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Redes de interação entre grupos de pesquisa e organizações: uma análise longitudinal para o sistema de inovação em saúde do Rio Grande do Sul
The concern about the link between the STI and the health necessities of the population has had a long history in Brazil (Morel 1994). On the first decade of the 21st century, the country has been through an active period in terms of the promotion of the STI policies within the health system and the area has been renowned for its ability of systemic articulation (Gadelha et al., 2012; Szapiro, Vargas & Cassiolato 2016). The objective of this article is to approach one of the dimensions of this process by studying the knowledge production dynamics with application in the health area in the period 2000-2014. For this purpose, the interaction networks within projects of group research leaders with application in human health is analyzed. The analysis of networks focuses on the evolution of the institutional, territorial, knowledge disciplines and financial interactions. The paper defines the interactions within the perspectives of the National Innovations System (NIS), Knowledge and Innovation for Social Inclusion (KISI) and some new approaches on the social impact of STI. The empirical base for the analysis comes from the Lattes Platform, where data from 12,209 researchers and 108,035 projects has been retrieved and processed. Specifically, when analyzing networks in research projects, it is interesting to understand what the interactions can tell us about the link of the science and technology subsystem with the health system. In order to accomplish this goal, we are proposing to explore the interactions from diverse cuts from the analysis unit. This will allow those actors and institutions more directly linked to the health system and its necessities, to emerge. Apart from discussing the results, this work reflects on the operationalization of the interactions, the available data sources, their limitations and their potential.
O artigo analisa o papel dos serviços hospitalares na dinâmica de inovação em saúde, considerando-os como força motriz do processo de inovação no Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde. Além disso, enfatiza-se a potencialidade desses serviços em articular virtuosamente as dimensões socioeconômicas do desenvolvimento. Utilizando-se do arcabouço da economia política da saúde, propõem-se aportes para o desenvolvimento de uma base analítica e de novos modelos de análise estratégica das condições institucionais, tecnológicas e de gestão hospitalar, bem como de suas inter-relações no complexo produtivo da saúde. O artigo objetiva, dessa forma, aprofundar a compreensão sobre a dinâmica de inovação a partir dessas organizações.
The process of knowledge production exhibits a very distinctive geography. This article argues that this geography is fundamental, not incidental, to the innovation process itself: that one simply cannot understand innovation properly if one does not appreciate the central role of spatial proximity and concentration in this process. The goal of this article is to demonstrate why this is true, and to examine how innovation systems at the subnational scale play a key part in producing and reproducing this uneven geography over time. This article addresses four key issues. First, it looks at the reason why location matters when it comes to innovative activity. Second, it turns to examine regional innovation systems, and the role played by them in generating and circulating new knowledge leading to innovation. Third, the article considers the relationship between regional systems of innovation and institutional frameworks at the national level. Finally, the relationship between local and global knowledge flows is examined.
Cluster development programs (CDPs) have been adopted widely in many countries worldwide. Many such programs aim to promote economic development by forming and strengthening inter-organizational networks. Despite their widespread diffusion, we know very little about CDP outputs or the impact CDPs have on host regions and their populations. Evaluation studies are beginning to appear, but the overall concern is that a distinct evaluation concept and method with a focus on CDPs is not yet available. The objective of this paper is to address this limitation, by proposing a novel methodological approach in the evaluation of CDPs based on the application of concepts and methods of social network analysis (SNA).
This paper discusses the biomedical innovation system. This sectoral system is an intersection between the innovation system and the welfare institutions. The innova- tive dynamics in the health sector has various distinctive characteristics, specially the importance of the universities and academic research for the biomedical innovations. The specificity of health care as an economic activity explains the role of institutions in this sector. Institutions and regulation shape the direction of technological progress, influencing the economic, industrial and social performance of the whole health sector.
The authors develop the concept of regional systems of innovation and relate it to preexisting research on national systems of innovation. They argue that work conducted in the 'new regional science' field is complementary to systems of innovation approaches. They seek to link new regional work to evolutionary economics, and argue for the development of evolutionary regional science. Common elements of interest to evolutionary innovation research and new regional science are important in understanding processes of agglomeration, trust building, innovation, institutions, and learning in regional systems. The authors develop analytical frameworks for designating regional systems of innovation in terms of distinction between institutions and organisations, hard and soft infrastructures, and the cultural superstructure. They conclude that an evolutionary approach assists understanding of regional potential for developing systemic innovation. Introduction In this paper we explore the case for regional systems of innovation (RSIs). We aim to unify important elements of recent research in what may be termed 'the new regional science' (for example, see Amin and Thrift,. Although this work contains considerable variety, it also shares numerous complementarities. Amongst the more prominent of these are: a stress upon the recent rise in importance of regions as foci for global economic competitiveness on the part of firms; an emphasis upon the importance of the institutional setting of norms, routines, and conventions concerning the organisa-tional-support infrastructure for regional economic competitiveness; a recognition of informal networks as well as more formal organisations as mechanisms for sustaining high-trust relationships which can be used to minimise transaction costs amongst firms: a reevaluation of the importance of geographical proximity or agglomeration charac-teristics, for facilitating innovative tacit-knowledge exchange and other externalities; and a recognition of the importance of an institutional and organisational learning propensity to regional economic performance. This version of a cultural turn in economic geography resonates well with two other strong theoretical and programmatic trends beyond the present confines of regional science. The first concerns the coalescence of neoinstitutional and neo-Schumpeterian economic theory to form a distinctive evolutionary economic theory. Bringing together work from such diverse proponents of neoinstitutionalism as North (1993) and Hodgson (1988)—one with a strong neoclassical economic heritage, the other journeying from Marxism towards evolutionism—and neo-Schumpeterians such as Nelson and Winter (1982), Freeman (1987), and Rosenberg (1976)—a new heterodoxy has been established.
ASHEIM B. T., LAWTON SMITH H. and OUGHTON C. Regional innovation systems: theory, empirics and policy, Regional Studies. Interest in regional innovation systems has grown significantly over the past three decades driven partly by advances in theoretical analysis, partly by the growing interest in innovation as a source of competitive advantage, and partly by the need for new policies to address regional inequalities and divergence. This article explores the elements and characteristics that exemplify the regional innovation systems approach. It provides an appraisal and synthesis of the regional innovation systems paradigm and aims to shed light on a number of areas where theoretical, empirical and policy-based questions remain unanswered. It outlines and assesses the major strands in recent theoretical and empirical debates and discusses how they might be developed to contribute to the further advancement of the regional innovation systems literature. Three interrelated questions form the key themes around which the article is structured. The first concerns the very nature of the system itself. The second concerns the boundaries of industrial districts, clusters and regional innovation systems, and the role of cognitive frontiers, knowledge transfer and learning. The third relates to the central role of knowledge and learning in clusters and regional innovation systems and in particular to the role and functioning of the labour market. These three cross-cutting themes separately and collectively provide new theoretical, empirical and policy insights; they also raise other questions which are intended to stimulate much future research.
This article draws on a notion of the hospital as a complex service provider and healthcare system hub in order to examine the question of innovation in hospitals. It puts forward a relatively simple framework for analysing hospital output, in which the medical function is incorporated into a complex system of other constituent services that make use of different types of technologies. This analytical framework is used to reveal the multiple sources of innovation and the main organising principles driving innovation within hospitals.
This paper conjectures about a disconnection between the scientific and the technological dimensions of the Brazilian health innovation system. Statistics of patents and scientific papers are used in the investigation of this conjecture. The international position of Brazil in regard to the health innovation system is identified. The disconnection between the scientific and technological productions in Brazil is investigated at the regional level. Deficits in the sectoral trade balance and the high percentage of health-related non-resident patents seem to be associated with the disconnection conjectured throughout this paper.
This paper aims to improve the understanding of the role of hospitals in the generation of innovations. It presents a systematic and critical review of the interdisciplinary literature that addresses the links between the activities of hospitals and medical innovation. It identifies three major research streams: studies of the contribution of medical research and clinical staff to innovation, analyses of novel practices developed and diffused in hospitals, and evolutionary studies of technical change in the context of human health care. This is a highly heterogeneous body of literature, in which comprehensive theoretical frameworks are rare, and empirical studies have tended to focus on a narrow range of hospitals’ innovation activities. The paper introduces and discusses a framework integrating different perspectives that can be used to analyze the functions performed by hospitals at the intersection with different partners in the health innovation system and at different stages of innovation trajectories. On the basis of current gaps in the literature, a research agenda is discussed for a relational and co-evolutionary approach to the study of hospitals as innovators.
Contemporary research hospitals occupy a vexed position in the policy landscape. On the one hand, as healthcare providers, they must abide by the logic of healthcare policy, which expects health research to support improved health outcomes and high quality healthcare systems. On the other hand, as research facilities, they are beholden to the logic of innovation policy, which seeks to advance research-driven, science and technology-derived innovations, where industry is the key customer and client. At the intersection of these policy logics, the research hospital must orchestrate a range of interests that may not always coexist harmoniously. Through a detailed case study of a Canadian research hospital, we illustrate organizational efforts to hybridize healthcare and innovation logics. The need to be more ‘business like’ and the expected financial and reputational rewards encourage acceptance of a mandate for technology transfer and commercialization. As well, there is hope that the entrepreneurial turn can serve the hospital's own mission, by prioritizing the needs of patients and the organization itself as a user of its own innovations. Further, insofar as successful technology transfer and commercialization is a transformative force, it is expected to enable the research hospital to achieve its goal of translational and impactful health research. As we illustrate, there is much optimism that these hybridizing efforts will produce a successful cross. Yet the trajectory of change in the context of mixed logics is necessarily uncertain, and other hybrid futures cannot be foreclosed. More sterile or monstrous outcomes remain possible, with potentially significant implications for the intellectual, economic and health benefits that will arise as a result.
The conventional wisdom regarding the source of progress in medical practice highlights the role of basic scientific research into the nature of disease pathologies. This perspective neglects the important role of two other sources of progress in medicine. One is the advance of technologies that have enabled the development of new modalities of treatment and diagnosis. The other is learning in clinical practice. In many cases the advance of treatment has involved the interaction of all three of these pathways to progress.
This article examines the roles of universities in industrial-economy national innovation systems, the complex institutional landscapes that influence the creation, development, and dissemination of innovations. The inclusion of a article on university research in a volume on innovation is itself an innovation-it is likely that a similar handbook published two decades ago would have devoted far less attention to the role of universities in industrial innovation. But scholarship on the role of universities in the innovation process, as opposed to their role in basic research, has grown rapidly since 1970. One important theme in this research is the reconceptualization of universities as important institutional actors in national and regional systems of innovation. Rather than "ivory towers" devoted to the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, a growing number of industrial-economy and developingeconomy governments seek to use universities as instruments for knowledge-based economic development and change.
introduction to social networks, interesting the centrality chapter.
In this article we propose that medical practice evolves as a result of progress along three different pathways: improvement in the ability to develop effective medical technologies, learning in medical practice, and advances in biomedical scientific understanding of disease. The relative importance of these three pathways varies from case to case, and often they interact strongly. More specifically, we argue here that in cases of therapeutic innovation where a new medical technology is involved the advance in medical practice is driven largely by the ability to develop and use effective medical artifacts and the interactive sequence among these interdependent pathways often starts with what is learned in practice and not in science. While we state this argument in general, we develop it in detail in a longitudinal and contextual case study of the emergence and evolution of a treatment for advanced heart failure based on an implantable device, the Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD). Our findings show that an essential aspect of the evolution of the LVAD therapy is collective and cumulative learning that requires experience that only can be gained through the actual use of LVADs. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications that follow from our understanding of how medical practice evolves for research on the evolution of medical practices and new medical technologies, and policies about the evaluation of rapidly moving medical practices and clinical research involved in their advancement.
Innovative companies invest in R&D activities aiming at the generation of innovation and the development of its absorptive
capacity. The world’s R&D average expenditure in the pharmaceutical sector is of about 15%. In Brazil, it is only 1.27%, considering
internal (0.72%) and external R&D (0.55%) investments. Most of the funds invested in external R&D were disbursed in collaboration
with universities and research institutes. However, the reasons for this cooperation are not very clear in Brazil. The paper
intends to study the Brazilian data of pharmaceutical companies and to compare the data of companies and research groups contained
in the Research Groups Directory of CNPq with the Yale and the Carnegie Mellon Surveys in order to analyze the role of the university in the generation of innovation
in the pharmaceutical system of innovation in Brazil and the specificities of the industry-university cooperation in the country.
The results demonstrate that the university is one of the main partners of the pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, the field
of science in which university research is important to industrial development are very similar.
Literature on the economics of science and technology (S&T) suggests not only that technological innovation demands the expansion of the institutional borders between universities, research institutes, industrial companies and the financial system, but also that science leads as well as follows technology. Medical innovation in particular is very dependent on scientific research, which represents a source of information that impels the productive sector. The latter introduces a series of questions that motivate the researchers in their attempt to understand how the human body reacts to certain products and therapies. This paper analyses the pattern of S&T interaction for both the national system of innovation (NSI) and the health innovation system. The panel data and simultaneous equations models analyze the interaction between S&T. The theory about the existence of a mutual dependence between them has been confirmed, which means that science moves technology and technology also influences scientific development. The estimated models, which use data from scientific papers and patents as proxies of science and technology, represent just the tip of the iceberg called NSI, known as a multifaceted and complex institutional arrangement.
The procedures and the nature of “technologies” are suggested to be broadly similar to those which characterize “science”. In particular, there appear to be “technological paradigms” (or research programmes) performing a similar role to “scientific paradigms” (or research programmes). The model tries to account for both continuous changes and discontinuities in technological innovation. Continuous changes are often related to progress along a technological trajectory defined by a technological paradigm, while discontinuities are associated with the emergence of a new paradigm. One-directional explanations of the innovative process, and in particular those assuming “the market” as the prime mover, are inadequate to explain the emergence of new technological paradigms. The origin of the latter stems from the interplay between scientific advances, economic factors, institutional variables, and unsolved difficulties on established technological paths. The model tries to establish a sufficiently general framework which accounts for all these factors and to define the process of selection of new technological paradigms among a greater set of notionally possible ones.The history of a technology is contextual to the history of the industrial structures associated with that technology. The emergence of a new paradigm is often related to new “schumpeterian” companies, while its establishment often shows also a process of oligopolistic stabilization.
The purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in Britain since 1945. Most technological knowledge turns out not to be “information” that is generally applicable and easily reproducible, but specific to firms and applications, cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction. Innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals, are relatively big, and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector, but relatively few outside. Firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised, and they exist in symbiosis with large firms, in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles, who make a significant contribution to their own process technology. In textile firms, on the other hand. most process innovations come from suppliers.These characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms: (1) supplier dominated; (2) production intensive; (3) science based. They can be explained by sources of technology, requirements of users, and possibilities for appropriation. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change, firms' diversification behaviour, the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure, and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm. the region and the country.
Contrary to some recent work on so-called 'globalization,' this paper argues that national and regional systems of innovation remain an essential domain of economic analysis. Their importance derives from the networks of relationships that are necessary for any firm to innovate. While external international connections are certainly of growing importance, the influence of the national education system, industrial relations, technical and scientific institutions, government policies, cultural traditions and many other national institutions is fundamental. The historical examples of Germany, Japan, and the former U.S.S.R. illustrate this point, as well as the more recent contrast between East Asian and Latin American countries. (c) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.
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