly more accurate than ΔIVC in predicting fluid responsiveness. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for ΔSVC and ΔIVC regarding assessment of fluid responsiveness were significantly different (0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59 to 0.88) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.61), respectively (P = 0.012)). No significant correlation between ΔSVC and ΔIVC was found (r = 0.005, P = 0.98). The best threshold values for discriminating R from NR was 29% for ΔSVC, with 54% sensitivity and 89% specificity, and 21% for ΔIVC, with 38% sensitivity and 61% specificity.
Conclusions:
ΔSVC was better than ΔIVC in predicting fluid responsiveness in our cohort. It is worth noting that the sensitivity and specificity values of ΔSVC and ΔIVC for predicting fluid responsiveness were lower than those reported in the literature, highlighting the limits of using these indices in a heterogeneous sample of medical and surgical septic patients.
Background:
Myocardial dysfunction may contribute to circulatory failure in sepsis. There is growing evidence of an association between left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and mortality in septic patients. Utilizing echocardiography, we know that tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) variables e' and E/e' are reliable predictors of LVDD and are useful measurements to estimate left ventricular (LV) filling pressures.
Methods:
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association of e' and E/e' with mortality of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. In the primary analysis, we included studies providing transthoracic TDI data for e' and E/e' and their association with mortality. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to myocardial regional focus of TDI assessment (septal, lateral or averaged). Three secondary analyses were performed: one included data from a transoesophageal study, another excluded studies reporting data at a very early (<6 h) or late (>48 h) stage following diagnosis, and the third pooled data only from studies excluding patients with heart valve disease.
Results:
The primary analysis included 16 studies with 1507 patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock. A significant association was found between mortality and both lower e' [standard mean difference (SMD) 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05, 0.62; P=0.02] and higher E/e' (SMD -0.33; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.10; P=0.006). In the subgroup analyses, only the lateral TDI values showed significant association with mortality (lower e' SMD 0.45; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.78; P=0.009; higher E/e' SMD -0.49; 95% CI: -0.76, -0.22; P=0.0003). The findings of the primary analysis were confirmed by all secondary analyses.
Conclusions:
There is a strong association between both lower e' and higher E/e' and mortality in septic patients.
Purpose:
Lung ultrasound is an accurate and accessible tool to quantify lung edema. Furthermore, left ventricle filling pressures (LVFP) can be assessed with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) by the E/e' ratio (E/e'). The present study aimed to assess the correlation between E/e' and lung edema quantified by a simplified lung ultrasound score (LUS) in newly admitted septic patients.
Materials and methods:
In this prospective observational cohort, septic adult patients admitted at the emergency department of a tertiary hospital were included. LUS consisted of four different patterns of lung edema (from normal aeration to parenchymal consolidation). To compare lung edema with LVFP, E/e' was calculated immediately before or within 5min of fluid therapy.
Results:
Fifty patients were enrolled in 3months. The LUS correlated with E/e' (r=0.58, P<0.0001). The LUS also increased among E/e' quartiles (Q) (Q1: E/e'≤4.49; Q2: 4.49<E/e'≤5.49; Q3: 5.49<E/e'≤7.11; Q4: >7.11; P=0.0003 for Q1 and 4; 2 and 4); and LUS was significantly higher in abnormal (≥8) vs. normal (<8) values of E/e' (11.29 vs 8.49, P=0.007).
Conclusion:
In newly admitted septic patients, lung edema is positively correlated with LVFP prior to fluid therapy. This finding might help find future targets for fluid resuscitation in sepsis.
The assessment of left ventricular diastolic function is an important element of advanced critical care echocardiography. Standard methods of evaluating diastolic function that are routinely performed on an elective basis in the cardiology echocardiography laboratory may be difficult to apply in the critical care unit. In this article, we review methods of measuring diastolic function with echocardiography that are of relevance to the intensivist and present two options for measurement: the standard cardiology method and a simplified approach.
This review article describes two protocols adapted from lung ultrasound: the bedside lung ultrasound in emergency (BLUE)-protocol for the immediate diagnosis of acute respiratory failure and the fluid administration limited by lung sonography (FALLS)-protocol for the management of acute circulatory failure. These applications require the mastery of 10 signs indicating normal lung surface (bat sign, lung sliding, A-lines), pleural effusions (quad and sinusoid sign), lung consolidations (fractal and tissue-like sign), interstitial syndrome (lung rockets), and pneumothorax (stratosphere sign and the lung point). These signs have been assessed in adults, with diagnostic accuracies ranging from 90% to 100%, allowing consideration of ultrasound as a reasonable bedside gold standard. In the BLUE-protocol, profiles have been designed for the main diseases (pneumonia, congestive heart failure, COPD, asthma, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax), with an accuracy > 90%. In the FALLS-protocol, the change from A-lines to lung rockets appears at a threshold of 18 mm Hg of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, providing a direct biomarker of clinical volemia. The FALLS-protocol sequentially rules out obstructive, then cardiogenic, then hypovolemic shock for expediting the diagnosis of distributive (usually septic) shock. These applications can be done using simple grayscale machines and one microconvex probe suitable for the whole body. Lung ultrasound is a multifaceted tool also useful for decreasing radiation doses (of interest in neonates where the lung signatures are similar to those in adults), from ARDS to trauma management, and from ICUs to points of care. If done in suitable centers, training is the least of the limitations for making use of this kind of visual medicine.