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The Main Features of Nvivo Software and the Procedures of the Grounded Theory Methodology: How to Implement Studies Based on GT Using CAQDAS: New Trends on Qualitative Research
Abstract
The aim of the article is to introduce the reader to the possibilities offered by software supporting the analysis of qualitative data in research projects based on qualitative methods. The analysis is based on NVivo software and its functions. In this article we present the way in which the options of this program should be used to constitute an effective means to conduct research in accordance with the procedures of grounded theory methodology. The aim of the article is to introduce the reader to the possibilities offered by the software supporting the analysis of qualitative data in research projects based on qualitative methods.
... As explained in the literature (Besley & Roberts, 2010;Lindlof & Bryan, 2002), due to their professions the journalist interviewed were able to provide detailed outstanding qualitative data. The manually transcribed text of these oral history narrations was analyzed and coded using the computer assisted qualitative data analysis software NVivo (Bazeley & Jackson, 2013;Maher et al., 2018;Niedbalski & Ślęzak, 2019). The author herself carried out all the coding to avoid the inter-coder reliability issues. ...
Objective: Technological transformations have profoundly changed the journalism professions. These transformational processes have been experienced by journalists in a techno-cultural environment where their personal and collective memories were shaped. This study employs oral history as the data collection technique in order to explore the details of this techno-cultural change from the actor-network theory (ANT) perspective. Research methods: A sample of 28 senior Turkish journalists were interviewed about their experiences on the technological transformations in their professional life. The transcribed text from these narrations were qualitatively analyzed by NVivo. Results: Journalists agreed that their work was more satisfactory during their past career, and they had faced some difficulties in new forms of technical practices. They also remembered how they were able to tackle some unexpected technical problems by introducing creative inventions. They generally acknowledged the negative effects of technology on the job cuts. Cognitive value: Interviewees’ narrations display the details of the change in journalism professions.
... As a further means of decoding the results of data analysis, researchers may use chart models, diagrams, or graphs to perform thematic, content, or comparative analysis and analyze the associative relationships between one-way metrics, [31]. NVivo enables researchers to improve their analytical skills using specific applications, which becomes particularly important within the study context and its goals, [32]. ...
This study aimed to validate previous studies’ five core competencies of PMO Managers. It describes the competencies of effective PMO Managers as evidence of PMO practices in companies. Researchers obtained data sources from five members of PMO Professional Indonesia (PMOPI) focused on the financial industry. This study uses a qualitative research approach, collecting the data using structured interviews with selected respondents. Certified experts have validated and calculated the percentage of occurrence of each core competency and the PMO management function. A final analysis of the data is conducted using NVIVO Software. The study has produced a percentage of the emergence of PMO managers’ competencies, especially in the financial industry, to validate the five core competencies from previous studies by specific dimensions. The analysis results of this validation, with an inter’, ’rater percentage of 95,31%, indicated that the data analyzed had high accuracy. This study reveals that business mainframe is a competency often applied in the financial industry PMO. The findings are 26,83%, significantly different from the results of other competencies. The Technical & Professional Specialty is 10,87%, Effective Intersocial Competencies is 15,85%, Organizational Stewardship is 10,98%, and Effective Personal Competencies is 3,05%. This study has provided new insight into PMO manager competencies which are required for PMO managers to perform their work effectively. This set of competencies is required by organizations that see the need to develop PMO managers’ capabilities in managing their projects.
... The famous article about mission statements [31] is used as a kind of template, as it demonstrates how a new strategic communication tool can be introduced to the academic community. The automatic approaches of the content analysis [100][101][102][103][104] are not used in this study, as the analyzed statements were originally given in the Russian language and because they are too compressed and slogan-like to expect significant word overlap. ...
Strategic communication is essential to corporations in all industries, including agriculture. In this paper, the idea of corporate web positioning is developed using the example of agricultural corporations (agroholdings) in Russia. This idea reflects companies’ self-understanding communicated online to its customers, partners, competitors, broad public, and state. In our study, webpages of 50 Russian agroholdings were examined to judge their web positioning. The principal approach was qualitative identification of the common themes, which was followed by the analysis of the frequency of these themes. The content analysis of the webpages allowed identification of five general themes of corporate web positioning, namely customer satisfaction, national leadership, the company itself, business focus, and innovative technologies, and three supplementary themes such as natural/ecological products, healthy products, and own products (full-cycle production). It was established that customer satisfaction and national leadership are the most common general themes (two-thirds of all considered corporations). Our other finding was that the supplementary themes were registered for a third of the analyzed corporations. All themes matched the urgent aspects of the modern agriculture. Further interpretations show that the Russian peculiarities of the corporate web positioning in agriculture can be explained within the national socio-economical context. It is recommended that top managers of agroholdings should realize the already existing diversity of web positioning and try to explore new themes for effective strategic communication.
... We adopted a grounded theory perspective which, in an inductive reasoning manner, advocates the addition of new codes (themes) when needed (Glacer, 2004). Nvivo is quite useful for this grounded theory approach in coding qualitative data (Maher, et al., 2018;Niedbalski & Ślęzak, 2019). The second research question is about the main concepts used in the narrations and how they are related to each other. ...
By March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had reached Greece, forcing the Greek government to enforce lockdown for two months. While governmental measures included banning citizens' mobility, except for a six-bullets catalogue, the church was excluded, remaining open for its believers. That resulted in an official clash, having on the one side, the state and the scientists, while on the other was the official church. After the decline in the number of COVID-19 cases during the summer period, the governmental decision of enforcing the use of masks indoors triggered the rise of anti-systemic and anti-governmental rhetoric. Having the above in mind, we aim to apply a grounded theory methodology, drawing our data from two derivations: the official announcements of the church and the Greek government during the examined period; and the scientific approach to the Church's and anti-mask supporters stand. Consequently, our main research question attempts to answer how the anti-systemic rhetoric of Greek society has been transformed during the pandemic crisis.
Pre-print version of my chapter "The Greek White Power Music Scene: Feeding Extremism with Lyrics", been published in the Routledge Handbook of Non-Violent Extremism, edited by Elisa Orofino and William Allchorn. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032793
NVivo is a methodological tool in analyzing qualitative data. The software belongs to the genre of Computer-assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS). This qualitative case study aimed to explore the practices of NVivo adopters within the West Visayas State University (WVSU) System, Academic Year 2019-2020. A researcher-made and foreshadowed Focus Group Discussion (FGD), in-depth interview, and observation protocols were utilized to gather data from the participants. The conceptual analysis was done using NVivo 12 Plus, while the researcher did the analytic analysis. The study revealed that the WVSU NVivo adopters are generally tech-savvy and stationed in the research office. Their speed of using the software varies. The adopters vary in terms of using NVivo- some were fast learners, while others were slow. They regularly ask questions from the researcher-resource speaker, though the NVivo manual of operation was distributed to them. Seven (7) themes have emerged that may optimize NVivo’s functionalities in qualitative data analysis. These themes are requirements for improved coding practices, the need for enhanced visualization skills; the importance of the knowledge on the NVivo research cycle; qualities of NVivo adopters; motivation in using NVivo; and practices for practical qualitative data analysis using NVivo. It is thus concluded that there is a need for WVSU administration to consider several mechanisms to improve the use of CAQDAS, specifically NVivo, in qualitative data analysis.
In the urban complex system, historic buildings can no longer focus on the original use, proposing a new reuse approach is inevitable to adapt the needs of urban development, which involves the tangible and intangible factors like spatial environment, economic policy and numerous interest groups. The paper aims to establish an evaluation method and propose the adaptive reuse strategies for historic buildings based on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Firstly, a CAS framework of historic buildings is constructed based on the analysis based on CAS theory, which guided the evaluation factor selection by using the literature review and mutli-agent discussion. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to construct the adaptability evaluation index, and evaluation rules are determined using comprehensive evaluation method. Then, the structural equation model (SEM) is used to reveal the adaptability mechanism, thus proposing the suitable reuse strategies by adaptability category classification. Finally, 32 historic buildings are taking as evaluation samples to calculate the adaptability evaluation results. The results obtain revealed that 62.5% of the historic buildings have moderate or poor adaptability, which are mainly affected by the impacts of consciousness and the activities of multiple agents. The 32 historic buildings are divided into three categories at a proportion of 9:11:12 to propose adaptive reuse strategies. The establishment of the adaptability evaluation system can find out the main problems of historic building reuse, and provide a scientific decision-making basis for multiple agents to improve the adaptability of historic buildings in a complex urban context.
The purpose of the article is to show how computer aided qualitative data analysis tools can be utilized in research practice. Based on the example of a particular research project, I make an attempt to describe how studies are performed pursuant to the procedures of the grounded theory methodology, using NVivo software. This is a presentation of a workshop of a qualitative researcher who uses computer software to aid the research process on a daily basis. At the same time, I stress the existing improvements, but also the consequences and potential difficulties related to the application of computer software in qualitative research. The article is of a review and educational character, and it is intended to familiarize the reader with the possibilities of a tool belonging to CAQDAS and its real application in carrying out a research project based on a selected research method.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie możliwości oraz ograniczeń programów typu CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) w zakresie realizacji badań jakościowych. Nasze rozważania opieramy na osobistych doświadczeniach zdobytych podczas realizacji badań prowadzonych zgodnie z zasadami metodologii teorii ugruntowanej (MTU) i z wykorzystaniem programu NVivo w wersji 8. W artykule rozważamy problem wpływu nowoczesnego oprogramowania CAQDAS reprezentowanego przez program NVivo 8 na sposób organizowania i realizacji badań jakościowych, prowadzonych zgodnie z procedurami TU. Prezentujemy także najważniejsze – naszym zdaniem – funkcje dostępne w programie NVivo 8 i wskazujemy ich aplikacyjny charakter w badaniach opartych na metodologii teorii ugruntowanej.
We still know relatively little about how researchers use qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) such as ATLAS.ti and NVivo. We conducted a discourse analysis of 763 empirical articles published from 1994 to 2013 that explored the language used by researchers when reporting QDAS use. We found that most researchers provided few details of their QDAS use beyond naming the program, but the detailed accounts provided by some authors provided valuable insights into the ways that QDAS programs can be used to support data analysis and the reporting of research outcomes. We conclude with suggestions for best practices in reporting QDAS use. We encourage researchers to provide more detail about their program usage, e.g. by choosing active rather than passive voice to avoid attributing agency to the software, defining specialized QDAS terminology to prevent confusion, and avoiding unsubstantiated claims of a relationship between QDAS use and improved quality.
Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) programs are well-established research tools, but little is known about how researchers use them. This article reports the results of a content analysis of 763 empirical articles, published in the Scopus database between 1994 and 2013, which explored how researchers use the ATLAS.ti™ and NVivo™ QDAS programs.* The analysis specifically investigated who is using these tools (in terms of subject discipline and author country of origin), and how they are being used to support research (in terms of type of data, type of study, and phase of the research process that QDAS were used to support). The study found that the number of articles reporting QDAS is increasing each year, and that the majority of studies using ATLAS.ti™ and NVivo™ were published in health sciences journals by authors from the United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands, Canada, and Australia. Researchers used QDAS to support a variety of research designs and most commonly used the programs to support analyses of data gathered through interviews, focus groups, documents, field notes, and open-ended survey questions. Although QDAS can support multiple phases of the research process, the study found the vast majority of researchers are using it for data management and analysis, with fewer using it for data collection/creation or to visually display their methods and findings. This article concludes with some discussion of the extent to which QDAS users appear to have leveraged the potential of these programs to support new approaches to research.
For a long time, electronic data analysis has been associated with quantitative methods. However, Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) are increasingly being developed. Although the CAQDAS has been there for decades, very few qualitative health researchers report using it. This may be due to the difficulties that one has to go through to master the software and the misconceptions that are associated with using CAQDAS. While the issue of mastering CAQDAS has received ample attention, little has been done to address the misconceptions associated with CAQDAS. In this paper, the author reflects on his experience of interacting with one of the popular CAQDAS (NVivo) in order to provide evidence-based implications of using the software. The key message is that unlike statistical software, the main function of CAQDAS is not to analyse data but rather to aid the analysis process, which the researcher must always remain in control of. In other words, researchers must equally know that no software can analyse qualitative data. CAQDAS are basically data management packages, which support the researcher during analysis.
This article offers a step-by-step description of how qualitative data analysis software can be used for a qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles. Using NVivo as an example, it illustrates how software tools can facilitate analytical flexibility and how they can enhance transparency and trustworthiness of the qualitative research process. Following a brief discussion of the key characteristics, advantages and limitations of qualitative data analysis software, the article describes a qualitative content analysis of 230 newspaper articles, conducted to determine international media perceptions of New Zealand's environmental performance in connection with climate change and carbon emissions. The article proposes a multi-level coding approach during the analysis of news texts that combines quantitative and qualitative elements, allowing the researcher to move back and forth in coding and between analytical levels. The article concludes that while qualitative data analysis software, such as NVivo, will not do the analysis for the researcher, it can make the analytical process more flexible, transparent and ultimately more trustworthy.
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs150283
Qualitative research is a heterogeneous field comprised of different and sometimes competing analytical strategies. A growing number of researchers use computer programs to assist in the analysis of qualitative data. Some analytical tasks are common ground and will be performed by most researchers regardless of their methodological approach.
Software vendors try to accommodate an increasing demand for common and specific analytical needs and include an ever growing number of features in their products. Depending on the methodological point of departure, some functions provided in the current generation of CAQDAS packages may appear controversial because they invite the user to exceed the limits for the conclusions which can be drawn from qualitative analysis.
In this article the limits for drawing conclusions from qualitative data are discussed from a social constructivist, discourse analytical perspective. This is described with the concept of qualitative syllogism logic. Some tools provided by CAQDAS packages are used in most qualitative methodological frameworks. These are discussed before two CAQDAS packages, NVivo 8 and MAXQDA 10, are compared with regard to how intuitively they provide these basic tools along with those that appear controversial because they exceed the limits of qualitative syllogism logic.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101218
The purpose of this study is to compare two different Computer Assisted Qualitative Data AnalysiS (CAQDAS) packages (NVivo and MAXQDA) on a specific aspect. The same data from an auto-photographic study is analyzed using the same approach to make the comparison. The comparison is not based on a data oriented evaluation, but the methodological approach used constitutes the basis for the evaluation. The criteria for the evaluation of these tools are: closeness to the data, ease of coding and memoing, and the interrelationship among the data, code and the memo which were derived from the methodological approach. The first level coding process was accomplished using Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) with two different CAQDAS packages. As for the result, in the GTM interpretation is crucial and MAXQDA supports the interpretive style better than NVivo.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101345
This paper is based on a project created for the KWALON conference in April, 2010. Due to time constraints and the lack of research experience of some of the people working on the project, we took a team based approach to develop the analysis, and focused on descriptive coding.
This paper addresses both the items for reflection in the "instructions for developers" and the research question posed. Though the analysis of the data was done using software which enabled more to be done than would otherwise have been the case, it is argued that the results obtained are influenced by the researchers themselves, and factors such as the time available, rather than the software itself.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1101234
Aims and objectives:
The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis was to explore the experiences and perceptions of health care staff caring for people with dementia in the acute setting. This paper focuses on the methodological process of conducting framework synthesis using NVivo for each stage of the review: screening, data extraction, synthesis and critical appraisal.
Background:
Qualitative evidence synthesis brings together many research findings in a meaningful way that can be used to guide practice and policy development. For this purpose, synthesis must be conducted in a comprehensive and rigorous way. There has been previous discussion on how using NVivo can assist in enhancing and illustrate the rigorous processes involved.
Design:
Qualitative Framework Synthesis.
Methods:
Twelve documents, or research reports, based on nine studies, were included for synthesis.
Conclusion:
The benefits of using NVivo are outlined in terms of facilitating teams of researchers to systematically and rigorously synthesise findings. NVivo functions were used to conduct a sensitivity analysis. Some valuable lessons were learned and these are presented to assist and guide researchers who wish to use similar methods in future.
Relevance for practice:
Ultimately, good qualitative evidence synthesis will provide practitioners and policy makers with significant information that will guide decision making on many aspects of clinical practice. The example provided explored how people with dementia are cared for acute settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The most common question from novices regarding the use of software in qualitative research is “which program should I use?” when they would be better served by asking “what analytical tasks will I be engaged in, and what are the different ways I can leverage technology to do them well?” In this chapter, we first provide an overview of tasks involved in analyzing qualitative data, with a focus on increasingly complex projects, before we turn to the software meant to support these tasks. One genre of software, known as Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS or QDA software), is specifically designed to support qualitative research, as opposed to tools primarily used for the collection of data (such as audio or video recorders), or presentation of findings (such as presentation or modeling software). We briefly review the historical development of QDA software—including associated methodological questions and issues—before identifying the increasingly diverse array of expected features and functions in most of the current software programs. We then summarize the “user experience” literature and subsequently discuss the boundaries between cadres of qualitative researchers who do use software, and those who do not. Finally, we address potential directions as these programs are being influenced by Web 2.0 developments.
This paper discusses the challenges of how to provide a transparent account of the use of the software programme QSR*NVIVO (QSR 2000) within a Grounded Theory framework (Glaser and Strauss 1967; Strauss and Corbin 1998). Psychology students are increasingly pursuing qualitative research projects such to the extent that the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) advise that students should have skill in the use of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) (Economic and Social Research Council 2001). Unlike quantitative studies, rigid formulae do not exist for writing-up qualitative projects for doctoral theses. Most authors, however, agree that transparency is essential when communicating the findings of qualitative research. Sparkes (2001) recommends that evaluative criteria for qualitative research should be commensurable with the aims, objectives, and epistemological assumptions of the research project. Likewise, the use of CAQDAS should vary according to the research methodology followed, and thus researchers should include a discussion of how CAQDAS was used. This paper describes how the evolving process of coding data, writing memos, categorising, and theorising were integrated into the written thesis. The structure of the written document is described including considerations about restructuring and the difficulties of writing about an iterative process within a linear document.
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