No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species
... Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) sensu lato includes about 150 species worldwide, with its centre of diversity in Madagascar (Smith & Figueiredo 2018. Kalanchoe is the fourth species-rich genus in Crassulaceae after Sedum L. (463 spp.), Crassula L. (205 spp.), and Echeveria DC. (197 spp.) (POWO 2022). ...
... Scientific surveys between 2014 and 2018, as a part of documenting the flowering plant diversity of Mathikettan Shola National Park, resulted in collecting a few specimens of Kalanchoe. Detailed studies in consultation with type/protologue of the related species and relevant literature (Wight 1846;Cooke 1903;Hamet 1907;Gamble 1919;Boiteau 1947;Gandhi 1976;Srinivasan 1983;Rao 1984;Godbole & Das 2000;Descoings 2003Descoings , 2006Chernetskyy 2011;Singh & al. 2011;Sasidharan 2012;Chorghe & al. 2017;Smith & Figueiredo 2018Nandikar & al. 2019) revealed that the collected specimens represent a hitherto undescribed species, which is established here as new to science. ...
A new species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae), K. dineshii Syam Radh & Nampy, is described and illustrated. The new species occurs in the Mathikettan Shola National Park in southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, and it is only known from the Idukki district. It is morphologically most similar to K. bhidei, but distinguished from the latter by its small stature (30-40 cm high), obovate to obtrullate sessile leaves adnate to stem in the basal ¼th, and widely ovate calyx lobes. Information is also given on the distribution, habitat, phenology, and conservation status of the new taxon.
... and Kitchingia Baker was not clear (Baldwin, 1938). With advances in molecular technology, the taxonomical status of Kalanchoe has been revisited, and progress has been made in this area in recent years (Van Ham and Hart, 1998;Gehrig et al., 2001;Gontcharova and Gontcharov, 2009;Chernetskyy, 2013;Smith and Figueiredo, 2018). However, most of the work focused on just a few molecular markers, such as rbcL (14 species) and matK (12 species). ...
... K. tomentosa and K. longiflora are both placed in the Kalanchoe clade (Gehrig et al., 2001) even though they demonstrate different leaf and stem morphologies. K. daigremontiana, K. pinnata, K. fedtschenkoi, and K. delagoensis, which were formerly classified as Bryophyllum (Smith and Figueiredo, 2018), are now present in the Kalanchoe clade (Figures 6A,B). Being different from the ITS analysis (Gehrig et al., 2001), a closer phylogenetic relationship can be referred to between K. daigremontiana and K. fedtschenkoi, and both of them have sessile leaves and toothed apex (Baldwin, 1938). ...
Many species of the genus Kalanchoe are important horticultural plants. They have evolved the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway to allow them to be better adapted to dry environments. Despite their importance, it is still debating whether Kalanchoe is monophyletic, and understanding the past diversification of this genus requires a tremendous amount of effort and work being devoted to the studies of morphological and molecular characters of this genus. However, molecular information, plastic sequence data, in particular, reported on Kalanchoe species is scarce, and this has posed a great challenge in trying to interpret the evolutionary history of this genus. In this study, plastomes of the five Kalanchoe species, including Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Kalanchoe delagoensis, Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi, Kalanchoe longiflora, and Kalanchoe pinnata, were sequenced and analyzed. The results indicate that the five plastomes are comparable in size, guanine-cytosine (GC) contents and the number of genes, which also demonstrate an insignificant difference in comparison with other species from the family Crassulaceae. About 224 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 144 long repeats were identified in the five plastomes, and most of these are distributed in the inverted repeat regions. In addition, highly divergent regions containing either single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or insertion or deletion (InDel) mutations are discovered, which could be potentially used for establishing phylogenetic relationships among members of the Kalanchoe genus in future studies. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses suggest that Bryophyllum should be placed into one single genus as Kalanchoe. Further genomic analyses also reveal that several genes are undergone positive selection. Among them, 11 genes are involved in important cellular processes, such as cell survival, electron transfer, and may have played indispensable roles in the adaptive evolution of Kalanchoe to dry environments.
... Koorders and Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Baker) Gideon F. Sm. & Figueiredo, both endemic to Madagascar (Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). ...
... Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe includes species that share the following characters: plants annual or perennial, herbaceous or woody-arborescent, calyx unfused for most of its length with a short to indistinct tube, sepal segments often free, usually adpressed to the corolla tube, filaments inserted ± above the middle of the corolla tube, rarely below, flowers typically erect, rarely omni-directional or pendent, leaves and inflorescences never bulbiliferous, carpels convergent, usually much longer than the styles, scales elongated to linear, with a length/width ratio usually > 3, anthers included in corolla-tube or very slightly exserted, often dressed with a ± spherical connective gland on the anthers (Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau, 1995;Descoings, 2003;Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). ...
A new species of small, rosulate and upright-flowered Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) from northeastern Madagascar
is described and illustrated: Kalanchoe darainensis D.-P. Klein & Callm. Morphologically, Kalanchoe darainensis is most
similar to Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. and Kalanchoe globulifera H. Perrier which are known from the northwestern
Tsaratanana Massif, c. 100 km southwest of Daraina. Detailed notes on the habitat and ecology of Kalanchoe darainensis
are provided, as well as a short taxonomical overview of allied species of the Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe from Madagascar,
including an identification key to those species. Despite its restricted distribution in the protected Antsahabe massif, the
new species is preliminary assessed as “Least concern” [LC] using the IUCN Red List Criteria.
... Fruit follicles and seeds are small (Fig. 1C). These morphologies were partially supportive with results reported by Smith et al., 2020. Flowering and fruiting-November-March Habitat: Arid regions, planted in gardens that receive direct sunshine. ...
The best-known species of the succulents family Crassulaceae in Bangladesh are Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Kalanchoe daigremonitnum, Kalanchoe heterophylla, Kalanchoe laciniata and Kalanchoe pinnata during the period January, 2019 to March, 2020. But this is the first time that two new species named K. delagoensis and K. gastonis-bonnieri were reported from Bangladesh in this study.Viviparous plantlets formation along the leaf margin is the remarkable feature of these new two species along with formerly reported species K. pinnata. The abundance of K. pinnata among the five species of this genus was the highest (53%), while K. gastonis-bonnieri was the lowest (3%). The experimented five species were used to treat 9 human ailments named cough and cold, cuts and wounds, stomach disorder, kidney and gall bladder stones, jaundice, high blood pressure, skin burning, headache, and eye pain. The citation frequency of all the species except K. laciniata ranged from 2% to 100% in contrast to any ailment, while K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata were frequently cited. Alike citation frequency the species K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata along K. gastonis-bonnieri had the highest fidelity level, but K. delagoensis had the lowest fidelity level among the five species analyzed. Leaf juice and baked leaf are the common modes of administration. The most cited and high-fidelity species K. blossfeldiana and K. pinnata were top-ranked in DMR analysis. These two top-ranked species are under threat for several factors and need conservation strategies.
... -The new species belongs to Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe based on the following characters: herbaceous habit, leaves and inflorescences never bulbiliferous, flowers erect, short to indistinct calyx tube, sepals largely free, filaments inserted ± above the middle of the corolla tube, carpels fused for most of their length of their seed-bearing part, scales elongated to linear, > 3 × longer than wide, and anthers included in corollatube or very slightly exserted (Descoings, 2003;Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau, 1995;Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). While in most species belonging to Kalanchoe subg. ...
A new species of medium-sized and upright-flowered Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) from medium altitude moist
evergreen forests in northern Madagascar is described and illustrated: K. apiifolia D.-P. Klein, Shtein & Callm. By its
herbaceous habit, forming erect flowers with a short and indistinct calyx tube, ligulate nectary scales, and not possessing
bulbils of any kind, it represents a member of Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe. Morphologically, K. apiifolia is most similar to
K. briquetii Raym.-Hamet but differs from it by being glabrous throughout, by having bi- to tripinnate leaves that are
particularly long petiolate, and by the seed-bearing part of the carpels being about as long as the stylar part. The new
species is preliminary assessed as “Endangered” [EN] using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants11131746/s1, Figure S1: Boxplot of the each of the six bioclimatic variables associated with wild occurrence records of K. pinnata, K. tubiflora and K. ×houghtonii in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, Figure S2: Boxplot of the each of the six bioclimatic variables associated with wild occurrence records of Kalanchoe taxa in the Galapagos Islands, Figure S3: Boxplot of the each of the six bioclimatic variables associated with wild occurrence records of Kalanchoe taxa in continental Ecuador, Figure S4: Boxplot of the each of the six bioclimatic variables associated with wild occurrence records of Kalanchoe taxa at national scale, Figure S5: Boxplot of the Human Footprint value associated with wild occurrence records of Kalanchoe taxa in continental Ecuador, Figure S6: Bar plot of the anthropogenic biomes associated with wild occurrence records for the whole Kalanchoe taxa (a), and for the taxa with a wild status shared between the Galapagos Islands and continental Ecuador, K. ×houghtonii (b), K. pinnata (c), and K. tubiflora (d), Figure S7: The biological significance of curve responses of occurrence records of Kalanchoe taxa and background points, Table S1: List of oldest records, both in the wild and cultivated, for each Kalanchoe taxon reported in Ecuador, Table S2: p-values for the comparisons between the Galapagos Islands and continental Ecuador for the three taxa present in both ranges, and for the comparisons between taxa occurring in the Galapagos Islands and in continental Ecuador. Each Excel sheet corresponds to one variable (bio4, bio6, bio7, bio15, bio16, bio19, and HF); p-values below 0.05 are in boldface, Table S3: Occurrence data associated with wild records of Kalanchoe taxa used in all analysis, Text S1: Nomenclatural considerations in the genus Kalanchoe and the studied species [21,37,[110][111][112][113]. ...
The genus Kalanchoe, mostly indigenous from Madagascar and Tropical Africa, is widely traded for ornamental value. In this study, we provided an updated list of wild and cultivated Kalanchoe taxa in Ecuador; we analyzed the temporal–spatial pattern of their records, and we categorized the invasion status for each taxon and its environment preferences. The records of any taxa belonging to this genus were compiled from an extensive search using various information sources. Our results confirmed the presence of 16 taxa of Kalanchoe in the country. Seven species and a hybrid were detected in the wild. Kalanchoe densiflora, K. laxiflora, K. pinnata, K. tubiflora, and K. ×houghtonii were categorized as invasive. We detected invasive records of some of these plants in protected areas. Almost all taxa had at least one record as cultivated, suggesting that the invasion pathway is ornamental trade. Kalanchoe pinnata individuals in the wild were recorded in the four biogeographic regions of Ecuador, which could be associated with the wide range of precipitations and temperatures in which the species may dwell. Our study highlights the importance of reducing the ornamental value and limiting the use of Kalanchoe taxa with invasive potential in horticulture and promoting, instead, the use of indigenous species.
... Koord. (Smith & Figueiredo, 2017c, 2018b. All twenty species that are indigenous to southern African occur in the eastern and northern parts of the subcontinent, with representatives of the genus being absent from the western (Mediterranean) and south-central, largely arid, karroid parts (Smith et al., 2019: 47). ...
Aspects of the floristics and phytogeography of species of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg, Limpopo province, northern South Africa, are discussed. In 2001 the Waterberg, which covers an area of 654,033ha (1,616,150.74 acres), was recognised as a Biosphere Reserve. It is shown that after eastern southern Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, eastern Limpopo, South Africa; Eswatini (formerly) Swaziland; southern Mozambique), the Waterberg has the most diverse Kalanchoe flora in southern Africa. A floristic synopsis of, and an identification key to, the kalanchoes of the Waterberg is presented. All the species are described and illustrated.
... In this treatment, Bryophyllum Salisb. was regarded as a genus distinct from Kalanchoe (but see Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). ...
... Kalanchoe peltigera is a representative of K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisbury 1805 t. 3) Koorders (1918: 170) (see Smith & Figueiredo 2018, an infrageneric classification for Kalanchoe that differs from that proposed by Descoings 2006). Within K. subg. ...
The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe peltigera (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and K. rosei var. seyrigii, a long-overlooked name published in the 1940s, are evaluated with an aim to resolve the taxonomic status and affinities of K. peltigera, which was described in the mid-2000s. In particular, the taxonomic status of K. peltigera as an accepted species is examined in detail and verified based on a comparison with other known phyllo-bulbiliferous species of Kalanchoe i.e., those species that produce bulbils on the margins of their leaf blades typically between crenations, as opposed to flori-bulbiliferous, or stoloniferous species. We show that both K. peltigera and the original description of K. rosei var. seyrigii are based on collections made of a single species from locations in close proximity in southern Madagascar. Based on an examination of living material and type specimens, as well as other herbarium accessions, of which only a limited number exist, we conclude that K. peltigera and one of the two specimens cited when K. rosei var. seyrigii was described apply to the same species. However, despite its original description, the type of the name K. rosei var. seyrigii is that of the synonym it replaced, i.e., K. rosei subsp. serratifolia, a taxon less closely related to K. peltigera, and therefore the two names are not synonymous. A morphological evaluation suggests that K. rosei is likely to be sister to K. peltigera. The name K. peltigera is neotypified as its holotype is no longer extant.
... (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) known from Madagascar, the island is a present-day, and likely also a historic, centre of high species diversity for the genus (Gehrig et al., 2001;Thiede & Eggli, 2007;Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). In Madagascar a wide and diverse range of growth forms have been recorded for Kalanchoe species, including shrubs (Smith & Figueiredo, 2019a, b;, climbers (Rauh, 1995), and trees (Rauh, 1985;Allorge-Boiteau, 1995). ...
The genus Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is most diverse in Madagascar where about one third of the known ca. 150 species are known to be endemic and all three of the subgenera currently recognised in the genus are represented. We discuss and provide additional information on the natural geographical distribution range of K. dinklagei Rauh, a little-known arborescent species from southern Madagascar.
Keywords: arborescent Kalanchoe species; Crassulaceae; geographical distribution range; Kalanchoe dinklagei; Madagascar
... Kalanchoe. Note that we prefer to treat the sections referenced by Kuligowska et al. (2015) as subgenera (Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). Diagnosis: A robust, biennial to multi-annual, ultimately monocarpic, nothospecies that is intermediate between Kalanchoe sexangularis var. ...
The nothospecies Kalanchoe ×gunniae Gideon F.Sm & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a hybrid between Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. and Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br., is described from Pretoria, South Africa
... Kalanchoe. Note that we prefer to treat the sections referenced by Kuligowska et al. (2015) as subgenera (Smith & Figueiredo, 2018). Diagnosis: A robust, biennial to multi-annual, ultimately monocarpic, nothospecies that is intermediate between Kalanchoe sexangularis var. ...
The nothospecies Kalanchoe ×gunniae Gideon F.Sm & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a hybrid between Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. and Kalanchoe sexangularis N.E.Br., is described from Pretoria, South Africa.
Apart from reproducing sexually through the production of seed that follows self- or cross-pollination and fertilisation, representatives of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) have evolved a range of different asexual reproductive strategies. Especially several species indigenous to Madagascar show pronounced asexual reproduction that enables them to successfully colonise, and sometimes become weedy in, suitable habitats well beyond their natural geographical ranges. The environmental conditions and ancestral genetic set up which in combination triggered the evolution of asexual reproduction in the genus, particularly in phyllo-bulbiliferous species, are not yet entirely known. The current model suggests that asexual reproduction has evolved as a result of the recruitment of both organogenesis and embryogenesis processes to the leaf margin. We illustrate and present an overview of aspects of sexual reproduction and asexual reproductive strategies in Kalanchoe and discuss to what extent the proposed model explains the diversity of reproductive strategies observed in phyllo-bulbiliferous Kalanchoe species.
In terms of number of taxa accepted at present – about 180 – Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is the third largest genus recognised in the family. Madagascar is home to more than one third of the recognised taxa with the rest spread across Africa, and the Near, Middle, and Far East. In terms of growth form (trees, various types of shrubs, herbs, epiphytes; all leaf succulents), Madagascar also harbours the greatest diversity found in the genus. Several Malagasy species of Kalanchoe have attracted significant research interest from horticultural, (eco-)physiological and invasions biological perspectives. However, the species that occur beyond Madagascar have not been studied to the same degree. This review provides a synthesis of field observations made over several decades, especially in southern Africa, and of available information on several aspects of kalanchoe biology and ecology assembled from a wide range of sources. Such synthesised knowledge is important for, inter alia, informing conservation management strategies for wild kalanchoe populations, as well as more widely for the grassland and savanna and, to a lesser degree, forest and thicket, habitats in which the species mostly occur.
The hybrid between Kalanchoe lateritia and K. sexangularis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is described as K. ×sogae. Like K. lateritia, virtually all plant parts of K. ×sogae are covered in a fine indumentum, but with the indumentum being less substantial in the case of this nothospecies. The leaves and stems of material of K. ×sogae are bright red-infused, especially when growing in full sun. This hybrid shows considerable horticultural potential and is more resistant against phytophagous insects than K. sexangularis.
The endemic South African species Kalanchoe gideonsmithii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is described from KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern-most province of the country. The entire natural geographical distribution range of the species falls within the species-rich Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Kalanchoe gideonsmithii is related to K. rotundifolia and K. decumbens, but differs from both by having most plant parts, including the flowers, bluish purple-infused. The leaves of K. gideonsmithii are narrowly oblong, like those of K. decumbens, but longer and of greater diameter than those of the latter species. In contrast, the leaves of K. rotundifolia are mostly oblanceolate to obovate to round in outline. The reproductive morphology of K. gideonsmithii is constant in terms of the size and shape of the corolla tube and lobes, with the distal part of the corolla tube and proximal part of the corolla lobes invariably becoming tightly twisted post-anthesis, as in K. decumbens and K. rotundifolia. At the level of the ovary the corolla tubes of K. gideonsmithii are generally dark orange- to purplish blue-infused, rather than somewhat to distinctly green-infused, as is usually the case in K. rotundifolia and, to a lesser extent, K. decumbens. The upper part of the corolla tube is consistently bright orange-red, with the centres of the adaxial surface of the corolla lobes a similar colour, or sometimes very slightly yellowish-infused in the centre. Kalanchoe gideonsmithii presents a combination of vegetative and reproductive morphological characters that warrants its recognition at species rank, especially following the recent description of the ‘rotundifolioid’ K. waterbergensis and the reinstatement of K. decumbens, also a relative of K. rotundifolia.
The recent reinstatement of Kalanchoe decumbens Compton as well as the description of K. waterbergensis van Jaarsv. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) necessitate a reassessment of the circumscription of K. rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw., thus far the morphologically most diverse kalanchoe indigenous to southern Africa. Material with bright green, generally orbicular to slightly obovate leaves that hitherto has been included in K. rotundifolia is here split off from the latter. The name K. klopperae Gideon F. Sm. & Figueiredo is published for this material.
Efforts to broaden and improve the genetic stock from which horticultural material of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is made available globally are ongoing. Apart from making small, lightweight , highly floriferous material-both single-and double-flowered-available to the in-and outdoor plant trades, work is also underway to select Kalanchoe material that can be sold as long-lasting cut flowers. Material derived from K. lubangensis × K. sexangularis, here described as K. ×forbesiae, shows promise as a source of cut flowers.
Since 2016 the number of species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) known from southern Africa has increased by more than 50%, from 13 to 20. We here describe the 21st species known from the subcontinent. As far as could be determined, this new species, K. benbothae, is endemic to northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern-most province of South Africa, with the entire natural geographical distribution range of the species falling within the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Kalanchoe benbothae fits in K. subg. Fernandesiae, a cluster of species with large, paddle- to soup plate-sized leaves, and dense, elongated, often club-shaped inflorescences. The closest relative of K. benbothae is K. luciae, which was described just over 110 years ago, and was the second representative of K. subg. Fernandesiae to have been described. Kalanchoe benbothae differs from K. luciae mostly in its reproductive morphology (corolla lobe colour and orientation, anther colour and presentation, filament length, pistil shape, and size and shape of the nectar scales).
The nomenclature that Perrier de la Bâthie and Boiteau & Mannoni successively published for the Malagasy K. miniata (Crassulaceae subfam Kalanchooideae) in the 1920s and 1940s, respectively, is analysed. New synonyms are recorded for K. miniata and designations not validly published are noted. The infraspecific names published in K. miniata by Perrier de la Bâthie and Boiteau & Mannoni are interpreted as referring to material that belong to three species, namely to K. miniata, K. pseudocampanulata, and K. pubescens. Several names are typified and a new combination, K. pubescens var. tsinjoarivensis, based on K. miniata var. tsinjoarivensis, is published.
A revision of the exclusively Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is presented, along with a detailed discussion of its history, nomenclature, taxonomy, and circumscription. We uphold Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia as one of four subgenera that are presently recognised in the genus, the other three being the autonymic Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe [recorded from Madagascar, Africa, and Asia], Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum [recorded from Madagascar only], and Kalanchoe subg. Fernandesiae [recorded from southern and south-tropical Africa only]. Only two species, Kalanchoe gracilipes, with two varieties recognised, and Kalanchoe peltata, with three varieties recognised, are included in Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia. We show that the long-overlooked name at new rank, Kalanchoe peltata var. mandrakensis, was validly published in 1948.
Kalanchoe sect. Alatae Raym.-Hamet (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is here reinstated in K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koord. Two Malagasy species, K. porphyrocalyx (Baker) Baill. and K. uniflora (Stapf) Raym.-Hamet, are included in the section.
From the 1950s to the 1980s the East African taxa of Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) received taxonomic attention in a series of papers by Cufodontis (1957, 1958, 1965, 1967, 1969), Raadts (1977, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1989), and Wickens (1982, 1987) that culminated in the treatment of the genus by Wickens (1987: 30–58) for the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA; Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania). Wickens (1987) recognised 25 Kalanchoe species in the FTEA region, with two species, K. ndorensis Schweinfurth (1892: 865 [as name only in Engler (1892: 232)]) and K. stuhlmannii Engler (1895: 188), treated as imperfectly known.
The contributions made by Flávio Ferreira Pinto de Resende (1907–1967), who, for most of his career, was based at the University of Lisbon, in Lisbon, Portugal, to succulent plant research in the mid-1900s, especially in the Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae and Crassulaceae, are recorded and discussed. Biographical information on Resende is provided, as well as a bibliography of a large selection of his publications, especially on succulents. The nomenclatural novelties he described are tabulated with an indication of their current taxonomic status. Aloe striatula Haw. f. conimbricensis Resende, which dates from 1943, is typified and formally synonimised under Aloiampelos striatula var. caesia (Reynolds) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. The nothospecies name Haworthiopsis ×coarctatoides Resende & Viveiros ex Gideon F.Sm. & Vasc.Silva is published.
Species of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) are known to be interfertile, and numerous artificial crosses have been deliberately produced, or arose spontaneously in cultivation where species are grown together. Natural hybrids between species that co-occur are also known. The inheritance of characters in Kalanchoe ‘Vivien’ Bischofberger, a cultivar based on an interspecific hybrid between two southern African species (K. luciae Raym.-Hamet × K. sexangularis N.E.Br.) is discussed. An amplified description is provided for K. ‘Vivien'.
The majority of the species of Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) in cultivation in, especially, mild-climate parts of the world originates from Madagascar, a present-day centre of high species diversity for the genus (Gehrig et al. 2001; Descoings 2003; Smith & Figueiredo 2018). Of 45 species, hybrids, and cultivars of Kalanchoe listed by Springate (1995: 178–185) as being cultivated in Europe, both out-of-doors and under glass, 29 (~64%) are either from Madagascar or are based on material originally collected from that country, with the remaining 16 being mainly from eastern and southern Africa, as well as from the Middle East, Socotra, India, and east Asia.
Aspects of the biology and history of Kalanchoe ×houghtonii D.B.Ward, one of the earliest known hybrids artificially created between two species of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), are discussed. Both parent species, K. daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier and K. tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet, are included in K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koorders. This hybrid was created artificially more than once on different continents. An amplified description is provided for the somewhat variable K. ×houghtonii D.B.Ward ‘Garbí’ D.Guillot, E.Laguna, López-Pujol, L.Sáez & C.Puche, a form of this nothospecies that has become naturalised on the Iberian Peninsula and slightly beyond. A new locality where it has become established in continental Portugal is recorded. Other forms of K. ×houghtonii have similarly become established in several mild-climate parts of the world. The nothogenus name ×Bryokalanchoe Resende is a synonym of Kalanchoe.
With about 60 of the c. 150 known species of the genus Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) sensu lato having been recorded from Madagascar, this island is the present-day centre of diversity of the genus (Smith & Figueiredo 2018). When Rauh & Hebding in Rauh (1995: 15) suggested the reclassification of the Madagascan K. juelii Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 135, as ‘jueli’) as a variety of K. beauverdii Hamet (1907: 887), they did not cite the basionym, with the result that their proposed new combination, ‘Kalanchoe beauverdii Raym.-Hamet var. juelii, as ‘jueli’(Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier) Rauh & Hebding’, was not validly published (Art. 41.5 of the ICN, Turland et al. 2018).
Kalanchoe waterbergensis is described from the western Waterberg margin, just east of Thabazimbi and south of the Kransberg and Marakele National Park (Limpopo Province). Kalanchoe waterbergensis is a distinct succulent from the quartzitic sandstone soils growing on gravelly slopes and rocky terrain in savanna. It differs from Kalanchoe rotundifolia by its glaucous leaves which are auriculate at the base and leaf orientation as well as floral features.
The study presents an analysis of genotypic diversity in the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) on the level of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences and the attempt to correlate this diversity with previous findings on ecophysiological behavior, habitat preference, infrageneric taxonomic position of the species and DNA polymorphism derived from RAPD-PCR data. The Kalanchoe species are mainly abundant in Madagascar and eastern continental Africa and perform in situ diverse modes of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), an ecophysiologically relevant adaptation of photosynthesis. Total DNA was extracted from 68 Kalanchoe species and varieties. The ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions of the nuclear RNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and sequenced. The alignments of the sequences were evaluated by distance (neighbor joining) and character state (maximum parsimony) methods. The main topologies of the obtained ITS phylogenetic trees were quite similar irrespective of the mode of evaluation and show: (A) within the Crassulaceae the genus Kalanchoe forms a monophyletic clade; and (B) within the genus the species form three main clusters which coincide well with the previously reported three infrageneric sections of the species distinguishable by classical taxonomic criteria, the mode of in situ CAM performance, and DNA fragment pattern obtained by RAPD-PCR analyses. Moreover, the ITS phylogenetic trees show that all African Kalanchoe species form a distinct group within the most derived of the three main clusters. This is consistent with the view that the center of phylogenetic radiation of the genus is located in Madagascar from where the species have spread into the continental Africa.
Les plantes grasses de Madagascar
- P Boiteau
BOITEAU, P. (1947). Les plantes grasses de Madagascar. Cactus 12: 5-10.
Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, écophysiologie et phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
- P Boiteau
- L Allorge-Boiteau
BOITEAU, P. & ALLORGE-BOITEAU, L. (1995). Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, écophysiologie et phytochimie. ICSN,
CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions
Karthala, Paris.
Les Kalanchoe (suite)
- P Boiteau
- O Mannoni
BOITEAU, P. & MANNONI, O. (1948). Les Kalanchoe
(suite). Cactus (Paris) 13: 7-10, figures 1-6;
14: 23-28, 6 figures; 15-16: 37-42, 5 figures;
17-18: 57-58, 2 figures.
New combinations in the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae)
- V V Byalt
BYALT,V.V. (2008). New combinations in the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 93(3): 461-465.
(In Russian).
The role of morphoanatomical traits of the leaves in the taxonomy of
- M A Chernetskyy
CHERNETSKYY, M.A. (2012). The role of morphoanatomical traits of the leaves in the taxonomy
of Kalanchoideae Berg. subfamily (Crassulaceae DC.). Modern Phytomorphology 1: 15-18.
Katafa, Geaya et Macrocalyx, trois plantes nouvelles de Madagascar. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l
- J N Costantin
- H L Poisson
COSTANTIN, J.N. & POISSON, H.L. (1908). Katafa,
Geaya et Macrocalyx, trois plantes nouvelles
de Madagascar. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 147: 635-637.
- N R Crouch
- G F Smith
- M Walters
- E Figueiredo
CROUCH, N.R., SMITH, G.F., WALTERS, M. &
FIGUEIREDO, E. (2016). Kalanchoe winteri
Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters
(Crassulaceae), a new species from the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 185-192.
Pars Tertia sistens Calyciflorarum ordines XXVI
- Auctore Aug
- Pyramo
- Candolle
Auctore AuG. PyRAMo DE CANDoLLE. Pars Tertia sistens Calyciflorarum ordines XXVI. [X.
Toward a consensus classification of the Crassulaceae
- U Eggli
- H Hart
- R Nyffeler
EGGLI, U., 'T HART, H. & NYFFELER, R. (1995). Toward a consensus classification of the Crassulaceae. In: H. 'T HART & U. EGGLI (EDS)
Evolution and systematics of the Crassulaceae.
Pp. 173-192. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
XLVII. A new account of the genus Kalanchoë
- A H Haworth
HAWORTH, A.H. (1829). XLVII. A new account of
the genus Kalanchoë. The Philosophical Magazine and Annals 6: 301-305.
- P V Heath
HEATH, P.V. (1997). Notes on crassulaceous
names (part 1). Calyx 5(4): 129-132.
Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) nouveaux ou peu connus de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- H Humbert
HUMBERT, H. (1933). Kalanchoe (Crassulacées)
nouveaux ou peu connus de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Ser. II. 5: 163-170.
Beitrag sur Kenntniss der Flora von Java n° 18
- S H Koorders
KOORDERS, S.H. (1918-1920). Beitrag sur Kenntniss der Flora von Java n° 18. Bulletin du
Jardin botanique. Buitenzorg 3. 1: 169-180,
figures 14 and 15.
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress
- J Mcneill
- F R Barrie
- W R Buck
- V Demou-Lin
- W Greuter
- D L Hawksworth
- P S He-Rendeen
- S Knapp
- K Marhold
- J Prado
- Prud'homme
- W F Van Reine
- G F Smith
- J Wiersema
MCNEILL, J., BARRIE, F.R., BUCK, W.R., DEMOU-LIN, V., GREUTER, W., HAWKSWORTH, D.L., HE-RENDEEN, P.S., KNAPP, S., MARHOLD, K.,
PRADO, J., PRUD'HOMME VAN REINE, W.F.,
SMITH, G.F., WIERSEMA, J.H. & TURLAND, N.J.
(Eds). (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne
Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International
Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia,
July 2011. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein. [Regnum Vegetabile 154].
Naturwissenschafliche Reise nach Mossambique auf befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt
PETERS, W.C.H. (1861 ['1862']). Naturwissenschafliche Reise nach Mossambique auf befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich
Wilhelm IV in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Botanik. I. Abtheilung. [Mit acht und
171
Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer
- Vierzig Tafeln
vierzig Tafeln]. Druck und Verlag von Georg
Reimer, Berlin.
Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). 2. Chromosomenzahlen in intermediärer Formen
- E Raadts
RAADTS, E. (1985). Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). 2.
Chromosomenzahlen in intermediärer Formen. Willdenowia 15: 157-166.
Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae) 3. Chromosomenzahlen Ostafrikanischer Kalanchoë-Sippen
- E Raadts
RAADTS, E. (1989). Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae) 3.
Chromosomenzahlen Ostafrikanischer Kalanchoë-Sippen. Willdenowia 19(1): 169-174.
Híbridos intergénericos e interespecíficos em Kalanchoideae 1
- F Resende
RESENDE, F. (1956). Híbridos intergénericos e interespecíficos em Kalanchoideae 1. Boletim da
Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie ncias Naturais 6:
241-244.
Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen bearbeitet unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten von A. ENGLER und K. PRANTL. III. Teil. 2. Abteilung a
- S Schönland
SCHöNLAND, S. (1891). Crassulaceae. 6. Kalanchoe
Adans. In: A. ENGLER & K. PRANTL (EDS), Die
natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere
den Nutzpflanzen bearbeitet unter Mitwirkung
zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten von
A. ENGLER und K. PRANTL. III. Teil. 2.
Abteilung a. [Podostemaceae von E. WARMING;
Crassulaceae
von
S.
SCHöNLAND;
Guide to garden succulents
Pp. 23-38. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
SMITH. G.F. & VAN WYK, B-E. [BEN-ERIK]. (2008).
Guide to garden succulents. Briza Publications, Arcadia, Pretoria.
Auswahl vorzüglich schöner, seltener, berühmter, und ... merkwürdiger Gartenpflanzen in getreuen Abbildungen
- H R Tölken
TöLKEN, H.R. (1985). Crassulaceae. In: O.A. LEIST-NER (ED.), Flora of southern Africa 14: 1-244.
Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria.
TRATTINNICK, L. (1821). Auswahl vorzüglich
schöner, seltener, berühmter, und... merkwürdiger Gartenpflanzen in getreuen Abbildungen. Volume 1. Wien.
Life strategies of succulents in deserts with special reference to the Namib desert. Cambridge studies in ecology
- D J Von Willert
- B M Eller
- M J A Werger
- E Brinckman
- H-D Ihlenfeldt
VON WILLERT, D.J., ELLER, B.M., WERGER, M.J.A.,
BRINCKMAN, E. & IHLENFELDT, H-D. (1992). Life
strategies of succulents in deserts with special
reference to the Namib desert. Cambridge studies in ecology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Setswana-animals and plants (Setswana-Ditshedi le ditlhare)
- D T Cole
COLE, D.T. (1995). Setswana-animals and plants
(Setswana-Ditshedi le ditlhare). The
Botswana Society, Gaborone, Botswana.
Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae: 143-181
- B Descoings
DESCOINGS, B. (2003). Kalanchoe. In: U. EGGLI
(ED.), Illustrated handbook of succulent plants:
Crassulaceae: 143-181. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.
Notes sur quelques espèces du genre Kalanchoe Adans. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (série 2. a )
- R B Fernandes
FERNANDES, R.B. (1980). Notes sur quelques espèces du genre Kalanchoe Adans. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (série 2. a ) 53: 325-442.
Fam. 70. Crassulaceae
- R B Fernandes
FERNANDES, R.B. (1982). Fam. 70. Crassulaceae.
In: R.B. FERNANDES & E.J. MENDES (EDS),
Conspectus florae angolensis: 1-39. Instituto
de Investigaçaõ Científica Tropical & Junta de
Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, Lisboa.
67. Crassulaceae. Kalanchoe
- R Fernandes
FERNANDES, R.[B.] (1983). 67. Crassulaceae. Kalanchoe. In: E. LAUNERT (ED.), Flora zambesiaca 7(1): 41-66. Managing Committee on
behalf of the contributors to Flora zambesiaca,
London.
Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér
- R Hamet
HAMET, R. (1907). Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7:
869-900.
Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. Suite et fin. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér
- R Hamet
HAMET, R. (1908a). Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. Suite et fin. Bulletin de l'Herbier
Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 17-48.
Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér
- R Hamet
HAMET, R. (1908b). Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 254-257.
Synopsis plantarum succulentarum, cum descriptionibus, synonymis, locis; observationibus anglicanis, culturaque
- A H Haworth
HAWORTH, A.H. (1812). Synopsis plantarum succulentarum, cum descriptionibus, synonymis,
locis; observationibus anglicanis, culturaque.
Typis Richardi Taylor et Socii, Shoe-Lane,
Londoni.
Wild flowers of Southeast Botswana. Struik Nature
- G Kirby
KIRBY, G. (2013). Wild flowers of Southeast
Botswana. Struik Nature, Cape Town.
Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad generarelatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas
- C Linnaeus
LINNAEUS, C. (1753). Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad generarelatas,
cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Volume 1.
Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp.
Transvaalse Laeveld en Platorand insluitende die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin. Veldblomgids van Suid-Afrika 4. Botaniese Vereniging van Suid-Afrika, place of publication not stated
- J Onderstall
ONDERSTALL, J. (1984). Transvaalse Laeveld en
Platorand insluitende die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin. Veldblomgids van Suid-Afrika 4.
Botaniese Vereniging van Suid-Afrika, place
of publication not stated.
Synopsis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitorum. Pars prima. Apud Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Parisiis lutetiorum
- C H Persoon
PERSOON, C.H. (1805 [1 April-15 June 1805]). Synopsis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum,
complectens
enumerationem
systematicam specierum hucusque cognitorum. Pars prima. Apud Carol. Frid.
Cramerum, Parisiis lutetiorum [Paris] et
apud J.G. Cottam, Tubingae [London]. [see:
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/1112
Naturwissenschafliche Reise nach Mossambique auf befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Botanik. I. Abtheilung
- W C H Peters
PETERS, W.C.H. (1861 ['1862']). Naturwissenschafliche Reise nach Mossambique auf befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich
Wilhelm IV in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Botanik. I. Abtheilung. [Mit acht und
vierzig Tafeln].
Infrafamilial and generic classification of the Crassulaceae
- t Hart
'T HART, H. (1995). Chapter 10. Infrafamilial and
generic classification of the Crassulaceae. In:
H. 'T HART & U. EGGLI, (EDS), Evolution and
systematics of the Crassulaceae. Pp. 159-172.
Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.