BookPDF Available

Book of Abstract: Symposium on Making cities resilient, how local governments can reduce disaster risks realigning with Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

September 2018

Publisher: Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield
ISBN: 978-1-86218-156-4

Authors:

Chamindi Malalgoda

University of Huddersfield

Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga

University of Huddersfield

Richard Peter Haigh

University of Huddersfield

Oshienemen Albert

University of Huddersfield

“Making Cities Resilient” is a global campaign which is led by The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) and its partners. This campaign addresses issues of local governance and urban risk in the broader scope of managing disaster risks and works towards sustainable urbanisation by taking proactive actions. The main feature of this campaign is that it is a city-driven approach with an aim to raise the profile of resilience and disaster risk reduction among local governments and urban communities worldwide. This campaign also serves as a mean of supporting the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) following on from its earlier support on the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), 2005-2015. Global Disaster Resilience Centre (GDRC) at the University of Huddersfield has been a long-standing advocate of the programme and its members have played a key role in making the Manchester a “role model city” in the campaign. Sri Lanka as a country can benefit from this programme immensely, specially in making plans to reduce long standing disaster risks in some of its cities. Undoubtedly, the higher education institutions can play a major role in such attempts contributing to both strategic and operational planning and policy making to manage localised disaster risk reductions. It is therefore with great pleasure that we welcome delegates to this 14 days research training event and for the Symposium on Making cities resilient: how local governments can reduce disaster risks realigning with Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The symposium was organised as part of RECADOS – TM training event on “Making Cities Resilient around the world”. RECADOS –TM is a European Commission funded Erasmas+ International Credit Mobility (ICM) project which support student and staff mobility to and from countries outside Europe. Accordingly, this research training programme and Symposium is designed as a research capacity building and awareness programme targeting the disaster management researchers in the main higher education institutions in Sri Lanka.

Content uploaded by Professor Dilanthi Amaratunga

Content may be subject to copyright.

ISBN 978-1-86218-156-4

Symposium on Making cities

resilient: how local governments

can reduce disaster risks realigning

with Sendai Framework for Disaster

Risk Reduction

Book of Abstracts

University of Hudderseld, United Kingdom

11th September 2018

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!

<('-!<18)/0(&*!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

@8(018!?#!

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,!

C2&:A!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!

C2&:A!<(/5,28!D,(.5!

E'5(1*1$1*!>3?120!

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!F*(018!H(*.8&$!

II05!"1%01$?12!JKIL!

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,G!C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,G!C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5!M!E'5(1*1$1*!>3?120!

N18(018!?#O!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!

<('-!<18)/0(&*!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!!

P"=Q!RSLTITLUJILTIVUTW

X!Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!JKIL!!

>33!2(.50'!21/1(718A!Q&!%,20!&:!05('!%)?3(/,0(&*!$,#!?1!21%2&8)/18G!'0&218!,*8!02,*'$(0018!(*!,*#!:&2$G!&2!?#!,*#!$1,*'!6(05&)0!%2(&2!

62(001*!%12$(''(&*!:2&$!051!18(0&2'A!!

Z51!7(16'!1[%21''18!(*!051!%,%12'!,21!&:! 051!(*8(7(8),3!,)05&2'A!Z51!18(0&2'!,21!*&0!3(,?31!0&!,*#&*1! :&2!,*#!3&''!&2!8,$,.1! /,)'18!

?#!,*#!122&2!&2!&$(''(&*!(*!051!%,%12'G!6510512! ')/5!122&2! &2!&$(''(&*! ('!051! 21')30!&:! *1.3(.1*/1!&2! ,*#!&0512! /,)'1A!>33! ,*8!')/5!

3(,?(3(0#!('!8('/3,($18A!!

Z51!21,812! '5&)38!712(:#! 051!,%%3(/,?(3(0#!&:! 051!(*:&2$,0(&*! 0&!%,20(/)3,2! '(0),0(&*'!,*8! /51/-!051!21:121*/1'! %2(&2!0&! ,*#!213(,*/1!

05121)%&*A!"(*/1! 051! (*:&2$,0(&*!/&*0,(*18!(*!051! ?&&-! ('!$)30(8('/(%3(*,2#G!(*012*,0(&*,3! ,*8! %2&:1''(&*,3!(*!*,0)21G! 051! 21,812! ('!

)2.18!0&!/&*')30!6(05!,*!,%%2&%2(,01!3(/1*'18!%2&:1''(&*,3!%2(&2!0&!0,-(*.!,*#! ,/0(&*!&2!$,-(*.! ,*#!(*012%210,0(&*!05,0!('!6(05(*!051!

21,3$!&:!,!3(/1*'18!%2&:1''(&*,3!%2,/0(/1A!!

B&%(1'!$,#!?1!&281218!?#!/&*0,/0(*.4!

Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021!

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138!

D)8812':(138!

D;I!\;D!

FH!

@*])(2(1'4!

@4!/A$,3,3.&8,^5)8A,/A)-

B&*01*0'!

C21:,/1!

>/-*&6318.1$1*0'!

"#$%&'()$!E2.,*(',0(&*!

_(*-18!%2&`1/0'!

+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!+#!/(0#!('!.100(*.!21,8#!

P*012*,0(&*,3!a&)2*,3!&:!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!(*!051!=)(30!@*7(2&*$1*0!

>?'02,/0'!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

C21:,/1!

b+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0c!('!,! .3&?,3!/,$%,(.*!65(/5!('! 318!?#!Z51!F*(018! Q,0(&*'!E::(/1!:&2!;(','012!<('-!

<18)/0(&*!NFQP";<O!,*8!(0'!%,20*12'A!Z5('!/,$%,(.*!,8821''1'!('')1'!&:!3&/,3!.&712*,*/1!,*8!)2?,*!2('-!(*!

051! ?2&,812! '/&%1! &:! $,*,.(*.! 8(','012! 2('-'! ,*8! 6&2-'! 0&6,28'! ')'0,(*,?31! )2?,*(',0(&*! ?#! 0,-(*.!

%2&,/0(71!,/0(&*'A!Z51!$,(*!:1,0)21!&:!05('!/,$%,(.*!('!05,0!(0!('!,!/(0#T82(71*!,%%2&,/5!6(05!,*!,($!0&!2,('1!

051! %2&:(31! &:! 21'(3(1*/1! ,*8! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*! ,$&*.! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'! ,*8! )2?,*! /&$$)*(0(1'!

6&2386(81A!Z5('! /,$%,(.*!,3'&!'1271'!,'!,! $1,*! &:! ')%%&20(*.!051! "1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!

<18)/0(&*!NJKIVTJK\KO!:&33&6(*.!&*!:2&$!(0'!1,23(12!')%%&20! &*! 051! D#&.&! 92,$16&2-!:&2!>/0(&*!ND9>OG!

JKKVTJKIVA!!

Y3&?,3! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! B1*021!NY;<BO! ,0! 051! F*(712'(0#! &:! D)8812':(138! 5,'! ?11*! ,! 3&*.T'0,*8(*.!

,87&/,01!&:!051!%2&.2,$$1! ,*8! (0'! $1$?12'!5,71!%3,#18! ,! -1#! 2&31! (*! $,-(*.!051!+,*/51'012! ,! b2&31!

$&813!/(0#c!(*!051!/,$%,(.*A!!

"2(!_,*-,!,'!,!/&)*02#!/,*!?1*1:(0!:2&$!05('!%2&.2,$$1!($$1*'13#G!'%1/(,33#!(*!$,-(*.!%3,*'!0&!218)/1!3&*.!

'0,*8(*.!8(','012!2('-'!(*!'&$1!&:!(0'!/(0(1'A!F*8&)?0183#G!051!5(.512!18)/,0(&*!(*'0(0)0(&*'!/,*!%3,#!,!$,`&2!

2&31!(*!')/5!,001$%0'!/&*02(?)0(*.!0&!?&05!'02,01.(/!,*8!&%12,0(&*,3!%3,**(*.!,*8!%&3(/#!$,-(*.!0&!$,*,.1!

3&/,3('18!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*'A!!

P0!('!05121:&21!6(05!.21,0!%31,')21!05,0!61!613/&$1!8131.,01'!0&!05('!IW!8,#'!21'1,2/5!02,(*(*.!171*0!,*8!

:&2!051!"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!21,3(.*(*.!

6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*A!Z51!'#$%&'()$!6,'!&2.,*('18!,'!%,20!&:!<@B>;E"!d

Z+!02,(*(*.!171*0!&*!b+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!,2&)*8!051!6&238cA!<@B>;E"!dZ+!('!,!@)2&%1,*!B&$$(''(&*!

:)*818!@2,'$,'e!P*012*,0(&*,3!B218(0!+&?(3(0#!NPB+O!%2&`1/0!65(/5!')%%&20!'0)81*0!,*8!'0,::!$&?(3(0#!0&!

,*8! :2&$! /&)*02(1'! &)0'(81! @)2&%1A! >//&28(*.3#G! 05('! 21'1,2/5! 02,(*(*.! %2&.2,$$1! ,*8! "#$%&'()$! ('!

81'(.*18!,'! ,! 21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0#!?)(38(*.!,*8! ,6,21*1''! %2&.2,$$1! 0,2.10(*.!051!8(','012!$,*,.1$1*0!

21'1,2/512'!(*!051!$,(*!5(.512!18)/,0(&*!(*'0(0)0(&*'!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

>/-*&6318.1$1*0'!

>'!B5,(2'!&:! 051! "#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*G!61!,21!813(.5018!0&!5,71!051!&%%&20)*(0#!0&!

5&38!05('!"#$%&'()$A!Z51!'#$%&'()$!6,'!&2.,*('18!,'!%,20!&:!<@B>;E"!dZ+!02,(*(*.!171*0!&*!b+,-(*.!

B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!,2&)*8!051!6&238cA!<@B>;E"!dZ+!('!,!@)2&%1,*!B&$$(''(&*!:)*818!@2,'$,'e!P*012*,0(&*,3!

B218(0!+&?(3(0#! NPB+O! %2&`1/0! ,*8! 61! 6&)38! 3(-1! 0&! ,/-*&6318.1! 051! :(*,*/(,3! ')%% &20! &:! 051! @)2&%1,*!

B&$$(''(&*! ,*8! 051! @2,'$,'e! C2&.2,$$1! &:! 051! @)2&%1,*! F*(&*! (*! :,/(3(0,0(*.! 05('! "#$%&'()$!(*!

/&*`)*/0(&*! 6(05! 051! <@B>;E"! dZ+!02,(*(*.! 171*0A! Z51! "#$%&'()$!,3'&! 5,'! :&2$,3! 3(*-'! 6(05!

+,(*'021,$(*.! (*01.2,018! ;<<! ,*8! BB>! '02,01.(1'! (*0&! /&,'0,3! )2?,*! ,..3&$12,0(&*! %&3(/#! NQF><Of!

<@?)(38(*Y!>:01<!;('%3,/1$1*0!N<@Y><;Of!>87,*/(*.!"-(33!B21,0(&*!0&!@Q5,*/1!Z2,*':&2$,0(&*!N>"B@QZO!

B,%,/(0#!=)(38(*.!(*!>'(,!:&2!<1'(3(1*/1!@8)/,Z(&*!NB>=><@ZOf!@*5,*/(*.!"#*12.(1'!:&2!;(','012!C2171*0(&*!

(*!051! @)2&%1,*!F*(&*!N@"C<@''EOf!Z')*,$(!(*012:,/1!N>!'0)8#!&:!051!)%'021,$T8&6*'021,$!(*012:,/1!(*!

1*8T0&T1*8!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'O!%2&`1/0'A!

g1! ,3'&! 05,*-! ,33! %,20(/(%,*0'! :2&$! F*(712'(0#! &:! +&2,0)6,G! F*(712'(0#! &:! B&3&$?&G! F*(712'(0#! &:!

C12,81*(#,G!F*(712'(0#! &:!<)5)*,!,*8!"&)05!@,'012*!F*(712'(0#!&:!"2(!_,*-,!:&2!,001*8(*.!051!<@B>;E"!d

Z+!02,(*(*.!171*0!,*8!051!%2&`1/0!/&&28(*,0&2'G!;2A!P*82(-,!<,`,%,-'5,G!;2A!Q('5,2,!912*,*8&G!;2A!<,*`(05!

;('',*,#,-1G! C2&:A!B5,$%,! Q,7,2,0*1G! C2&:A! Q,*8,'(2(! g112,' (*.51G! ,*8!;2A!=YQ! "166,*8(!:&2! ,33! 051!

')%%&20!(*!&2.,*('(*.!05('!171*0A!!

g1!5,71!21/1(718!1[/1%0(&*,3!513%!,*8!')%%&20!:2&$!,!*)$?12!&:!%1&%31G!&2.,*(',0(&*'!,*8!?&8(1'!(*!051!

6&2-!:&2!05('!"#$%&'()$!,*8! 02,(*(*.! 171*0A! g1! 6&)38! %,20(/)3,23#!3(-1! 0&! ,/-*&6318.1!051! ')%%&20!&:!

E'5(1*1$1*!>3?120!:2&$!051!Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021!,0!051!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138!:&2!?1(*.!

051!:&/,3!%&(*0!(*! 051! &2.,*(',0(&*,3!,'%1/0'!&:!051!"#$%&'()$!,*8!051!02,(*(*.!171*0A! "51(3,!9)2$18.1G!

")',*! =171231#G! >3('&*! D&3$1'! ,*8! "5,2&*! +,00516$,*!&:! F*(712'(0#! &:! D)8812':(138!,3'&! 81'1271'! ,!

'%1/(,3!$1*0(&*!:&2!')%%&20(*.!051!3&.('0(/,3!,*8!&0512!,8$(*('02,0(71!,/0(7(0(1'!,2&)*8!051!"#$%&'()$!,*8!

<,/513!+&)*0:&28!,*8!>??#!=)0/512!:&2!81'(.*(*.!051!/&712!%,.1A!g1!6&)38!,3'&!3(-1!0&!05,*-!;2A!Q)6,*!

;(,'G!H(*-(*(!D1$,/5,*82,G!Y1&2.(*,!B31..!,*8!,33!051!C5;!'0)81*0'!&:!051!Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021!

:&2!?1(*.!05121!651*1712!61!*11818!513%A!!

9(*,33#G!61!6&)38!3(-1!0&!05,*-!,33!051!%,20(/(%,*0'!:2&$!"2(!_,*-,!,*8!051!FH!:&2!051(2!,/0(71!%,20(/(%,0(&*!

,0!051!"#$%&'()$!,*8!:&2!051(2!%&'(0(71!/&$$(0$1*0'!0&6,28'!051!<@B>;E"!dZ+!%2&`1/0!,/0(7(0(1'A!+&'0!

&:!,33G!61!6,*0!0&!05,*-!051!'%1,-12'!:&2!051(2!6(33(*.*1''!0&!'0($)3,01!(*7,3),?31!8('/)''(&*'!,*8!81?,01!

,2&)*8!051!'#$%&'()$!051$1A!

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,G!C2&:A!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!M!C2&:A!<(/5,28!D,(.5!

Chairs! of! the! Symposium! on! Making! cities! resilient:! how! local! governments! can! reduce! disaster! risks!

realigning!with!Sendai!Framework!for!Disaster!Risk!Reduction!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

"#$%&'()$!&2.,*(',0(&*!

E2.,*('18!?#!

<@B>;E"!Z+!<1'1,2/5!B,%,/(0#!;1713&%$1*0!:&2!"0,::!NZ2,(*(*.!+&?(3(0#O!

Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

P*!,''&/(,0(&*!6(05!

+,(*'021,$(*.!(*01.2,018!;<<!,*8!BB>!'02,01.(1'!(*0&!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*!%&3(/#!NQF><O!

<@?)(38(*Y!>:01<!;('%3,/1$1*0!N<@Y><;O!

>87,*/(*.!"-(33!B21,0(&*!0&!@Q5,*/1!Z2,*':&2$,0(&*!N>"B@QZO!

B,%,/(0#!=)(38(*.!(*!>'(,!:&2!<1'(3(1*/1!@8)/,Z(&*!NB>=><@ZO!

@*5,*/(*.!"#*12.(1'!:&2!;(','012!C2171*0(&*!(*!051!@)2&%1,*!F*(&*!N@"C<@''EO!

Z')*,$(!(*012:,/1!N>!'0)8#!&:!051!)%'021,$T8&6*'021,$!(*012:,/1!(*!1*8T0&T1*8!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!

,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'O!

g(05!051!')%%&20!&:!

@<>"+F"!e!NZ51!@)2&%1,*!B&$$(''(&*!')%%&20!:&2!051!%2&8)/0(&*!&:!05('!%)?3(/,0(&*!8&1'!*&0!/&*'0(0)01!

,*!1*8&2'1$1*0!&:!051!/&*01*0'!65(/5!21:31/0'!051!7(16'!&*3#!&:!051!,)05&2'G!,*8!051!B&$$(''(&*!/,**&0!

?1!5138!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!,*#!)'1!65(/5!$,#!?1!$,81!&:!051!(*:&2$,0(&*!/&*0,(*18!05121(*AO!

E2.,*('(*.!B&$$(0011!

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(318G!FH!

E'5(1*1$1*!>3?120G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(318G!FH!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

<@B>;E"! Z+! <1'1,2/5! B,%,/(0#! ;1713&%$1*0! :&2! "0,::!

NZ2,(*(*.!+&?(3(0#O!

Z5('! ('! ,! '0,::! $&?(3(0#! %2&`1/0! ?10611*! F*(712'(0#! &:! D)8812':(138!(*! 051! F*(018!

H(*.8&$!,*8!:(71!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!P*'0(0)0(&*'!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!Z51!$&?(3(0#!%2&`1/0!('!

:)*818!?#!051!@)2&%1,*!F*(&*!@2,'$)'e!P*012*,0(&*,3!B218(0!+&?(3(0#!C2&.2,$$1A!

Z51!%2&`1/0!:&/)'1'!&*!051!*118!0&!81713&%!21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0(1'!,$&*.'0!,/,81$(/!

'0,::!$1$?12'!&:!051!06&!%,20(/(%,0(*.!/&)*02(1'G!(*!051!:(138!&:!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1A!

>$&*.!$,*#!/&$$)*(0(1'!(*!051!@F!,*8!?1#&*8G!8(','012'!%&'1!'(.*(:(/,*0!/&*/12*'!,*8!/5,331*.1'A!g(05!

.2&6(*.!%&%)3,0(&*!,*8!(*:2,'02)/0)21'G!051!6&238h'! 1[%&')21! 0&! 5,i,28'! ('! (*/21,'(*.A! Z51!.1&.2,%5(/,3!

8('02(?)0(&*!&:!*,0)2,3!8(','012'!5,'!?11*!)*1]),3G!31,7(*.!'&$1!21.(&*'!?1(*.!$&21!7)3*12,?31!0&!8(','012!

05,*!&0512'A!P*!051!3,'0!05211!81/,81'G!@+T;>Z!NJKI\O!21/&28'!&:!051!*,0)2,3!8(','012'!:&2!051!%12(&8!&:!\K!

#1,2'!?10611*!IRLW!,*8!JKI\!'5&6'!05,0!>'(,!1[%12(1*/1'!051! $&'0!8(','012'!6(05!*1,23#!\GWKK!8(','012!

171*0'G!$&21!05,*!F"j!IGKLW!?(33(&*!6&205!&:!8,$,.1G!,*8!$&21!05,*!IAI!$(33(&*!:,0,3(0(1'A!P*!,88(0(&*!0&!

3&''!&:!3(:1G!8(','012'!.21,03#!5,$%12!051!'&/(,3T1/&*&$(/!/,%,/(0#!&:!051'1!/&)*02(1'A!g(05(*!05('!/&*01[0G!

($%2&7(*.!051!21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0(1'!&:!051'1!/&)*02(1'!0&!81,3!6(05!8(','012! 171*0'!('!$&21!($%&20,*0!05,*!

1712!?1:&21A!

=1(*.! &*1! &:! 051! 6&2'0! 8(','012! 1::1/018! /&)*02(1'! (*! 051! 6&238 ! (*! 051! 21/1*0! #1,2'G! 21'1,2/5! /,%,/(0#!

81713&%$1*0!('!&*1!&:!051!$&'0!/2(0(/,3!/5,331*.1'!:,/(*.!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!P*'0(0)0(&*'!ND@P'O!(*!"2(!_,*-,!

0&8,#A!P*!051!%,'0G!,33&/,0(&*!&:!21'&)2/1'!,*8!051!,001*0(&*!.(71*!:&2!21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0#!81713&%$1*0!5,'!

?11*!31''!05,*!',0(':,/0&2#!(*! 051'1! D@P'A! Y2&6(*.! 051! *)$?12! ,*8! ]),3(0#!&:! 21'1,2/512'!('! 05121:&21! ,!

'02,01.(/!('')1A!P*! 05('! /&*01[0G! 05('! '0,::!$&?(3(0#! %2&.2,$$1! ?10611*!"2(!_,*-,! ,*8! 051!FH! :&/)'1'! &*!

'&$1!&:!051!$&'0!%21''(*.!('')1'!:&2!21'1,2/512'!,*8!)*(712'(0(1'G!(*!051!/&*01[0!&:!?)(38(*.!,*8!')'0,(*(*.!

21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0#!(*!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1A!

C2&%&'18!$&?(3(0#!,/0(7(0(1'!,($!0&!1*')21!05,0!/5&'1*!D@P'!(*!"2(!_,*-,!5,71!051!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(71!

/,%,/(0(1'!0&!0,/-31!051!/5,331*.1'!,''&/(,018!6(05!81713&%(*.!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'A!Z5('!6(33!?1!

8&*1!052&).5!%,20(/(%,0(&*!(*!,!'02)/0)218!'10!&:!)*(])1!21'1,2/5!/,%,/(0#!81713&%$1*0!,/0(7(0(1'!7(,!'0,::!

1[/5,*.1'!05,0!6(33!%2&.21''(713#!?)(38!051!/,%,/(0#!&:!'0,::!0&!)*8120,-1!,*8!/&$$)*(/,01!5(.5!]),3(0#!,*8!

%&3(/#k%2,/0(/1! 21317,*0! 21'1,2/5A! P*! 8&(*.! '&G! 05('! %2&.2,$$1! :&/)'1'! &*! ,! ')?`1/0! ,21,! N;(','012!

<1'(3(1*/1O!,*8!,!/&)*02#!N"2(!_,*-,O!*&0!')::(/(1*03#!,8821''18!?#!%2&`1/0'!,321,8#!?1(*.!:)*818!)*812!05('!

'/51$1!(*!%217(&)'!#1,2'A!!

P*!05('! /&*01[0G! 051!81'(218! ($%,/0!&:! 05('! $&?(3(0#!%2&`1/0! ('! &:!06&! :&38'G! ,0!$(/2&! 31713! N(*8(7(8),3! ,*8!

(*'0(0)0(&*,3!31713OG!,*8!,0!$,/2&!31713!N3&/,3G!21.(&*,3!,*8!*,0(&*,3!31713OA!>0!$(/2&!31713!051!(*8(7(8),3!'0,::!

$1$?12'!6(33!?1*1:(0!:2&$!1*5,*/18!21'1,2/5!/,%,?(3(0(1'!,*8!'-(33'A!"0,::!65&!0,-1!%,20!!(*!051!1[/5,*.1!

%2&.2,$$1!6(33!,3'&!?1*1:(0!(*!$,*#!&0512!6,#'4!!"&/(,3!'1*'(0(7(0#!,*8!$,0)2(0#G!/&)%318!6(05!051!,?(3(0#!

0&!&%12,01!1::1/0(713#!(*!,!*16!1*7(2&*$1*0!N7(,!/,%0)2(*.!'-(33'!(*!6&2-(*.!(*!8(::121*0!/)30)21'Of!>?(3(0#!0&!

052(71! )*812! ,$?(.)(0#G! 1'%1/(,33#! (*! (*'0,*/1'! 65121! 051(2'! $(.50! ?1! 051! :(2'0! '0,::! 1[/5,*.1f! Z($1!

$,*,.1$1*0!'-(33'!(*!813(712(*.!051(2!0,'-!05,0!5,'!?11*!,33&/,018!0&!051$f!C12'&*,3!81713&%$1*0!6(33!?1!

1*,?318!6(05!1[%&')21!0&!*&713!/&*8(0(&*'f!@[%&')21!0&!*16!-*&6318.1!,*8!'-(33'!&:!65(/5!051!'0,::!!6121!

*&0!%217(&)'3#!,6,21f!@[%&')21!!0&!*16!6,#'!&:!6&2-(*.!,*8!8(::121*0!/)30)21'A!P*!05('!6,#G!'0,::!1[/5,*.1'!

6(33!*)20)21! 051! 213,018! '0,::! $1$?12G! :)3:(33(*.! 21'1,2/5! 6(05! /31,2! &?`1/0(71'! )*812! $1*0&2'5(%'G! 051!

/5,*.1!(*!1*7(2&*$1*0!1*,?3(*.!051!'0,::!$1$?12!0&!:)3:(33!051(2!%&01*0(,3A!!"0,::!0,-1!%,20!(*!1[/5,*.1'!!6(33!

,3'&!02,*':12!-*&6318.1!?,/-!0&!051(2!'1*8(*.!(*'0(0)0(&*!(*!'1712,3!6,#'4!>/])(2(*.!,*8! ,''($(3,0(*.!*16!

/,%,?(3(0(1'G!1'%1/(,33#!05&'1!&:!3&*.T012$! ,*8! '02,01.(/!'(.*(:(/,*/1f!05,0!051#!/,*! %)0! (*0&!%2,/0(/1!&*/1!

051#!210)2*!0&! 051(2!&2(.(*,3!%&'(0(&*!T!051'1!'-(33'! /,*! 051*!?1!/&$$)*(/,018! ,/2&''!051!01,$!,*8!&0512!

'1/0(&*'!!6(05(*!051!&2.,*(i,0(&*!0&!($%2&71!,*8!1*5,*/1!051!'-(33!'10!&:!&0512!'0,::f!Y(71!051!&2.,*(i,0(&*!

051!&%%&20)*(0#!0&!?)(38!,!6(812!*106&2-!,*8!?10012!,%%21/(,01'!l'-(33!7,3)1h!(*!1$%3&#11'!f!@*5,*/1!'-(33'!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

')/5!,'!01,$!6&2-(*.!,*8!/2&''T:)*/0(&*,3!/&$$)*(/,0(&*'!N1A.AG!6&2-(*.!(*!012$'!(*!813(712(*.!,!!/&$$&*!

21'1,2/5!0,'-Of!=)(38(*.!,!?2&,812!*106&2-!&:!/&*0,/0'G!0#%(/,33#!0&!,//1''!*16!(*'(.50'!,*8!*16!/,%,?(3(0(1'!!

P*'0(0)0(&*,3!6(81G!05('!$&?(3(0#! %2&`1/0!,8821''1'!051!/&21!&?`1/0(71'!&:!(*012*,0(&*,3(',0(&*!'02,01.(1'!&:!

,33! 051! (*'0(0)0(&*'A! P*! %,20(/)3,2G! (0! /&*02(?)01'! 8(21/03#! 0&! 21'1,2/5! %2(&2(0(1'! &:! (*012*,0(&*,3(',0(&*!

'02,01.(1'!&:! ,33! (*'0(0)0(&*'! (*7&3718A!D1*/1!05('!$&?(3(0#!%2&`1/0!$,-1'!,!'(.*(:(/,*0!($%,/0!(*'0(0)0(&*,3!

6(81!(*!,33! (*7&3718! (*'0(0)0(&*'A!Z51!:&33&6(*.!,21!'&$1! &:! 051! 6,#'!05,0!05('!%2&%&'18!'0,::! 1[/5,*.1!

%2&.2,$$1!6(33!1*,?31! 02,*':122(*.! &:! -*&6318.1! 0&! 051! 5&'04! Y,(*'! ,*! 1[012*,3! %12'%1/0(71!,*8!,!*16!

:31[(?31! 6,#! 0&! ,88! '-(33! ,*8! 1[%12(1*/1f! ,*8! _1,2*'! ,*8! .,(*'! -*&6318.1! ,*8! 7,3)1! :2&$! '-(33'! ,*8!

1[%12(1*/1!:2&$!051!'0,::!$1$?12!65&!('!%,20(/(%,0(*.!(*!051!1[/5,*.1A!!

P*!05('!6,#G!05('!%2&%&'18!'0,::!1[/5,*.1!%2&.2,$$1!?10611*!DF;!,*8!(81*0(:(18!F*(712'(0(1'!(*!"2(!_,*-,!

6(33!/21,01!?1*1:(0'G!*&0!&*3#!,0!(*8(7(8),3!,*8!)*(712'(0#!31713!?)0!,3'&!&)0'(81!&:!051$!6(05(*!"2(!_,*-,!,*8!

051!FH!,*8!,3'&!21.(&*,33#!,*8!.3&?,33#A!P*!05('!/&*01[0G!(0!('!5&%18!05('!6(33!/&*02(?)01!0&!,!'01%!/5,*.1!(*!

21'1,2/5!02,(*(*.!/)30)21'!6(05(*!%,20*12!(*'0(0)0(&*'!7(,!1$%&61218!(*8(7(8),3'!0&!'1271!,'!,87&/,01'!,*8!

2&31!$&813'!&:!.&&8!21'1,2/5!%2,/0(/1G!(*/3)8(*.!0&!/&$$)*(/,01!,*8!81$&*'02,01!051!7,3)1!&:!21'1,2/5G!

513%!/21,01!81$,*8!,*8!'%21,8!051(2!1[%12(1*/1'!$&21!6(813#!(*!(*'0(0)0(&*'!,*8!:)0)21!*106&2-'A!

P*!05('! /&*01[0G! 05121!6(33!,3'&!?1!,! '13:T')'0,(*,?(3(0#!&:!051!%,20*12'5(%!,:012!051!1*8!&:!051!%2&`1/0A!Z51!

%2&%&'18! b02,(*(*.! ,/0(7(0#!'/518)31c! 6(33! ?1! 81'(.*18! 0&! 1*')21! 05,0! 051! %2&`1/0! ,/5(171'! (0'! (*01*818!

&)0/&$1'!,*8!05,0!051!($%,/0!&*!051!0,2.10!.2&)%'!('!')'0,(*18! ?1#&*8!051!3(:1'%,*!&:!051!(*(0(,3!%2&`1/0!

:)3:(33(*.! 051! /&*/1%0! &:! ')'0,(*,?(3(0#G! 65(/5! /&*'('0'! &:! %2(*/(%31'! ,*8! %2,/0(/1'! 05,0! 1*')21! 3,'0(*.G!

,)0&*&$&)'!,*8!'13:T%12%10),0(*.!/5,*.1!:&2!,*!1[01*818!%12(&8!,:012!05('!1[/5,*.1!%2&`1/0!1*8'A!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:A!;(3,*05(!+,2,0)*.,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:A!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

;2A!P*82(-,!<,`,%,-'5,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,G!"2(!_,*-,!

;2A!Q('5,2,!912*,*8&G!F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!

;2A!<,*`(05!;('',*,#,-1G!F*(712'(0#!&:!C12,81*(#,G!"2(!_,*-,!

C2&:A!B5,$%,!Q,7,2,0*1G!F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*,G!"2(!_,*-,!

C2&:A!Q,*8,'(2(!g112,'(*.51G!F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*,G!"2(!_,*-,!

;2A!=YQ!"166,*8(G!"&)05!@,'012*!F*(712'(0#!&:!"2(!_,*-,G!"2(!_,*-,!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+((

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!N_1,8O!

F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,G!"2(!_,*-,!

F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!

F*(712'(0#!&:!C12,81*(#,G!"2(!_,*-,!

F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*,G!"2(!_,*-,!

"&)05!@,'012*!F*(712'(0#!&:!"2(!_,*-,G!"2(!_,*-,!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

Z51! @)2&%1,*! B&$$(''(&*! ')%%&20! :&2! 051! %2&8)/0(&*! &:! 05('! %)?3(/,0(&*! 8&1'! *&0! /&*'0(0)01! ,*!

1*8&2'1$1*0!&:!051!/&*01*0'!65(/5!21:31/0'!051!7(16'!&*3#!&:!051!,)05&2'G!,*8!051!B&$$(''(&*!/,**&0!?1!

5138!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!,*#!)'1!65(/5!$,#!?1!$,81!&:!051!(*:&2$,0(&*!/&*0,(*18!05121(*A!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!F*(712'(0#!&:!

D)8812':(138G!FH!NY;<BO!

>!31,812!(*! (*012T8('/(%3(*,2#!21'1,2/5G!18)/,0(&*!,*8!,87&/,/#!0&!($%2&71!051!21'(3(1*/1!&:! *,0(&*'! ,*8!

/&$$)*(0(1'Ag5,0! 6&)38! (0! ?1! 3(-1! 0&! 3(71! (*! ,! 6&238! (*! 65(/5! .&712*$1*0! ,)05&2(0(1'G! ?)'(*1''1'G!

/&$$)*(0(1'! ,*8! (*8(7(8),3'! 6&2-! 0&.10512! 0&! /21,01! ,! '&/(10#! 05,0! ('! ,?31! 0&! 6(05'0,*8! 051! 1::1/0'! &:!

)*:&21'11*! 171*0'! ,*8! 0521,0'm! >0! 051! Y3&?,3! B1*021! :&2! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! 61! ,21! 6&2-(*.! 6(05!

'0,-15&3812'!,0!051!.3&?,3G!*,0(&*,3!,*8!3&/,3!31713!0&!$,-1!05('!5,%%1*A!!

Z51!Y3&?,3!B1*021!:&2!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!('!/&$$(0018!0&!1[/1331*/1!(*!21'1,2/5G!18)/,0(&*!,*8!,87&/,/#!

0&!($%2&71!051!21'(3(1*/1!&:!*,0(&*'!,*8!/&$$)*(0(1'!0&!8(','012'A!!

g(05!.2&6(*.!%&%)3,0(&*!,*8!(*:2,'02)/0)21'G!051!6&238h'!1[%&')21!0&!5,i,28'!('!(*/21,'(*.A!g51*!8(','012!

'02(-1'G!/&$$)*(0(1'!$,#!*118!0&!?1!21?)(30! %5#'(/,33#! 1/&*&$(/,33#! ,*8! '&/(,33#A! >0! 051! ',$1!0($1G! (0! ('!

7(0,3!05,0!,*#!21/&*'02)/0(&*!,/0(7(0#!%2&T,/0(713#!/&*'(812'!5&6!0&!%2&01/0!%1&%31!,*8!051(2!1*7(2&*$1*0G!

,*8!218)/1!,!/&$$)*(0#h'!7)3*12,?(3(0#A!!

>0!051!Y3&?,3!B1*021!:&2!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1G!&)2! 7('(&*!('!:&2!,!'&/(10#!05,0!5,'!051!/,%,/(0#!0&! 21'('0! &2!

/5,*.1!(*! &2812!0&!218)/1!5,i,28!7)3*12,?(3(0#G!,*8! 0&!/&*0(*)1!:)*/0(&*(*.!%5#'(/,33#G!1/&*&$(/,33#! ,*8!

'&/(,33#!651*!')?`1/018!0&!,!5,i,28!171*0A!!

g1! '11-! 0&! ,/5(171! &)2! 7('(&*! ?#! )*8120,-(*.! 6&2-! 05,0! /2&''1'! 051! 02,8(0(&*,3! ?&)*8,2(1'! ?10611*!

,/,81$(/!8('/(%3(*1'!,*8!'/5&&3'!&:!05&).50A!g1!%2&7(81!'02,01.(/!,87(/1!,*8!%2,/0(/,3!.)(8,*/1!?,'18!&*!

2(.&2&)'G!'0,-15&3812!(*:&2$18!21'1,2/5A!g1!,21!,3'&!')%%&2018!?#!,!6&2386(81!*106&2-!&:!%,20*12'!:2&$!

%&3(/#G!.&712*$1*0G!(*8)'02#!,*8!,/,81$(,A!!

Z51! Y3&?,3! B1*021! :&2! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! ('! %,20! &:! 051! "/5&&3! &:! >20G! ;1'(.*! ,*8! >2/5(01/0)21! ,0! 051!

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138!(*!051!FHA!P*!Q&71$?12!JKI\G!051!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138!6,'!,6,2818!051!

Z($1'!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!F*(712'(0#!&:! 051!n1,2A!Z51! F*(712'(0#!1[/13'!(*!1*012%2('1! ,*8!(**&7,0(&*!,*8!(*!

JKIJG!6,'!*,$18!051!Z($1'!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!@*021%21*1)2(,3!F*(712'(0#!&:!051!n1,2A!!

9&2! $&21! (*:&2$,0(&*! ,?&)0! &)2! 21'1,2/5G! 01,/5(*.! ,*8! ,87&/,/#G! %31,'1! /&*0,/04! C2&:1''&2! ;(3,*05(!

>$,2,0)*.,!M!C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!Y3&?,3!B1*021!:&2! ;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!

o)11*'.,01G!D)8812':(138G!D;I!\;DG!F*(018!H(*.8&$A64!666A5)8A,/A)-k.82/A!!

14!8A,$,2,0)*.,^5)8A,/A)-!k!2A5,(.5^5)8A,/A)-A!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

_(*-18!%2&`1/0'!

QF><!N+,(*'021,$(*.!(*01.2,018!;<<!,*8!BB>!'02,01.(1'!

(*0&!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*!%&3(/#O!

/0'12-%+((

B&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*'!,21!1'%1/(,33#!1[%&'18!0&!051!($%,/0'!&:!/3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!8(','012!2('-'A!

P*!051!/&$(*.!81/,81'G!/3($,01T(*8)/18!1[021$1!171*0'!,21!1[%1/018!0&!(*/21,'1!,*8!6(33!/&*0(*)1!0&!,::1/0!

*,0)2,3! ,*8! 5)$,*! '#'01$'! (*81%1*81*03#! &2! (*! /&$?(*,0(&*! 6(05! &0512! 81012$(*,*0'! 0&! ,3012! 051!

%2&8)/0(7(0#G! 8(712'(0#! ,*8! :)*/0(&*'!&:! $,*#! 1/&'#'01$'! ,*8! 3(713(5&&8'A! B3($,01! /5,*.1! ,*8! 8(','012!

($%,/0'!0521,01*!0&!1[,/12?,01!1[('0(*.!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!,*8!:)20512!1*021*/5!81713&%$1*0!8('%,2(0(1'A!

Z5121! ('! ,3'&! (*/21,'(*.! 21/&.*(0(&*! 05,0! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*! N;<<O! '5&)38! (*/3)81! /3($,01! /5,*.1!

,8,%0,0(&*!NBB>OA!Z51'1!06&!%12'%1/0(71'!5,71!?11*!81713&%18!?#!8(::121*0!/&$$)*(0(1'G!?)0!051!,($!&:!

?&05!('!0&!218)/1!7)3*12,?(3(0#!,*8!5,i,28!1[%&')21!(*!&2812!0&!(*/21,'1!21'(3(1*/1!0&!051!%&01*0(,3!,8712'1!

($%,/0'!&:!/3($,01!1[021$1'A!

Z5('!/&33,?&2,0(&*!,*8!21'1,2/5!%2&`1/0!6(33!81713&%!21'1,2/512!/,%,/(0#!,*8!*&713G!(*01.2,018!;;<!,*8!BB>!

'02,01.(1'! 05,0! /,*! %2&01/0! /1*021'! &:! 1/&*&$(/! .2&605! ,*8! 81713&%$1*0! &)0/&$1'! (*! /&,'0,3! )2?,*!

,..3&$12,0(&*'A! Z52&).5! 8&/)$1*018! P*8&*1'(,! /,'1! '0)8(1'! ,*8! (*012*,0(&*,3! .&&8! %2,/0(/1'G! ,*8! ,!

'0,-15&3812! $,%! &:! ;<<! ,*8! BB>! ,/0&2'! ,0! 051! /(0#! 31713G! 051! %2&`1/0! 6(33!81713&%! ,! $)30(! '0,-15&3812!

02,*'(0(&*! %,056,#! ,*8! ,! /31,2! %&3(/#! '0,01$1*0! & *! $,(*'021,$(*.! ;<<! ,*8! BB>! (*! P*8&*1'(,h'! /&,'0,3!

)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*!81713&%$1*0!%3,*A!

Z51! %2&`1/0! 6(33! 218)/1! 8(','012! 2('-G! (*/3)8(*.!5)$,*! ,*8! 1/&*&$(/! 3&''1'G! ,*8! /21,01! $&21! 21'(3(1*0G!

/&**1/018!/&$$)*(0(1'A!P0!6(33!:&'012!$)30(T'0,-15&3812!(*7&371$1*0!(*!81713&%$1*0!%2&/1''1'!,*8!1]),3!

%,20(/(%,0(&*! &:! .2&)%'! 65&! ,21! &:01*! 1[/3)818G!')/5! ,'! 6&$1*G! /5(3821*! ,*8! #&)05G! ,*8! %1&%31! 6(05!

8(',?(3(0(1'A!P0!6(33!8(21/03#!/&*02(?)01!0&!P*8&*1'(,h'!1::&20'!(*!6&2-(*.! 0&6,28'!051!0,2.10'!'10! &)0! (*!051!

.3&?,3!,.211$1*0'!&*!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!N"1*8,(!92,$16&2-OG!B3($,01!B5,*.1!NBECJIO!,*8!")'0,(*,?31!

;1713&%$1*0!Y&,3'A!

/0',0'.()-3(2*,)&'()&42%5%3(.#(6)"+(

7#2-'("%.%)"&4(,),%".(

<,5,#)G! DA! CAG! D,(.5G! <AG! M! >$,2,0)*.,G! ;A! NJKILOA! "02,01.(/! /5,331*.1'! (*! 81713&%$1*0! %3,**(*.! :&2!

;1*%,',2!B(0#! ,*8! 051!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*!&:! ",2?,.(0,A!C2&/18(,! @*.(*112(*.G! JIJG!I\WSTI\VWA!

;EP4!IKAIKIUk`A%2&1*.AJKILAKIAISW!!

>$,2,0)*.,G!;AG!+,3,3.&8,G!BAG!D,(.5G!<AG!C,*8,G!>AG!M!<,5,#)G!DA!CA!NJKILOA!"&)*8!C2,/0(/1'!&:!;(','012!<('-!

<18)/0(&*!,0!_&/,3!_1713A!C2&/18(,!@*.(*112(*.G!JIJG!IIU\TIISKA!;EP4!IKAIKIUk`A%2&1*.AJKILAKIAIVK!!

7#2-'(,"#,#.)1.()-3()8)"3.(9.2-&%(:,"21(;<=>?(

@%.%)"&4(,"#,#.)1(#-(A2'2B)'2-B(4C3"#(*%'%#"#1#B2&)1(4)D)"3(2*,)&'.('4"#0B4(2*,"#5%3('")-.E#0-3)"C(

"25%"(*)-)B%*%-'(2-('4%(F21280-B(@25%"(G).2-(9.0E*2''%3(2-(H%E"0)"C(;<=IJ()8)2'2-B(#0'&#*%?(

D,(.5G! <,5,#)! ,*8! >$,2,0)*.,! `&(*03#! ')?$(0018! ,! %2&%&',3! 1*0(0318! p+(0(.,0(*.! 5#82&! $101&2&3&.(/,3!

5,i,28!($%,/0'! 052&).5! ($%2&718!02,*'?&)*8,2#! 2(712! $,*,.1$1*0! (*! 051! B(3(6)*.!<(712! =,'(*p! 0&! 051!

F*812'0,*8(*.!&:!051!P$%,/0'!&:!D#82&$101&2&3&.(/,3!D,i,28'!(*!P*8&*1'(,G!,!/,33!?#!P*8&*1'(,h'!+(*('02#!

&:! <1'1,2/5G! Z1/5*&3&.#! ,*8! D(.512! @8)/,0(&*! &:! 051! <1%)?3(/! &:! P*8&*1'(,! N<('01-8(-0(OG! FHh'! Q,0)2,3!

@*7(2&*$1*0!<1'1,2/5!B&)*/(3!NQ@<BO!,*8!@/&*&$(/!M!"&/(,3!<1'1,2/5!B&)*/(3!N@"<BOA!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

IK!

@%.%)"&4( ,"#,#.)1( #-( K:( .'03C( #6( '4%( 0,.'"%)*L3#8-.'"%)*( 2-'%"6)&%( 2-( %-3L'#L%-3( '.0-)*2( %)"1C(

8)"-2-B()-3(*2'2B)'2#-(.C.'%*.K(9)8)"3%3(2-(/&'#E%"(;<=>?(

P*!E/0&?12!JKIS!>$,2,0)*.,G!<,5,#)!,*8!D,(.5!'1/)218!,!.2,*0!&:!qUSGJVK!:2&$!,!YB<9!,88(0(&*,3!:)*8(*.!

21'02(/018!/,33!JKISkJKIL!,0!051!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138A!Z51!%3,**18!,/0(7(0#!6(33!(*7&371!,!810,(318!'0)8#!

&:!051!01/5*(/,3G!31.,3!,*8!'&/(&T/)30)2,3!/&$%31[(0(1'!(*7&3718!(*!/&$$)*(/,0(*.!051!2,%(8!8101/0(&*!&:!,!

0')*,$(!6,71!0&!`)2('8(/0(&*,3!,.1*/(1'!,*8!21'%&*'1!%,20*12'A!!

@%.%)"&4( ,"#,#.)1( #-( KMC-)*2&.( #6( 32.,1)&%*%-'( "%1)'%3( '#( &#*,1%N( -)'0")1( 4)D)"3.+( 1)-3.123%.( 2-(

,%".,%&'25%K(9.0E*2''%3(2-(A)"&4J(;<=IJ(0-.0&&%..601?(

Z51!qJVGKKK! %2&%&',3! 6,'!')?$(0018! 0&! 051!YB<9kQ106&2-(*.! .2,*0k>/,81$#! &:! +18(/,3! "/(1*/1'A! B&T

31,812'!6121!051!F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!,*8!Y;<BG!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138A!C,20*12'!(*/3)818!

PZ=G!P*8&*1'(,G!051!;1%,20$1*0!&:!Y1&.2,%5#!,*8!<1'&)2/1!;1713&%$1*0G!F*(712'(0#!&:!Y5,*,G!Y5,*,G!051!

+,3,6(!F*(712'(0#!&:!"/(1*/1!,*8!Z1/5*&3&.#G!+,3,6(G!,*8!051!F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,G!"2(!_,*-,A!

@%.%)"&4(,"#,#.)1( #-( KO#&2)11C( 2-&10.25%()-3(%P02')E1%(2-6").'"0&'0"%(3%5%1#,*%-'( '4)'(&#-'"2E0'%.('#(

2*,"#52-B(12-Q.(E%'8%%-(32.).'%"("2.Q("%30&'2#-()-3(&#-612&'(,"%5%-'2#-()*#-B(&#**0-2'2%.(2-('4%(:&%4(

!"#52-&%J(R-3#-%.2)K(9.0E*2''%3(2-(70-%(;<=IJ()8)2'2-B(#0'&#*%?(

C2&:1''&2'!>$,2,0)*.,!,*8!D,(.5!7('(018!"#(,5!H),3,!F*(712'(0#!(*!>/15!0&! /&33,?&2,01!&*!,! %2&%&',3!:&2!

"&/(,33#!(*/3)'(71! ,*8! 1])(0,?31! (*:2,'02)/0)21! 81713&%$1*0! 05,0! /&*02(?)01'!0&!($%2&7(*.! 3(*-'!?10611*!

8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!/&*:3(/0'!%2171*0(&*!,$&*.!/&$$)*(0(1'!(*!051!>/15!C2&7(*/1G!P*8&*1'(,A!Z51!

%2&%&',3!6,'!')?$(0018!0&!051!Q160&*!9)*8G!7,3)18!,0!qIJVG\\LA!

R-'%"-)'2#-)1( S#"Q.4#,(#-( O&2%-&%()-3( T%&4-#1#BC(F#-'"2E0'2#-( 2-(!#12&C( R*,"#5%*%-'( )-3( F),)&2'C(

G02132-B( 6#"( :35)-&%LU)"1C( S)"-2-B( OC.'%*( )B)2-.'( V%)"LH2%13( T.0-)*2( @2.QJ( G)12J( R-3#-%.2)J( ;=L;W(

:0B0.'(;<=>(

Z51!Q160&*! ,..3&$12,0(&*! %2&`1/0! 6,'!%21'1*018!,'! %,20! &:! 051!21'1,2/5! ,*8! '12(,3! 171*0!&:! PZ=p'! IKK!

,**(712',2#!/&$$1$&2,0(&*G!,*!(*012*,0(&*,3!6&2-'5&%!&*!b"/(1*/1!,*8!Z1/5*&3&.#!B&*02(?)0(&*!(*!C&3(/#!

P$%2&71$1*0!,*8!B,%,/(0#!=)(38(*.!:&2!>87,*/1T@,23#!g,2*(*.!"#'01$!,.,(*'0!Q1,2T9(138!Z')*,$(!<('-cA!

Z5('!6,'!/&*8)/018!0&!%21'1*0!,*8!8(''1$(*,01!051!21')30!&:!21'1,2/5!$,(*3#!&*!051!('')1!%1&%31!/1*012!

0')*,$(! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! '#'01$G! 1*8T0&T1*8! ,*8! 1::1/0(71! 0')*,$(! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! '#'01$! ,*8! 1$12.1*/#!

21'%&*'1A! Z51! 6&2-'5&%! ,3'&! 1*.,.18 ! PZ=h'! %,20*12'! ,0! *,0(&*,3! ,*8! (*012*,0(&*,3! 31713! 0&! &?0,(*! 051(2!

-*&6318.1!,*8! 1[%12(1*/1'!(*!/&*8)/0(*.!21'1,2/5!213,018! 0&!0')*,$(!8(','012!,*8!?)(38(*.! 21'(3(1*/1!&:!

/&,'0,3!/&$$)*(0(1'!:2&$!21.(&*,3!%12'%1/0(71A!

7#2-'(%-B)B%*%-'()&'252'2%.J(&#11)E#")'2#-.()-3(,)"'-%".42,.(

XYLO#0'4( U).'( :.2)( @%.%)"&4%".( V%'8#"Q2-B( 8#"Q.4#,( Z( X-3%".')-32-B( '4%( R*,)&'( #6(

[C3"#*%'%#"#1#B2&)1([)D)"3.(2-(O#0'4L%).'(:.2)(

D,(.5!,*8! <,5,#)!0&&-!%,20!(*! pZ51!F*812'0,*8(*.!051! P$%,/0!&:!D#82&$101&2&3&.(/,3!D,i,28'!(*! "&)05!

@,'0!>'(,!FHT"&)05!@,'0!>'(,!<1'1,2/512'!Q106&2-(*.!6&2-'5&%pG!65(/5!0&&-!%3,/1!&712!06&!8,#'G!IK!d!II!

E/0&?12!JKIS!(*!;1%&-G!P*8&*1'(,A!Z51!9,/)30#!&:!+,051$,0(/'!,*8!Q,0)2,3!"/(1*/1'!N9+PC>OG!F*(712'(0#!

P*8&*1'(,! ,*8! 051! +(*('02#! &:! <1'1,2/5G! Z1/5*&3&.#! M! D(.512! @8)/,0(&*! &:! 051! <1%)?3(/! &:! P*8&*1'(,!

N<('01-8(-0(O!5&'018!051!6&2-'5&%A!Z51!*106&2-(*.!6&2-'5&%!5,8!06&!&712,2/5(*.!,($'4!IA!Z&!3,)*/5!051!

:(71! F*812'0,*8(*.! &:! 051! P$%,/0'! &:! D#82&$101&2&3&.(/,3! D,i,28'! (*! "&)05! @,'0! >'(,! %2&.2,$$1!

(*0128('/(%3(*,2#!/,33'!,*8!%21'1*0!,*!&7127(16!&:!051!/,33!,($'!,*8!&?`1/0(71'A!JA!Z&!:,/(3(0,01!3(*-'!?10611*!

051!FH!,*8!"&)051,'0!>'(,*!21'1,2/5!/&$$)*(0(1'!(*!051!,21,!&:!5#82&$101&2&3&.(/,3!5,i,28'!?#!%2&7(8(*.!

,*!&%%&20)*(0#!:&2!21'1,2/512'!0&!*106&2-!,*8!?1.(*!0&!81713&%!(81,'!0&!,8821''!051!,($'!&:!051!/,33A!Z51!

1$%5,'('!&:! 051! 6&2-'5&%! 6,'!,*! &%%&20)*(0#! :&2! :,/(3(0,018!8('/)''(&*'! ?10611*! 21'1,2/512'!,*8! ,'! ,!

21')30G!05121!6,'!*&!:&2$,3!21%&20!?,/-!:2&$!1,/5!&:!051!?21,-&)0!'1''(&*'A!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

II!

R-'%"B#5%"-*%-')1( /&%)-#B"),42&( F#**2..2#-(#6(XVUOF/\.( F##"32-)'2#-(]"#0,( 6#"( '4%(R-32)-( /&%)-(

T.0-)*2(S)"-2-B()-3(A2'2B)'2#-(OC.'%*(T).Q(T%)*(#-(^&),)&2'C()..%..*%-'()-3('.0-)*2(,"%,)"%3-%.._(

Z51!P*012.&712*$1*0,3!E/1,*&.2,%5(/!B&$$(''(&*!&:!FQ@"BEh'!B&&28(*,0(&*!Y2&)%!:&2!051!P*8(,*!E/1,*!

Z')*,$(!g,2*(*.!,*8!+(0(.,0(&*!"#'01$!6,'!:&2$18!(*!21'%&*'1!0&!051!02,.(/!0')*,$(!&*!;1/1$?12!JU05G!

JKKWA! P0! &712',6! 051! 81713&%$1*0! &:! 051! P*8(,*! E/1,*! Z')*,$(! g,2*(*.! ,*8! +(0(.,0(&*! "#'01$! ,*8!

(*/3)81'! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! 01/5*&3&.#! ')/5! ,'! '1('$&.2,%5(/! '0,0(&*'! ,*8! 811%T&/1,*! ,''1''$1*0! ,*8!

21%&20(*.!&:!0')*,$(!?)&#'A!P0!5,'!1'0,?3('518!051!g&2-(*.!Y2&)%!,*8!Z,'-'!Z1,$!'10!)%!0&!1'0,?3('5!,*8!

($%31$1*0!6&2-(*.!%3,*'!(*!051!P*8(,*!E/1,*!21.(&*A!;2!D,2-)*0(!<,5,#)!('!051!B5,(2!&:!g&2-(*.!Y2&)%TI!

&*!Z')*,$(! 2('-! /&$$)*(0#! ,6,21*1''!,*8!%21%,218*1''A!C2&:1''&2'!>$,2,0)*.,! ,*8!D,(.5!,21!(*7(018!

1[%120'!&:!,!6&2-(*.!.2&)%!&*!bZ')*,$(!2('-G!/&$$)*(0#!,6,21*1''!,*8!%21%,218*1''cG!,'!6133!,'!,!0,'-!

01,$!&*!b/,%,/(0#!,''1''$1*0!,*8!0')*,$(!%21%,218*1''cA!

`'4( R-'%"-)'2#-)1( F#-6%"%-&%( #-( U)"'4( O&2%-&%.( )-3( U-B2-%%"2-BJ( ;a'4ZW=.'( :0B0.'(;<=>J( :-3)1).(

X-25%".2'CJ(!)3)-BJ(R-3#-%.2)(

Z51!Q160&*!,..3&$12,0(&*!%2&`1/0!6,'!%21'1*018!,0!05('!171*0G!&2.,*('18!?#!,''&/(,01!%,20*12!051!>*8,3,'!

F*(712'(0#G!C,8,*.G!P*8&*1'(,!,*8!B,:10!P**&7,!Z1/5*(/,3!"&/(10#!NBPZ"OG!D#812,?,8G!Z13,*.,*,G!P*8(,A!Z51!

W05!P*012*,0(&*,3!B&*:121*/1! &*! @,205! "/(1*/1'! ,*8! @*.(*112(*.!NPB@@dJKISO!6,'!5138!8)2(*.!JR05d\I'0!

>).)'0G! JKISA! Z51! /&*:121*/1! ?2&).50! 0&.10512! ,*8! %2&7(81! ,! %3,0:&2$! 0&! <1'1,2/512'G! @*.(*112'G!

"/(1*0('0'!,*8!>/,81$(/(,*'!,'!6133!,'!P*8)'02(,3!C2&:1''(&*,3'!:2&$!,33!&712!051!.3&?1!0&!%21'1*0G!'5,21!,*8!

1[/5,*.1! 051(2! 21'1,2/5! 21')30'! ,*8! 81713&%$1*0,3! ,/0(7(0(1'! ,?&)0! ,33! %,20'! &:! 1,205! '/(1*/1'! ,*8!

1*.(*112(*.A!C2&:1''&2!>$,2,0)*.,!813(71218!,!-1#*&01!,8821''!&*!pFQ!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!

<18)/0(&*!JKIVT\K4!<&31!&:!"/(1*/1!,*8!Z1/5*&3&.#!(*!C12'%1/0(71p!

R-'%"B#5%"-*%-')1( F##"32-)'2#-(]"#0,( 6#"( '4%( R-32)-(/&%)-( T.0-)*2(S)"-2-B( )-3( A2'2B)'2#-(OC.'%*(

9RF]bR/TSAO?(=.'(R-'%B")'%3(R-'%".%..2#-)1(A%%'2-B.(7)Q)"')J(R-3#-%.2)J(`(Z(=>(O%,'%*E%"(;<=>(

<,5,#)G!D,(.5! ,*8! >$,2,0)*.,!,001*818! 051! (*,).)2,3! Z,'-!Z1,$! &*! B,%,/(0#! >''1''$1*0! &:! Z')*,$(!

C21%,218*1''!NZZTB>ZCO!0&!81'(.*!,*8!:(138!01'0!051!$&8(:(18!*,0(&*,3!21%&20!01$%3,01!?1:&21!/(2/)3,0(*.!(0!

0&!051!PEZg+"!+1$?12!"0,01'A!

R-'%"52%8.()-3(,0E12&(%-B)B%*%-'(%5%-'.()"#0-3(M%-,).)"(F2'CJ(G)12J(R-3#-%.2)J(:0B0.'(;<=>(

>'!%,20!&:!:(138!8,0,!/&331/018!(*!;1*%,',2!B(0#!,*8!051!')22&)*8(*.!21.1*/(1'G!,!'12(1'!&:!(*0127(16'!,*8!

:&/)'!.2&)%!8('/)''(&*!6121!5138!6(05!3&/,3!%&3(0(/(,*'!,*8!/&$$)*(0#!31,812'A!Z5('!(*:&2$18!'0,-15&3812!

$,%%(*.!,*8!(81*0(:(/,0(&*!&:!-1#!('')1'!&*!/&*712.1*/1!&:!;<<!,*8!BB>!6(05(*!81713&%$1*0!%3,**(*.A!

R-'%"-)'2#-)1(F#-6%"%-&%(#-(M2.).'%"(A)-)B%*%-'J(;L`(A)C(;<=IJ(!)3)-B(F2'CJ(R-3#-%.2)(

Z51! P*012*,0(&*,3! B&*:121*/1! &*! ;(','012! +,*,.1$1*0! JKIL! NPB;+! JKILO! ('! ,! %21$(12! :&2)$! :&2! 051!

%21'1*0,0(&*!&:!*16! ,87,*/1'!,*8!21'1,2/5!21')30'!(*!051!:(138!&:!;(','012!$,*,.1$1*0A!PB;+!JKIL!6,'!

051!:(2'0!P*012*,0(&*,3!/&*:121*/1!&2.,*(i18!?#!>*8,3,'!F*(712'(0#!NFQ>Q;OG!C,8,*.G!P*8&*1'(,f!P*8&*1'(,*!

;(','012! @[%120! >''&/(,0(&*! NP>=POf! ,*8! P*8&*1'(,! Q,0(&*,3! ;(','012! +,*,.1$1*0! >)05&2(0#! N=QC=OA!

B&*02(?)0(&*'! ,0! 051! /&*:121*/1! (*/3)8184! C2&:1''&2! D,(.5! 813(71218! ,! -1#*&01! &*! p+&?(3('(*.! D(.512!

@8)/,0(&*!(*!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*p!,*8!C2&:1''&2!>$,2,0)*.,!/5,(218!,!%31*,2#!-1#*&01!'1''(&*A!

c2.2'('#(OC2)4(Y0)1)(X-25%".2'CJ(:&%4(!"#52-&%J(R-3#-%.2)J(A)C(;<=I(

C2&:1''&2'!>$,2,0)*.,!,*8!D,(.5!7('(018!"#(,5!H),3,!F*(712'(0#!(*!>/15!0&! /&33,?&2,01!&*!,! %2&%&',3!:&2!

"&/(,33#!(*/3)'(71! ,*8! 1])(0,?31! (*:2,'02)/0)21! 81713&%$1*0!05,0! /&*02(?)01'!0&!($%2&7(*.! 3(*-'! ?10611*!

8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!/&*:3(/0'!%2171*0(&*!,$&*.!/&$$)*(0(1'!(*!051!>/15!C2&7(*/1G!P*8&*1'(,A!Z51!

%2&%&',3!6,'!')?$(0018!0&!051!Q160&*!9)*8G!7,3)18!,0!qIJVG\\LG!,*8!6,'!`&(*03#!')?$(0018!?10611*!051!

Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FHG!,*8!051!Z')*,$(!,*8!;(','012!+(0(.,0(&*!

<1'1,2/5!B1*021G!"#(,5!H),3,!F*(712'(0#G!=,*8,!>/15G!P*8&*1'(,A!C,20*12'!(*/3)81!051!>/15!;1713&%$1*0!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

IJ!

>.1*/#!N=>C@;;>OG!>/15!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!>.1*/#!N=C=>OG!>/15!<1(*01.2,0(&*!>.1*/#!N=<>OG!>/15!

<1(*01.2,0(&*!>.1*/#!N=<>OA!

XVUOF/( R/F( R-'%"B#5%"-*%-')1( F##"32-)'2#-( ]"#0,( 6#"( '4%( R-32)-( /&%)-( T.0-)*2( S)"-2-B( )-3(

A2'2B)'2#-( OC.'%*( 9RF]bR/TSAO?J( R-'%".%..2#-)1( A%%'2-B.( #6( S#"Q2-B( ]"#0,( =( #-( dT.0-)*2( @2.QJ(

F#**0-2'C( :8)"%-%..( )-3( !"%,)"%3-%..d( )-3( dT).Q( T%)*( #-( F),)&2'C( :..%..*%-'( #6( T.0-)*2(

!"%,)"%3-%..(9TTLF:T!?d()'(R-32)-(V)'2#-)1(F%-'"%(6#"(/&%)-(R-6#"*)'2#-(O%"52&%.(9RVF/RO?J([C3%")E)3J(

R-32)J(701C(;<=I(

;2!<,5,#)G!C2&:1''&2!D,(.5!,*8!C2&:1''&2!>$,2,0)*.,!,001*818!051! P*012'1''(&*,3!+110(*.'!&:! g&2-(*.!

Y2&)%! I! &*! rZ')*,$(! <('-G! B&$$)*(0#! >6,21*1''! ,*8! C21%,218*1''r! ,*8! rZ,'-! Z1,$! &*! B,%,/(0#!

>''1''$1*0!&:!Z')*,$(!C21%,218*1''!NZZTB>ZCOG!,($18!0&!?)(38(*.!/,%,/(0#!:&2! 0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!(*!

051!P*8(,*!E/1,*A!Z51!01,$!,21!31,8(*.!051!81713&%$1*0!&:!,!/,%,/(0#!')271#!(*'02)$1*0!05,0!6(33!?1!)'18!

0&!,''1''!051!/,%,/(0#!&:!,33!'0,01'!(*7&3718!6(05!051!P*8(,*!E/1,*!Z')*,$(!g,2*(*.!,*8!+(0(.,0(&*!"#'01$G!

(*/3)8(*.!P*8&*1'(,A!

H0'0"%(').Q.+(

7#2-'("%,#"'.(

Z51!%2&`1/0!6(33!%2&8)/1!'1712,3!21%&20'!3(*-18!0&!051!21'1,2/5!%2&.2,$$1'A!Z51'1!6(33!?1!$,81!,7,(3,?31!

:&2!8&6*3&,8!8)2(*.!051!%2&`1/04!

• >!'#*051'('!&:!1[('0(*.!;<<!,*8!BB>!'02,01.(1'!(*!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!%2&/1''1'!

• ;&/)$1*018! P*8&*1'(,! /,'1! '0)8(1'! ,*8! (*012*,0(&*,3! .&&8! %2,/0(/1'G! 31''&*'! 31,2*18G!

$105&8&3&.(1'!,*8!0&&3'/,*!?1!)'18!0&!1*5,*/1!051!(*01.2,0(&*!&:!;<<!,*8!BB>!(*!81713&%$1*0!

%2&/1''1'!(*!/&,'0,3!/(0(1'!

• >! '0,-15&3812! $,%! &:! ;<<! ,*8! BB>! ,/0&2'! ,0! 051! /(0#! 31713G! (*/3)8(*.! /&$$)*(/,0(&*! ,*8!

/&33,?&2,0(&*!/5,**13'!

• B&,'0,3!5,i,28!2('-!%2&:(31'!:2&$!06&!,..3&$12,0(&*!$102&%&3(0,*!/(0(1'!

• >! $)30(T'0,-15&3812! 02,*'(0(&*! %,056,#! :&2! (*01.2,018! ;<<! ,*8! BB>! (*! )2?,*! 81713&%$1*0!

%3,**(*.!:&2!06&!/,'1!'0)8#!/(0(1'!

• C&3(/#!'0,01$1*0!&*!$,(*'021,$(*.!;<<!,*8!BB>!(*!051!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*!81713&%$1*0!

%3,*!:&2!06&!/,'1!'0)8#!/(0(1'!

7#0"-)1(.,%&2)1(2..0%(

>!'%1/(,3!('')1!6(33!?1!Y)1'0!@8(018!(*!051!"/&%)'!(*81[18!P*012*,0(&*,3!a&)2*,3!&:!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!(*!051!

=)(30!@*7(2&*$1*0A!9)20512!810,(3'!6(33!?1!,**&)*/18!(*!8)1!/&)2'1A!

a'4(R-'%"-)'2#-)1(F#-6%"%-&%(#-(G02132-B(@%.212%-&%(;<=aJ(M%-,).)"J(R-3#-%.2)(

PZ=! ,*8! 051! F*(712'(0#! &:! D)8812':(138! 6(33! `&(*03#! 5&'0! 051! R05! P*012*,0(&*,3! B&*:121*/1! &*! =)(38(*.!

<1'(3(1*/1!(*!051!W05!]),2012!&:!JKIRA!;2!<,5,#)G!C2&:1''&2!D,(.5!,*8!C2&:1''&2!>$,2,0)*.,!21/1*03#!7('(018!

051!%2&%&'18!71*)1!(*!;1*%,',2G!=,3(G!P*8&*1'(,G!65(/5!('!/)221*03#!)*812!/&*'02)/0(&*A!Z51!/,33!:&2!%,%12'!

6(33! ?1! ('')18! (*! Q&71$?12! JKILA! C217(&)'! =)(38(*.! <1'(3(1*/1! B&*:121*/1'! 5,71! ,002,/018!&712! \KK!

8131.,01'G!,*8! 5,71! ?11*!5138!(*!"2(!_,*-,G!051!FHG!>)'02,3(,G!Q16!s1,3,*8G!Z5,(3,*8!,*8!C&20).,3A!Z51!

171*0! 6(33! ?1! )'18! 0&! 8(''1$(*,01! 051! &)0/&$1'! &:! 05('! %2&`1/0! ,*8! &0512! `&(*0! 6&2-! ?10611*! 051!

(*'0(0)0(&*'A!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

I\!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

;2!D,2-)*0(!<,5,#)G!=,*8)*.!P*'0(0)01!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!P*8&*1'(,!

C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,20)*.,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

Z51!%2&`1/0!('!`&(*03#!:)*818!?#!051!=2(0('5!B&)*/(3!P*'0(0)0(&*,3!_(*-'!Q160&*!9)*8!,*8!P*8&*1'(,h'!+(*('02#!

&:!<1'1,2/5G!Z1/5*&3&.#!,*8!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!&:!051!<1%)?3(/!&:!P*8&*1'(,!N<('01-8(-0(OA!!

Z51!Q160&*!9)*8!('!%,20!&:!051!FHh'!&::(/(,3!81713&%$1*0!,''('0,*/1!%2&.2,$$1A!Z51!:)*8!('!qSV!$(33(&*!

1,/5!#1,2!:2&$!JKIW!:&2!:(71!#1,2'A!!Z52&).5!051!Q160&*!9)*8G!051!FH!6(33!)'1!(0'!'021*.05!(*!21'1,2/5!,*8!

(**&7,0(&*!0&!%2&$&01!1/&*&$(/!81713&%$1*0!,*8!'&/(,3!613:,21!&:!%,20*12!/&)*02(1'A!=#!6&2-(*.!0&.10512!

&*!21'1,2/5!,*8! (**&7,0(&*! %2&`1/0'G!051!FH!6(33!?)(38!'02&*.! ,*8! ')'0,(*,?31!213,0(&*'5(%'!6(05!%,20*12!

/&)*02(1'A!Z5('!6(33!')%%&20!051!/&*0(*)18!1[/1331*/1!&:!FH!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(&*!0&!)*3&/-!&%%&20)*(0(1'!

:&2!6(812!/&33,?&2,0(&*!,*8!02,81A!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+(

PEB!d!FQ@"BE!PBYkPEZg+"!!

Q,0(&*,3!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!>.1*/#!N=QC=O!

+101&2&3&.#G!B3($,0&3&.#!,*8!Y1&%5#'(/,3!>.1*/#!N=+HYO!

(

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

IW!

<@?)(38(*Y!>:01<!;('%3,/1$1*0!N<@Y><;O!

/0'12-%+(

P$$18(,013#! :&33&6(*.! ,! 8(','012! ,*8! /&*:3(/0T(*8)/18! 8('%3,/1$1*0! ,! /&$$)*(0#! 6(33! )*812.&!

21'10031$1*0!,'!,!%2&/1''!&:!21/&712#!/&$%2('(*.!1::&20'!0&!21'0&21!051!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0#h'!1])(3(?2()$!

31713!:2&$! 8(::121*0! %12'%1/0(71'A! <1'10031$1*0!('!,3'&! ,! %2&/1''!05,0! (*02&8)/1'!*16! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0!

N=@O!:&2!051!8('%3,/18A!Z5('! *16! =@! %&01*0(,33#!2181:(*1'!051!'&/(,3!'#'01$! ,'! &*1! (*0123(*-18!6(05!&0512!

')?'#'01$'! &:! 051! /&$$)*(0#A! D&61712G! :&33&6(*.! ,! :)*8,$1*0,3! /5,*.1! (*! 051! '#'01$G! 21'0&2(*.! 051!

1,23(12! 1])(3(?2()$! ('! ,3$&'0! ($%&''(?31A! g51*! =@! ('! /&*/12*18G! 051! $&'0! &7123&&-18! ,'%1/0! &:!

)*812'0,*8(*.!,*8!81012$(*(*.!051!')//1''!&:!051!21'10031$1*0!('!051!2&31!&:!051!5&'0!/&$$)*(0#A!>!')881*!

/5,*.1!(*!051!%,0012*!&:!(*012,/0(&*!6(05!051!=@!6&)38!5,71!,*!($$18(,01!1::1/0!&*!051!'0,?(3(0#!&:!051!5&'0!

/&$$)*(0#A!B&*'1])1*03#G!?&05!051!/&$$)*(0(1'!6(33!')::12!'021''!(*!,8,%0(*.!0&!051!*16!=@A!!

=,'18! &*! 05,0! ,'')$%0(&*G! 6,#'! 0&! 81012$(*1! 051! ')//1''! &:! 21'10031$1*0! ,21! 8('/)''18G! 5&61712G!

')%12:(/(,33#!(*!'&$1!&:!051!3(012,0)21A!9,(3)21!21.,28(*.!=@!5,'!?11*!21/&2818!?,'18!&*!051!(*,%%2&%2(,01!

5&)'1!81'(.*G!(*')::(/(1*0!(*:2,'02)/0)21G!,*8!(*,%%2&%2(,01!*16!1*7(2&*$1*0A!9)20512G!051!1/&*&$(/!'0,0)'!

&:!051!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0#G!?)21,)/2,0(/!01*81*/(1'!&:!051!.&712*$1*0!,*8!('')1'!&:!8('/2($(*,0(&*!,21!

,3'&!21/&2818!,'!21,'&*'!:&2!:,(3)21'!3(*-18!6(05!051!/5,*.1!(*!=@A!

>! *)$?12! &:! (*012*,0(&*,3! (*(0(,0(71'! (*/3)818! 05('! ('')1! (*! 051(2! %&3(/(1'! (*/3)8(*.! 051! ")'0,(*,?31!

;1713&%$1*0!Y&,3'G!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*G!051!g&238!D)$,*(0,2(,*!")$$(0G!

051!Q16!n&2-!;1/3,2,0(&*!:&2!<1:).11'!,*8!+(.2,*0'G!,*8G!$&'0!*&0,?3#G!051!Q,*'1*!P*(0(,0(71!&*!;(','012T

P*8)/18!B2&''T=&2812!;('%3,/1$1*0!,*8!(0'!')//1''&2G!051! C3,0:&2$! &*!;(','012!;('%3,/1$1*0A!D&61712G!

FQDB<!NJKISO!($%&'1'!05,0!051'1!,21!*&0!')::(/(1*0!,*8!$&21!('!21])(218A!Z51!21,'&*'!:&2!05('!(*')::(/(1*/#!

&2!051!.,%!,21f!8(::(/)30#!(*!$1,')2(*.!051!213,0(&*'5(%!?10611*! 8(','012'!,*8!8('%3,/1$1*0! ,*8!%&3(0(/,3!

21'02(/0(&*'!&:!8('%3,/1$1*0A!9)20512G!051!=@!%12'%1/0(71!&:!%&'0T8(','012!,*8!/&*:3(/0T(*8)/18!8('%3,/1$1*0!

5,'!31''!,/,81$(/!1*.,.1$1*0!,*8!('!'138&$!,8821''18!(*!%&3(/(1'A!B&*'1])1*03#G!051'1!%&3(/(1'!?1/&$1!

,$?(.)&)'!:&2!051!.&712*$1*0'!05,0!,21!02#(*.!0&!($%31$1*0A!Z5)'G!,!/&$%2151*'(71!,%%2&,/5!('!*11818!

0&!:(33!(*!051!%&3(/#!.,%'!&:!8(','012!,*8!/&*:3(/0T(*8)/18!8('%3,/1$1*0'A!!!

>//&28(*.3#G!051!,($!&:!051!%2&`1/0!('!0&!81713&%!/&$%101*/(1'!(*!21?)(38(*.!/&$$)*(0(1'!:&33&6(*.!8(','012!

,*8!/&*:3(/0!(*8)/18!$,''!8('%3,/1$1*0'!:2&$!051!%12'%1/0(71!&:!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0A!P*!,/5(17(*.!05('!

,($G!051!:&33&6(*.!&?`1/0(71'!5,71!?11*!'10!&)0A!!

• Z&! (81*0(:#! 051! *118'! &:! 051! /&$$)*(0(1'! :&33&6(*.! 8(','012! ,*8! /&*:3(/0! (*8)/18! $,''!

8('%3,/1$1*0'!(*!051!%12'%1/0(71!&:!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!

• Z&!(*71'0(.,01!051!2&31!&:!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!(*!1*5,*/(*.!'&/(,3!/&51'(&*!?10611*!5&'0!,*8!

8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'!

• Z&! 1[%3&21! 051! -*&6318.1G! '-(33'! ,*8! /&$%101*/(1'! 21])(218! ?#! 051! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0!

%2&:1''(&*,3'!0&!,8821''!051!*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'!

• Z&!81713&%G!01'0!,*8!($%31$1*0!,*!(**&7,0(71!'12(1'!&:!02,(*(*.!/&)2'1'!(*!/,012(*.!051!*118'!&:!

051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'!!

• Z&!81713&%!,''&/(,018!/)22(/)3,!,*8!21'&)2/1'!:&2!01,/512'!,*8!31,2*12'!

• Z&! (*02&8)/1! *16! )'1'! &:! PBZ! (*! 18)/,0(&*! ?#! :&2$)3,0(*.! 01/5*&3&.#T1*5,*/18! 31,2*(*.!

1*7(2&*$1*0'!,*8!$,012(,3'!0&!:,/(3(0,01!01,/5(*.!,*8!31,2*(*.!

• Z&! %2&%&'1! %&3(/#! 21/&$$1*8,0(&*'! 0&! =@! %2&:1''(&*,3! ?&8(1'! (*! )%.2,8(*.! 051! %2&:1''(&*,3!

/&$%101*/(1'!0&!,8821''!051!*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'!

Z51! %2&`1/0! ,($'! 0&! 81713&%! /&$%101*/(1'! (*! 21?)(38(*.! /&$$)*(0(1'! :&33&6(*.! 8(','012! ,*8! /&*:3(/0!

(*8)/18!$,''!8('%3,/1$1*0'! :2&$! 051! %12'%1/0(71! &:! 051! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0!N=@OA!P*! ,/5(17(*.!05('!,($G!,!

*)$?12! &:! &?`1/0(71'! 5,71! ?11*! '10! &)0! ,'! 810,(318!(*! 051! ,?&71! '1/0(&*A! >//&28(*.3#G! 051! %2&`1/0! 6(33!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

IV!

,8821''!051! *118'! &:! 051! 5&'0!,*8! 8('%3,/18! /&$$)*(0(1'!:&33&6(*.!8(','012! ,*8! /&*:3(/0! (*8)/18!$,''!

8('%3,/1$1*0'!,*8!:,/(3(0,01!')//1'':)3!21'10031$1*0A!P*!1*,?3(*.!05('G!%2&`1/0!6(33!,8821''!051!-*&6318.1!

.,%'! &:! =@! %2&:1''(&*,3'! ,*8! 513%! ($%2&7(*.! 051(2! /&$%101*/(1'A! Z51! %2&`1/0! ,3'&! (*:&2$! %&3(/#!

21/&$$1*8,0(&*'! 0&! =@!%2&:1''(&*,3! ?&8(1'!(*!)%.2,8(*.! 051!%2&:1''(&*,3! /&$%101*/(1'!0&! ,8821''! 051!

*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!P*!8&(*.!'&G!%2&`1/0!'11-!0&!81713&%!,!*)$?12!&:!&)0%)0'G!

&2.,*('1!,!*)$?12!&:!$)30(%3(12!171*0'!,*8!02,(*(*.!,/0(7(0(1'!(*!21?)(38(*.!/&$$)*(0(1'!:&33&6(*.!8(','012!

,*8!/&*:3(/0!(*8)/18!$,''!8('%3,/1$1*0'A!

H0'0"%(').Q.+(

P0! ('! (*01*818! 0&! /,22#! &)0! ,! /&$$)*(0#! *118'! ,*,3#'('! 0&! (81*0(:#! 051! *118'! &:! 051! 5&'0! ,*8! 8('%3,/18!

/&$$)*(0(1'! :&33&6(*.! 8(','012! ,*8! /&*:3(/0! (*8)/18! $,''! 8('%3,/1$1*0'! 65(/5! 6(33! (*:&2$! %&3(/#! (*!

21?)(38(*.!/&$$)*(0(1'A!Z51!/&$$)*(0#!*118!,*,3#'('!6(33!,3'&!(*:&2$!051!/&$%101*/#!:2,$16&2-!05,0!6(33!

?1!81713&%18!,0!,!3,012!'0,.1!&:!051!%2&`1/0G!(*!(81*0(:#(*.!051!/&$%101*/(1'!21])(218!:&2!=@!%2&:1''(&*,3'!

0&!,8821''!051!*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!Z51!%2&`1/0!6(33!:)20512!81713&%!,!'#*051'('!

21%&20!&*!051!2&31!&:!051!=@!(*!1*5,*/(*.!'&/(,3!/&51'(&*!?10611*!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'!,*8!,!

.)(8,*/1!*&01!6(05!21/&$$1*8,0(&*'!&*!?1'0!%2,/0(/1'!&:!21?)(38(*.!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!>33!

051'1!&)0%)0'! 6(33! ?1! 81713&%18!052&).5! ,! 2(.&2&)'!'/(1*0(:(/!%2&/1''! ,*8! 6(33! 8(21/03#!/&*02(?)01! 0&! 051!

'/(1*0(:(/!051&2#!&:!051!8&$,(*A!=,'18!&*!051'1!&)0%)0'G!(0!('!(*01*818!0&!%2&8)/1!,!*)$?12!&:!/&*:121*/1!

,*8!`&)2*,3!%,%12'!,*8!,!'%1/(,3!('')1!&:!,!`&)2*,3!65(/5!6(33!:)20512!1*5,*/1!051!-*&6318.1?,'1A!!

Z51!&)0%)0'!8('/)''18!,?&71!6(33!*&0!&*3#!?1*1:(0!051&2#!?)0!8)1!0&!051!($%&20,*/1!&:!051!')?`1/0!$,0012!

6(05(*!@)2&%1!,*8!?1#&*8G!(0!6(33!%2&7(81!,*!($%&20,*0!/&*02(?)0(&*!0&!051!%2,/0(/1!(*!(81*0(:#(*.!051!*118'!

&:!051!/&$$)*(0(1'G!(81*0(:#(*.!051!2&31!&:!051!=@!(*!1*5,*/(*.!'&/(,3!/&51'(&*!?10611*!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!

/&$$)*(0(1'!,*8!21/&$$1*8,0(&*'!&*!?1'0!%2,/0(/1'!&:!21?)(38(*.!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!Z51'1!

&)0%)0'! 6(33! (*:&2$! %&3(/#! ,*8! 6(33! ?1! 513%:)3! :&2! *,0(&*,3! ,*8! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'G! (*012*,0(&*,3!

&2.,*(',0(&*'G! *&*T%2&:(0! &2.,*(',0(&*'!,*8! =@! %2&:1''(&*,3! ?&8(1'! 0&! )*812'0,*8! 051! ('')1'! 213,018! 0&!

21?)(38(*.!/&$$)*(0(1'!:&33&6(*.!8(','012!,*8!/&*:3(/0!(*8)/18!$,''!8('%3,/1$1*0'!:2&$!051!%12'%1/0(71!

&:!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0A!!

Z6&! '0,-15&3812! '1$(*,2'! 6(33! ?1! &2.,*('18G! :(2'0G! 0&! 8(''1$(*,01!051! :(*8(*.'! &:! 051! /&$$)*(0#! *118!

,*,3#'('!,*8! '1/&*8! 0&!8(''1$(*,01! 051! 2&31! &:! 051! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0! (*!1*5,*/(*.! '&/(,3! /&51'(&*!,*8!

21/&$$1*8,0(&*'!0&!21?)(38!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!P*!8&(*.!'&G!21,/5!0&!0,2.10!,)8(1*/1!/,*!?1!

:)20512! 1*')218A! P*! ,88(0(&*G! ,! 21'1,2/5! '#$ %&'()$! &*! b21?)(38(*.! /&$$)*(0(1'! :&33&6(*.!8(','012! ,*8!

/&*:3(/0!(*8)/18!$,''!8('%3,/1$1*0'!(*!051!%12'%1/0(71!&:!=@c!6(33!?1!&2.,*('18!0&!8(''1$(*,01!051!:(*8(*.'!

&:!051!,?&71!&)0%)0'!,*8!0&!'5,21!-*&6318.1!6(05!,/,81$(/!,*8!21'1,2/5!/&$$)*(0#A!

=,'18!&*!051!,?&71!&)0%)0'G!,!/&$%101*/#!:2,$16&2-!6(33!?1!81713&%18!:&2!=@!%2&:1''(&*,3'!0&!)*812'0,*8!

-1#! /&$%101*/(1'! 21])(218! ?#! 051$! 0&! ?10012! 1*.,.1! (*! 21?)(38(*.! 1::&20'A! P*! :)20512! ')%%&20(*.! 051!

81713&%$1*0! &:! =@! %2&:1''(&*,3'G! ,*8! /&*02(?)0(*.!0&! 21'10031$1*0! 1::&20'G! 051! %2&`1/0! 6(33! 81713&%! ,*!

(**&7,0(71!'12(1'!&:!02,(*(*.!/&)2'1'!:&2! =@!%2&:1''(&*,3'!(*!/,012(*.!051!*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!

/&$$)*(0(1'!6(05!,''&/(,018!/)22(/)3,2G!,*8!02,(*(*.!$,012(,3'A!>33!02,(*(*.!$,012(,3'!6(33!?1!/21,018!,'!E@<'!

,*8!6(33!?1!,7,(3,?31!&%1*!,//1''!0&!?1!)'18!?#!,*#!(*0121'018!%,20#A!Z51!02,(*(*.!/&)2'1'!6(33!?1!81713&%18!

,'!&*3(*1!%2&.2,$$1'G!,'!+,''(71!E%1*!E*3(*1!B&)2'1'!N+EEB'O!0,(3&218!:&2!2,%(8!'-(33!,/])('(0(&*!:&2!=@!

%2&:1''(&*,3'!(*7&3718!(*! 21'10031$1*0'!,*8!,7,(3,?31!052&).5!%2&`1/0p'!7(20),3!02,(*(*.!1*7(2&*$1*0A!Z51!

+EEB'!6(33!%2&7(81!,*!1::1/0(71!$1,*'!&:!?)(38(*.!/,%,/(0#!,$&*.!,!$)/5!6(812!%&&3!&:!%2&:1''(&*,3'!(*!

051!@)2&%1!,*8!?1#&*8A!!

P0!('! ,3'&! (*01*818! 0&!/&*8)/0! ,!lC2&:1''(&*,3! /&$%101*/1!,)8(0!&:! =@! %2&:1''(&*,3!?&8(1'h!0&! )*812'0,*8!

051!/&$%101*/#!21])(21$1*0'!05,0!051#!1[%1/0!:2&$!051(2!%2&:1''(&*,3'!,*8!?,'18!&*!05,0!,!%&3(/#!21%&20!

:&2!=@!%2&:1''(&*,3!?&8(1'! 6(33! ?1! 81713&%18!(*!)%.2,8(*.!051!%2&:1''(&*,3! /&$%101*/(1'!0&!,8821''!051!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

IU!

*118'!&:!051!5&'0!,*8!8('%3,/18!/&$$)*(0(1'A!Z51!%2&`1/0!6(33!&2.,*('1!*)$?12!&:!$110(*.'k!'1$(*,2'!6(05!

=@!%2&:1''(&*,3!?&8(1'G!65(/5!6(33!513%!(*!8(''1$(*,0(*.!051!%&3(/#!21%&20!0&!051!0,2.10!,)8(1*/1A!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

;2A!B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:A!;(3,*05(!+,2,0)*.,G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

C2&:A!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

;2A!B5,$%(-,!_(#,*,.1G!F*(712'(0#!&:!B1*02,3!_,*/,'5(21G!FH!

C2&:A!P21*1!_(33G!Z,33(**!F*(712'(0#!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!@'0&*(,!

;2A!@$3#*!g(00G!Z,33(**!F*(712'(0#!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!@'0&*(,!

C2&:A!+&!D,$i,G!_)*8!F*(712'(0#G!"6181*!

;2A!+,2/)'!>?2,5,$'&*G!_)*8!F*(712'(0#G!"6181*!

;2A!Q('5,2,!912*,*8&G!F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+((

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!N_1,8O!

F*(712'(0#!&:!B1*02,3!_,*/,'5(21G!FH!

Z,33(**!F*(712'(0#!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!@'0&*(,!

_)*8!F*(712'(0#G!"6181*!

F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!

Z51! @)2&%1,*! B&$$(''(&*! ')%%&20! :&2! 051! %2&8)/0(&*! &:! 05('! %)?3(/,0(&*! 8&1'! *&0! /&*'0(0)01! ,*!

1*8&2'1$1*0!&:!051!/&*01*0'!65(/5!21:31/0'!051!7(16'!&*3#!&:!051!,)05&2'G!,*8!051!B&$$(''(&*!/,**&0!?1!

5138!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!,*#!)'1!65(/5!$,#!?1!$,81!&:!051!(*:&2$,0(&*!/&*0,(*18!05121(*A!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

IS!

@"C<@''E!N@*5,*/(*.!"#*12.(1'!:&2!

;(','012!C2171*0(&*!(*!051!@)2&%1,*!

F*(&*O!

(

/0'12-%+(

Z5('!%2&`1/0!,($'!0&!/&*02(?)01!0&!,!*16G!'02,01.(/!7('(&*!:&2!*,0)2,3!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!BB>G!05121?#!&%1*(*.!

*16! :2&*0(12'! :&2! 21'1,2/5! ,*8! %&3(/#$,-(*.A! Z&! ,/5(171! 05('! .&,3G! 051! %2&`1/0! :&/)'1'! &*! 05211! $,(*!

/5,331*.1'4!

• Z&! /21,01! $&21! /&5121*0! *,0(&*,3! ,*8! @)2&%1,*! ,%%2&,/51'! &*! BB>G! ;<<! ,*8! 21'(3(1*/1!

'021*.051*(*.!

• Z&!1*5,*/1!2('-! $,*,.1$1*0! /,%,?(3(0(1'! ?#! ?2(8.(*.!051!.,%!?10611*!'/(1*/1!,*8!31.,3k%&3(/#!

('')1'!,0!3&/,3!,*8!*,0(&*,3!31713'!(*!'([!@)2&%1,*!/&)*02(1'!

• Z&!($%2&71!051!$,*,.1$1*0!&:!02,*'T?&)*8,2#!8(','012'!

/0',0'.()-3(2*,)&'()&42%5%3(.#(6)"+(

Z51!$,(*! :(*,3!%2&8)/0'!&:!@"C<@''E! 6(33!?1!051!Y)(813(*1'!&*! <('-!+,*,.1$1*0!B,%,?(3(0#!,*8! ,! t('(&*!

C,%12!&*!:)0)21!21'1,2/5!'02,01.(1'!(*!&2812! 0&!?10012!81:(*1! 051!21'1,2/5!%2(&2(0(1'!:&33&6(*.!051! "1*8,(!

92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!N"9;<<O!JKIVdJK\KA!

@"C<@''E!('! /)221*03#!,%%2&,/5(*.!051!/&$%310(&*! 8,01!&:!051!%2&`1/0G!,//&28(*.3#G!051!7('(&*!%,%12! ,*8!

051!.)(813(*1'!5,71!*&6!?11*!%21%,218!,*8!'1*0!:&2!1[012*,3!217(16(*.A!E*/1!051!1[012*,3!217(16!%2&/1''!

('!/&$%31018G!051! %2&`1/0! 01,$!6(33! :(*,3('1! 051'1! ,*8!3,)*/5! 051! %2&`1/0!:(*,3!%2&8)/0'! (*! ,! '0,-15&3812!

:&2)$!(*!$(8TE/0&?12A!Z51!'0,-15&3812!:&2)$!6(33!?1!5138!(*!=2)''13'!:&33&618!?#!051!:(*,3!%2&`1/0!$110(*.A!!!

H0'0"%(').Q.+((

9(*,3('(*.!051!7('(&*!%,%12!,*8!051!.)(813(*1'G!"0,-15&3812!:&2)$!0&!3,)*/5!051!:(*,3!%2&8)/0'!&:!051!%2&`1/0!

,*8!051!:(*,3!%2&`1/0!$110(*.G!C2&`1/0!;(''1$(*,0(&*!!!!

!"#$%&'('%)*(9[XM?+(

C2&:A!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!!

C2&:A!<(/5,28!D,(.5!

;2!Q)6,*!;(,'!!

Y1&2.(*,!B31..!!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+(

>+<>!"/,23G!P0,3#!N/&&28(*,0&2O!

D13$5&30iTs1*02)$!C&0'8,$!;1)0'/51'!Y1&:&2'/5)*.'i1*02)$G!Y12$,*#!

=)21,)!81!<1/512/51'!Yu&3&.(])1'!10!+(*(v21'G!92,*/1!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

IL!

;1)0'/51'!H&$(011!:w2!H,0,'02&%51*7&2'&2.1!1AtAG!Y12$,*#!

@(8.1*x''('/51!Z1/5*('/51!D&/5'/5)31!sw2(/5G!"6(0i123,*8!

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

Hy?1*5,7*'!F*(712'(010G!;1*$,2-!

(

Z5('! %2&`1/0! 5,'! 21/1(718! :)*8(*.! :2&$! 051! @)2&%1,*! F*(&*h'! D&2(i&*! JKJK! 21'1,2/5! ,*8! (**&7,0(&*!

%2&.2,$$1!)*812!.2,*0!,.211$1*0!Q&!SKK\WJA!Z5('!%)?3(/,0(&*!21:31/0'!051!7(16'!&*3#!&:!051!,)05&2'G!,*8!

051!B&$$(''(&*!/,**&0!?1!5138!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!,*#!)'1!65(/5!$,#!?1!$,81!&:!051!(*:&2$,0(&*!/&*0,(*18!

05121(*A!

(

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

IR!

Z')*,$(!(*012:,/1!N>!'0)8#!&:!051!)%'021,$T8&6*'021,$!

(*012:,/1!(*!1*8T0&T1*8!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!,*8!

$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'O!

/0'12-%+(

>:012!051!JKKW!P*8(,*!&/1,*!0')*,$(G!%21%,218*1''!5,'!?1/&$1!,!$,(*!%,20!&:!051!8(','012!21'1,2/5!,*8!

%2,/0('1A!>'!,!21')30G!,*!1*8T0&T1*8!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$!NZ@g+"O!6,'!1'0,?3('518!

(*!051!P*8(,*!&/1,*!21.(&*!,*8!05('!?1/,$1!:)33#!&%12,0(&*,3!(*!JKI\A!>!Z@g+"!0#%(/,33#!1*0,(3'!)%'021,$!

,*8!8&6*'021,$!/&$%&*1*0'f!051!)%'021,$!%2&/1''!('!051!8101/0(&*!&:!0')*,$(!6,71!,*8!/&$$)*(/,0(*.!

051! 6,2*(*.! 0&! (*8(7(8),3! /&)*02(1'! 65(31! 051! 8&6*'021,$! ('! 8(''1$(*,0(&*! &:! 6,2*(*.! 81/('(&*! ,*8!

17,/),0(&*!&2812! 6(05(*!051!/&)*02#!)*0(3!,33!7)3*12,?31!/&$$)*(0(1'!,21!',:13#! 17,/),018A!=10611*!051!

)%'021,$!,*8! 051! 8&6*'021,$G! 05121! &//)2'! 65121! 051! 6,2*(*.!21/1(718! ?#! *,0(&*,3!0')*,$(! 6,2*(*.!

/1*021!('!%2&/1''18G! 81/('(&*! 0&! 17,/),01!('!0,-1*! ,*8! ('! 051!&2812!:&2! 17,/),0(&*! ('! .(71*A!Z5('!'0,.1! ('!

81:(*18!,'!051!l(*012:,/1hA!P*!8(::121*0!/&)*02(1'!051!$1/5,*('$!&:!(*012:,/1!7,2(1'!81%1*8(*.!&*!051!3&/,3!

/&*8(0(&*'!(*/3)8(*.!'&/(,3G!%&3(0(/,3G!.1&.2,%5(/,3!,*8!,8$(*('02,0(71!/(2/)$'0,*/1'A!!;)1! 0&!051!/&$%31[!

*,0)21!&:!8(::121*0!,8$(*('02,0(71!'#'01$'G!(0!('!8(::(/)30!0&!)*812'0,*8!65&!0,-1'!051!81/('(&*!0&!17,/),01G!

,0!65(/5!%&(*0G!,*8!5&6!('!(0!0,-1*!,*8!8(''1$(*,018!0&!051!/&$$)*(0#A!Z51!81/('(&*!/,*!?1!0,-1*!1(0512!

,0!051!*,0(&*,3!31713!&2!21.(&*,3!31713G!,*8!051!$1,*'!?#!65(/5!051!(*:&2$,0(&*!('!'5,218!,*8!051!'02)/0)21!

&:! 5(12,2/5#! &:! 81/('(&*! $,-(*.! 8(::12! '(.*(:(/,*03#! ,/2&''! ,*8! 6(05(*! 051! /&)*02(1'A! Z5('! '0)8#! ,($'! 0&!

)*812'0,*8! 051! 01/5*(/,3G! 31.,3! ,*8! '&/(&T/)30)2,3! /&$%31[(0(1'! 05,0! &//)2! ,0! 051! (*012:,/1! ?10611*!

)%'021,$!,*8!8&6*'021,$!$1/5,*('$'!&:! 051! 0')*,$(! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! '#'01$A! ! Z5('!(*012:,/1!(*7&371'! ,!

6(81!,22,#!&:!`)2('8(/0(&*,3!,.1*/(1'!,*8!21'%&*'1!%,20*12'G!(*/3)8(*.!21.(&*,3!0')*,$(!'127(/1!%2&7(812'G!

0')*,$(!*,0(&*,3!/&*0,/0!%&(*0'G!,*8! ,!2,*.1!&:!')?T*,0(&*,3!1$12.1*/#!&%12,0(&*,3!/1*021'!,*8!213,018!

,/0&2'A!F'(*.!051!/,'1'!&:!P*8&*1'(,!,*8!"2(!_,*-,G!051!'0)8#!?,'18!&*!65(/5!05('!,?'02,/0!('!?,'18G!,($'!0&!

81713&%!,!:2,$16&2-!0&!)*812'0,*8!051!*,0)21!,*8!&%12,0(&*!&:!(*012:,/1!?10611*!051!)%'021,$!6,2*(*.!

,*8!8&6*'021,$!0521,0G!,*8!05121?#!%2&%&'1!,!'10!&:!%2,/0(/,3!.)(813(*1'!:&2!?10012!81/('(&*!$,-(*.!,*8!

(*:&2$,0(&*!8(''1$(*,0(&*!8)2(*.!051!(*012:,/1!&:!1*8T0&T1*8!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$!

(*!051!P*8(,*!&/1,*!21.(&*A!Z51!:(*,3!.)(813(*1'!1'0,?3('518!?#!051!'0)8#!6(33!'11-!0&!?1!,!'02&*.!051&210(/,3!

,*8!%2,/0(/,3!/&*02(?)0(&*!05,0!/,*!?1!,%%3(18!,/2&''!051!.3&?1!(*!8(::121*0!0#%1'!&:!1,23#!6,2*(*.!'#'01$'!

213,018!0&!0')*,$(!%21%,218*1''A!

/0',0'.()-3(2*,)&'()&42%5%3(.#(6)"+(

Z51!21'1,2/5!&)0%)0'!.1*12,018!,*8!(*!%21%,2,0(&*!)*812!051!%2&`1/0!,21!3('018!?13&6A!!

• Z51! %,%12! 0(0318! b,! '0)8#! &:! 051! )%'021,$T8&6*'021,$! (*012:,/1! (*! 1*8T0&T1*8! 0')*,$(! 1,23#!

6,2*(*.!,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'c!,//1%018!:&2!%)?3(/,0(&*!,*8!0&!?1!%)?3('518!)*812!PB;+G!JKIL!

/&*:121*/1!%2&/118(*.'!!

• >!%,%12!0&!?1!%)?3('518!('!)*812! %21%,2,0(&*!&*!051! 8&6*'021,$!$1/5,*('$!&:! (*012:,/1!(*!"2(!

_,*-,G!,*8!0&!?1!')?$(0018!0&!051!(*012*,0(&*,3!`&)2*,3!&:!8(','012!218)/0(&*!?#!>).)'0!JKIL!

• Z51! *1[0! `&)2*,3! %,%12! 6(33! :&/)'! &*! 051! /,'1! &:! (*012:,/1!$ 1/5,*('$! (*!P*8&*1'(,G! ,*8! 0&! ?1!

/&$%31018!?#!"1%01$?12!JKIL!

=13&6!('!,!3('0!&:!21'1,2/5!%21'1*0,0(&*'!.(71*A!!

• <1'1,2/5!%21'1*0,0(&*!,0!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&*:121*/1!&*!8(','012!$,*,.1$1*0!NPB;+O!JKILG!&*!+,#!

JTW!JKIL!(*!C,8,*.!P*8&*1'(,f!Z51!3(012,0)21!217(16!,*8!/&*/1%0),3!:2,$16&2-!&:!051!'0)8#!6,'!

%21'1*018! 0(0318! b,! '0)8#! &:! 051! )%'021,$T8&6*'021,$! (*012:,/1! (*! 1*8T0&T1*8! 0')*,$(! 1,23#!

6,2*(*.!,*8!$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'c!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

JK!

• >*! ,?'02,/0! 6,'! ,//1%018! 0&! ?1! %21'1*018! ,0! 051! L05! (*012*,0(&*,3! /&*:121*/1! &*! ?)(38(*.!

21'(3(1*/1!NPB=<O!JKILG!&*!Q&71$?12!IWTIUG!JKIL!(*!_('?&*G!C&20).,3A!Z51!%21'1*0,0(&*!('!0(0318!,'!

b>! '0)8#! &:! 051! )%'021,$T8&6*'021,$! (*012:,/1! (*! 1*8T0&T1*8! 0')*,$(! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! ,*8!

$(0(.,0(&*!'#'01$'4!051!,*,3#'('!&:!8&6*'021,$!(*!"2(!_,*-,c!

<1'1,2/5!($%,/0!.1*12,018!

• >'! ,! 21')30! &:! 051! :&/)'! .2&)%! 8('/)''(&*'!05,0! 0&&-! %3,/1! (*! ?&05! "2(! _,*-,! (*! P*8&*1'(,G! 051!

'0,-15&3812'!&:!051!0')*,$(!1,23#!6,2*(*.!'#'01$'!(*!?&05!/&)*0(1'!/,$1!0&!,!'(*.31!0,?31!:&2!,*!

5&*1'0!8('/)''(&*!,?&)0!051!.,%'!,*8!('')1'!&:!051!'#'01$!:&2!051!:(2'0!0($1A!g5(31!/&*02(?)0(*.!0&!

051! '0)8#G! 051'1! 8('/)''(&*'! 5,'! %,718! 6,#! :&2! $)/5! /3,2(0#! ,*8! )*812'0,*8(*.! ,$&*.! 051!

8(::121*0!'0,-1!5&3812'!:2&$!8(::121*0!(*'0(0)0(&*'!!

• ;)2(*.!051!(*012($!17,3),0(&*!$110(*.!&:!051!%2&`1/0A!P0!6,'! 2171,318!05,0!051!0')*,$(!?)3310(*'!

:&33&618!?#!"2(!_,*-,!5,8!*&0!?11*!)%8,018!'(*/1!JKIJA!Z51!21317,*0!'0,-1!5&3812'!6121!(*:&2$18!

,*8! '01%'! 6121! 0,-1*! 0&! )%8,01! 051! 0')*,$(! ?)3310(*'! 05,0! '5&)38! ?1! :&33&618! (*! /,'1! &:! ,*!

1$12.1*/#!

• >'!,!21')30!&:! J!'0)8(1'!/,22(18! &)0! (*! "2(! _,*-,G!&*1! &:! 051! %2&%&'18!21/&$$1*8,0(&*'!6,'!0&!

81713&%! ,! '#*12.(i18! "EC! 05,0! '10! )%! 051! .)(813(*1'! :&2! 051! '#'01$! ,'! ,! 65&31G! 0,-(*.! (*0&!

/&*'(812,0(&*! ,33! -1#! ,/0&2'G! 81/('(&*'! ,*8! ,/0(&*! %&(*0'A! Z5('! ,3'&! /,*! /3,2(:#! 051! 2&31'! ,*8!

21'%&*'(?(3(0#!&:!1,/5!,/0&2G!,*8!1*')21!,//)2,/#!,*8!/&*'('01*/#A!!Z5('!6,'!0,-1*!:&26,28!?#!051!

"2(!_,*-,*! 01,$G!,*8!06&!6&2-'5&%'!6121! /&*8)/018!'&!:,2!0&!82,:0! ,*8!81713&%!,*!(*01.2,018!

"ECA!Z51!"EC!6(33!?1!:)20512!81713&%18!,*8!7,3(8,018!?1:&21!(*02&8)/(*.!0&!,33!'0,-15&3812'!(*!051!

*1,2!:)0)21A!!

H0'0"%(').Q.+(

• B&$%3101!`&)2*,3!%)?3(/,0(&*'!

o ;&6*'021,$!$1/5,*('$!(*!"2(!_,*-,!d!0&!?1!')?$(0018!0&!(*012*,0(&*,3!`&)2*,3!&:!8(','012!

218)/0(&*!!

o P*012:,/1!$1/5,*('$!(*!"2(!_,*-,!

o P*012:,/1!$1/5,*('$!(*!P*8&*1'(,!

o C&3(/#!?2(1:!%,%12!5(.53(.50(*.!051!:(*8(*.'!:2&$!"2(!_,*-,!

• 9)0)21!/&*:121*/1!%21'1*0,0(&*'!!

o C21'1*0,0(&*!,0!PB=<!JKIL!(*!_('?&*!(*!Q&71$?12G!JKILG!&*!;&6*'021,$!(*!"2(!_,*-,!!

o C21'1*0!051!:(*8(*.'!,0!>"B@QZ!/&*:121*/1!(*!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,G!(*!a,*),2#!JKIR!

o >!/&*:121*/1!%,%12!0&!?1!%3,**18!&*!:(*8(*.'!:2&$!P*8&*1'(,!!

• @[01*8!051!'0)8#!0&!&0512!/&)*02(1'!6(05!,!$)30(T5,i,28!%12'%1/0(71!!

o _(012,0)21!217(16!(*!%21%,2,0(&*!&*!+)30(TD,i,28!@,23#!g,2*(*.!"#'01$'!(*!1'0,?3('5(*.!,!

/&$$&*! )*812'0,*8(*.! ,*8! 012$(*&3&.#G! ,*8! 81713&%(*.! ,! /&*/1%0),3! :2,$16&2-! &*!

/&,'0,3!$)30(!5,i,28'!!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

• C2&:A!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!

• C2&:!<(/5,28!D,(.5!!

• +,51'5(-,!+A!",-,3,')2(#,!!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

JI!

P*8&*1'(,!!

• ;2A!D,2-)*0(!CA!<,5,#)G!=,*8)*.!P*'0(0)01!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#!!

"2(!_,*-,!!

• C2&:A!"(2(!D100(.1G!B1*021!:&2!;1713&%$1*0!<1'1,2/5!M!P*01271*0(&*'!!

• ;2A!"1*,-,!=,'*,#,-1G!>'(,*!;(','012!C21%,218*1''!B1*021!

• Q,$,3!g112,'1*,G!B1*021!:&2!;1713&%$1*0!<1'1,2/5!M!P*01271*0(&*'!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+(

• Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!

• =,*8)*.!P*'0(0)01!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!P*8&*1'(,!

• B1*021!:&2!;1713&%$1*0!<1'1,2/5!M!P*01271*0(&*'G!"2(!_,*-,!!

• >'(,*!;(','012!C21%,218*1''!B1*021G!Z5,(3,*8!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

JJ!

>"B@QZ!N>87,*/(*.!"-(33!B21,0(&*!0&!

@Q5,*/1!Z2,*':&2$,0(&*O!

/0'12-%+(

>"B@QZ! N>87,*/(*.! "-(33! B21,0(&*! 0&! @Q5,*/1! Z2,*':&2$,0(&*OG! ,! %2&`1/0! :)*818! ?#! 051! @)2&%1,*!

F*(&*A>"B@QZ!('!/&T:)*818! ?#! ,*! @F! @2,'$)'e! %2&.2,$$1!.2,*0G! 6(33! 2)*! :&2! 05211!#1,2'! /&$$1*/(*.!

:2&$!I'0!91?2),2#!JKIU!,*8!('!318!?#!C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!,*8!<(/5,28!D,(.5!:2&$!051!F*(712'(0#!

&:!D)8812':(138h'!Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021G!?,'18!(*!051!FHA!Z51#!,21!`&(*18!?#!,!/&*'&20()$!&:!I\!

@)2&%1,*! ,*8! >'(,*! 5(.512! 18)/,0(&*! (*'0(0)0(&*'! :2&$! 051! =,*.3,81'5G! @'0&*(,G! _(05),*(,G! "2(! _,*-,G!

"6181*G!Z5,(3,*8!,*8!051!FHA!!!

>"B@QZ!,($'!0&!,8821''!<MP!/,%,/(0#!'021*.051*(*.!:&2!051!81713&%$1*0!&:!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'!

T! ')%%&20(*.! 02,(*(*.G! '-(33'G!31,812'5(%! 81713&%$1*0G! (*012*,0(&*,3! /&33,?&2,0(&*! ,*8! )*(712'(0#T(*8)'02#!

%,20*12'5(%'A!P0!6(33!'021*.051*!051!,?(3(0#! &:! %,20*12!D@P'!0&!21'%&*8!0&! 051(2! 21'1,2/5!*118'!(*!8(','012!

21'(3(1*/1A! >"B@QZ! 6(33! ?1! 1$%&612(*.! (*8 (7(8),3'! ,*8! &2.,*(',0(&*'! 6(05! 051! '-(33'G! /&$%101*/(1'! ,*8!

/2181*0(,3'!*11818!0&!/&*0(*)1!0&!%)2')1!21'1,2/5G!,*8!0&!31,8!21'1,2/5!,0!(*'0(0)0(&*'!(*!%,20*12!/&)*02(1'G!

,($18!,0!218)/(*.!051!($%,/0!&:!8(','012'A!P0!6(33!1*5,*/1!051!/,%,/(0(1'!&:!051!%,20*12!D@P'!(*!>'(,!0&!$110!

N$,0/5O! 051! /5,331*.1'! ,*8! '%1/(:(/! *118'! 05,0! /5,2,/012(i1! 6(05! <MP! 6(05(*! 051! /&*01[0! &:! 8(','012!

21'(3(1*/1A!

>"B@QZ!6(33!,/5(171!05('!,($!?#4!!

IO P81*0(:#(*.!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(71!/,%,/(0#!*118'!,/2&''!%,20*12!/&)*02#!D@P'!0&!0,/-31!051!

81713&%$1*0!&:!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'f!!

JO ;1713&%(*.!21'1,2/5!(*:2,'02)/0)21!0&!')%%&20!($%31$1*0,0(&*!&:!051!%2&`1/0!,*8!%2&7(81!

')'0,(*,?31!/,%,/(0#!81713&%$1*0!6(05(*!051!%,20*12!D@P'!f!!

\O C21%,2(*.!21'1,2/512'!(*!051!(81*0(:(18!>'(,*!/&)*02(1'!0&!)*8120,-1!,87,*/18G!6&238T/3,''!,*8!

(**&7,0(71G!$)30(T!,*8!(*012T8('/(%3(*,2#!21'1,2/5!05,0!6(33!/&*02(?)01!0&!(*/21,'18!'&/(10,3!

21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'f!!

WO P*/21,'(*.!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!?#!%,20*12'!D@P'!&*!21'1,2/5!%2&.2,$$1'!05,0!0,/-31!6,#'!

0&!(*/21,'1!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'f!!

VO @[%3&2(*.G!%2&$&0(*.!,*8!(*(0(,0(*.!&%%&20)*(0(1'!:&2!:2)(0:)3!)*(712'(0#!k!(*8)'02#!%,20*12'5(%'!0&!

(*/21,'1!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'f!,*8!!

UO C)?3(/('(*.!051!%2&`1/0!%2&.21''G!')//1''1'!,*8!&)0/&$1'!,'!:,2!,'!%&''(?31G!,*8!2,('(*.!

,6,21*1''!,/2&''!051!:(138!&:!D@!,?&)0!/,%,/(0#!?)(38(*.!:&2!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1!21'1,2/5A!

P*!05('!/&*01[0G!&712!051!05211!#1,2'G!051!>"B@QZ!/&*'&20()$!6(33!(81*0(:#!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(71!/,%,/(0#!

*118'! ,/2&''! >'(,*! 5(.512! 18)/,0(&*! (*'0(0)0(&*'! (*! =,*.3,81'5G! "2(! _,*-,! ,*8! Z5,(3,*8! 0&! 0,/-31! 051!

81713&%$1*0!&:!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'A!P0!6(33!81713&%!21'1,2/5!(*:2,'02)/0)21G!%21%,21!21'1,2/512'!

0&! )*8120,-1! ,87,*/18G! 6&238T/3,''! ,*8! (**&7,0(71G! $)30(T! ,*8! (*012T8('/(%3(*,2#! 21'1,2/5G! ,*8! (*/21,'1!

(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!,$&*.!5(.512!18)/,0(&*A!P0!6(33!,3'&!1[%3&21G!%2&$&01!,*8!(*(0(,01!&%%&20)*(0(1'!

:&2!:2)(0:)3!)*(712'(0#!k!(*8)'02#!%,20*12'5(%'A!P*!8&(*.!'&G!>"B@QZ!6(33!%2&7(81!051!3(*-!?10611*!051!21'1,2/5!

,*8!051!%)?3(/G!513%(*.!0&!21(*:&2/1!051!/&**1/0(&*!?10611*!18)/,0(&*!,*8!'&/(10#A!

/0',0'.()-3(2*,)&'()&42%5%3(.#(6)"+((

• >!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(71!/,%,/(0(1'!81713&%$1*0!:2,$16&2-!/&*'('0(*.!&:!!B,%,/(0#!8($1*'(&*'G!

(*81[!,*8!(*8(/1'!?,'18!&*!,*!,8,%018!=&[!+&813!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

J\!

• >"B@QZ!/,%,/(0#!8($1*'(&*'!$&813G!(*81[!,*8!(*8(/1'!

• F*8120,-1!<MP!/,%,/(0#!?,'13(*1!')271#!!

• F*8120,-1! *,0(&*,3! 31713! N(*! =,*.3,81'5G! "2(! _,*-,! ,*8! Z5,(3,*8O! ,*,3#'1'! :&2! 21'1,2/5! ,*8!

(**&7,0(71!/,%,/(0(1'!(*!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1!

• ;10,(318!=,'13(*1!")271#!>*,3#'('!<1%&20!

• Z5211!*,0(&*,3!31713!/,%,/(0#!,*,3#'1'!!

• KL! P*'0(0)0(&*,3! 21%&20'! ?#! 051! C,20*12! P*'0(0)0(&*'! ?,'18! &*! P*'0(0)0(&*,3! 31713! (*0127(16'! 6(05!

+,*,.1$1*0G!>/,81$(/!,*8!<1'1,2/5!"0,::A!!

• K\!Q,0(&*,3!C&'(0(&*!C,%12'!NQCCO!?#!051!K\!C,20*12!B&)*02(1'!?,'18!&*!051!P*'0(0)0(&*,3!21%&20'!

,*8!?,'18!&*!Q,0(&*,3!31713!(*0127(16'!6(05!C&3(/#!$,-12'!,*8!;(21/0&2'k+,*,.12'!(*!F*(712'(0#!

>)05&2(0(1'A!!

• _,2.1!*)$?12!&:!`&)2*,3!,*8!%112!217(1618!/&*:121*/1!%,%12'!!!

• U!*16'!310012'!

• C2&`1/0!61?!'(01!

• ;1713&%!:)*/0(&*,3!,*8!01/5*(/,3!'%1/(:(/,0(&*!&:!051!7(20),3!21'1,2/5!02,(*(*.!%3,0:&2$!

• ;1713&%!,*8!($%31$1*0!7(20),3!21'1,2/5!02,(*(*.!%3,0:&2$!

• ;1713&%!$,*),3!:&2!7(20),3!21'1,2/5!02,(*(*.!%3,0:&2$!

• ;1'(.*G!81713&%!,*8!,%%2&%2(,01!+EEB'!

• <1'1,2/5!$105&8'!02,(*(*.!6&2-'5&%'!

• <1'1,2/5!$105&8'!&*3(*1!6&2-'5&%'!

• @[12/('1!&*!%&3(/#!?2(1:!,*8!')'0,(*,?(3(0#!%3,*!81713&%$1*0!!

• ;13(712!&*3(*1!')%%31$1*0,2#!21'1,2/5!'-(33'!02,(*(*.!6&2-'5&%'!

• ;1713&%!,/0(&*!%3,*!,*8!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!02,(*(*.!%2&.2,$$1!

• ;13(712!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!02,(*(*.!6&2-'5&%'!

• >!)*(712'(0#!T!(*8)'02#!'02,01.#!

• F*(712'(0#!T!(*8)'02#!02,(*(*.!171*0'!

H0'0"%(').Q.+((

• D&'0!,!%&3(/#!8(,3&.!6(05!-1#!'0,-15&3812'!!

• 9)20512!&*3(*1!02,(*(*.!&*!(81*0(:(18!0&%(/'!!

• <1'1,2/5!$105&8'!6&2-'5&%'!!

• ")%%31$1*0,2#!21'1,2/5!'-(33'!02,(*(*.!&*3(*1!6&2-'5&%'!d!

• '%1/(:(/!%&3(/#!!?2(1:!?,'18!&*!051!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!

• 21%&20!,*8!%,%12!?,'18!&*!051!3,01'0!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!!!

• ,!'%1/(,3!'1''(&*!&*!(*012*,0(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!,0!051!:(*,3!>"B@QZ!$110(*.!0&!?1!5138!(*!B&3&$?&G!

"2(!_,*-,!(*!a,*!JKIR!

• %&3(/#!?2(1:!&*!)*(712'(0#!(*8)'02#!%,20*12'5(%'!!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

• C2&:!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!!

• C2&:!<(/5,28!D,(.5!!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+(

• C2&.2,$$1!B&)*02(1'!N@)2&%1O!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!F*(018!H(*.8&$!N_1,8!C,20*12O!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!B1*02,3!_,*/,'5(21G!F*(018!H(*.8&$!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

JW!

• _)*8!F*(712'(0#G!"6181*!

• Z,33(**!F*(712'(0#!&:!Z1/5*&3&.#G!@'0&*(,!

• +(8T"6181*!F*(712'(0#G!"6181*!

C,20*12!B&)*02(1'!N>'(,O!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,G!"2(!_,*-,!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!B&3&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*,G!"2(!_,*-,!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!Q,21'),*G!Z5,(3,*8!

• B5(,*.!+,(!F*(712'(0#G!Z5,(3,*8!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!;5,-,G!=,*.3,81'5!

• =<>B!F*(712'(0#G!=,*.3,81'5!

• C,0),-5,3(!"/(1*/1!,*8!Z1/5*&3&.#!F*(712'(0#G!=,*.3,81'5!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

JV!

B>=><@Z! NB,%,/(0#! =)(38(*.! (*! >'(,! :&2!

<1'(3(1*/1!@8)/,Z(&*O!

/0'12-%+((

>!*16!%2&`1/0!:)*818!?#!051!@)2&%1,*!F*(&*!,($'!0&!'021*.051*!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(&*!/,%,/(0#!:&2!051!

81713&%$1*0!&:!'&/(10,3!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'A!Z51!%2&`1/0G!/,3318!B>=><@Z!NB,%,/(0#!=)(38(*.!(*!>'(,!:&2!

<1'(3(1*/1!@8)/,Z(&*OG!6(33! %2&7(81! ')%%&20! 0&! ?)(38! /,%,/(0#!:&2! (*012*,0(&*,3! ,*8! 21.(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!

?10611*!D(.512!@8)/,0(&*!P*'0(0)01'!ND@P'O!(*!>'(,!N21.(&*!UO!,*8!@)2&%1G!,*8!,$&*.!>'(,*!D@P'!051$'1371'G!

0&! ($%2&71! $)30(T5,i,28! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! N+D@gO! ,*8! (*/21,'1! 8(','012! 21'(3(1*/1! ,$&*.! /&,'0,3!

/&$$)*(0(1'A!P*!8&(*.!'&G!B>=><@Z!:&/)'1'!&*!,!')?`1/0!,21,!,*8!,!6&238!21.(&*!*&0!')::(/(1*03#!,8821''18!

?#!%2&`1/0'!,321,8#!?1(*.!:)*818!)*812!%217(&)'!'/51$1'A!

B>=><@Z! ('! /&T:)*818! ?#! ,*! @F! @2,'$)'e! %2&.2,$$ 1! .2,*0G! 6(33! 2)*! :&2! 05211! #1,2'! ,*8! ('! 318! ?#! 051!

F*(712'(0#! &:! D)8812':(138! Y3&?,3! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! B1*021G! ?,'18! (*! 051! FHA! Z51#! ,21! `&(*18! ?#! ,!

/&*'&20()$! &:! IV! @)2&%1,*! ,*8! >'(,*! 5(.512! 18)/,0(&*! (*'0(0)0(&*'! :2&$! =)3.,2(,G! P*8&*1'(,G! _,07(,G!

+,38(71'G!+,30,G! +#,*$,2G! C5(3(%%(*1'G! "%,(*G!"2(! _,*-,! ,*8 ! 051! FHA! 9)20512! 051! %2&`1/0! 6&2-'! 6(05! \!

,''&/(,01!%,20*12'!&:!>'(,*!;(','012!C21%,218*1''!B1*021!N>;CBOG!PEBkFQ@"BE!,*8!051!91812,0(&*!&:!051!

_&/,3!Y&712*$1*0'!>''&/(,0(&*!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!

E712!05211!#1,2'G!051!B>=><@Z!/&*'&20()$!6(33!(81*0(:#!21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(71!/,%,/(0#!*118'!,/2&''!>'(,*!

5(.512!18)/,0(&*!(*'0(0)0(&*'!(*!P*8&*1'(,G!+,38(71'G!+#,*$,2G!C5(3(%%(*1!,*8!"2(!_,*-,!0&!?)(30!/,%,/(0#!0&!

?2&,81*!1,23#!6,2*(*.!0&!%2&7(81!,!/&$%2151*'(71G!$)30(T5,i,28!:2,$16&2-A!

/0',0'.()-3(2*,)&'()&42%5%3(.#(6)"+((

• V! Q,0(&*,3! C&'(0(&*! C,%12'! 6121! %2&8)/18! ?#! D@P'! (*! >'(,4! "2(! _,*-,G! +#,*$,2G! C5(3(%%(*1'G!

+,38(71'!,*8!P*8&*1'(,!

• P*(0(,3!21.(&*,3!/,%,/(0#!:2,$16&2-!6,'!:&2$18!?,'18!&*!051!3(012,0)21!217(16!

• 9(*,3!21.(&*,3!/,%,/(0#!:2,$16&2-!6,'!81713&%18!

• B&*8)/0!,!21.(&*,3!')271#!!

• ;2,:018!,!<1.(&*,3!C&'(0(&*!C,%12!

• B&*71*18!%2&`1/0!H(/-T&::!$110(*.!(*!"2(T_,*-,G!"1/&*8!"0112(*.!B&$$(0011!+110(*.!(*!"%,(*!,*8!

Z5(28!"1/&*8!"0112(*.!B&$$(0011!(*!"2(!_,*-,!

• \!@T*16'310012'!%2&8)/18!

• _,)*/518!%2&`1/0!61?'(01!!500%4kk/,?,210A?)(3821'(3(1*/1A&2.k!!

• @'0,?3('5$1*0!&:!,!21.(&*,3!(**&7,0(&*!5)?!

• B&*8)/018!'171*!',*8%(0!%2&%&',3'!

• B&*8)/018!(**&7,0(&*!02,(*(*.!6&2-'5&%!(*!H,*8#G!"2(!_,*-,!(*!+,2/5!JKIL!

H0'0"%(').Q.+((

• @*5,*/18!21.(&*,3!,*8!02,*'?&)*8,2#!/&&%12,0(&*!:&2!$)30(T5,i,28!1,23#!6,2*(*.!

• @$%&61218!(*8(7(8),3'!,*8!&2.,*(',0(&*'!6(05!051!'-(33'G!/&$%101*/(1'!,*8!/2181*0(,3'!*11818!0&!

%2&$&01!,*8!')'0,(*!21.(&*,3!/&&%12,0(&*!,($18!,0!218)/(*.!051!3(-13(5&&8!,*8!($%,/0!&:!8(','012'!

(*!/&,'0,3!/&$$)*(0(1'!

• @*5,*/18!/,%,/(0(1'!&:!051!%,20*12!D@P'!(*!>'(,!0&!$110!N$,0/5O!051!/5,331*.1'!,*8!'%1/(:(/!*118'!

&:!051!6(812!1/&*&$(/!,*8!'&/(,3!1*7(2&*$1*0!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

JU!

• "021*.051*18!(*012*,0(&*,3(',0(&*!&:!D@P'!,*8!051(2!/,%,/(0#!0&!*106&2-! 1::1/0(713#!(*!21'1,2/5G!

'/(1*0(:(/!,*8!01/5*&3&.(/,3!(**&7,0(&*!

• @[/5,*.1!&:!1[%12(1*/1!,*8!%2,/0(/1!(*!'%(01!&:!8(712'(0#G!,*8!(*/21,'18!,?(3(0#!&:!%,20*12!D@P'!(*!

>'(,!0&!?)(38!213,0(&*'5(%'!6(05!21317,*0!'&/(&T1/&*&$(/!,/0&2'!

• P$%2&718! '-(33! N-*&6318.1G! ]),3(:(/,0(&*'GO! ,/])('(0(&*! :&2!%2&:1''(&*,3! 01,$'! (*7&3718! (*! $)30(T

5,i,28!1,23#!6,2*(*.!

• g(33!?1!/&*71*18!9&)205!"0112(*.!B&$$(0011!+110(*.!(*!+#,*$,2!

• C21%,2,0(&*!:&2!)'1!&:!+&&831!0&!?1!(*/&2%&2,018!(*!051!/,%,/(0#!?)(38(*.!%3,0:&2$!

!"#$%&'('%)*+(

• C2&:!<(/5,28!D,(.5!

• C2&:!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!!

• +'!H(*-(*(!D1$,/5,*82,!

!"#$%&'(,)"'-%".+(

• F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(1384!500%'4kk666A5)8A,/A)-k!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!B1*02,3!_,*/,'5(214!500%4kk666A)/3,*A,/A)-k!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!B,*0,?2(,4!500%4kk61?A)*(/,*A1'k!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!+(*(*.!,*8!Y1&3&.#4!500%4kk666A$.)A?.!!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!+,30,4!500%'4kk666A)$A18)A$0k!!

• <(.,!Z1/5*(/,3!F*(712'(0#4!500%'4kk666A20)A37k1*!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,4!500%4kk666A$20A,/A3-k61?k!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!C12,81*(#,!500%4kk666A%8*A,/A3-k!!!!

• =,*8)*.!Z1/5*(/,3!P*'0(0)014!500%'4kk666A(0?A,/A(8k!!

• >*8,3,'!F*(712'(0#4!500%4kk666A)*,*8A,/A(8k(8k!!

• +,38(71'!Q,0(&*,3!F*(712'(0#4!500%4kk$*)A18)A$7k!!

• ;1!_,!",331!F*(712'(0#4!500%4kk666A83')A18)A%5k!!

• >01*1&!;1!+,*(3,!F*(712'(0#4!500%4kk666A,01*1&A18)k!!

• +,*8,3,#!Z1/5*&3&.(/,3!F*(712'(0#!500%4kk$0)A$&1T'0A.&7A$$k!!

• F*(712'(0#!&:!n,*.&*!500%4kk)#A18)A$$k

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

JS!

+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*04!+#!B(0#!('!Y100(*.!<1,8#!

G)&QB"#0-3((

+,#&2'!,*8!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!,21!?&05!-1#!0,2.10'!,*8!-1#!82(712'!(*!?)(38(*.!)2?,*!21'(3(1*0A!9(2'0G!3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!?1*1:(0!:2&$! )2?,*! 2('-!218)/0(&*G!,'!051#!,21! 21'%&*'(?31! :&2!81713&%(*.!1::1/0(71!%&3(/(1'!

,*8!0&&3'!(*!513%(*.!/(0(1'!0&!.10!21,8#!0&!$110!:)0)21! 2('-'!,*8!0&!1*')21!81713&%$1*0!.&,3'A!F2?,*!2('-!

218)/0(&*! 05121:&21! &::12'! &%%&20)*(0(1'! :&2! ,002,/0(*.! /,%(0,3! (*71'0$1*0'G! /21,0(*.! :21'5! ?)'(*1''!

%&''(?(3(0(1'G! 813(712(*.! .21,012! '&/(,3! 1]),3(0#! ,*8! %2&7(8(*.! $&21! ?,3,*/18! 1/&'#'01$'A! "1/&*8G! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'! 5&38! -1#! %&'(0(&*'! (*! ')//1'':)33#! (*01.2,0(*.! 8(','012! 21'(3(1*0! (*0&! )2?,*! 81713&%$1*0!

%3,**(*.! %2&/1''1'! ,*8! 8,(3#! /(0#! &%12,0(&*'G! ,'! 051#! %2&7(81! 31,812'5(%! :&2! 051! 6133T?1(*.! &:! 051(2!

/&*'0(0)1*/(1'A! Z51#! ,21! ,3'&! 051! /3&'1'0! (*'0(0)0(&*,3! 31713! 0&! /(0(i1*'! ,*8! /&$$)*(0(1'A! Z5)'G! 051(2!

%,20(/(%,0(&*!,*8!31,812'5(%!,21!7(0,3!0&!,*#!/&$$(0$1*0'!0&!($%31$1*0!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*A!!!

(

S4)'(2.('4%(^A)Q2-B(F2'2%.(@%.212%-'(F)*,)2B-_e((

Z51! F*(018! Q,0(&*'! E::(/1! :&2! ;(','012! <('-! <18)/0(&*! NFQP";<O! ,*8! (0'! %,20*12'! ,21! 6&2-(*.! 0&6,28'!

')'0,(*,?31! )2?,*(i,0(&*! ?#! 0,-(*.! %2&,/0(71! ,/0(&*'A! Z51! +,-(*.! B(0(1'! <1'(3(1*0! B,$%,(.*! N+B<BO! T!

3,)*/518!(*!+,#!JKIK!T!,8821''1'! ('')1'!&:!3&/,3! .&712*,*/1!,*8!)2?,*! 2('-A!Z51!B,$%,(.*!('!318!?#!051!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

JL!

FQP";<!?)0!('!'13:T$&0(7,0(*.G!%,20*12'5(%!,*8!/(0#T82(71*!6(05!,*!,($!0&!2,('1!051!%2&:(31!&:!21'(3(1*/1!,*8!

8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,$&*.!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!,*8!)2?,*!/&$$)*(0(1'!6&2386(81A!!

(

T4%(#E$%&'25%.(#6('4%(A)Q2-B(F2'2%.(@%.212%-'(F)*,)2B-+((

• H*&6!+&214!<,('1!,6,21*1''!&:!/(0(i1*'!,*8!.&712*$1*0'!,0!,33!31713'!&:!051!?1*1:(0'!&:!218)/(*.!

)2?,*!2('-'A!!

• P*71'0! g('13#4! P81*0(:#! ?)8.10! ,33&/,0(&*'! 6(05(*! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0! :)*8(*.! %3,*'! 0&! (*71'0! (*!

8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,/0(7(0(1'A!!

• =)(38!$&21!',:13#4!P*/3)81! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*! &*! %,20(/(%,0&2#!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!%3,**(*.!

%2&/1''1'!,*8!%2&01/0!/2(0(/,3!(*:2,'02)/0)21!

"(*/1!(0'!3,)*/5!(*!+,#!JKIKG!051!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!B,$%,(.*!5,8!'12718!,'!,!$1,*'!0&!')%%&20!051!

($%31$1*0,0(&*!&:!051!D#&.&!92,$16&2-!:&2!>/0(&*!ND9>OG!JKKVTJKIVG!,0!051!3&/,3!31713A!!

(

A)Q2-B(&2'2%.(*#"%("%.212%-'+(U5%"C#-%(4).()("#1%('#(,1)C(

!g5,0!$,-1'!,!/(0#!21'(3(1*0!0&!8(','012'!/,*!?1!'11*!,'!,!/&$?(*,0(&*!&:!21'(3(1*/1!,//)$)3,018!052&).5!

051!%2&/1''!&:!)2?,*(i,0(&*!,*8!%3,**(*.!&*!&*1!5,*8G!,*8!051!21')30!&:!'%1/(:(/!,/0(&*'!0&!218)/1!8(','012!

2('-! ?#! 7,2(&)'! ,/0&2'! &*! 051! &0512A! Q,0(&*,3! .&712*$1*0'G! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0! ,''&/(,0(&*'G!

(*012*,0(&*,3k21.(&*,3k*&*T.&712*$1*0,3!&2.,*(i,0(&*'G!/&$$)*(0#!,''&/(,0(&*'G!8&*&2'G! %2(7,01! '1/0&2G!

,/,81$(,!,*8!/(0(i1*'!,33! /,*! ?1! 1*.,.18! (*! 051! %2&/1''! &:! )2?,*! 8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*G!65121!'%1/(:(/!

,/0(&*'!,21!0,-1*!0&!(81*0(:#G!$,*,.1!,*8!31''1*!051!(*:3)1*/1'!&:!*,0)2,3!,*8!5)$,*T(*8)/18!5,i,28'A!!

;<=<L;<=f+(S4)'(4).(E%%-()&42%5%3e((

Z51!:(2'0!%5,'1!&:!051! B,$%,(.*! :&/)'18! &*! 2,('(*.!,6,21*1''!,*8!,87&/,/#A! "(*/1! ?1(*.! 3,)*/518G! 051!

B,$%,(.*!5,'!'021*.051*18!3&/,3!31713!31,812'5(%!,*8!(*/21,'18!%&3(0(/,3!6(33!:&2!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*A!!

bZ51!<1'(3(1*0!B(0(1'!B,$%,(.*!5,'!513%18!)'!,*8!&0512!B(0(1'!(*!'5,2(*.!&)2!7(16'!0&6,28'!051!D9>!

JG!65(/5! 61! ?13(171! 6(33! ?1! 051! $&'0! '(.*(:(/,*0!(*012*,0(&*,3!(*'02)$1*0! :&2! ,//1312,0(*.!3&/,3!

21'(3(1*/1Ac!!

N=,30,i,2! "A! Z2(?)*,3&! a2AG! D1,8! T! C2&7(*/(,3! ;(','012!<('-! <18)/0(&*! ,*8! +,*,.1$1* 0!

E::(/1G!B1?)!C2&7(*/1G!C5(3(%%(*1'O!!

Z51!B,$%,(.*!5,'!%2&8)/18! '1712,3!0&&3'! 0&! 513%! 3&/,3! 31,812'! ,''1''G! $&*(0&2G! 8&/)$1*0! ,*8! ($%2&71!

051(2!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,/0(7(0(1'4!*,$13#G!051!bZ1*!@''1*0(,3'c!:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!B51/-3('0G!051!

D9>!_&/,3!Y&712*$1*0!"13:T>''1''$1*0!Z&&3!N_YT">ZO!,*8!051!D,*8?&&-!:&2!_&/,3!Y&712*$1*0!_1,812'!&*!

D&6!0&!+,-1!B(0(1'!+&21!<1'(3(1*0A!Z&!8,01G!UVK!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!5,71!/&*8)/018!'13:T!,''1''$1*0'!)'(*.!

051!_YT">ZG!6(05!\\W!/(0(1'!5,7(*.!)'18!051'1!,'!051!?,'('!:&2!/21,0(*.!&2!,8,%0(*.!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!%3,*'!

,*8!0,-(*.!81/('(&*'A!

Z51! B,$%,(.*! 5,'! ,3'&! 1*.,.18! (*! ,! 6(81! 2,*.1! &:! $110(*.'! ,*8! 01/5*(/,3! ')%%&20! ,/0(7(0(1'!6(05! /(0#!

31,812'G!?&05!(*012*,0(&*,33#!,*8!21.(&*,33#A!P*!JKIW!,3&*1G!LKK!3&/,3!&::(/(,3'!:2&$!%,20(/(%,0(*.!/(0(1'!&:!051!

B,$%,(.*!,*8!8(','012!$,*,.12'!:2&$!\U!/&)*02(1'!6121!02,(*18!?#!051!FQP";<h'!Y3&?,3!@8)/,0(&*!Z2,(*(*.!

P*'0(0)01!0&!')%%&20!1::&20'!0&!%)0!(*0&!%2,/0(/1!051!Z1*!@''1*0(,3'!:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0A!!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

JR!

;<=gL;<;<+(!"2#"2'C(6#"()&'2#-((

>'!&:!E/0&?12!JKISG!051!B,$%,(.*!6&2-'!6(05!&712!\SKS/(0(1'!.3&?,33#G!2,*.(*.!:2&$!$,`&2!/(0(1'!')/5!,'!

+)$?,(!,*8!B,%1!Z&6*!0&!'$,33!0&6*'!(*!>)'02(,G!B5(31G!C,-('0,*!,*8!?1#&*8A!Z51!B,$%,(.*!,3'&!6&2-'!0&!

81713&%!,!.3&?,3!*106&2-! &:!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/&$$(0018!0&!218)/(*.!2('-G!?)(38(*.!$&21!21'(3(1*0!/(0(1'!

,*8!%2&$&0(*.!/(0#T0&T/(0#!31,2*(*.!1[/5,*.1'!,*8!(*/21,'18!/&&%12,0(&*A!!

=)(38(*.!&*!051!D9>G!051!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!B,$%,(.*!6(33!*&6!/,22#!&*!052&).5!0&!JKJKG!')%%&20(*.!

051!($%31$1*0,0(&*!&:!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-! <18)/0(&*! NJKIVTJK\KO! ,0! 051!3&/,3!31713G!

6(05!(0'!'171*!0,2.10'!,*8!:&)2!%2(&2(0(1'!:&2!,/0(&*A!!

Z51!'1/&*8!%5,'1!'(*/1!'0,20(*.!(*!JKIU!('!818(/,018!0&!($%31$1*0,0(&*A!Z51!/,$%,(.*!,($'!0&!1*')21!05,0!

051! /&$$(0$1*0'! $,81! ?#! .&712*$1*0'! ,21! (*01.2,018! (*0&! 051! 3&/,3!/&*01[0A! "127(*.! ,'! ,! $1,*'! :&2!

21,3(i(*.!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-G!")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0!Y&,3'!N";Y'OG!051!Q16!F2?,*!>.1*8,!,*8!&0512!

JK\K! ;1713&%$1*0! >.1*8,G! 051! B,$%,(.*! 5,'! '5(:018! (0'! :&/)'! 0&!($%31$1*0,0(&*! ')%%&20G! %,20*12!

1*.,.1$1*0G!(*71'0$1*0T/&&%12,0(&*!&%%&20)*(0(1'G!3&/,3!,/0(&*!%3,**(*.!,*8!$&*(0&2(*.!&:!%2&.21''A!!

P*!%,20(/)3,2G!051!B,$%,(.*!6(33!/&*0(*)1!0&!,87&/,01!:&2!051!6(81'%21,8!/&$$(0$1*0!?#!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!

0&!?)(38!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'G!,($(*.!0&!21,/5!VGKKK!/(0#T3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!%,20(/(%,*0'!?#!JKJKA!P*!,88(0(&*!

0&!05('!,($G!051!/,$%,(.*!5,'!,!.&,3!&:!')%%&20(*.!VKK!/(0(1'!/21,01!051(2!3&/,3!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!

21'(3(1*/1!'02,01.(1'A!9)20512$&21G!,!'0,*8,28(i18!,%%2&,/5!0&!21'(3(1*/1!T!051!/51/-3('0!&:!051!Z1*!@''1*0(,3'!

:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!,*8!051(2!(*8(/,0&2'!T!,'!6133!,'!,!/&221'%&*8(*.!21%&20(*.!%2&/1''!6(33!?1!$,81!

,7,(3,?31!,*8!,%%3(/,?31!0&!,33!/(0(1'!0&!$1,')21!,*8!$&*(0&2!051(2!21'(3(1*/1!:2&$!1,23#!JKISA!!

+&21! '&G! %2(7,01! '1/0&2! %,20*12'! ,21! (*/21,'(*.3#! ?1(*.! 0,2.1018! ,'! 6133! ,'! /&**1/018! 6(05! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!,*8!&0512!81713&%$1*0!%,20*12'G!0&!,/0(713#!/&*02(?)01!0&!051!81713&%$1*0!&:!%2&8)/0'!,*8!

'127(/1'G!0&&3'!,*8!01/5*(/,3!')%%&20G!0&6,28'!(**&7,0(71!)2?,*!2('-!218)/0(&*!'&3)0(&*'A!!

]XRM:VFU(M/FXAUVTO



(

T[U(TUV(UOOUVTR:hO(L(:-(#,%")'2#-)1(6")*%8#"Q(#6(O%-3)2(H")*%8#"Q()'(1#&)1(1%5%1!

Z51! Z1*! @''1*0(,3'! :&2! +,-(*.! B(0(1'! <1'(3(1*0! ,21!

81713&%18!6(05!051!3,)*/5!&:!051!B,$%,(.*!(*!&2812!

0&! ,//1312,01! ($%31$1*0,0(&*! &:! 051! "1*8,(!

92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!NJKIVTJK\KO!

,0! 3&/,3! 31713A! Z51! 01*! @''1*0(,3'! $,%! 8(21/03#!

,.,(*'0! 051! "1*8,(! %2(&2(0(1'! &:! ,/0(&*! ,*8! (0'!

(*8(/,0&2'! :&2! $&*(0&2(*.! ,/0(&*'! &*! 8(','012! 2('-!

218)/0(&*A! Z51#! ,21!051! /2(0(/,3! ,*8! (*81%1*81*0!

'01%'! 05,0! *118! 0&! ?1! )*8120,-1*! 0&! ?)(38! ,*8!

$,(*0,(*!21'(3(1*/1A!Z5('!8&/)$1*0!%2&7(81'!051!2,0(&*,31!:&2!1,/5!@''1*0(,3G!%&(*0(*.!&)0!'02,01.(/!,21,'!&:!

(*01271*0(&*!,*8!(81*0(:#(*.!-1#!,/0(&*'A!

Z51!,/0(&*'! (81*0(:(18!)*812!1,/5!@''1*0(,3! '5&)38!?1!%,20!&:!051! &712,33!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*! %3,**(*.!

%2&/1''!,*8!(*:3)1*/1!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!%3,**(*.!,*8!81'(.*A!!

9&2!:)20512!810,(3'G!%31,'1!7('(04!!

500%'4kk666A)*('82A&2.k/,$%,(.*k21'(3(1*0/(0(1'k5&$1k0&&3-(0?3-(01$km(8zI!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

\K!

:([:VMG//Y(H/@(h/F:h(]/cU@VAUVT(hU:MU@O(i;<=>(U32'2#-j((

:(&#-'"2E0'2#-('#('4%(]1#E)1(F)*,)2B-(;<=<L;<;<k(A)Q2-B(F2'2%.(@%.212%-'(Z(^AC(F2'C(2.(]%''2-B(@%)3Cl_((

"(*/1! 051! :(2'0! 18(0(&*! &:! 05('! D,*8?&&-G! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'! ,33! &712! 051! 6&238! 5,71! /&$1! )%!

6(05! /&*/2101! 6,#'! 0&! 218)/1! 8(','012! 2('-! ,*8!

?&&'0!21'(3(1*/1A!g(05!051!,8&%0(&*!&:!051!"1*8,(!

92,$16&2-! :&2! ;(','012! <('-! <18)/0(&*! (*! JKIVG!

051!/,$%,(.*!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*04!r+#!B(0#!('!

Y100(*.!<1,8#{r!5,'!1*01218!,!*16!%5,'1!,*8!5,'!

'5(:018! (0'! :&/)'! 0&6,28'! $&21! ($%31$1*0,0(&*!

')%%&20G! /(0#T0&T/(0#! 31,2*(*.! ,*8! /&&%12,0(&*G!

3&/,3! ,/0(&*! %3,**(*.! ,*8! 051! $&*(0&2(*.! &:!

%2&.21''!(*!/(0(1'A!

S4)'(2.()(@%.212%-'(F2'Ce((

=,'18!&*!051!*16!Z1*!@''1*0(,3'!:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!

<1'(3(1*0G! ,! <1'(3(1*0! B(0#! ('! 81'/2(?18! ,'! &*1G!

651214!!

IA Z5121! ('! '02&*.! 31,812'5(%! ,*8!

/&&28(*,0(&*! ,*821'%&*'(?(3(0(1'! (*!

8(','012! 2('-! $,*,.1$1*0! ,21/31,23#!

813(*1,018A!Z5('!(*/3)81'!1::1/0(71'0,-15&3812!1*.,.1$1*0G!6133!81:(*18!%&3(/(1',*8!'02,01.(1'!

,*8!8('02(?)0(&*!&:!0,'-'G!1::1/0(71!3(*1'!&:!/&$$)*(/,0(&*!,*8!$1/5,*('$'!05,0!:,/(3(0,01!1::1/0(71!

2('-!$,*,.1$1*0A!!

JA Z51!/(0#!('!)%T0&T8,01!&*!-*&6318.1!,?&)0!5,i,28'A!<('-!,''1''$1*0'!,21!2&)0(*13#!%21%,218!,'!,!

?,'('! :&2! )2?,*! %3,**(*.! ,*8! 3&*.T012$! 81713&%$1*0G! (*/3)8(*.! /)221*0! ,*8! :)0)21! (*71'0$1*0!

81/('(&*'!05,0!/&*02(?)01!0&!($%2&718!21'(3(1*/1A!!

\A Z5121! ('! ,*! ,81]),01! :(*,*/(,3! %3,*! 05,0! /&$%31$1*0'! ,*8! %2&$&01'! $1/5,*('$'! 0&! ')%%&20!

21'(3(1*/1!,/0(7(0(1'A!!

WA F2?,*! %3,**(*.! ('! /,22(18!&)0! ?,'18! &*! )%T0&T8,01! 2('-! (*:&2$,0(&*! 6(05! ,! :&/)'! &*! 051! $&'0!

7)3*12,?31!.2&)%'A! <1,3('0(/! ,*8!2('-!/&$%3(,*0!?)(38(*.!21.)3,0(&*'!,21! ,%%3(18! ,*8! 1*:&2/18!0&!

1::1/0(713#!218)/1!%5#'(/,3!2('-A!!

VA Q,0)2,3!1/&'#'01$'!6(05(*!,*8!,2&)*8!051!/(0#h'!0122(0&2#!,21!(81*0(:(18G!%2&01/018!,*8!$&*(0&218!

0&!')'0,(*!,*8!',:1.),28!051(2!%2&01/0(71!:)*/0(&*'!,'!*,0)2,3!?)::12'A!

UA >33!(*'0(0)0(&*'!21317,*0!0&!,!/(0#h'!21'(3(1*/1!,21!'021*.051*18!0&!5,71!051!/,%,?(3(0(1'!051#!*118!

0&!1[1/)01!051(2!2&31'A!

SA Z51! '&/(,3! /&**1/018*1''! ,*8! /)30)21! &:! $)0),3! 513%! ,21! '021*.051*18! 052&).5! /&$$)*(0#G!

18)/,0(&*G!,*8!$)30(T$18(,!/5,**13'!&:!/&$$)*(/,0(&*A!

LA Z5121!('!,!'02,01.#!0&!%2&01/0G!)%8,01!,*8!$,(*0,(*!/2(0(/,3!(*:2,'02)/0)21!0&!1*')21!05,0!'127(/1'!

/&*0(*)1!,*8!0&!(*/21,'1!21'(3(1*/1!,.,(*'0!5,i,28'!,*8!051!($%,/0'!&:!/3($,01!/5,*.1A!

RA @::1/0(71! 8(','012! 21'%&*'1! ('! 1*')218! ?#! /21,0(*.! ,*8! 21.)3,23#! )%8,0(*.! %21%,218*1''! %3,*'G!

/&**1/0(*.! 0&! 1,23#! 6,2*(*.! '#'01$'! ,*8! (*/21,'(*.! 1$12.1*/#! ,*8! $,*,.1$1*0! /,%,/(0(1'!

052&).5!%)?3(/!%21%,218*1''!82(33'A!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

\I!

IKA C&'0T8(','012!21/&712#G!215,?(3(0,0(&*G!,*8!21/&*'02)/0(&*!'02,01.(1'! ,21! ,3(.*18! 6(05!3&*.! 012$!

%3,**(*.!,*8!%2&7(81!,*!($%2&718!/(0#!1*7(2&*$1*0!,:012!8(','012!171*0'A!!

>3(.*!0&! 05,0G!05('!'1/&*8! 18(0(&*! &:! 051! D,*8?&&-!21'%&*8'! 0&! 051! /,33! :&2! ?10012! ,//1''! 0&! (*:&2$,0(&*G!

-*&6318.1!21'&)2/1'G!,*8!0&&3'!0&!1::1/0(713#!81,3!6(05!051!($%,/0'!&:!*,0)2,3!5,i,28'!,*8!/3($,01!/5,*.1A!

P0!%2&7(81'!,*!&7127(16!&:!-1#!'02,01.(1'!,*8!,/0(&*'!,'!%,20!&:!,*!&712,33!')'0,(*,?31!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!

'02,01.#A!Z5('! D,*8?&&-! /&*0,(*'4! ,*! (*02&8)/0&2#!%,20f! 051! $,(*!?&8#! 13,?&2,0(*.! &*! 051! 2,0(&*,31! :&2!

(*71'0(*.!(*!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!N;<<O!,*8!21'(3(1*/1f!051!Q16!Z1*!@''1*0(,3'!:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0f!

051! :(71!'01%'! 0&! 81713&%! ,! %2&/1''! /,3318! 051! <1'(3(1*/1! =)(38(*.! B#/31f! ,*8! ,**1[1'! /&*0,(*(*.! )'1:)3!

21'&)2/1'!:&2!D,*8?&&-!)'12'G!?1'(81'!&:!'1712,3!%2,/0(/,3!1[,$%31'!05,0!(33)'02,01!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'G!

0&.10512!6(05!'0,-15&3812'!,*8!%,20*12'G!,21!,?31!0&!,/5(171!21'(3(1*/1A!!

Z51!5,*8?&&-!/,*!?1!8&6*3&,818!:2&$4!!

500%4kk666A)*('82A&2.k/,$%,(.*k21'(3(1*0/(0(1'k5&$1k0&&3-(0?3-(01$km(8zJ!

mXRFY(@ROY(UOTRA:TR/V(9m@U?



(

>!0&&3!0&!(81*0(:#(*.!,*8!)*812'0,*8(*.!/)221*0!,*8!:)0)21!2('-'!k!'021''!k!'5&/-'!,*8!1[%&')21!0521,0'!0&!

?&05!5)$,*!,*8!%5#'(/,3!,''10'A!!

Z51! o)(/-! <('-! @'0($,0(&*! No<@O! 0&&3! 5,'! ?11*!

81'(.*18! :&2! 051! %)2%&'1'! &:! (81*0(:#(*.! ,*8!

)*812'0,*8(*.! /)221*0! ,*8! :)0)21! 2('-'! k! '021''! k!

'5&/-'! ,*8! 1[%&')21! 0521,0'! 0&! ?&05! 5)$,*! ,*8!

%5#'(/,3!,''10'A!Z51!o<@!Z&&3!('!*&0!,!:)33T!'/,31!2('-!

,''1''$1*0G!2,0512!,!$)30(T'0,-15&3812!1*.,.1$1*0!

%2&/1''! 0&! 1'0,?3('5! ,! /&$$&*! )*812'0,*8(*.A!

Z,-(*.! (*0&! ,//&)*0! 051! ,/0(&*'! &2! /&221/0(71!

$1,')21'!,321,8#!)*8120,-1*G!051!o<@!6(33!%2&8)/1!

,!8,'5?&,28T!'0#31!2('-!,''1''$1*0!,87('(*.!051!2('-'!

,*8!5,i,28'! 0&! 5)$,*! ,*8! %5#'(/,3!,''10'G!($%,/0'!

&:!(81*0(:(18!$,(*!2('-'!,*8!,''&/(,018!%12(3'!&*!051!

'%1/(:(18!3&/,0(&*!,*8k&2!%,20(/)3,2!,''10A!

Z51!o<@!0&&3!)'1'!051!5,i,28'!/3,''(:(/,0(&*!&)03(*18!

?#! 051! F*(018! Q,0(&*'! E::(/1! :&2! ;(','012! <('-!

<18)/0(&*!NFQP";<OA!Z51! 5,i,28!(*8(/,0&2'!(*/3)818! (*! 051! o<@!0&&3!,21!,3(.*18!0&!051!IK! @''1*0(,3'!:&2!

+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!"/&21/,28!(*!051!/&*01[0!&:!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!JKIV!

T!JK\K!,*8!051!")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0!Y&,3'A!!

9)20512!810,(3'!&*!05('!('!,7,(3,?31!,04!!

500%4kk666A)*('82A&2.k/,$%,(.*k21'(3(1*0/(0(1'k5&$1k0&&3-(0?3-(01$km(8z\!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

\J!

:OOUOOAUVT(T//hO(

M2.).'%"(@%.212%-&%(O&#"%&)"3(6#"(F2'2%.(

:('##1(6#"(32.).'%"("%.212%-&%(,1)--2-Bk(

F*(018!Q,0(&*'!E::(/1!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!6(05!051!')%%&20!&:!@)2&%1,*!B&$$(''(&*G!P=+G!>@BE+!

,*8! &0512! %,20*12'! ,*8! /(0(1'! %,20(/(%,0(*.! (*! 051! +,-(*.! B(0(1'! <1'(3(1*0! B,$%,(.*! 5,71! )%8,018! 051!

;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!"/&21/,28!:&2!B(0(1'A!!

Z51! "/&21/,28! %2&7(81'! ,! '10! &:! ,''1''$1*0'! 05,0! 6(33! ,33&6! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'! 0&! $&*(0&2! ,*8! 217(16!

%2&.21''!,*8!/5,331*.1'!(*!051!($%31$1*0,0(&*!&:!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*4!JKIVT

JK\KG!,*8!,''1''!051(2!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1A!P0!('!'02)/0)218!,2&)*8!FQP";<h'!Z1*!@''1*0(,3'!:&2!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!

<1'(3(1*0A!!

P0!&::12'!051!%&01*0(,3!:&2!'/&2(*.!,0!06&!31713'4!!

• _1713!I4!C213($(*,2#!31713G!21'%&*8(*.!0&!-1#!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!0,2.10'!,*8!(*8(/,0&2'G!,*8!6(05!

'&$1! /2(0(/,3! ')?T])1'0(&*'A! Z5('! ,%%2&,/5! ('! ')..1'018! :&2! )'1! (*! ,! I! 0&! JT8,#! /(0#! $)30(T

'0,-15&3812!6&2-'5&%A!P*!0&0,3!05121!,21!WS!])1'0(&*'!(*8(/,0&2'G!1,/5!6(05!,!K!d!\!'/&21f!!

• _1713!J4!;10,(318!,''1''$1*0A! Z5('! ,%%2&,/5! ('! ,! $)30(T'0,-15&3812!1[12/('1! 05,0! $,#! 0,-1!I!dW!

$&*05'! ,*8! /,*! ?1!,! ?,'('! :&2! ,! 810,(318! /(0#!21'(3(1*/1! ,/0(&*! %3,*A! Z51!810,(318! ,''1''$1*0!

(*/3)81'!IIS!(*8(/,0&2!/2(012(,G!1,/5!6(05!,!'/&21!&:!K!d!VA!!

g5(31!051!"/&21/,28!/,*!?1!)'18!,'!,!'0,*8,3&*1!0&&3G!(0!8&1'!21])(21!#&)!0&!/&*'(812!#&)2!/(0#h'!5,i,28'!

,*8! 2('-'A! "%1/(:(/,33#G! 051! "/&21/,28! %2&$%0'! #&)! 0&! (81*0(:#! b$&'0! %2&?,?31c! ,*8! b$&'0! '17121c! 2('-!

'/1*,2(&'!:&2!1,/5!&:!#&)2!(81*0(:(18!/(0#!5,i,28'G!&2!:&2!,!%&01*0(,3!$)30(T5,i,28!171*0AP*!/&*'(812(*.!2('-G!

#&)!$,#!:(*8!051!o)(/-!<('-!@'0($,0(&*!0&&3!No<@O!81713&%18!?#!FQP";<!,*8!;13&(001!513%:)3A!

|Q&014! Z51! "/&21/,28! :(31'! /,**&0! ?1! 8&6*3&,818! 052&).5! 051! 9(21:&[! =2&6'12! 8)1! 0&! 01/5*(/,3!

(*/&$%,0(?(3(0#}!!

h00%4kk666A)*('82A&2.k/,$%,(.*k21'(3(1*0/(0(1'k5&$1k(*81[!

!)"'-%".(#6(XVROM@(nA)Q2-B(F2'2%.(@%.212%-'\(&)*,)2B-+(R*,1%*%-')'2#-(#6('4%(XVROM@(S#"13(M2.).'%"(

@%30&'2#-(F)*,)2B-(#-(A)Q2-B(F2'2%.(@%.212%-'(



(

C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!M!C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5!,0!051! Y3&?,3!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!B1*021!,0!051!

F*(712'(0#!&:!D)8812':(138G!FH!,21!,/0(71!%,20*12'!&:!051!+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0!/,$%,(.*!'(*/1!(0'!(*/1%0(&*!

,*8! ,21! (0'! >87('&2#! C,*13! $1$?12'! %217(&)'3#! ,*8! ,21! *&6! (0'! "0112(*.! B&$$(0011! $1$?12'A! Z51#!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

\\!

/&*02(?)01! ,'! ,! $,(*! .3&?,3! %,20*12! (*! 051! /,$%,(.*G! 21%21'1*0(*.! ,/,81$(/G! 01/5*(/,3! ,*8! 1[%120!

(*'0(0)0(&*'G! ,*8! ,3'&! /&*02(?)01'! 0&6,28! 051! &712,33! .&,3! T! 1$%&612! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'! 6(05! '02&*.12!

*,0(&*,3!%&3(/(1'!0&!(*71'0!(*!2('-!218)/0(&*!,0!3&/,3!31713G!,'!%,20!&:!)2?,*!,*8!21.(&*,3!81713&%$1*0!%3,*'!

?#!6&2-(*.!6(05!051$!/3&'13#A!!

9)20512!810,(3'!&*!051!FQP";<!l+,-(*.!B(0(1'!<1'(3(1*0h!/,$%,(.*!P'!,7,(3,?31!,04!!

500%4kk666A)*('82A&2.k/,$%,(.*k21'(3(1*0/(0(1'k!

!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

\W!

P*012*,0(&*,3! a&)2*,3! &:! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! (*! 051! =)(30!

@*7(2&*$1*0!!

500%4kk666A1$12,38.2&)%%)?3('5(*.A/&$k(`82?1A50$!

@%52%8(,"#&%..+!;&)?31!?3(*8!%112!217(16!921])1*/#4!V!

('')1'!%12!#1,2

ISSN:!ISVRTVRKL!

F0""%-'(c#10*%+!RG!JKIL!!

U32'#".+((

C2&:1''&2!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,!M!!

C2&:1''&2!<(/5,28!D,(.5G!

Y3&?,3! ;(','012! <1'(3(1*/1! B1*021G! F*(712'(0#! &:!

D)8812':(138G!FH!!

Z5('!"/&%)'! ,*8! P"P! g1?! &:! "/(1*/1! Z+! B&21! B&331/0(&*G!

@$12.(*.!"&)2/1'!B(0,0(&*!P*81[!N@"BPO!3('018!0(031!:&/)'1'!

&*!21'1,2/5!,*8!'/5&3,23#!,/0(7(0#!05,0!1[,$(*1!051!2&31!&:!

?)(38(*.! ,*8! /&*'02)/0(&*! 0&! ,*0(/(%,01! ,*8! 21'%&*8! 0&!

)*1[%1/018! 171*0'! 05,0! 8,$,.1! &2! 81'02&#! 051! ?)(30!

1*7(2&*$1*0A!!

Z5('!('!051!&*3#!`&)2*,3!(*!051!:(138!0&!'%1/(:(/,33#!%2&$&01!

21'1,2/5!,*8!'/5&3,23#!,/0(7(0#! 05,0! 1[,$(*1'! 051! 2&31!&:!

?)(38(*.! ,*8! /&*'02)/0(&*! 0&! ,*0(/(%,01! ,*8! 21'%&*8! 0&!

8(','012'!05,0! 8,$,.1! &2!81'02&#!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0A!

>305&).5! 051! &2(.(*'! ,*8! /,)'1'!&:! 8(','012'! ,21! 7,2(18G!

051! /&*'1])1*/1'! 0&! 5)$,*! '&/(10#! ,21! :21])1*03#!

'($(3,24! 1[01*'(71! 3&''! &:! 3(:1G! %,20(/)3,23#! ,$&*.!

7)3*12,?31! $1$?12'! &:! ,! /&$$)*(0#f! 1/&*&$(/! 3&''1'G!

5(*812(*.!81713&%$1*0!.&,3'f!81'02)/0(&*!&:!051!?)(30!,*8!

*,0)2,3! 1*7(2&*$1*0G! (*/21,'(*.! 7)3*12,?(3(0#f! ,*8G!

6(81'%21,8! 8('2)%0(&*! 0&! 3&/,3! (*'0(0)0(&*'! ,*8!

3(713(5&&8'G! 8('1$%&612(*.! 051! 3&/,3! /&$$)*(0#A! P*!

%,20(/)3,2G!(0!,($'!,0!81713&%(*.!051!'-(33'!,*8!-*&6318.1!

&:!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!%2&:1''(&*'!,*8!6(33!'021*.051*!

051(2!/,%,/(0#!(*!'02,01.(/!,*8!%2,/0(/,3!,'%1/0'!&:!8(','012!

%2171*0(&*G! $(0(.,0(&*G! 21'%&*'1! ,*8! 21/&*'02)/0(&*! 0&!

$(0(.,01! 051! 1::1/0'!&:! 8(','012'! *,0(&*,33#! ,*8!

(*012*,0(&*,33#A! Z51! `&)2*,3! %)?3('51'! &2(.(*,3! ,*8!

21:12118!$,012(,3!05,0!/&*02(?)01'!0&!051!,87,*/1$1*0!&:!

051! 21'1,2/5! ,*8! %2,/0(/1G! ,*8! %2&7(81'! /&*02(?) 0(*.! ,)05&2'! 6(05! ,*! &%%&20)*(0#! 0&! 8(''1$(*,01! 051(2!

21'1,2/5!,*8!1[%12(1*/1!0&!,!?2&,8!,)8(1*/1A!!

Z51!/&712,.1!&:!051!`&)2*,3!(*/3)81'G!?)0!('!*&0!3($(018!0&4!;(','012!$(0(.,0(&*G!21'%&*'1!,*8!21/&*'02)/0(&*f!

;(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*f!C5#'(/,3G!'&/(,3!,*8!1/&*&$(/!21'(3(1*/1!(*!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0f!<1/&*'02)/0(&*!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

\V!

,*8!')'0,(*,?31!81713&%$1*0f!C,20(/(%,0&2#!,%%2&,/51'!0&!21/&*'02)/0(&*f!@$%&612$1*0!&:!6&$1*!,*8!

7)3*12,?31!.2&)%'f! C2&`1/0! $,*,.1$1*0!:&2! %&'0T8(','012! 21/&*'02)/0(&*f! g,'01! $,*,.1$1*0f! =)'(*1''!

/&*0(*)(0#! $,*,.1$1*0f! H*&6318.1! $,*,.1$1*0f! Y&712*,*/1! ,*8! 02,*'%,21*/#f! B&2%&2,01! '&/(,3!

21'%&*'(?(3(0#f! _,6! ,*8! 21.)3,0&2#! :2,$16&2-'f! B&*:3(/0! '1*'(0(71! 21/&*'02)/0(&*f! ,*8G! "&/(,3! ($%,/0! &:!

21/&*'02)/0(&*A!!

9)20512!810,(3'!&*!/&712,.1!810,(3'!&:!051!`&)2*,3!('!,7,(3,?31!,04!!

500%4kk666A1$12,38.2&)%%)?3('5(*.A/&$k%2&8)/0'k`&)2*,3'k,)05&2~.)(813(*1'A50$m(8z(`82?1!!

Z51!a&)2*,3!('!(*81[18!(*4!=2(0('5!_(?2,2#G!B&*'02)/0(&*!,*8!=)(38(*.!>?'02,/0'G!PBEQ;>!T!Z51!P*012*,0(&*,3!

B&*'02)/0(&*! ;,0,?,'1G! =)'(*1''! "&)2/1! C21$(12! N@="BEOG! >=P! PQ9E<+! Y3&?,3! NC2&o)1'0OG! B,$?2(8.1!

"/(1*0(:(/! >?'02,/0'! NC2&o)1'0OG! PQ"C@BG! "BECF"! ,*8! P"P! g1?! &:! "/(1*/1! Z+! B&21! B&331/0(&*G! @$12.(*.!

"&)2/1'!B(0,0(&*!P*81[!N@"BPO!!

Z&! ')?$(0! #&)2! %,%12! &*3(*1! #&)! $)'0! :(2'0! /21,01! ,*! ,)05&2! ,//&)*0! ,0!

500%4kk$/A$,*)'/2(%0/1*02,3A/&$k(`82?1!051*!:&33&6!051!&*T'/211*!.)(8,*/1!65(/5!0,-1'!#&)!052&).5!051!

')?$(''(&*!%2&/1''A!P:!#&)!8&!*&0!5,71!,*!,)05&2!,//&)*0!&*!051!P*012*,0(&*,3!a&)2*,3!&:!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!

(*!051!=)(30!@*7(2&*$1*0!051*!#&)!6(33!*118!0&!/21,01!#&)2'13:!,*!,//&)*0G!171*!(:!#&)!5,71!,*!,//&)*0!&*!

,!8(::121*0!`&)2*,3A!C31,'1!'11!051!(*'02)/0(&*'!?13&6!1[%3,(*(*.!5&6!0&!21.('012A!"/5&3,2!E*1!+,*)'/2(%0'!

('!,*! (*0)(0(71!,*8!,)05&2T:2(1*83#!(*012:,/1!:&2!')?$(00(*.!,20(/31'! 0&! @$12,38! `&)2*,3'! &712! 051!P*012*10A!

E*3(*1!')?$(''(&*!:,/(3(0,01'!,!:,'0!,*8!1::(/(1*0!%)?3(/,0(&*!'127(/1!,*8!%2&7(81'!051!,)05&2!6(05!051!,?(3(0#!

0&!02,/-!051(2!%,%12!052&).5!051!217(16!%2&/1''A!!

P:!#&)!5,71!,*#!(81,'! :&2!,!%,%12!65(/5!:,33'!6(05(*!051! '/&%1!&:!051!`&)2*,3G!18(0&2'!,21!5,%%#!0&!8('/)''!

051!(81,'!:)20512!6(05!#&)A!!

O0E*2'(C#0"("%.%)"&4(-#8l((

B&*02(?)0(&*'!,21!613/&$18!213,0(*.!0&!,!2,*.1!&:!,'%1/0'!&:!8(','012'!(*!051!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0A!!

")?$(0!#&)2!/&*02(?)0(&*!*&6!7(,4!

500%4kk666A1$12,38.2&)%%)?3('5(*.A/&$k%2&8)/0'k`&)2*,3'k,)05&2~.)(813(*1'A50$m(8z(`82?1!

"10! )%! #&)2! @$12,38! %2&:(31! 0&! 21/1(71! 0,?31! &:! /&*01*0'! ,3120'! :&2! 05('! `&)2*,3! ,*8! $&21!

500%4kk666A1$12,38.2&)%%)?3('5(*.A/&$k(`82?1A50$!

!Z&!/&*0,/0!)'G!:(*8!&)0!$&21!&*!051!'/&%1!&:!051!`&)2*,3!,*8!$&21G!%31,'1!7('(04!

500%4kk666A1$12,38.2&)%%)?3('5(*.A/&$k(`82?1A50$!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

\U!

>?'02,/0'!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

\S!

>8821''(*.!1[021$1!51,0!2('-'!(*!02&%(/,3!>'(,*!/(0(1'4!

1[%3&2(*.!,!'#'01$'!,%%2&,/5!:2,$16&2-!:&2!51,305!,*8!

6133T?1(*.!!!

P*82(-,!<,`,%,-'5,I!

1Department!of!Architecture,!University!of!Moratuwa,!Sri!Lanka!

indrika@uom.lk;!indrika_rajapaksha@ymail.com!

B3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!*,0)2,3!8(','012'!,21!'#*/52&*(i18!.3&?,3!('')1'!(*/21,'(*.!82,$,0(/,33#!&712!051!*1[0!

'1712,3! 81/,81'A! "/(1*0(:(/! /&*'1*')'! ')?'0,*0(,01'! 051! %51*&$1*&*! &:! bg,2$(*.! @,205! B3($,01'c! :&2!

$,`&2(0#!&:!051!/&)*02(1'!,33!&712!051!6&238!|I}A!Z51!%2&`1/018!(*/21,'1!(*! 051!,$%3(0)81!&:!01$%12,0)21!

7,2(,?(3(0#!('!17(81*0!:&2!81713&%(*.!/&)*02(1'!(*!02&%(/'!,*8!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!0&!61,0512!,*8!/3($,01!'5&/-'!

(*!1/&*&$(/,33#!81%2(718!/&)*02(1'!(*!>'(,!6(33!(*/21,'1!(*!:)0)21!|J}A!

>'(,!('!&*1!&:!051!:,'01'0!.2&6(*.!21.(&*'!(*!051!6&238!,*8!:&2!*1[0!\K!#1,2'!$&21!05,*!5,3:!&:!051!.3&?,3!

%&%)3,0(&*!6(33!/&*/1*02,01!(*!81713&%(*.!>'(,*!/(0(1'A!Z5('!021*8!('!*&0!,*!1[/1%0(&*!:&2!"2(!_,*-,!,'!SK•!

&:! %&%)3,0(&*! ('! 1[%1/018! 0&! 21'(81! (*! )2?,*! '10031$1*0'! ?#! JK\KA! 9(:05! >''1''$1*0! 21%&20! &:! 051!

P*012.&712*$1*0,3! C,*13!&*!B3($,01! B5,*.1! (*:&2$'!051! /3($,0(/! 82(712'!&:!6,2$(*.! 021*8!,*8!1[021$1!

01$%12,0)21'!(*8(/,0(*.!5(.5!,*8!1'/,3,0(*.!2('-!&*!51,0T213,018!$&20,3(0#!(*!>'(,!|\}A!Z5)'!51,0!6,71'!,*8!

,''&/(,018!51,0!'021''!('!,*!1$12.(*.!/3($,01!/5,*.1!(*8)/18!8(','012!65(/5!6(33!(*'0(.,01!'(.*(:(/,*0!%)?3(/!

51,305!2('-!(*!051!?)2.1&*(*.!/(0(1'!(*!>'(,A!!

"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!%2(&2(0(i1'!051!*118!:&2!($%2&718!)*812'0,*8(*.!&:!8(','012!2('-!(*!,33!(0'!8($1*'(&*'!&:!

1[%&')21G! 7)3*12,?(3(0#! ,*8! 5,i,28! /5,2,/012('0(/'! |W}A! @[021$1! 51,0! 2('-'! 7,2#! ,$&*.! /&)*02(1'! 8)1! 0&!

/5,*.1'!(*!1[%&')21!,*8!7)3*12,?(3(0#A!t,2(,0(&*'!(*!1[%&')21!,*8!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!0&!1[021$1!51,0!2('-'!,21!

(*:3)1*/1'! &:! /3&'1! (*012,/0(&*'! ,*8! (*01281%1*81*/(1'! ,''&/(,018! ,$(8'0! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0G! /3($,01!

/5,*.1!,*8! 51,305A!g(05!051! :21])1*/#!&:!/)221*0!1[021$1! 51,0!(*/(81*/1'!(*!"2(!_,*-,G!51,0!'021''!('!,*!

1$12.(*.! 0521,0! &*!5)$,*! 51,305! ,*8! 6133T?1(*.A! >305&).5! :3&&8'! ,*8! 3,*8'3(81'!,21! 6(813#! 1[%3&218!

8(','012'! ,! 3($(018! 21'1,2/5! :&/)'! ('! 17(81*0! :&2! 1[%&')21G! 7)3*12,?(3(0#! ,*8! ?)281*! &:! 8('1,'1! 8)1! 0&!

1[021$1!51,0!171*0'A!!

Z5('!'0)8#! 1[%3&21'! ,*! 1$12.(*.!8(31$$,! &:! 1[('0(*.!)2?,*(i,0(&*! (*! $1.,/(0(1'! &:! B&3&$?&! ,*8!H,*8#!

,8821''(*.!051!('')1'!&*!)2?,*!?)(30T1*7(2&*$1*0G!,0$&'%512(/!%&33)0(&*!,*8!,8712'1!($%,/0'!&*!51,305A!>!

/2(0(/,3!,%%2,(',3!&:!21317,*0!%&3(/(1'!,*8!*,0(&*,3!,/0(&*!%3,*'!&*!)2?,*!%3,**(*.G!,(2!%&33)0(&*!,*8!51,305!

(*:&2$! ?,22(12'! ,*8! /5,331*.1'! &*! 1::1/0(71! ,87&/,/#! &:! 17(81*/1! ?,'18! 81/('(&*! $,-(*.! ,%%2&,/5A!

C2&%&'18! :)0)21! 21'1,2/5! (*01271*0(&*'! &*! '#'01$'! ,%%2&,/5! :,/(3(0,01! (*! &2(.(*,0(*.! :,2! 21,/5(*.!

($%3(/,0(&*'!(*!$(0(.,0(*.!/3($,01!/5,*.1!(*8)/18!1[021$1!51,0!2('-'!&*!51,305!,*8!6133T?1(*.A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!@[021$1!51,0G!Z2&%(/'G!F2?,*(i,0(&*G!D1,305!,*8!g133T?1(*.G!=)(30T1*7(2&*$1*0!!

@%6%"%-&%.+((

|I}!!PCBB!JKKSA!B3($,01!B5,*.1!JKKS4!P$%,/0'G!>8,%0,0(&*!,*8!t)3*12,?(3(0#A!FH!

|J}!!=,05(,*#G!"Af!;,-&'G!tAf!"/51::12G!+Af!_1*0&*G!ZA+A!JKILG!B3($,01!$&813'!%218(/0!(*/21,'(*.!

01$%12,0)21!7,2(,?(3(0#!(*!%&&2!/&)*02(1'G!"/(1*/1!>87,*/1'G!WNVO411,2VLKRG!ITIK!

|\}!!D(`(&-,G!nAf!_(*G!@Af!C121(2,G!aAaAf!B&23100G!<AZAf!B)(G!€Af!P*',2&7G!YA@Af!_,'&&G!<A;Af!_(*8.21*G!@Af!")2`,*G!>AG!

B3($,01!B5,*.1!JKIW4!P$%,/0'G!>8,%0,0(&*!,*8!t)3*12,?(3(0#A!V05!>''1''$1*0!<1%&20!!&:!051!PCBBG!FHA!

|W}!FQ"P;<!JKIVG!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!218)/0(&*!JKIVTJK\KG!IT\S

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

\L!

B&*712.1*/1!&:!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!/3($,01!/5,*.1!

(*!051!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*'!&:!P*8&*1'(,!

<(/5,28!D,(.5IG!D,2-)*0(!<,5,#)JG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,IG!;,*8(!C2,'10(,I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

!2Bandung!Institute!of!Technology,!Indonesia!

r.haigh@hud.ac.uk!

P*8&*1'(,!5,'!?&05!051!:,'01'0!)2?,*(',0(&*!.2&605!2,01!,*8!051!3,2.1'0!'5,21!&:!)2?,*!%&%)3,0(&*!.3&?,33#G!

2('(*.!0&! US•! ?#!JKJVA! F2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*'! ,3'&!1$(0! '(.*(:(/,*0! ,*8! .2&6(*.! ,$&)*0'! &:! .211*5&)'1!

.,'1'!,*8!"5&20T3(718!B3($,01!C&33)0,*0'G!05,0!/&*02(?)01!0&!.3&?,3!6,2$(*.G!?)0!,3'&!($%,/0!%)?3(/!51,305G!

:&&8G!6,012A!!

B&,'0,3!)2?,*!,..3&$12,0(&*'!,21!1'%1/(,33#!1[%&'18!0&!051!($%,/0'!&:!/3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!8(','012!2('-'A!

P*! 051! /&$(*.! 81/,81'G! /3($ ,01T! (*8)/18! 1[021$1! 171*0'! ,21! 1[%1/018! 0&! (*/21, '1A!Z5 1'1! /5,*.1'! 6(33!

/&*0(*)1!0&!,::1/0!*,0)2,3!,*8!5)$,*!'#'01$'!(*81%1*81*03#!&2!(*!/&$?(*,0(&*!6(05!&0512!81012$(*,*0'!

0&! ,3012! 051! %2&8)/0(7(0#G! 8(712'(0#! ,*8! :)*/0(&*'! &:! $,*#! 1/&'#'01$'! ,*8! 3(713(5&&8'A! B3($,01! /5,*.1!

($%,/0'!,*8!7,2(,?(3(0#!0521,01*!0&! 1[,/12?,01!1[('0(*.!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!,*8!:)20512! 1*021*/5!81713&%$1*0!

8('%,2(0(1'A!!

Z5121!('!(*/21,'(*.!21/&.*(0(&*!05,0!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!'5&)38!(*/3)81!/3($,01!/5,*.1!,8,%0,0(&*A!Z51'1!

06&! %12'%1/0(71'! 5,71! ?11*! 81713&%18! ?#! 8(::121*0! /&$$)*(0(1'G! ?)0! 051! ,($! &:! ?&05! ('! 0&! 218)/1!

7)3*12,?(3(0#!,*8!5,i,28!1[%&')21!(*!&2812!0&!(*/21,'1!21'(3(1*/1!0&!051!%&01*0(,3!,8712'1!($%,/0'!&:!/3($,01!

1[021$1'A!Z51! (*01.2,0(&*! &:!051!06&!:(138'!%2&7(81'! &%%&20)*(0(1'! 0&!'021*.051*!051!/&$$&*!%,20'!,*8!

($%2&71!051!$,*,.1$1*0!&:!%21'1*0!,*8!:)0)21!5,i,28'!,*8!2('-'A!!

;1'%(01!')/5!%&01*0(,3!?1*1:(0'!05121!21$,(*'!'&$1!'(.*(:(/,*0!/5,331*.1'A!Z51#!21$,(*!8('0(*/0!:(138'!,*8!

/&33,?&2,0(&*!5,'!%2&71*!8(::(/)30A!Z5121!,21!'1%,2,01!/&$$)*(0(1'!&:!6&2-(*.!(*!051!06&!,21,'G!6(05!3($(018!

&7123,%!(*!*106&2-'G!:&2,!,*8!$105&8'A!!

Z5('!('!,*!,//&)*0!&:!,!/&$%,2,0(71!'0)8#!(*0&!$105&8&3&.(1'!,*8!0&&3'!)'18!0&!1*5,*/1!051!(*01.2,0(&*!&:!

;<<!,*8!BB>! (*! 81713&%$1*0! %2&/1''1'!(*! 051! /&,'0,3! /(0(1'! &:! P*8&*1'(,A!Z51! '0)8#! /&*'(812'! :&)2! -1#!

131$1*0'! 05,0! )*812%(*! ;<<! ,*8! BB>4! _1.,3! 92,$16&2-'f! =)8.10(*.f! P*'0(0)0(&*,3!92,$16&2-'f! ,*8G!

P$%31$1*0,0(&*!92,$16&2-'A!

Y%C( 8#"3.+!)2?,*! ,..3&$12,0(&*G! /&*712.1*/1G! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*G! /3($,01! /5,*.1! ,8,%0,0(&*G!

P*8&*1'(,!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

\R!

;1*.)14!('!(0!,!$,*$,81!8(','012!&:!)2?,*(i,0(&*!!

+&5,$18!Y,ii,3#!+&5,$18!Z5,2(]I!

1Department!of!Biosystems!Technology,!South!Eastern!University!of!Sri!Lanka,!Sri!Lanka!

mgmthariq@seu.ac.lk!

;1*.)1! :1712! 02,*'$(0018!?#! 06&! $&'])(0&! 71/0&2'f! >181'! ,1.#%0(! ,*8! >181'! ,3?&%(/0)'!('!&*1! & :! 051!

'12(&)'! %2&?31$'! ,::1/0(*.! 051! %)?3(/! 51,305! (*! "2(! _,*-,A! Z51! Y&712*$1*0! &:! "2(! _,*-,! 5,8! 0&! 0,-1!

1$12.1*/#!$1,')21'! 0&! /&%1! )%! 6(05!1%(81$(/!'(0),0(&*'!0&!021,0! 051! %,0(1*0'!,*8!/&*02&3!81*.)1A!Z51!

)2?,*! /1*012'G! $,(*3#! $,*T$,81! '02)/0)21'G! '12718! ,'! ,! %12$,*1*0! ?2118(*.! .2&)*8! :&2! >181'!

$&'])(0&1'A!Z5&).5!051!'0)8(1'!%2&7(818!810,(3'!&*!?2118(*.!'(01'!&:!81*.)1!$&'])(0&1'G!051!3(012,0)21!&*!

]),*0(:(/,0(&*! &:! 051! /&*02(?)0(&*! &:! 7,2(&)'! $,*T$,81! )2?,*! '02)/0)21'! 0&! 051! ?2118(*.! &:! 81*.)1!

$&'])(0&1'!('!*&0!')::(/(1*03#!1'0,?3('518A!D1*/1G!05('!'0)8#!('!,*!,001$%0!(*!]),*0(:#(*.!051!/&*02(?)0(*.!

:,/0&2'!0&! 81*.)1!$&'])(0&! ?2118(*.A! E*1! &:! 051! &?`1/0(71'! &:! 05('!'0)8#! 6,'!0&! ,*,3#i1! 051! ($%,/0! &:!

)2?,*(i,0(&*!&*!051!&)0?21,-!&:!81*.)1!?,'18!&*!051!1[('0(*.!3(012,0)21A!>!%213($(*,2#!217(16!&:!3(012,0)21!

213,018!0&!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!,*8!81*.)1!:1712!:2&$!&0512!/&)*02(1'!6,'!8&*1A!!!!

Z51!$,(*!&?'127,0(&*'!:2&$!051!3(012,0)21!217(1618!6121!,'!:&33&6'A!Z51!81*'(0#!&:!051!)2?,*!82,(*,.1!(*!

21'(81*0(,3!,21,'!(*:3)1*/1'!81*.)1!8('02(?)0(&*A!Z51!81*'(0#!&:!051!82,(*,.1!*106&2-'!(*!/(0(1'!'5&)38!?1!

051!31,'0!21])(218!0&!%2171*0!?&05!'0&2$!6,012!:3&&8(*.!,*8!?2118(*.!&:!$&'])(0&1'!(*!)2?,*!,21,'A!C)?3(/!

5&)'(*.!%3,*'!'5&)38!,3'&!'10!8(21/0(&*'!,*8!.)(813(*1'!:&2!051!/&*02&3!&:!81*.)1!,*8!&0512!71/0&2!?&2*1!

8('1,'1'!(*!5)$,*! '10031$1*0'A!;1*.)1! :1712! 5,'! ?11*! 21%&2018!0&!(*712'13#!213,018!0&! 71.10,0(&*! ,*8!

8(21/03#!,''&/(,018!0&!?)(38!,21,'!,0!/&,2'1!'%,0(,3!'/,31'f!5&61712G!05('!%,0012*!/&*02,8(/0'!651*!,*,3#i(*.!

81*.)1!:1712!8('02(?)0(&*!,0!,!3&/,3!'/,31!6(05(*!)2?,*!1*7(2&*$1*0'A!D1*/1G!'%,0(,3!(*:&2$,0(&*!:&2!81*.)1!

%2171*0(&*!,*8!/&*02&3G!,*8!-*&6318.1!&*!5&6!0211!/&712!,*8!&0512!:&2$'!&:!'5,81T%2&8)/(*.!71.10,0(&*!

,::1/0!71/0&2!5,?(0,0'!('!($%&20,*0!:&2!51,305!&::(/(,3'!,*8!)2?,*!%3,**12'A!Z51!(*012,/0(&*'!?10611*!%)?3(/!

51,305!&::(/(,3'G!)2?,*!%3,**12'!,*8!%&3(/#!$,-12'!65&!,21!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!'11$!0&!?1!

31''G!65(/5!'#'01$,0(/,33#!1[/3)81!051!81*.)1!8('1,'1!$,*,.1$1*0!:2&$!$,(*'021,$!)2?,*!%3,**(*.!,*8!

.&712*,*/1A!P0!('!')..1'018!0&! (*01.2,01! 51,305! ,'%1/0'! 0&! )2?,*!%3,**(*.!(*! &2812! 0&! $,-1! )2?,*!,21,'!

21'(3(1*0! 0&! 81*.)1! &)0?21,-'A! Z5('! (*01.2,0(&*! /&)38! ?1! ,/5(1718! 052&).5! 051! (*7&371$1*0! &:! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0!,.1*/(1'A!!!

Y%C(8#"3.4!$&'])(0&G!?2118(*.G!)2?,*!1*7(2&*$1*0G!)2?,*!%3,**(*.G!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

WK!

C)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'!(*!/(0(1'!,'!,*!,''10!0&!1*5,*/1!051!

/&,'0,3!/(0(1'h!21'(3(1*/1!0&!0')*,$('!

<A<Aa!B5,05)2,*.,*11!a,#,-&8#IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,05)*.,IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5I!

1Global!Disaster!Resilience!centre,!University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

chathuranganee.jayakody@hud.ac.uk!

P*!/(0(1'G! 3,*8! ('!,!'/,21'!21'&)2/1A!Z5121:&21G!05121!('!,*! (*/21,'(*.! *118! &:!(81*0(:#(*.!051!$)30(%)2%&'1!

)'1'!&:!,7,(3,?31!3,*8A!Z51!3,*8!,33&/,018!:&2!%)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'!,21!/&*'(81218!,'!,*!,''10!:&2!051!/(0#!6(05!

(0'! 1/&*&$(/G! '&/(,3! ,*8! 1*7(2& *$1*0!?1*1:(0'A!D&61712G!,%,20! :2&$! 051'1!/&$$&*! )',.1'G! 051! )'1! &:!

%)?3(/!&%1*! '%,/1'! :&2!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1!'0(33!21$,(*'!3,2.13#!31''! 21/&.*('18! (*!)2?,*!%3,**(*.!/&*01[0A!

Z5121:&21G!05121!('!,!'(.*(:(/,*0!($%&20,*/1!&:!(*71'0(.,0(*.!%&''(?31!)'1'!&:!%)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'!:&2!8(','012!

21'(3(1*/1A! 9)20512G! ,8821''(*.! 05('! 21'1,2/5! *118! (*! Z') *,$(! %2&*1! /&,'0,3! /(0(1'! /&*01[0! ('! 171*! $&21!

($%&20,*0!8)1!0&!051!(*/21,'(*.!7)3*12,?(3(0#!&:!/&,'0,3!/(0(1'!,'!,!21')30!&:!2,%(8!)2?,*(i,0(&*!,*8!.2&6(*.!

%&%)3,0(&*!(*!/&,'0,3!/(0(1'A!>//&28(*.3#G!05('!21'1,2/5!'0)8#!,001$%0'!0&!,*'612!051!21'1,2/5!])1'0(&*!lD&6!

0&!%3,*!,*8!81'(.*!%)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'!,'!,!'02,01.#!0&!1*5,*/1!051!/&,'0,3!/(0(1'h!21'(3(1*/1!0&!Z')*,$('mhA!

9)20512G!051!,*'612!0&!051!21'1,2/5!])1'0(&*!('!:&/)'18!8&6*!0&!051!"2(!_,*-,*!/&*01[0G!,'!"2(!_,*-,!('!&*1!

&:! 051! Z')*,$(! %2&*1! /&)*02(1'! :2&*0(*.! $,*#! /5,331*.1'! ')/5! ,'! 3,*8! '/,2/(0#! 8)1! 0&! 051! 2,%(8!

)2?,*(i,0(&*G!/5,331*.1'!0&!051!*,0)2,3!1*7(2&*$1*0!,*8!)*%3,**18!)2?,*!81713&%$1*0!,/0(7(0(1'A!!!

Z51!21'1,2/5! $105&8! &:! 05('! '0)8#!('! 051! .2&)*818! 051&2#! $105&8! ,*8! 051! 8,0,! 6,'! /&331/018! 052&).5!

)*'02)/0)218!(*0127(16'!/&712(*.!8(::121*0!(*0127(16!.2&)%'!(*! "2(!_,*-,f!Z')*,$(!,::1/018!/&$$)*(0(1'G!

8(','012!21'(3(1*/1!1[%120'G!)2?,*!%3,**12'G!'&/(&3&.('0'G!/(7(3!1*.(*112'!,*8! /&,'0,3!%3,**12'A!Z51!,*,3#'('!

2171,3'!05,0!05121!('!,!'(.*(:(/,*0!%&01*0(,3!0&!)'1!%)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'!0&!1*5,*/1!051!/&,'0,3!/(0(1'h!21'(3(1*/1!

0&!Z')*,$('!,'!,*!,.1*0!&:!21/&712#G!,'!,!%2($,2#!%3,/1!:&2!1$12.1*/#!21'/)1!,*8!:&2!01$%&2,2#!'513012'G!

,'!,! :,/(3(0,0&2!:&2!Z')*,$(! 8(','012!$(0(.,0(&*!,*8!,'! ,! $18(,0&2!0&!%2&7(81!Z')*,$(! ,6,21*1''A!9(*,33#G!

051!:(*8(*.'!%2&%&'1!,!%3,**(*.!,*8!81'(.*(*.!:2,$16&2-!6(05!'%,0(,3!,*8!*&*T'%,0(,3!:,/0&2!65(/5!/,*!?1!

)'18! 0&! %3,*! ,*8! 81'(.*! %)?3(/! &%1*! '%,/1'! ,'! ,! '02,01.#! 0&! 1*5,*/1! 051! /&,'0,3! /(0(1'h! 21'(3(1*/1! 0&!

Z')*,$('A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1G!%)?3(/!&%1*!'%,/1'G!')'0,(*,?31!81713&%$1*0G!)2?,*!81'(.*(*.G!)2?,*!

%3,**(*.!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

WI!

>%%3(/,?(3(0#!&:!"1*8,(!:2,$16&2-!:&2!$,-(*.!21'(3(1*/1!(*!

"2(!_,*-,*!/(0(1'!

+,511%,3,G!"A>A;A"A"A!IG!a,#,'(*.51!YAnA!I!

1Department!of!Agricultural!Engineering,!Faculty!of!Agriculture,!University!of!Ruhuna,!Sri!Lanka!

victorlion3000@gmail.com!

(

"2(!_,*-,!('!,!$(8831!(*/&$1!/&)*02#!65(/5!,//1312,01'!051!81713&%$1*0!,:012!012$(*,0(*.!051!\KT#1,2!/(7(3!

/&*:3(/0A!P*/21$1*0! &:! 81713&%$1*0! %2&`1/0'G! (*8)'02(1'G! /,2112!&%%&20)*(0(1'!,*8!(*:2,'02)/0)21!:,/(3(0(1'!

/&*'&3(8,01!%1&%31!0&!/(0(1'!65(/5!21')30'!)2?,*(i,0(&*A!P*!JKISG!ILAWL!•!&:!"2(!_,*-,p'!0&0,3!%&%)3,0(&*!3(718!

(*! )2?,*! ,21,'! ,*8! /(0(1'A! <,%(8! )2?,*(i,0(&*! 21')30'! *)$12&)'! 1*7(2&*$1*0,3G! '&/(,3! ,*8! 1/&*&$(/!

%2&?31$'!(*!/(0(1'!')/5!,'!%&33)0(&*G!6,'01!.1*12,0(&*G!'%,/(*.!%2&?31$'G!/&*:3(/0'G!)2?,*!51,0!('3,*8!1::1/0!

,*8!10/A!+&'0!&:!051!$,(*!/(0(1'!(*!"2(!_,*-,!,21!7)3*12,?31!0&!8(','012'!8)1!0&!051'1!('')1'!&:!)2?,*(i,0(&*!

,*8!051(2!.1&.2,%5(/,3!3&/,0(&*'!N$,*#!/(0(1'!,21!3&/,018!,3&*.!051!/&'0,3!&2!:3&&8!%2&*1!,21,'O!,*8!*,0)2,3!

5,i,28&)'!8,$,.1!0&!051!%1&%31!,*8! %2&%120(1'!65(31!8('0)2?(*.!0&!051!*,0(&*,3!81713&%$1*0A!Z51!3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0! ('! :&/)'(*.! &*! ?10012! %2171*0(71!,*8! /&*02&33(*.! %2,/0(/1'! &:! 051! 8(','012'! :&2! 218)/(*.!051!

8(','012!2('-!,*8!8,$,.1'A!Z51!.&712*$1*0!&::(/(,33#!,8821''18!8(','012!$,*,.1$1*0!(*!051!"2(!_,*-,!?#!

8(','012!$,*,.1$1*0!,/0G!Q&A!I\!&:!JKKVA!Z51!"1*8,(!:2,$16&2-!65(/5!5,'!'171*!$,(*!0,2.10'!,*8!:&)2!

$,(*!%2(&2(0(1'!5,'!($%31$1*018!(*!"2(!_,*-,!,'!,!/&$$1*/1$1*0!:&2!218)/(*.!051!8(','012!2('-!:2&$!JKIV!

0&!JK\K!6(05! 051! /&&%12,0(&*!&:! &0512! /&)*02(1'A!9&)2!%2(&2(0(i18!,21,'!:&/)'18!&*!N(O!)*812'0,*8(*.!051!

8(','012!2('-'G!N((O!'021*.051*(*.!8(','012!2('-!.&712*,*/1!0&!$,*,.1!8(','012!2('-G!N(((O!(*71'0(*.!(*!8(','012!

2('-!218)/0(&*!:&2!21'(3(1*/1!,*8!N(7O!1*5,*/(*.!8(','012!%21%,218*1''!:&2!1::1/0(71!21'%&*'1!,*8!0&!•=)(38!

=,/-!=10012!(*!21/&712#G!215,?(3(0,0(&*!,*8!21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!"2(!_,*-,!81713&%'!*,0(&*,3!0,2.10'!

65(/5!,21!,3&*.!6(05!"1*8,(!:2,$16&2-!0&!218)/1!,712,.1!,**),3!8(','012!$&20,3(0#!?#!VK•G!,712,.1!,**),3!

,::1/018!%1&%31!?#!VK•G!1/&*&$(/!3&''1'!(*!213,0(&*!0&!*,0(&*,3!Y;C!?#!VK•!,*8!8(','012!8,$,.1!0&!/2(0(/,3!

(*:2,'02)/0)21!,*8!8('2)%0(&*!&:!?,'(/!'127(/1'G!(*/3)8(*.!51,305!,*8!18)/,0(&*!:,/(3(0(1'!,0!051!1*8!&:!JK\KG!

/&$%,218!0&!21'%1/0(71!,**),3!7,3)1'!:2&$!JKKV!0&!JKIVA!"2(!_,*-,!81713&%'!'%1/(,3!%&3(/(1'G!$,*,.1$1*0!

%2&.2,$'G!(*')2,*/1! %3,**(*.G! ,6,21*1''! %2&.2,$'G!&0512! %2&.2,$'! 0&! (*/21,'1! ,//1''! 0&! $)30(T5,i,28!

1,23#!6,2*(*.!'#'01$'G!8(','012!2('-!(*:&2$,0(&*!,*8!,''1''$1*0'A!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!B1*021!,/0'!,'!051!

:&21$&'0!/&*02(?)0&2!:&2!051'1!171*0'A!+,*#!*,0(&*,3!,*8!(*012*,0(&*,3!&2.,*(i,0(&*'!')/5!,'!g&238!=,*-G!

FQG!BP"Q!,*8!F"Y"!0,-1!%,20*12'5(%'!6(05!"2(!_,*-,!0&!$,-1!'02&*.!8(','012!$,*,.1$1*0!%2&.2,$'A!Z51'1!

%2171*0(71!,*8!/&*02&33(*.!%2&.2,$'!,001*8,*0!0&!218)/1!051!8(','012!2('-!,*8!8,$,.1'!(*!"2(!_,*-,!65(31!

$,(*3#!:&/)'(*.!&*!/(0(1'A!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!;(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*G!D,i,28&)'!171*0'G!F2?,*(i,0(&*G!t)3*12,?(3(0#!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

WJ!

@$%&612$1*0!&:!6&$1*!(*!8(','012!%21%,218*1''4!6(05(*!

"2(!_,*-,*!*,0(&*,3!.&712*,*/1!/&*01[0!

H(*-(*(!D1$,/5,*82,IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

K.Hemachandra2@hud.ac.uk!!

Q,0)2,3!5,i,28'!5,71!,::1/018!8(712'1!/&$$)*(0(1'!8(::121*03#!|I}A!+&21! 6&$1*! 5,71! ?11*! ,::1/018!(*!

8(','012'G! /,)'18! ?#! *,0)2,3! 5,i,28'G!05,*! $1*! |JTW}!8)1! 0&! 051(2! '%1/(:(/! :1,0)21'! |\TS}A! D1*/1G! $,*#!

(**&7,0(71!'02,01.(1'!5,71!?11*!%2&%&'18!?#!'/5&3,2'!,*8!%2,/0(0(&*12'!0&!218)/1!051(2!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!,*8!

1*5,*/1! 21'(3(1*/1! /,%,/(0(1'A! @$%&612$1*0! &:! 6&$1*! 5,'! ?11*! 21/&.*(i18! ,'! &*1! ')/5! '02,01.#! ?#!

31,8(*.!(*012*,0(&*,3!:2,$16&2-'G!0&!,8821''!$,*#!('')1'!:,/18!?#!6&$1*!'%1/(:(/,33#!(*!8(','012'!/&*01[0A!

D&61712G!%21'1*0!'0,0)'!&:!1$%&612$1*0!&:!6&$1*!(*!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!21'(3(1*/1!'02,01.(1'!('!

:,2!?15(*8!05,*!051!1[%1/018!31713!|U}A!

D1*/1G!05('!'0)8#!,($'!0&!%2&%&'1!,!:2,$16&2-!65(/5!/&)38!1*5,*/1!1$%&612$1*0!&:!6&$1*!(*!8(','012!

%21%,218*1''!'0,.1A!Z5('!('!?1/,)'1G!8(','012!%21%,218*1''!5,'!051!,?(3(0#!0&!218)/1!817,'0,0(*.!1::1/0'!&:!

:)0)21! 8(','012'! |LG! R}A! ;(','012! %21%,218*1''! 8(21/03#! /&*02(?)01! 0&! $,-(*.! (*8(7(8),3'G! /&$$)*(0(1'G!

.&712*$1*0'G!/(0(1'G!*,0(&*'!,*8!21.(&*'!$&21!21'(3(1*0!|L}A!;1'%(01!(0'!($%&20,*/1G!8(','012!%21%,218*1''!

5,'!.,(*18! 31''! ,001*0(&*!'%1/(,33#!8)1! 0&! )*/120,(*0#!&:!&//)221*/1!&:!:)0)21!8(','012'!!,*8!8(::(/)30#!&:!

$1,')2(*.!?1*1:(0'!&:!%21%,218*1''!|IK}A!!

Z51!'0)8#!('!,!%,20!&:!,!C5;!051'('A!Z5('!'0)8#!5,'!?11*!/,22(18!&)0!(*!"2(!_,*-,!'(*/1!"2(!_,*-,!('!:21])1*03#!

,::1/018!?#!$,*#!0#%1'!&:!*,0)2,3!5,i,28'A!P*(0(,3!8,0,!6121!/&331/018!?#!/&*8)/0(*.!(*0127(16'!6(05!1[%120'!

(*!051!:(138!&:!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!21'(3(1*/1A!"0)8#!21')30'!2171,318!$,*#!'5&20:,33'!6(05(*!*,0(&*,3!

.&712*,*/1!8(','012!%21%,218*1''!'0,.1!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!@71*!05&).5!6133!8&/)$1*018!8(','012!%21%,218*1''!

%3,*'!,21!,7,(3,?31!,0!*,0(&*,3G!8('02(/0!,*8!8(7('(&*,3!31713G!05121!,21!$,*#!61,-*1''1'A!_,/-k!(*,81]),01!

17,3),0(&*'!&:!1[('0(*.!%3,*'G!3,/-!&:!/&*0(*)(0#!&:!1[('0(*.!%3,*'G!3($(018!(*:2,'02)/0)21'G!3,/-!&:!1[%120('1G!

3($(018!,/0(71!%,20(/(%,0(&*!&:!'0,-15&3812'!,21!051!$,(*!3($(0,0(&*'!(*!%21'1*0!%21%,218*1''!'02,01.(1'!(*!

"2(! _,*-,A! Z51! '0)8#! :)20512! 2171,318! 051! :,/0&2'! 05,0! ,::1/0! 1$%&612$1*0! &:! 6&$1*! (*! 8(','012!

%21%,218*1''! ,'4! 1[%12(1*/1G! '13:T(*0121'0G! 2)31'! ,*8! 21.)3,0(&*'G! ')%%&20(71! (*:2,'02)/0)21G! 21'&)2/1'G!

&2.,*(i,0(&*,3!/)30)21G!:,$(3#!')%%&20G!%,02(,2/5,3!/)30)21G!2&31!$&813!,*8!$&0(7,0(&*A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!1$%&612$1*0!&:!6&$1*G!8(','012!%21%,218*1''G!"2(!_,*-,G!*,0)2,3!5,i,28'!

@%6%"%-&%.+((

|I}!B5(*G!HAHAf!Q,0,2,`,*G!>Af!Y,28G!+AQAf!B,$%&'G!_A+Af!a&5,*''&*G!@Af!"51%5128G!DAf!Y,2/(,Y,2(?,#G!+A>A!

B51$A!B&$$)*A!JKKSG!WIG!WJUUTWJUL!

|I}!;2&310G!aAf!;&$(*13(G!_Af!>3'0&*G!+Af!@2'(*.G!<Af!+,05?&2G!YAf!g)G!DAf!Y1*812!M!;1713&%$1*0A!JKIVG!J\G\G!

W\\TWWL!

|J}!>3,$G!HAf!<,5$,*G!+A!DAf!P*012*,0(&*,3!a&)2*,3!&:!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*G!JKIWG!LG!ULTLJA!

|\}!@*,2'&*G!@A!CAf!B5,-2,?,20(G!CA!YA!;Af!_&'!>*.131'G!|B,3(:A}f!_&*8&*f!">Y@G!JKKRA!

|W}!P'3,$G!+A!<Af!P*.5,$G!tAf!D(/-'G!aAf!+,*&/-G!PAf!a&)2*,3!&:!>'(,*!,*8!>:2(/,*!"0)8(1'G!JKIWA!

|V}!@*,2'&*G!@f!t(&31*/1!>.,(*'0!g&$1*G!IRRRG!VG!SG!SWJTSULA!

|U}!",(0&G!9f!Y1*812!M!;1713&%$1*0G!JKIJG!JKG!JG!JUVTJSRA!

|S}!H&001.&8,G!"Af!JKII!500%4kk666A,%66T!

'36*.&:A&2.k(*81[A%5%m&%0(&*z/&$~/&*01*0M7(16z,20(/31M(8zLL!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

W\!

|L}!FQP";<f!F*(018!Q,0(&*'G!Y1*17,!"6(0i123,*8!JKIVG!>7,(3,?314!

500%4kk666A%2171*0(&*61?A*10k:(31'kW\JRI~'1*8,(:2,$16&2-:&28221*A%8:G!>//1''18!&*4!KR!K\!JKIUA!

|R}!B&3G!aA!+Af!C)?3(/!>8$(*('02,0(&*!<17(16G!JKKSG!USG!IG!IIWTIJWA!

|IK}!H21%'G!YA!>Af!@$12.1*/#!$,*,.1$1*04!C2(*/(%31'!,*8!%2,/0(/1!:&2!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!IRRIG!\KTVWA!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

WW!

C&3(0(/,3!1/&3&.(/,3!,*,3#'('!&:!'&3(8!6,'01!8('%&',3!(*!"2(!

_,*-,!

+Z+!+,511'I!

1Department!of!Sociology,!University!of!Colombo,!Sri!Lanka!!

mahees@soc.cmb.ac.lk!

Z51!'&3(8!6,'01!/2('('!('!&*1!&:!051!31,8(*.!,*8!0521,01*(*.!'&/(&T1*7(2&*$1*0,3!,*8!%&3(0(/,3!%2&?31$!(*!"2(!

_,*-,A!Z51!01/5*(/,3!,*8!1*.(*112(*.!,'%1/0'!&:!'&3(8!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!,21!'0(33!8&$(*,0(*.!(*!05('!:(138!

?#!(.*&2(*.!051!21,3!'&/(&T%&3(0(/,3!.2&)*8!(*!"2(!_,*-,!N+,511'G!JKIIOA!"2(!_,*-,*'!.1*12,01!,%%2&[($,013#!

KAUJ!-.! &:! '&3(8!6,'01!%12!8,#!&*!,712,.1A! Z51! 0&0,3!'&3(8!6,'01!.1*12,0(&*!&:! "2(! _,*-,!('!:2&$!LKKK!0&!

IVKKK!$102(/! 0&*'!%12! 8,#! ,*8! ,712,.1! .,2?,.1! %2&8)/0(&*! ('! ,2&)*8! WAV!$(33(&*! $102(/! 0&*'! %12! #1,2A!

D&61712G!(0!('!&*3#!,2&)*8!WK•!'&3(8!6,'01!/&331/018!?#!3&/,3!,)05&2(0(1'!:2&$!051!,712,.1!%2&8)/0(&*!&:!

IJWKK!$102(/!0&*'!%12!8,#!N=,*8,2,G!JKKLOA!Z51!1*0(21!%2&/1''1'!&:!'&3(8!6,'01!8('%&',3!&2!$,*,.1$1*0!

5,71!?1/&$1!%&3(0(/,3!'/1*,2(&A! Z51! 21/1*0!3,*8'3(81!&:!+1105&0,$)33,!'&3(8!6,'01!8)$%(*.!'(01! NJKISO!

65(/5!/,)'18!\J!81,05'!6(05!L! $&21! $(''(*.G! ,*8! ,::1/018! ,! 0&0,3! &:! IGSUV!('!,! 712#! .&&8! 1[,$%31! :&2!

%&3(0(/(i,0(&*! &:! '&3(8! 6,'01! $,*,.1$1*0! (*! "2(! _,*-,A! Z51! $,(*! &?`1/0(71! &:! 05 ('! %,%12! ('! 0&! /2(0(/,33#!

1[,$(*1!051!2&31!&:!%&3(0(/,3!1/&3&.#!(*!'&3(8!6,'01!8('%&',3!(*!"2(!_,*-,*!/(0(1'A!Z5('!%,%12!('!?,'18!&*!051!

'&/(&3&.(/,3!217(16!&:!21317,*0!3(012,0)21!,*8!/&*01*0!,*,3#'('!&:!*16'%,%12!,20(/31'A!!

C&3(0(/,3!1/&3&.#!21:12'!0&!051!'&/(,3!213,0(&*'G!,//1''!0&!,*8!/&*02&3!&712!21'&)2/1'!,*8!%&612!0&!/&*02&3!

(*'0(0)0(&*'! ,*8! %&3(0(/,3! (*7&371$1*0! &:! 01/5*(/,3! '&3)0(&*'! (*! 012$'! &:! *,0)2,3! 21'&)2/1'! ,*8!

1*7(2&*$1*0,3! %2&?31$'! N=2#,*0! ,*8! =,(31#G! IRRSOA! "&3(8! 6,'01! $,*,.1$1*0! 21$,(*'! /&$%3(/,018!

)*'&3718!('')1!8)1!0&!%&3(0(/,3!1/&3&.(/,3!%2&?31$!,$&*.!051!%&3(0(/,3!?&8(1'!')/5!,'!/1*02,3!.&712*$1*0G!

%2&7(*/(,3!/&)*/(3'!,*8!3&/,3!,)05&2(0#A!! _(!,*8!<1)71*#!NJKKUO!:&)*8!05,0!05121! ('!,!/&2213,0(&*!?10611*!

81$&/2,/#!,*8! 1*7(2&*$1*0,3! %2&?31$'A! P*! "2(! _,*-,G! 051!%,02&*T/3(1*0! ?,'18! 81$&/2,/#! ,*8! (*:&2$,3!

)2?,*! %&3(0(/,3! $1/5,*('$! 5,71! ,..2,7,018!051! )*')'0,(*,?31! $)*(/(%,3! '&3(8! 6,'01! $,*,.1$1*0A! Z51!

?2(?12#!,*8!/&22)%0(&*!)*812!051!'&:0!'0,01!/&*8(0(&*!,*8!051!5(881*!:)*/0(&*!&:!%&3(0(/,3!1/&*&$#!(*!051!

/&*01[0!&:!)2?,*!%&3(0(/,3!1/&3&.#!6&2'1*!051!/2('('!&:!'&3(8!6,'01!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!C&3(0(/,3!@/&3&.#G!g,'01!B2('('!M!D(881*!F2?,*!C&3(0(/,3!@/&*&$#!

@%6%"%-&%.+(

|I}!=,*8,2,G!QA!NJKKLOA!+)*(/(%,3!"&3(8!g,'01!+,*,.1$1*04!>!"2(!_,*-,*!B,'1A!F*(712'(0#!&:!"2(!

a,#,6,281*1%)2,A!;1%,20$1*0!&:!9&21'0!,*8!@*7(2&*$1*0,3!"/(1*/1A!

|J}!=2#,*0G!<A!_A!,*8!=,(31#G!"A!NIRRSOA!Z5(28!g&238!C&3(0(/,3!@/&3&.#A!_&*8&*4!<&)0318.1A!

|\}!_(G!oG!,*8!<1)71*#G!<A!NJKKUOA!;1$&/2,/#!,*8!@*7(2&*$1*0,3!81.2,8,0(&*4!P*012*,0(&*,3!"0)8(1'!

o),20123#G!VK4!R\VTRVUA!

|W}!+,511'G!+AZA+A!NJKIIOA!Z51!@::1/0'!&:!"&/(&T1/&*&$(/!,*8!C&3(0(/,3!9,/0&2'!(*!"&3(8!g,'01!;('%&',3!

,*8!g,012!C&33)0(&*!&:!<(712!+,5,613(!"2(!_,*-,G!C5;!Z51'('!")?$(0018!0&!C&'0.2,8),01!P*'0(0)01!&:!

>.2(/)30)21G!F*(712'(0#!&:!C12,81*(#,G!"2(!_,*-,A!

(

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

WV!

E(3G!$(.2,0(&*!,*8!)2?,*(',0(&*!(*!051!Q(.12!;130,!21.(&*!&:!

Q(.12(,!

_(3(,*!Q6,*#('&*81!"$,20I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

lilian.smart@hud.ac.uk!

Z51!2,01!&:!051! )2?,*(',0(&*!&:!$&'0!/&)*02(1'!&:!051!6&238!5,'! ?11*!)*%21/181*018!$)/5!$&21!05,*!(0!

6,'! %2(&2! 0&! 051! 061*0#! :(2'0! /1*0)2#A! "0,0('0(/,33#G! '0)8(1'! 81$&*'02,01! 05,0! &712! VK•! &:! 051! 6&238h'!

%&%)3,0(&*! 21'(81! (*! 051! /(0(1'G! ,*8! ?#! %2&`1/0(&*! (0! 6(33! (*/21,'1! :)20512! 0&! &712! UK•! ?#! JKVKA! Z5('! ('!

%51*&$1*,3G! $,-(*.! (0! 1,'#! 0&! ?13(171!05,0! 051! 6&238! 5,'! 21,/518! (0'! )2?,*! ,.1d! ,*! ,.1! 6(05! .21,012!

*)$?12!&:!(0'!%&%)3,0(&*!21'(8(*.!(*!051!/(0(1'A!g5(31!051!)2?,*!,.1!051'('!('!,!6(813#!,//1%018!1[%21''(&*!

)'18!(*!1[%3,(*(*.!051!2,%(8!2,01!&:!)2?,*(',0(&*G!05121!('!*&!/&*'1*')'!,'!0&!65,0!82(71'!051!5(.5!2,01!&:!

)2?,*(',0(&*! &//)22(*.! 1'%1/(,33#! (*! $&'0! &(3T2(/5! 81713&%(*.! /&)*02(1'! 3(-1! Q(.12(,! ,*8! (0'! Q(.12! ;130,!

21.(&*A!+&'0! '/5&3,2'! ,2.)1!05,0! &(3! ('! ,! /,0,3#'0!:&2! $(.2,0(&*! ,*8!)2?,*(',0(&*! 0,-(*.! %3,/1!(*! '&$1! &:!

051'1! &(3T2(/5! 81713&%(*.! /&)*02(1'A! g(05! 05('! 3(*1! &:! ,2.)$1*0G! &(3! 21'&)2/1! 2,0512! 05,*! 1/&*&$(/!

81713&%$1*0!%2&7(81'!,!$&21!/&$%133(*.!1[%3,*,0(&*!:&2!051!)2?,*(',0(&*!&//)22(*.!(*!051'1!/&)*02(1'G!*&!

6&*812!(0!('!?1817(3318!6(05!*)$12&)'!/5,331*.1'A!g5(31!/&*'(812,?31!3(012,0)21!&*!051!)2?,*(',0(&*!&:!051!

Q(.12!;130,!21.(&*!5,'!/&*0(*)18!0&!1[%3&21!051'1!/5,331*.1'!,*8!%&''(?31!6,#'!0&!,3317(,01!051$G!3(0031!&2!

*&! '0)8#! 5,'! 1[%3&218! 051! &%%&20)*(0(1'!(0! %21'1*0'! ,*8! 5&6! 0&! )'1! 051$! ,'! ,! 02,*':&2$,0(71! 0&&3! :&2!

81713&%$1*0A!Z5('!('!($%&20,*0!?1/,)'1!$&'0!'0)8(1'!1'%1/(,33#!051!Q16!F2?,*!>.1!65(31!,/-*&6318.(*.!

051! *)$12&)'! /5,331*.1'! &:! )2?,*(',0(&*G! '021''! 051! *118! :&2! /&)*02(1'! 0&! 0,-1! ,87,*0,.1! &:! 051!

&%%&20)*(0(1'! &:! )2?,*(',0(&*! :&2!1/&*&$(/! 81713&%$1*0A! Z5)'G! ,! %,2,8(.$! '5(:0'! :2&$! 05(*-(*.! &:! 051!

/5,331*.1'!&:!)2?,*(',0(&*!0&!5,2*1''(*.!(0'!&%%&20)*(0(1'!:&2!81713&%$1*0A!Z5121:&21G!051!,($!&:!05('!'0)8#!

('!0&!(81*0(:#!051!&%%&20)*(0(1'!1$?18818!(*!$(.2,0(&*!(*8)/18!2,%(8!)2?,*(',0(&*!,*8!0&!1[%3&21!5&6!0&!

)'1!')/5!&%%&20)*(0(1'!:&2!051!81713&%$1*0!&:!051!21.(&*A!Z5('!('!,!]),3(0,0(71!21'1,2/5!81'(.*!65(/5!6(33!

1$%3&#!051!)'1!&:!(*0127(16'!,*8!:&/)'!.2&)%!8('/)''(&*!0&!.1*12,01!051!8,0,!05,0!6(33!513%!0&!,*'612!051!

21'1,2/5!])1'0(&*'!(0!%&'18A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!E(3G!$(.2,0(&*G!)2?,*(',0(&*G!81713&%$1*0G!Q(.12!;130,!21.(&*A!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

WU!

+,-(*.!8(','012!21'(3(1*0!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0'!6(05(*!/(0(1'4!

2&31!&:!051!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!

B5,$(*8(!+,3,3.&8,IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5I!

1Global!Disaster!Resilience!Centre,!University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

c.malalgoda@hud.ac.uk!

Z51!6&238!('!1[%12(1*/(*.!2,%(8!)2?,*!.2&605!6(05!,!/&*'1])1*0(,3!(*/21,'1!(*!)2?,*!%&7120#A!Z51!1[/1''(71!

)*%3,**18!)2?,*!.2&605!31,8'!0&!7,2(&)'!%5#'(/,3G!'&/(,3!,*8!1/&*&$(/!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'A!B&*'1])1*03#G!051!

($%,/0'! &:! 8(','012'! ,21! 5(.53#! 8102($1*0,3! 651*! 051#! &//)2! (*! )2?,*! 1*7(2&*$1*0'A! P0! ('! 05121:&21!

($%&20,*0!0&!',:1.),28!051!)2?,*! /(0(1'!?#!(*/21,'(*.!051!/(0#h'!21'(3(1*/1!0&! 8(','012'A!>!3,2.1!*)$?12!&:!

'0,-15&3812'!,21!21])(218!0&!.10!(*7&3718!(*!051!%2&/1''!&:!$,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*0!,*8!051!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!

5,71!0&! %3,#! ,*! 1''1*0(,3!2&31!,'! 051#! ,21! 051!$,(*!.&712*(*.!?&8#!(*! 1712#! /(0#A!@71*!05&).5!05121!('! ,!

.2&6(*.!/&*/12*!,$&*.!21'1,2/512'!,*8!%2,/0(0(&*12'!21.,28(*.!051!21])(218!31,8!2&31!&:!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!

(*! $,-(*.! /(0(1'! 21'(3(1*0G! '1712,3! (*/(81*0'! 5,71! ?11*! 21%&2018! &*! 051! (*,81]),01! /&*02(?)0(&*! &:! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'! (*! ($%31$1*0(*.! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*! (*(0(,0(71'A! P*! 05('! /&*01[0G! 05('! 21'1,2/5! ,($'! 0&!

(*71'0(.,01!051!2&31!&:!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!(*!%2&$&0(*.!8(','012!21'(3(1*0!/(0(1'!6(05(*!051!/&*01[0!&:!051!?)(30!

1*7(2&*$1*0A!Z51!2&31'!6121!:(2'0!(81*0(:(18!052&).5!051!3(012,0)21!217(16A!Z51!2&31'!6121!051*!1$%(2(/,33#!

(*71'0(.,018!7(,!1[%120!(*0127(16'!,*8!/,'1!'0)8(1'!?#!'131/0(*.!05211!/(0(1'!(*!"2(!_,*-,!65(/5!,21!%&01*0(,33#!

7)3*12,?31!0&!8(','012'A!

Z51!1[%120!(*0127(16'!2171,318!05,0!051!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!5,'!,! /2)/(,3!2&31!0&!%3,#!(*!/21,0(*.!,!8(','012!

21'(3(1*0! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0! 6(05(*! /(0(1'A! _&/,3! .&712*$1*0! ('! 21'%&*'(?31! :&2! %2&7(8(*.! %3,**(*.!

%12$(''(&*'!,*8!B120(:(/,01'!&:!B&*:&2$(0#!65(/5!/&*:(2$!05,0!?)(38(*.'!,21!/&*'02)/018!(*!,//&28,*/1!6(05!

051!,%%2&718! %3,*'A! Z5121:&21G! (0! 6,'! 17(81*0! 05,0! 051#!5,71! ,*!(*7,3),?31! 2&31!0&! %3,#! (*! %2&$&0(*.!,!

8(','012! 21'(3(1*0! ?)(30! 1*7(2&*$1*0! 052&).5! 05('! 1[12/('1A! D&61712G! (0! 6,'! )*812'0&&8! 05,0! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!,21!5,283#!1*.,.18!(*!051!%21T8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!,/0(7(0(1'f!051#!,21!$&21!(*7&3718!(*!%&'0!

8(','012! 21'%&*'1A! Z51(2! /&*02(?)0(&*! 0&! 8(','012! 21'%&*'1! 6,'! &?'12718! ,*8! (0! 6,'! *&018! 05,0! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'! ,21! 051! :(2'0! 0&! 513%! 8(','012! 7(/0($'! ?#! %2&7(8(*.! 21'&)2/1'G! ')/5! ,'! $,*%&612! ,*8!

$,/5(*12#G!,*8!/&&28(*,0(*.!,/0(7(0(1'!8)2(*.!051!8(','012!21'%&*'1!%12(&8A!g(05(*!05('!/&*01[0G!L!&:!051!IK!

1[%120'!(*0127(1618!6121!&:!051!&%(*(&*!05,0!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!,21!*&0!,81]),013#!1*.,.18!(*!?)(38(*.!,!

8(','012!21'(3(1*0!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!6(05(*!051!/(0#A!Z51!/,'1!'0)8(1'!,3'&!2171,318!'($(3,2!21')30'f!05,0!051!

3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!:2&$!,33!05211!/(0(1'!'0)8(18!5,71!3(0031!1*.,.1$1*0!(*!%21T8(','012!%2&01/0(&*!,*8!&*3#!

%2&7(818!,!')%%&20(*.!2&31!0&!051!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!;('02(/0!B&&28(*,0(*.!E::(/1!,*8!0&!051!;(7('(&*,3!

"1/210,2(,0'!(*!8(','012!21'%&*'1!$(''(&*'A!!

D&61712G!?,'18!&*!051!/,'1!'0)8#!,*,3#'('G!V!-1#!2&31'!,*8!,!*)$?12!&:!,''&/(,018!')?T2&31'!6121!(81*0(:(18!

(*!65(/5! 3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/&)38!)*8120,-1!0&!/21,01!,!8(','012!21'(3(1*0!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!6(05(*! /(0(1'A!

Z51!:(71! ?2&,812! ,21,'! (81*0(:(18! ,214! 0&! 21.)3,01! 8(','012! 21'(3(1*0! 81713&%$1*0! ?#! '021*.051*(*.! 051!

%3,**(*.!%12$(''(&*!%2&/1''f!21.)3,2!$&*(0&2(*.!,*8!')%127('(&*!&:!051!/(0#h'!?)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0!0&!1*')21!

/&*0(*)&)'!21'(3(1*/1!0&!8(','012'f!'#'01$,0(/!,*8!/&&28(*,018!,/0(&*!&*!)*,)05&2('18!,*8!8(','012!%2&*1!

'02)/0)21'f! )%.2,81G! '021*.051*! ,*8! $,(*0,(*! 1''1*0(,3! (*:2,'02)/0)21! ,*8! (22(.,0(&*! '#'01$'! 0&! 1*')21!

21'(3(1*/1f!,*8!($%2&71!'127(/1!813(712#A!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!_&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!B(0(1'G!=)(30!1*7(2&*$1*0G!;(','012!21'(3(1*/1!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

WS!

+,-(*.!B&3&$?&!21'(3(1*0!?#!(*71'0(*.!(*!213&/,0(&*!,'!,!

:3&&8!2('-!218)/0(&*!'02,01.#4!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!

,''('0!0&!$,-1!213&/,0(&*!,!')//1''!

Q('5,2,!912*,*8&I!

(1Department!of!Sociology,!University!of!Colombo,!Sri!Lanka!

nishara.fernando@gmail.com!

Z51!B&3&$?&!/(0#!('!3&/,018!(*!051!61'012*!21.(&*!&:!051!H13,*(!<(712!?,'(*G!65(/5!5,'!051!/&)*02#h'!5(.51'0!

%&%)3,0(&*!.2&605G!,'!6133!,'!051!5(.51'0!Y;C!2,01'!,*8!(*!,88(0(&*G!(0!5&'0'!$&'0!&:!051!3,2.1!'/,31!$)30(T

$(33(&*T8&33,2!81713&%$1*0!,/0(7(0(1'A!@,/5!#1,2!6(05!051!0&221*0(,3!$&*'&&*!2,(*'G!051!B&3&$?&!/(0#!,*8!

(0'!%12(%512,3! /(0(1'! .10'!:3&&818! 8('2)%0(*.!051! 1/&*&$(/!,/0(7(0(1'! ,*8!/,)'(*.! 8,$,.1'!6&205! $(33(&*'!

ND100(,2,/5(! 10! ,3A! JKIWOA! Z5('! '(0),0(&*! 31,8'! 0&!051! (81*0(:(/,0(&*!&:! $)30(%31! $(0(.,0(&*! ,*8! %2171*0(&*!

$1,')21'! ,*8! 051! ($%31$1*0,0(&*! &:! $)30(%31! :3&&8! $,*,.1$1*0! %2&`1/0'! (*! 051! H13,*(! <(712! ?,'(*!

Na,#,6,28,*1G!JKKUOA!B3($,01!<1'(3(1*/1!P$%2&71$1*0!C2&`1/0!NB<PCO!('!&*1!')/5!1::&20!:)*818!?#!051!g&238!

=,*-G!65(/5!1*/&$%,''1'!051!%2&'%1/0'!(81*0(:(18!(*!051!05(28!%2(&2(0#!,21,!&:!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!

,/0(&*f!(*71'0(*.!(*!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!:&2!21'(3(1*/1A!E*1!&:!051!&?`1/0(71'!&:!051!'1/&*8!%5,'1!&:!051!

%2&`1/0!('!0&!218)/1!1[%&')21!&:!%1&%31!3(7(*.!(*!?&05!'(81'!&:!051!H13,*(!<(712!?,*-!:2&$!051!2(712h'!1'0),2#!

0&! D,*6133,! 0&! :3&&8'G! ?#!($%31$1*0(*.! $(0(.,0(&*! '02,01.(1'! ,'! /&*'02)/0(&*! &:! :3&&8! 6,33'G! %)$%(*.!

'0,0(&*'!10/Af!&*!21/3,($18!3,*8'!65(/5!,21!6(05(*!VK!$1012'!0&!051!2(712!?,*-'A!_,*8!21/3,$,0(&*'!&:!05('!

'/,31!6&)38!21')30!(*!051!213&/,0(&*!&:!,!/&*'(812,?31!*)$?12!&:!:,$(3(1'G!$,`&2(0#!&:!65&$!,21!81%2(718!

,*8!,21!')::12(*.!:2&$!$)30(%31!'&)2/1'!&:!'&/(&T1/&*&$(/!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'A!!

Z5('! %,20(/)3,2! %21'1*0,0(&*! $,-1'! ,*! ,001$%0! 0&! (81*0(:#! 5&6! 051! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'! /,*! ,''('0!051'1!

81%2(718! :,$(3(1'! 0&! ?1! '1/)21!,:012! 051! 213&/,0(&*G! ?#! .2&)*8(*. ! (0'13:! ! &*! 051! :(*8(*.'! &:! :&/)'! .2&)%!

(*0127(16'!/&*8)/018!6(05!.&712*$1*0! &::(/(,3'! N(*/3)8(*.! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0!&::(/(,3'O!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!051!

213&/,0(&*!%2&/1''!AZ51!21')30'!'021''1'!051!*118!:&2!,*!(*01.2,018!,%%2&,/5! :&2!213&/,0(&*G!65121!,33!051!

-1#!'0,-15&3812'G!(*/3)8(*.!051!21'%1/0(71!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0k'!,21! ,/0(713#!%,20(/(%,0(*.!!(*!051!213&/,0(&*!

%2&/1''!:2&$!051!(*(0(,3!'0,.1'A!g(05!051(2!1[%120('1G!&::(/(,3'!&:!051!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!/&*02(?)01!(*!051!

'131/0(*.!213&/,0(&*!'(01'G!.(7(*.!01/5*(/,3!')%%&20!651*!/&*'02)/0(*.!5&)'1'!,*8!$&*(0&2(*.!N8&*&2!?)(38!

&2!'13:T513%OG!%2&7(8(*.!'127(/1'!(*/3)8(*.!%2&%12!,//1''!2&,8'G!'02110!3(.50(*.G!.,2?,.1!8('%&',3!,*8!6,'01!

6,012!$,*,.1$1*0!'#'01$'!10/A!,*8!$,-1!051!213&/,0(&*!')//1'':)3!,*8!')'0,(*,?31!(*!051!3&*.!2)*A!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!93&&8'G!<13&/,0(&*G!_&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!t)3*12,?(3(0#!218)/0(&*!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

WL!

P*'0(0)0(&*,3!2&31'!(*!?)(38(*.!/&$$)*(0#!21'(3(1*/1!(*!

)2?,*!,*8!%12(!)2?,*!1/&'#'01$'4!,!/,'1!'0)8#!(*!<)5)*,!

?,'(*!?#!051!<)5)*,!9,/)30#!&:!>.2(/)30)21G!"2(!_,*-,!

HA;AQAg112,'(*.51IG!BA+AQ,7,2,0*1IG!YAnAa,#,'(*.51I!

1Dept.!of!Agric.!Engineering,!Faculty!of!Agriculture!University!of!Ruhuna,!Mapalana,!Kamburupitiya,!Sri!

Lanka!

profweera@gmail.com!

;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1!?)(38(*.!052&).5!1/&'#'01$'!21'0&2,0(&*!(*!F2?,*!,*8!C12(!)2?,*!,21,'!N|I}G!|J}O!(*'%(218!

?#!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!>/0(&*!JKIVTJK\KA!@71*!05&).5!"1*8,(!92,$1!6&2-!21/&.*('1'!(0!,'!%2($,2#!

2&31!&:!'0,01!?)0!(0!'5&)38!?1!'5,218!6(05!&0512!'0,-15&3812'!')/5!,'!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!051!%2(7,01!'1/0&2!

,*8!&0512!'0,-15&3812!P*'0(0)0(&*'!(*/3)8(*.!*,0(&*,3!,*8!3&/,3!,)05&2(0(1'G!/&$$)*(0#h'!?)'(*1''1'!,'!6133!

|\}A!

Z51!/&$$)*(0#!21'0&2,0(&*!,*8!21'(3(1*/1!?)(38(*.!%2&.2,$'G!(*(0(,018!?#!051!<)5)*,!9,/)30#!&:!>.2(/)30)21!

:&2! 01/5*&3&.#! (*/&2%&2,0(&*! 6(05! *)$?12! &:! P*012*,0(&*,3! /&2%&2,0(&*! %2&`1/0'! ,:012! JKKW! Z')*,$(!

N<)5)*,! BP;>! NB,*,8,O! H,23'2)51T<)5)*,! Y12$,*! B&2%&2,0(&*! %2&`1/0G! Q"9! NF"OG! >)'>P;! ! ! >;CB! ,*8!

@)2&%1,*!F*(&*!:)*818!%2&`1/0'!3(-1!>"B@QZ!,8821''18!051!%2(&2(0(i18!,21,!0&!%3,#!051!P*'0(0)0(&*,3!2&31!

N|J}G!|W}G!|V}OA!!Z51!'&/(10,3!2('-'!3(*-18!0&!!!%&%)3,0(&*!%21'')21!&*!2(712!1/&'#'01$'!,3'&!,8821''18!052&).5!

/&$$)*(0#!,6,21*1''!%2&.2,$'!N|J}G!|W|G!|V}G!|U}OA!!Z51!'0)8(1'!2171,318!05,0!?&05!.21#!,*8!.211*!'&3)0(&*'!

,21!0&!?1!(*!%3,/1!0&!21'0&21!81.2,818!,.2&!1/&'#'01$'!8)1!0&!/&*'02)/0(&*!&:!:3&&8!%2&01/0(&*!'02)/0)21'A!

Z51!>%%2&%2(,01!01/5*&3&.(1'!N=&.,'G!'$,33!6(*8!'#'01$'G!%2&01/018!,.2(/)30)21!,*8!5#82&%&*(/'!'#'01$'G!

*16!01/5*&3&.#!,8,%0,0(&*!:&2!2(/1!:,2$(*.!3(*-18!0&!1::(/(1*0!(22(.,0(&*!'#'01$'!:&2!6,012!$,*,.1$1*0G!

$)3/5(*.!:&2!6,012!/&*'127,0(&*G!,.2&!$101&2&3&.(/,3!$&813'O!5,'! &?'12718!0&!?1! 3&6! /&'0!&%0(&*'!! ! 0&!

21'0&21!81.2,818!%,88#!1/&!'#'01$'!N|S}G!|L}G!|R}G!|IK}G!|II}OA!!Z51!1[%12(1*/1!.,051218!(*!)2?,*!21'(3(1*/1!

?)(38(*.!052&).5!1/&! '#'01$'! ,%%2&,/5! 513%18!051! 9,/)30#! 0&! (*02&8)/1!,! *16! 81.211!%2&.2,$! bY211*!

Z1/5*&3&.#!b|IJ}A!

B)221*03#!F*(712'(0#!1*.,.1'!6(05!051! 81713&%$1*0! &:! ,*!(*012*,0(&*,3!+A"/A! %2&.2,$! &*! Z2&%(/,3!,.2&!

1/&'#'01$'!21'0&2,0(&*!,*8!F*(712'(0#!P*8)'02#!%,20*12'5(%'!?)(38(*.!!!6(05!@F!%,20*12'!,'!,*!&)0!/&$1'!&:!

051!>"B@QZ!%2&`1/0A!

Y%C(S#"3.+!@/&'#'01$!21'0&2,0(&*G!>%%2&%2(,01!01/5*&3&.(1'G!<1'(3(1*/1!?)(38(*.G!P*012*,0(&*,3!

/&&%12,0(&*!%2&`1/0'A!

@%6%"%-&%.+!

|I}!>"B@QZ!(*'0(0)0(&*,3!<1%&20!:&2!F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*,A!

|J}!HA;AQA!g112,'(*.51G!"1*,-,=,'*,#,-1G!QA+A"APA!>2,$?1%&3,G!F8,#,<,05*,#,-1!,*8!

B5,$%,Q,6,2,0*1G!>!3&/,3!31713!01/5*&3&.#!,*8!%&3(/#!(*01271*0(&*!,%%2&,/5!0&!21'0&21!%,88#!

1/&'#'01$'!(*!051!Q(36,3,!8&6*'021,$G!,::1/018!8)1!0&!Q(36,3,!:3&&8!%2&01/0(&*!'/51$1G!'&)0512*!"2(!

_,*-,G!W05!P*012*,0(&*,3!B&*:121*/1!&*!=)(38(*.!<1'(3(1*/1G!=)(38(*.!<1'(3(1*/1!JKIWG!LTIK!"1%01$?12G!

JKIWG!",3:&28!o),#'G!F*(018!-(*.8&$!C2&/18(,!@/&*&$(/'!,*8!9(*,*/1G!IL!NJKIWO!\\U!d!\WWG!@_"@tP@<G!!!

|\}!"1*8,(!92,$1!g&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!JKIV!TJK\KG!F*(018!Q,0(&*'A!

|W}!g112,'(*.51!HA!;A!QG<,*`,*,A!FA!HA!C(#,8,',GH,2(#,6,',$!P"G!C)'5%(05,!QCYG!t(05,*,!"=G!H)$,2,!;"@G!

g(`,#,6,285,*,!_+a<G!"/56(**!CG!Y2)?12!+GNJKKV!Og133!g,012!o),3(0#!(*!Z')*,$(T,::1/018!,21,'!,*8!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

WR!

051(2!C)2(:(/,0(&*!?#!<1712'1!E'$&'('T!>!B,'1!"0)8#!(*!;1*(%(0(#,G!g13(.,$,AB&*/1%0'!,*8!"02,01.(1'!:&2!

")'0,(*,?31!Z')*,$(!<15,?(3(0,0(&*!)*812!,*!P*01.2,018!B&,'0!+,*,.1$1*0G!C3,**(*.4!>*!

P*0128('/(%3(*,2#!>%%2&,/5cY12$,*!>/,81$(/!>''&/(,0(&*G!B&3&$?&G!!

|V}!<,*`,*,AFAHA!C(#,8,',GHA;AQAg112,'(*.51G!Ga,*(05,!>A!_(#,*,.1NJKKV!OP$%,/0!&:!Z')*,$(!6,71!&*!051!

.2&)*8!6,012!]),3(0#!&:!051!g13(.,$,!?,#G!"&)0512*!"2(!_,*-,G!B&*/1%0'!,*8!"02,01.(1'!:&2!")'0,(*,?31!

Z')*,$(!<15,?(3(0,0(&*!)*812!,*!P*01.2,018!B&,'0!+,*,.1$1*0G!C3,**(*.4!>*!P*0128('/(%3(*,2#!

>%%2&,/5cY12$,*!>/,81$(/!>''&/(,0(&*G!B&3&$?&G!

|U}!C2(#,*!;(,'G!QA+A"APA>2,$?1%&3,!!!H)$,2(g112,'(*.51!HA;AQAg112,'(*.51!!;1**('!g,.1*,,2!_,)21*'!

+A=&)612!,*8!!D,*'Y15213'!NJKILOG!;1713&%$1*0!&:!8,$,.1!:)*/0(&*'!:&2!:3&&8!2('-!,''1''$1*0!(*!051!

/(0#!&:!B&3&$?&!N"2(!_,*-,OG!C2&/118(,!@*.(*112(*.G!@3'17(12G!t&3A!JIJG!JKILG!%%A!\\JT\\RA!P""Q4!ILSSTSKVL!

|S}!=&&-!B5,%012!&:!lB3($,01!B5,*.1!P$%,/0'!&*!<(/1!9,2$(*.!"#'01$'!(*!Q&20561'012*!"2(!_,*-,hA!JKIVA!

g&238!"/(1*0(:(/!=&&-'G!P$%12(,3!B&331.1!C21''A!

|L}!;(,'!+ACAQA+AG!Q,7,2,0*1!BA+G!g112,'(*.51!HA;AQ!,*8!;5,2$,2,05*,!gA<A"A"A!GJKIVG!@'0($,0(*.!2(/1!

#(138!)*812!/5,*.(*.!/3($,0(/!/&*8(0(&*'!(*!Q(36,3,!2(712!?,'(*!)'(*.!;"">Z!/2&%!'($)3,0(&*!$&813G!

%2&/118(*.'!&:!"0)81*0!"1''(&*!P*012*,0(&*,3!'#$%&'()$!&*!>.2(/)30)21!,*8!@*7(2&*$1*0G!9,/)30#!&:!

>.2(/)30)21G!F*(712'(0#!&:!<)5)*!

|R}!gA+A"Ag(/-2,$,'(*.51!BA+AQ,7,2,0*1!,*8!"AtA;(,'!JKILG!=)(38(*.!21'(3(1*/1!&*!6,012!]),3(0#!

$,*,.1$1*0!052&).5!.21#!6,012!:&&0%2(*0!,%%2&,/54!,!/,'1!'0)8#!:2&$!"2(!_,*-,A!C2&/118(,!@*.(*112(*.G!

@3'17(12G!t&3A!JIJG!JKILG!%%A!SVJTSVRA!P""Q4!ILSSTSKVL!

|IK}!QACAYAC)'5%(05,G!HA;AQAg112,'(*.51!,*8!;1(02(/5+,(12!!NJKILO!+&8(:(/,0(&*!&:!,!06&T65113!02,/0&2!

,'!,!712',0(31!%&612!$,/5(*1!:&2!%&'0!8(','012!21/&712#!%2&.2,$'G!C2&/118(,!@*.(*112(*.G!@3'17(12G!t&3A!

JIJG!JKILG!%%A!UIWTUJIA!P""Q4!ILSSTSKVL!

|II}!Q(2,*`,3(!a,#,')2(#,f!B5,$%,!Q,7,2,0*1f!H,2(#,6,',$!g112,'(.*51f!=,*8,2,!Q,6,2,05*,f!<)''133!

>8,$'G!<&&:!<)*&::!B,%0)21!:&2!D&$1!Y,281*!B2&%!B)30(7,0(&*!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!a&)2*,3!&:!P22(.,0(&*!,*8!

;2,(*,.1!@*.(*112(*.A!@_"@tP@<G!!

|IJ}!"#33,?)'!:&2!=A"/A!(*!Y211*!Z1/5*&3&.#!81.211!%2&.2,$G!NJKIWOG!9,/)30#!&:!>.2(/)30)21G!F*(712'(0#!&:!

<)5)*,G!"2(!_,*-,A!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

VK!

P*01.2,0(*.!BB>!,*8!;<<!,0!051!3&/,3!317134!/5,331*.1'!(*!

051!F*(018!H(*.8&$!

Y1&2.(*,!B31..IG!Q)6,*!;(,'IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5I!

1Global!Disaster!Resilience!Centre,!University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

g.clegg@hud.ac.uk!

B3($,01!/5,*.1!('!3(-13#!0&!,3012!051!:21])1*/#!,*8!(*01*'(0#!&:!5#82&T$101&2&3&.(/,3!5,i,28'!|I}A!Z5('!$1,*'!

05,0!(*!&2812!0&!218)/1!8(','012!2('-!?&05!*&6!,*8!(*!051!:)0)21G!(0!('!($%&20,*0!0&!/&*'(812!/3($,01!/5,*.1!

,8,%0,0(&*! NBB>O! ,3&*.'(81! 8(','012! 2('-! 218)/0(&*! N;<<OG! ,33&6(*.! 21'(3(1*/1! 0&! ?1! ?)(30! $&21!

/&$%2151*'(713#A! P*! :,/0G! (0! 5,'! ?11*! ')..1'018! 05,0! BB>! '5&)38! :&2$! %,20! &:! 051! ;<<! ,.1*8,! |J}A! Z51!

"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!|\}!'10'!&)0!0,2.10'!:&2!051!218)/0(&*!&:!8(','012!2('-!*&6!,*8!

(*!051!:)0)21G!05)'!(*01.2,0(*.!BB>!,*8!;<<!/,*!?1!'11*!,'!/&*02(?)0(*.!0&!05('!%2&/1''A!!

Z51!92,$16&2-!,3'&!5(.53(.50'!051!'5,2(*.!&:!21'%&*'(?(3(0#!:&2!218)/(*.!8(','012!2('-!6(05!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0A!

P*!051! F*(018!H(*.8&$!NFHO!81/1*02,3(',0(&*!5,'!21')3018!(*!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!?1(*.!21'%&*'(?31!:&2!051!

$,*,.1$1*0! &:! ,8,%0,0(&*! |W}! ,*8!2('-! 218)/0(&*! |V}G! 5&61712!051! (*01.2,0(&*! &:! 051! 06&! %2,/0(/1'! ('!

3($(018A! Z51! ,($! &:! 051! '0)8#! 6,'! 0&! (81*0(:#! 051! 21,'&*'! 65#! 3&/,3! .&712*$1*0'! (*! 051! FH! '02)..31! 0&!

(*01.2,01! BB>! ,*8! ;<<A! Z5('! '0)8#! 8216! )%&*! :(*8(*.'! :2&$! ,! %2&`1/0! 1*0(0318! @"C<@''E! N@*5,*/(*.!

"#*12.(1'!:&2! ;(','012! C2171*0(&*! (*!051! @)2&%1,*! F*(&*O!:)*818! ?#! 051! @)2&%1,*! F*(&*! D&2(i&*! JKJK!

21'1,2/5!,*8!(**&7,0(&*!%2&.2,$$1A! ! >//&28(*.3#G! ,! /&$%2151*'(71!3(012,0)21!217(16!&:!,8,%0,0(&*!,*8!

;<<!3(012,0)21!6,'!/&*8)/018A!P*!,88(0(&*G!061371!(*0127(16'!6121!/&*8)/018!6(05!,/,81$(/'G!%2,/0(0(&*12'!

,*8!21%21'1*0,0(71'!:2&$!.&712*$1*0!,.1*/(1'!6&2-(*.!(*!051!:(138!&:!BB>!,*8k&2!;<<!(*!051!FHA!!

Z52&).5! '#*051'('! &:! 051! 3(012,0)21! ,*8! (*0127(16! 21'%&*'1'G! 051! '0)8#! :&)*8! 05,0! 81'%(01! 051! '02&*.!

31.('3,0(71! ?,/-.2&)*8! ,0! *,0(&*,3! 31713! :&2! BB>! ,*8! ;<<G! %2,/0(/,3! ($%31$1*0,0(&*! ('! ,*! ('')1A! _&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!&:01*!'02)..31!0&!')//1'':)33#!($%31$1*0!BB>!,*8!;<<!8)1!0&!3($(018!21'&)2/1'!,*8!3,/-!&:!

:)*8(*.!:&2!1[,$%31A!>!3,/-!&:!%)?3(/!')%%&20!:&2!/3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!'5&20!%&3(0(/,3!/#/31'!$1,*'!05,0!05121!

('! 3(0031! (*/1*0(71! :&2! 3&/,3! .&712*$ 1*0! ,/0&2'! 0&! 0,-1! ,/0(&*A! ;1'%(01! 051'1! /5,331*.1'! 05121! ,21! '& $1!

1[,$%31'!&:!%&'(0(71!,/0(&*G!:&2!1[,$%31!(*!051!:3&&8!2('-!$,*,.1$1*0!'1/0&2G!5&61712!051!/&*02(?)0(&*!0&!

?&05!BB>!,*8!;<<!('!*&0!,36,#'!1[%3(/(03#!,/-*&6318.18A!Z51!(81*0(:(/,0(&*!&:!051'1!('')1'!6(33!,33&6!6,#'!

0&!($%2&71!BB>T;<<!(*01.2,0(&*!0&!?1!:&)*8!'&!05,0!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!5&3('0(/,33#!218)/1!8(','012!2('-!

,*8!/&*02(?)01!0&!051!.&,3'!&:!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!$&21!')//1'':)33#A!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!B3($,01!/5,*.1!,8,%0,0(&*G!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*G!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!!

@%6%"%-&%.+!

|I}PCBBA!r+,*,.(*.!051!<('-!&:!@[021$1!@71*0'!,*8!;(','012'!0&!>87,*/1!B3($,01!B5,*.1!>8,%0,0(&*Gr!

P*012.&712*$1*0,3!C,*13!&*!B3($,01!B5,*.1G!B,$?2(8.1G!FHG!JKIJA!

|J}H13$,*G!PAf!Y,(33,28!aA!r@$?188(*.!B3($,01!B5,*.1!>8,%0,0(&*!6(05(*!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*Gr!(*!

B3($,01!B5,*.1!>8,%0,0(&*!,*8!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*4!P'')1'!,*8!B5,331*.1'G!<A!"5,6G!aA!+A!C)35(*G!,*8!

aA!aA!C121(2,G!@8'AG!=(*.31#G!FH4!@$12,38G!JKIKG!%A!WKA!

|\}FQP";<A!"1*8,(!:2,$16&2-!:&2!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!JKIVTJK\K!|E*3(*1}A!>7,(3,?314!

500%4kk666A%2171*0(&*61?A*10k:(31'kW\JRI~'1*8,(:2,$16&2-:&28221*A%8:!

|W}C&2012G!aAaAf!;1$12(00G!;Af!;1'',(G!"A!Y3&?,3!@*7(2&*$1*0,3!B5,*.1G!7&3A!\VG!%%A!WIITWJJG!JKIVA!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

VI!

|V}H,%)/)G!QA!r@$12.1*/#!,*8!/2('('!$,*,.1$1*0!(*!051!F*(018!H(*.8&$4!8(','012'!1[%12(1*/18G!31''&*'!

31,2*18G!,*8!21/&$$1*8,0(&*'!:&2!051!:)0)21Gr!E?0,(*,?31!:2&$4!500%4kk666kA!02,(*(*.A!:1$,A!

.&7k1$(61?k18)kB&$%,2,0(71•!JK@+•!JK=&&-G!JKKRA!

(

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

VJ!

>!B,'1!'0)8#!&:!JAV!+6!=(&!1*12.#!%&612!%3,*0h'!P$%,/0!(*!

Q(*0,7)2!

+_A!9&6i)3!>$112IG!H)2('(#,!H,3,*05,2J!

1!South!Eastern!University!of!Sri!Lanka,!Sri!Lanka!

!2Environmental!Office,!Sri!Lanka!

!fowzulameer@seu.ac.lk!

(

;)1!0&!(*01*'1!:)13!81%1*81*/#!&*!1*12.#!%2&8)/0(&*!(*!051!6&238G!/&'0!&:!1*12.#!('!*&6!51,7(3#!81%1*8'!

&*!051!%2(/1'!&:!:&''(3!:)13'A!+&'0!&:!051!/&)*02(1'!(*!051!6&238!,21!')::12(*.!8)1!0&!05('!,*8!"2(!_,*-,!('!*&!

1[/1%0(&*A!P0!('!(*!05('!/&*01[0!%2&$&0(&*!&:!?(&$,''G!,'!,!21*16,?31!'&)2/1G!('!'&!7(0,3!0&!051!/&)*02#A!<(/1!

?1(*.!051!'0,%31!:&&8!&:!051!/&)*02#!,'!6133!,'!051!/2&%!6(05!5(.51'0!3,*8!,21,!)*812!/)30(7,0(&*G!2(/1!5)'-!

N<DO!.1*12,018!(*!%,88#!%2&/1''(*.!6,'!:&)*8!0&!5,71!,!'(.*(:(/,*0!%&01*0(,3!(*!%&612!.1*12,0(&*A!C,88#!

D)'-'! 051! ?#%2&8)/0! &:! <(/1! 65(/5! 21%21'1*0'! ,%%2&[($,013#! JVGKKKGKKK! Ya! &:! 2,6! 1*12.#! /&*01*0! ('!

5&61712!*&0!/)221*03#!5,2*1''18!:&2!,*#!)'1:)3!%)2%&'1!&*!,!/&$$12/(,3!'/,31A!g(05!051!,87,*/1$1*0!&:!

?(&$,''!1*12.#!01/5*&3&.(1'G!21,3('0(/,33#G!,!.&&8!%12/1*0,.1!&:!05('!1*12.#!/&*01*0!/&)38!?1!5,271'018A!P*!

-11%(*.!6(05!051!,?&71!051$1G!051!/&*/1%0G!81'(.*G!($%31$1*0,0(&*!,*8!&%12,0(&*!&:!,!JAV!+g! %&612!

%3,*0!6,'!/&*'02)/018!(*!Q(*0,7)2!&:!1,'012*!/&,'0,3!21.(&*!,*8!051!%&612!'&!.1*12,018!('!')%%3(18!0&!051!

*,0(&*,3!.2(8A!=(&!@*12.#!"&3)0(&*!%2&7(81'!8(21/0!1$%3&#$1*0!:&2!&712!IKK!*&!&:!3&/,3'!,*8!IVK!(*8(7(8),3'!

(*8(21/03#!:2&$!051!7(/(*(0#!&:!Q(*0,7)2!,*8!('!513%(*.!IJK!*&!&:!<(/1!$(33'!0&!8('%&'1!051!%,88#!5)'-'!812(718!

(*!051!%2&/1''!&:!2(/1!$(33(*.!(*!,*!1/&*&$(/,3!?1*1:(/(,3!$,**12A!=)0!21'1,2/5!,21,!%1&%31!,21!/&*0(*)&)'3#!

&%%&'(*.!05('! %3,*0! ?1/,)'1! 05('!%3,*0!1$(0'!%&33)0,*0!(*0&! ,0$&'%5121! 05121:&21!05121!,21!0,-(*.!%3,/1!

1*7(2&*$1*0,3!%&33)0(&*G!.2&)*8!6,012!31713!81/21,'(*.!,*8!51,305!($%,/0'A!>//&28(*.!0&!05('!%2&?31$!61!

5,71!81/(818!0&!8&!,!21'1,2/5!0&!(81*0(:#!051!:,/0!,?&)0!05('!/)221*0!('')1A!E)2!:)0)21!%&612!81$,*8!6(33!

?1!(*/21,'1!/&*0(*)&)'3#!'&f!61!/,**&0!'0&%!051'1!%3,*0!,/0(7(0(1'A!=(&!1*12.#!('!051!($%&20,*0!*118'!?)0!

61!/,*!$(*($(i1!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!%&33)0,*0'A!"&!)'(*.!B5,2/&,3!('!,!?1'0!6,#!0&!(*:(302,01!%&33)018!,(2A!>*8!

`)'0!'1*8!051!1$(''(&*!'$&-1!052&).5!,!6,012!0,*-!'&!05,0!'&&0!/&*01*0!(*!'$&-1!('!'02,%%18!?#!051!6,012!

,*8!,:012!,!%12(&8!&:!0($1!6,012!/,*!?1!21*1618!(*!051!0,*-A!Z5('!-(*8!&:!:(302,0(&*!('!8&*1!(*!6&&86&2-(*.!

(*8)'02(1'!'(0),018!(*!21'(81*0(,3!,21,'A!

Y%C(S#"3.+!=(&!@*12.#G!C&612!%3,*0G!%,88#!5)'-G!%&33)0,*0'!!

@%6%"%-&%.4!

|I}!"2(!_,*-,!")'0,(*,?31!@*12.#!>)05&2(0#G!"2(!_,*-,!@*12.#!=,3,*/1!JKIK4!>*!>*,3#'('!&:!@*12.#!"1/0&2!

C12:&2$,*/1A!

|J}!B1#3&*!@31/02(/(0#!=&,28G!"0,0('0(/,3!;(.1'0!JKIKA!+(*('02#!&:!%&612!,*8!1*12.#!.&712*$1*0!&:!"2(!

_,*-,G!Q,0(&*,3!@*12.#!C&3(/#!,*8!"02,01.(1'!&:!"2(!_,*-,G!JKIKA!!

|\}!=2&6*G!YAG!D,6-1'G!>!;AG!=,)1*G!>AG!_1,/5G!+!>G!b=(&$,''!>%%3(/,0(&*'cG!B1*021!:&2!@*12.#!C&3(/#!,*8!

Z1/5*&3&.#G!P$%12(,3!B&331.1G!_&*8&*!FHA!

|W}!E3(71(2,G!+A!EAG!Q10&G!aA!+AG!P*&/1*/(&G!+A!BAG!>*8&!a)*(&2G!EA!DAG!=210,'G!C122&*1G!>A!"A!EA!@AG!bt(,?(3(0#!

"0)8#!:&2!F'1!&:!<(/1!D)'-!(*!@31/02(/(0#!Y1*12,0(&*!?#!=(&$,''cG!C2&/118(*.'!&:!P*012*,0(&*,3!B&*:121*/1!

&*!<1*16,?31!@*12.(1'!,*8!C&612!o),3(0#!NPB<@CohIJOG!",*0(,.&!81!B&$%&'013,!N"%,(*OG!JL05!0&!\K05!

+,2/5GJKIJA!

|V}!=,3,0G!+AG!=,3,0G!+AG!H‚20,#G!@AG!=,3,0G!DAG!b+,(*!2&)01'!:&2!051!0512$&T/&*712'(&*!&:!?(&$,''!(*0&!:)13'!

,*8!/51$(/,3'4!C,20!J4!Y,'(:(/,0(&*!'#'01$'cG!@*12.#!B&*712'(&*!,*8!+,*,.1$1*0G!t&3!VKG!Q&A!IJG!

;1/1$?12!JKKRG!%%A!\IVLd\IULA!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

V\!

|U}!;1%,20$1*0!&:!,.2(/)30)21G!"2(!_,*-,G500%4kk666A,.2(81%0A.&7A3-k(*81[A%5%k1*k/2&!%T

21/&$$1*8,0(&*'kLKLG!t('(018!a,*),2#!IIG!JKI\A

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

VW!

P*01.2,018!/3($,01!,8,%0,0(&*!,*8!2('-!218)/0(&*!'02,01.(1'!

(*!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,21,'4!,!%&3(/#!:2,$16&2-!:&2!Q(.12(,!

",$'&*!+%)15IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!Huddersfield,!UK!

samson.mpueh@hud.ac.uk!

B3($,01!/5,*.1!('!'01,8(3#!&*1!&:!051!'(.*(:(/,*0!/5,331*.1'!(*!5)$,*!1*81,7&)2A!")::(/1!05,0!,'!/1*021'!&:!

'&/(,3! T! 1/&*&$(/G! %&3(0(/,3! ,*8! 01/5*&3&.(/,3! ,/0(7(0(1'G! /&,'0,3! )2?,*! ,21,'!% 3,#!'(.*(:(/,*0! 2&31'! (*! 051!

%3,**(*.!,*8!,8,%0,0(&*!0&!/3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!8(','012!2('-!$,*,.1$1*0A!P0!('!*&018!05,0!051!81713&%$1*0!

&:!/&,'0,3!)2?,*!,21,'!('!'#*&*#$&)'!6(05!(*/21,'(*.!8(','012!2('-'G!65(/5!5,'!318!$,*#!/&)*02(1'!(*/3)8(*.!

Q(.12(,G! (*! 051! ,8&%0(&*!&:! 051! "1*8,(! :2,$16&2-! JKIV! T! JK\KA! Z5('! 21'1,2/5! ,($'! 0&! 81713&%! ,! %&3(/#!

:2,$16&2-! 05,0! 6(33! '1271!,'! :&)*8,0(&*!:&2! :)0)21! 21'1,2/5!,*8! ,/0(&*'! 0&!($%2&71! /&*712.1*/1A!92&$!

/)221*0!,*8! 1[('0(*.! 3(012,0)21'G! (0! 1[%3&21'! 051! ,87,*0,.1'! ,*8! 8(',87,*0,.1'! &:! /&*712.1*/1! ,0!.3&?,3!

31713G!(81*0(:#! 8(712.1*/1'G! 82(712'! &:! (*01.2,0(&*! ,*8! ,'/120,(*! 051! '0,0)'! &:! (*01.2,0(&*! &:! '02,01.(1'!(*!

/&,'0,3! )2?,*! ,21,'! &:! _,.&'G! Q(.12(,A! C21'1*03#G! $(*($,3! 1::&20'! 1[('0! 0&6,28'! 5,2*1''(*.! 051! ?1*1:(0'G!

&%%&20)*(0(1'G! .21,012! /&5121*/1! ,*8! /&&28(*,0(&*! 6(05(*! ,*! (*01.2,018! ,%%2&,/5G! 51*/1! 051! *118! :&2!

'0,-15&3812h'!/&33,?&2,0(&*!,*8!/,%,/(0(1'!&:! /&,'0,3! )2?,*! /&$$)*(0(1'!0&! 8(','012! 2('-'A! P0! ('! 1*7(',.18!

05,0! 2&?)'0! %&3(/#! ')%%&20G! .&&8! .&712*,*/1! ,*8! %&3(0(/,3! /&$$(0$1*0'! ,21! ($%&20,*0! %,2,$1012'! 0&!

/&*'(812!(*!,88(0(&*!0&!3&/,3!,6,21*1''!,*8!,87&/,/#!%2&.2,$$1'A!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!P*01.2,018!/3($,01!,8,%0,0(&*G!<('-!218)/0(&*G!"02,01.(1'G!B&,'0,3!)2?,*!,21,'G!Q(.12(,!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

VV!

F2?,*!2('-!218)/0(&*!,*8!051!JK\K!,.1*8,4!Z51!"1*8,(!

92,$16&2-!:&2!;<<G!051!JK\K!>.1*8,!:&2!")'0,(*,?31!

;1713&%$1*0G!C,2('!>.211$1*0!&*!B3($,01!B5,*.1!,*8!051!

Q16!F2?,*!>.1*8,!

>?5(3,'5!C,*8,I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

1United!Nations!Office!for!Disaster!Risk!Reduction!

abhilash.panda@hud.ac.uk!

!Z5('!%(1/1!&:!21'1,2/5!,($'!0&!217(16!051!IUR!0,2.10'!&:!")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0!Y&,3'G!S!0,2.10'!&:!051!

"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!JKIVdJK\K!N"9;<<O!?#!0,-(*.!(*0&!/&*'(812,0(&*!.3&?,3!.&,3'!

&:!051! C,2('!,.211$1*0!&*!/3($,01! /5,*.1!,*8!051!Q16! F2?,*! >.1*8,!NQF>OG!,*,3#'(*.!051! ";Y!0,2.10'!

05,0!5,71!,! 8(21/0! &2! (*8(21/0!213,0(&*!0&! 051! 2('-! '0,0)'! &:!,!/(0#A!>//&28(*.! 0&! ",30!NJKIUOG!/(0(1'! ,21! 051!

%2&8)/0!&:!17&3)0(&*!,*8!051#!,21!/&$%31[G!(*012/&**1/018!65(31!,8,%0(*.!0&!:3)/0),0(&*'!$,81!?#!'5&/-'!

&:!7,2(&)'!$,.*(0)81'A!B&5121*/1!,*8!$)0),33#!21(*:&2/(*.!,%%2&,/51'!0&!($%31$1*0(*.!051!(*012*,0(&*,3!

,.211$1*0'! ,21! ,$&*.! 051! $&'0! 7,3),?31! ')%%&20'! :&2! '021*.051*(*.! 051! 21'(3(1*/1! &:! /(0(1'A! Z,-1*!

0&.10512G!051#!)2.1!,001*0(&*!0&!,!6(81!2,*.1!&:!2('-'!:,/(*.!/(0(1'!,*8!(0'!/&$$)*(0(1'!,2&)*8!051!6&238G!

.)(81! %)?3(/! ,*8! %2(7,01! (*71'0$1*0'! 0&6,28'! .21,012! 21'(3(1*/1! ,*8! %)'5! 813(712#! 0&6,28'! $,[($)$!

($%,/0A!9&2!05,0!%,20G!21'(3(1*/1!,0!051!/(0#!31713!5,'!?1/&$1!,!.3&?,3!%2(&2(0#!'(*/1!051!,8&%0(&*!&:!"1*8,(!

92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!JKIVTJK\K!65(/5!6,'!,8&%018!?#!,33!F*(018!Q,0(&*'!+1$?12!"0,01'!

(*!JKIVA!P0'!:(2'0!:&)2!0,2.10'4!0&!218)/1!NIO!$&20,3(0#G!NJO!,::1/018!%&%)3,0(&*'G!N\O!1/&*&$(/!3&''1'G!,*8!NWO!

8,$,.1!0&!/2(0(/,3!(*:2,'02)/0)21G! ,3'&! ,3(.*! /3&'13#! 6(05!'1712,3! 0,2.10'! &:! 051! ")'0,(*,?31! 81713&%$1*0!

.&,3'A!Z51!F*(018!Q,0(&*'!Y1*12,3!>''1$?3#!,8&%018G!&*!JV!"1%01$?12!JKIVG!051!%&'0TJKIV!81713&%$1*0!

,.1*8,G!)*812! 051!0(031!Z2,*':&2$(*.!E)2! g&2384!051!JK\K!>.1*8,!:&2! ")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0!NF*(018!

Q,0(&*'G! JKIV?OG! 65(/5! (*01*8'!0&! 21*16! 051! /&$$(0$1*0! 0&6,28! ')'0,(*,?31! 81713&%$1*0A! Z51!JK\K!

>.1*8,!:&2!")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0!1'0,?3('51'G!:&2!05('!%)2%&'1G!IS!Y&,3'!,*8!IUR!0,2.10'!0&!?1!,/5(1718!

6(05(*!051!*1[0!IV!#1,2'A!g51*!.&712*$1*0'!,.2118!0&!051!C,2('!>.211$1*0!&*!B3($,01!B5,*.1!(*!JKIVG!

051#!,3'&!21/&.*(i18!051!'(.*(:(/,*/1! &:! 051! "1*8,(! 92,$16&2-G!,!.3&?,3!.&,3!&*!/3($,01!,8,%0,0(&*! 05,0!

/&*'(812'! 1*5,*/(*.! ,8,%0(71! /,%,/(0#G! '021*.051*(*.! 21'(3(1*/1! ,*8! 218)/(*.! 7)3*12,?(3(0#! 0&! /3($,01!

/5,*.1!5,'!8(21/0!($%3(/,0(&*'!:&2!8(','012!2('-A!Z51!Q16!F2?,*!>.1*8,!,8&%018!,0!D,?(0,0!PPP!?)(30!:)20512!

/&$$(0$1*0!:&2!,8&%0(*.!,*8!($%31$1*0(*.!(*01.2,018G!,.1T!,*8!.1*812T21'%&*'(71!%&3(/(1'!,*8!%3,*'!,*8!

1/&'#'01$T?,'18!1'0,?3('5(*.!,!?2(8.1!,/2&''!051!:&)2!(*012*,0(&*,3!:2,$16&2-'A!t,2(&)'!21'1,2/51'G!')/5!

,'!a,2&'3,7!10!,33!NJKIUOG!H13$,*!NJKIVO!5,71!5(.53(.5018!051!/&**1/0(7(0#G!/&$%31$1*0,2(0#!,*8!/5,331*.1'G!

?10611*!051!"9;<<!,*8!051!C,2('!,.211$1*0G!5&61712!05121!('!31''!/3,2(0#!&*!051!IUR!0,2.10'!&:!";Y'!,*8!

(0'! /&T213,0(&*! 6(05! "9;<<! 0,2.10'! :&2! ,*! )2? ,*! 1*7(2&*$1*0A! Z5('! /&)38! ?1! ,/5(1718! ?#! %3,/(*.! "9;<<!

0,2.10'!,'!,!$,2-12!,.,(*'0!1,/5!";Y!0,2.10!0&!(81*0(:#!(:!05121!('!,*#!($%,/0!&*!051!2('-!%2&%&20(&*!&:!051!

/(0#A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!;1713&%$1*0G!F2?,*!>.1*8,G!;(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*G!C,2('!>.211$1*0G!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-G!

B(0(1'G!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0f!!

@%6%"%-&%+(

|I}!B5(*G!HAHAf!Q,0,2,`,*G!>Af!Y,28G!+AQAf!B,$%&'G!_A+Af!a&5,*''&*G!@Af!"51%5128G!DAf!Y,2/(,!Y,2(?,#G!+A>A!

B51$A!B&$$)*A!JKKSG!WIG!WJUUTWJUL!

|J}!H13$,*!PP,*A!JKIVG!B3($,01!B5,*.1!,*8!051!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

VU!

|\}!a,2&'3,7!+#'(,-f!"61*`,!")2$(*'-(f!>**1.210!Z5(1-1*f!<1(*5,28!+1/5312f!a12&1*!>120'A!JKIUG!"1*8,(!

:2,$16&2-!:&2!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*!d!')//1''!&2!6,2*(*.!'(.*!:&2!C,2('m!

|W}!FQ9BBB!NJKIVO!B3($,01!>/0(&*!C2&.2,$$1!bJKIV!C,2('!B3($,01!B&*:121*/1cG!ST!L!;1/1$?12G!BEC!JI!

"0,81!81!92,*/1A!C,2('!92,*/1A!

|V}!C1012'!HG!_,*.'0&*!_G!Z,**12!Z!,*8!=,5,8)2!>!NJKIUO!b<1'(3(1*/1!,/2&''!051!%&'0TJKIV!:2,$16&2-'4!

0&6,28'!/&5121*/1cA!E;P!g&2-(*.!C,%12A!_&*8&*4!E712'1,'!;1713&%$1*0!P*'0(0)01A!

|U}!FQ!Y1*12,3!>''1$?3#!NJKIVO!Z2,*':&2$(*.!&)2!6&2384!051!JK\K!>.1*8,!:&2!")'0,(*,?31!;1713&%$1*0A!

Q16!n&2-4!F*(018!Q,0(&*'A!!

|S}!FQ!D>=PZ>Z!NJKIUO!bQ16!F2?,*!>.1*8,cA!D>=PZ>Z!PPPA!!

|L}!FQP";<!NJKIVO!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!JKIV!T!JK\KG!Z5(28!g&238!B&*:121*/1!&*!

;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*G!"1*8,(G!a,%,*G!IWTIL!+,2/5!JKIVA!!

(

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

VS!

<18)/(*.!051!3,*8'3(81!2('-!(*!051!/1*02,3!5(.53,*8'!&:!"2(!

_,*-,!

B5,$(*8,!"A!=,*8,2,IG!")%)*!BA!a,#,'(*.51IG!<,*`(05!;('',*,#,-1I!

1Department!of!Civil!Engineering,!University!of!Peradeniya,!Sri!Lanka!

/5,$(*8,'?,*8,2,^#,5&&A/&$f!/'?,*8,2,^1*.A%8*A,/A3-!

_,*8'3(81'!,21!:21])1*0!(*! 051! '3&%1'! &:! 051! B1*02,3!D(.53,*8'!&:! "2(! _,*-,! 8)2(*.! 051!$&*'&&*! '1,'&*A!

_,*8'3(81'!5,71!/,)'18!$&21!05,*!WKK!81,05'!(*!%,'0!06&!#1,2'!,3&*1!(*!'1712,3!8('02(/0'!(*!051!/&)*02#!,*8!

5,71!?1/&$1!051!$&'0!:21])1*0!,*8! 81'02)/0(71!*,0)2,3!8(','012!&:!051!21/1*0!%,'0A!<1/&28'!'5&6! 05,0!

05121! ('! ,*! (*/21,'(*.! 021*8! &:! 81,05'! ,*8! ($%, /0! 8)1! 0&! 3,*8'3(81'A! Z5121:&21G! 051! %21'1*0! '0)8#! 6,'!

/,22(18!&)0!0&!(*71'0(.,01!051!21,'&*'!:&2!05('!021*8!,*8!0&!%2&%&'1!'02,01.(1'!0&!218)/1!051!2('-A!Z51!$,(*!

'&)2/1'!)'18!(*!05('!'0)8#!,21!3(012,0)21G!(*:&2$,0(&*!,*8!'0,0('0(/'!&*!3,*8'3(81'!,*8!/)221*0!%2,/0(/1'!,*8!

,%%2&,/51'!&:!.&712*$1*0!,)05&2(0(1'A!

Z51!(*'0,?(3(0#!&:!051!'3&%1'!&:!5(33#!3,*8'!,..2,7,018!?#!$&('0)21!,*8!')2:,/1!2)*&::!8)2(*.!51,7#!2,(*'!('!

051!$,(*!/,)'1!:&2!3,*8'3(81'A!D)$,*!/&*02(?)0(&*'!:&2!3,*8'3(81'!')/5!,'!3,*8!/31,2(*.!,*8!1[/,7,0(&*'!(*!

051!5(33'G!($%2&%12!/)30(7,0(&*!$105&8'G!?3&/-(*.!&:!82,(*,.1!%,05'!,*8!051!($%,/0!&:!3,2.1!21'127&(2'!5,71!

(*/21,'18!051!2('-!&:!3,*8'3(81'A!9)20512G!051!'0)8#!'5&618!05,0!051!1::1/0'!&:!/3($,01!/5,*.1!05,0!/,)'18!

'17121!2,(*:,33'!05,*!)'),3!(*!051!21/1*0!%,'0G!(*/21,'18!5)$,*!'10031$1*0'!(*!3,*8'3(81!%2&*1!,21,'!8)1!0&!

3,*8!'/,2/(0#!,*8!051!)*6(33(*.*1''!&:!%1&%31!0&!31,71!051(2!,*/1'02,3!3,*8'!5,71!6&2'1*18!051!'(0),0(&*A!

Z51!'0)8#!21/&$$1*8'!05,0!051!3,*8'3(81!%2&*1!,21,'!'5&)38!?1!(81*0(:(18!,*8!$,%%18!,'!'&&*!,'!%&''(?31A!

C2&%12!21.)3,0(&*'!,*8!%2&/18)21'!'5&)38!?1!$,81!0&!%2&7(81!',:1!3,*8'!:&2!%1&%31!65&!3(71!(*!3,*8'3(81!

%2&*1!,21,'A!<,*-(*.!3,*8'!?,'18!&*!051!31713!&:!2('-!$,#!?1!513%:)3!(*!(81*0(:#(*.!051!'10031$1*0!%2(&2(0#!

,*8!%1&%31!'5&)38!?1!18)/,018!&*!3,*8'3(81'!'&!05,0!051#!31,71!051(2!3,*8'!)%&*!3,*8'3(81!6,2*(*.'A!_&/,3!

.&712*$1*0'!'5&)38!'02(/03#!:&33&6!051!21.)3,0(&*'!,*8!'5&)38!*&0!,33&6!,*#!*16!/&*'02)/0(&*'!(*!3,*8'3(81!

%2&*1!'(01'A!Z51!/)221*0!$1/5,*('$'!)'18!0&!%2&8)/1!3,*8'3(81!1,23#!6,2*(*.'!'5&)38!?1!($%2&718A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!_,*8'3(81!2('-G!8(','012!2('-!218)/0(&*G!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0G!/3($,01!/5,*.1G!1,23#!6,2*(*.!

(

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

VL!

>!:2,$16&2-!0&!1$%&612!7)3*12,?31!/&$$)*(0(1'!

,::1/018!?#!&(3!'%(33!5,i,28'!(*!Q(.12(,!

E'5(1*1$1*!QA!>3?120IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,IG!<(/5,28!CA!D,(.5I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!Queensgate,!Huddersfield!!

Oshienemen.albert@hud.ac.uk!

g5(31! $&'0! /&)*02#! &:! 051! 6&238! ')::12'! *,0)2,3! 8(','012'! 3(-1! 1,205]),-1G! 0')*,$(G! 5)22(/,*1! ,*8!

0&2*,8&1'G! Q(.12(,! ('! :,/18! 6(05! 01/5*&3&.(/,3k! ,*8! &2! $,*T$,81! 8(','012'! 6(05! &(3! '%(33! 31,8(*.! 6(05!

/)$)3,0(71!($%,/0'!&*!6133T?1(*.G!1*7(2&*$1*0!,*8!3(713(5&&8A!"/5&3,2'!5,71!:21])1*03#!,//1*0),018!051!

8(::121*0! (*/(81*0'! &:! &(3!'%(33'! &*! 7)3*12,?31! /&$$)*(0(1'! 6(05(*! 051! Q(.12(,*! /&*01[0! 6(05! 3(0031! &2! *&!

'0,*8,28!'02)/0)21!0&!21?)(38!,::1/018!/&$$)*(0(1'!:2&$!051! 5,i,28'A!>'!')/5! 5,71!/&*02(?)018!0&! '&/(,3!

01*'(&*G!3&''! &:!/)30)21!052&).5!/&*:3(/0'G!7(&31*0!,*! ,.(0,0(&*! :&2!21'&)2/1'!/&*02&3!,*8!%2&01'0!:&2! '&/(,3!

,*8!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!`)'0(/1'A!!

Z5('!21'1,2/5!(*])(21'!051! ,3012*,0(71!3(713(5&&8!&:! 051!7)3*12,?31!/&$$)*(0(1'!&:!&(3!'%(33! 1*7(2&*$1*0,3!

5,i,28'!,*8!1[%3&21'!5&6!051!,3012*,0(71!3(713(5&&8!/&*02(?)01'!0&!051!21?)(38!&:!051!'&/(&1/&*&$(/!,*8!

'&/(&/)30)2,3!/&*8(0(&*!&:!051!,::1/018!/&$$)*(0(1'A!>'!')/5G!051!'0)8#!1[01*8'!(0'!1[%3&(0'!0&!(81*0(:#(*.!

051!(*01271*0(&*'!'02,01.(1'!&::1218!?#!051!&(3!,*8!.,'!,*8!051!&(3!'%(33T213,018!,.1*/(1'!0&6,28'!/&$$)*(0#!

3(713(5&&8! (*! 21?)(38(*.! ')'0,(* ,?31! 21'(3(1*/1! '&/(&1/&*&$(/! ,*8! '&/(&/)30)2,3! 81713&%$1*0A! Z51! '0)8#!

,001$%0!0&!%2&%&'1!,!:2,$16&2-!0&!1*5,*/1!051!1$%&612$1*0!&:!/&$$)*(0#!,::1/018!?#!/)$)3,0(71!&(3!

'%(33'!($%,/0'!&*! 3(713(5&&8! '02)/0)21G! '&/(&1/&*&$(/!,*8! '&/(&/)30)2,3! 81713&%$1*0A!=#G!(81*0(:#(*.! 051!

%&''(?31!&?'02)/0(*.!:,/0&2'! 8)2(*.! (*01271*0(&*'! ,*8! 5&6! ')/5! :,/0&2'! /,*! ?1! &712/&$1! ,'! ,! $1,*'! &:!

21'02,(*(*.!051!.,%'!(*!(*01271*0(&*!65(31!1$%&612(*.!,::1/018!/&$$)*(0(1'A!!

Z5('!'0)8#!,8&%0'!,!]),3(0,0(71!$105&8!05,0!/&$%2('1'!:&/)'18!.2&)%!8('/)''(&*'G!(*0127(16'G!8&/)$1*0'!

,*8! )*%)?3('518! $,012(,3'A! Z51! /,'1! '0)8#! 8,0,! &:! ?&05! (*0127(16! ,*8! :&/)'! .2&)%! 8('/)''(&*'! 6121!

/&331/018!/&*/)221*03#!?10611*!051! $&*05! &:! >).)'0! JKIU!0&!Q&71$?12! JKIUA! Z51!/&331/018! 8,0,! 6121!

,*,3#'18!)'(*.!01$%3,01!,*,3#'('!01/5*(])1'!6(05!051!,(8!&:!Q7(7&!'&:06,21G!82,6A!&(!0&!(81*0(:#!051!%,0012*'!

,*8!051$1'A!

Z51! 21')30! '5&6'! ,! .&&8! *)$?12! &:! ,3012*,0(71! 3(713(5&&8! '#'01$! 1*5,*/(*.! 051! '&/(&/)30)2,3!,*8!

'&/(&1/&*&$(/!/&*8(0(&*'!&:!/&$$)*(0(1'!,::1/018!?#!&(3!'%(33!5,i,28'A!@71*!05&).5G!(0!6,'!:&)*8!05,0!'&$1!

,3012*,0(71'!,21!8102($1*0,3!0&!051!1*7(2&*$1*0,3A!+,`&2(0#!&:!051!/&$$)*(0(1'!&:!05('!'0)8#!21,::(2$'!05,0!

051!,3012*,0(71'!3(713(5&&8'!($%2&7('18!%2171*0'!051(2!8,(3#!(*012,/0(&*'!6(05!/&*0,$(*,018!,21,'!&:!3,*8G!

6,012!,*8!(0'!')22&)*8(*.A!!!!!!

Y%C(S#"3.+!!E(3!'%(33G!t)3*12,?(3(0#G!B&$$)*(0#G!>3012*,0(71!_(713(5&&8!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

VR!

B&,'0,3!/(0(1'!(*!2,%(8!02,*'(0(&*4!7)3*12,?(3(0(1'!(*!5)$,*!

8&$(*,018!)2?,*!1/&'#'01$'!(*!/&,'0,3!21.(&*'!!

>!/,'1!'0)8#!(*!Q1.&$?&T+)05)2,`,613,!/&,'0,3!21.(&*G!"2(!_,*-,!

BA+AHAQAHA!B5,*82,'1-,2,IG!HA;AQA!g112,'(*.51J!

1!Department!of!Geography,!University!of!Colombo,!Colombo-03,!Sri!Lanka!

2!Department!of!Agricultural!Engineering,!Faculty!of!Agriculture,!University!of!Ruhuna,!Mapalana,!

Kamburupitiya,!Sri!Lanka!

profweera@gmail.com!

+,`&2(0#!&:!(*8)'02(1'!NUJ•O!!!,*8!Z&)2('0!!!(*:2,'02)/0)21'!NSK•O!,21!/&*/1*02,018!(*!/&,'0,3!,21,'!&:!051!

g1'012*!%2&7(*/1! &:! "2(! _,*-,!! ! 65121! )2?,*! .2&605! ,*8! 81713&%$1*0! ,21!(*01*'(:(18! |IG!J}A! 21')30(*.!

1*7(2&*$1*0,3!'021''1'!,*8!051!2('-'A!Z51!%21'1*0!'0)8#!!!,001$%018!0&!(81*0(:#!051!/5,*.1'!(*!051!/&,'0,3!

1/&'#'01$G!051!82(712'!&:!/5,*.1'!,*8!2('-'!'131/0(*.!051!Q1.&$?&! 0&6*!,*8!+)05)2,`,613,!,21,!/3&'12!

0&!H,0)*,#,-1!,(2%&20!(*!051!/&,'0,3!?130A!!

!Z51!01$%&2,3!/5,*.1'!&:!1/&'#'01$!:&2!3,'0!VW!#1,2'!5,71!?11*!,''1''18!052&).5!3,*8!)'1!,*8!3,*8!/&712!

'0)8(1'A!!Z51!21')30'!2171,318!05,0G!,?&)0!JL•!&:!051!0&0,3!,21,!5,'!?11*!/&71218!?#!?&05!811%!6,012!,*8!

'5,33&6!6,012! ?&8(1'A!;17&(8!&:!71.10,0(&*!/&712! &//)2218!8)1!0&!2,%(8!81/3(*1! &:!%,88#!3,*8'G!/&/&*)0!

%3,*0,0(&*'G! $,2'5#! 3,*8'! ,*8! '52)?! ,21,'A! =)(30! )%! ,21,'! ,*8! 5&$1! .,281*'! 5,71! (*/21,'18! 65(31!

81/21,'(*.!&0512!3,*8!)'1!0#%1'A!!P*/21,'(*.!21'(81*0(,3!,21,'!|\}G!)*%3,**18!'10031$1*0'!|W}G!1[%,*'(&*!&:!

)2?,*!,21,'!|V}!(*/21,'(*.!(*8)'02(,3!,/0(7(0(1'!|VG!UG!S}G!:('512(1'G!0&)2('$G!$,*):,/0)2(*.!,*8!02,*'%&20!|L}G!

02,8(*.!,*8!/&$$12/(,3!,/0(7(0(1'!|R}G!,.2(/)30)2,3k!,]),!/)30)2,3!,/0(7(0(1'!|IK}G!3,*8!21/3,$,0(&*!|\G!VG!II}!

,*8!)*,)05&2(i18!1*/2&,/5$1*0'!|JG!W}!6121!$,`&2!21%&20(*.!8('0)2?,*/1'!:&2!*,0)2,3!1/&'#'01$'A!!!!Z51!

/5,*.1'! (*! 5#82,)3(/! 21.($1G! 82,(*,.1! %,0012*G! ,*8! 6,012! ]),3(0#G! 81.2,8,0(&*! &:! ,]),0(/! 1*7(2&*$1*0G!

12&'(&*G!'18($1*0,0(&*G!:3&&8'!,*8!51,305!('')1'!,21!(81*0(:(18!,'!051!$,`&2!($%,/0'!|WG!SG!RG!IJG!,*8!I\}G!

B3($,01!/5,*.1!,*8!'1,!31713!2('1!,3'&!,!/&*'(812,?31!('')1!(*!05('!,21,A!>(2!%&33)0(&*!213,018!$&20,3(0#!,*8!

$&2?(8(0#!,*8!(*/21,'18!1*12.#!81$,*8!:&2!,(2!/&*8(0(&*(*.!6,'!5,7(*.!5(.5!/&*'1])1*/1'!(*!JKIK!,*8!

051!'(0),0(&*'!6(33!?1!/21,018!'17121!/&*'1])1*/1'!?#!JK\V!|R}A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!B&'0,3!/(0(1'G!B5,*.1'!&:!1/&'#'01$!,*8!_,*8!)'1!,*8!3,*8!/&712!/5,*.1!

@%6%"%-&%+(

|I}!=E=_+@A!B&)*02#!21%&20!&*!%&33)0(&*4!"2(!_,*-,!21%&20!&*!/&,'0,3!%&33)0(&*!3&,8(*.!,*8!6,012!]),3(0#!

/2(012(,T!"2(!_,*-,!=E=_+@TJKIIA!@/&3&.#G!JKI\G!IW!

|J}!Bs+CA!B&,'0,3!i&*1!$,*,.1$1*0!%3,*G!B&,'0!/&*'127,0(&*!81%,20$1*0G!"2(!_,*-,!N<17('18OG!B&,'0!

/&*'127,0(&*!81%,20$1*0!&:!051!:('512(1'!,*8!,]),0(/!21'&)2/1!81713&%$1*0G!+,3(.,6,00,G!B&3&$?&!IKG!

"2(!_,*-,A!JKIUA!

|\}!C21$,2,05*1!>*(3A!P*01.2,018!/&,'0,3!,21,!,*8!2(712!?,'(*!$,*,.1$1*0!(*!"&)05!>'(,G!C(3&0!')271#G!

JKKWA!500%4kk666A',/1%A&2.k%8:k<1%&20'TZ1/5*(/,3kJKKWAIJTPB><+T(*T">TC(3&0T")271#T>00,*,.,3)TE#,T

"2(T_,*-,A%8:!N,//1''18!&*!IKAKUAJKISO!

|W}D100(,2,/5/5(!"A"A_f!",$,2,6(/-2,$,!"ACA!@*7(2&*$1*0!$,*,.1$1*0!&:!3,.&&*'!:&2!')'0,(*(*.!$)30(%31!

)'1'T!/,'1!'0)8#!Q1.&$?&!3,.&&*G!@*.(*112G!a&)2*,3!&:!051!(*'0(0)0(&*!&:!1*.(*112'G!JKIIG!€€€PtNIOG!W\T

VVA!!

|V}!@$120&*!_)/#f!H1-)3,*8,!_A;ABA=A!>''1''$1*0!&:!051!1/&*&$(/!7,3)1!(*!+)05)2,`,613,!6103,*8G!

E//,'(&*,3!%,%12'!PFBQ!"2(!_*,-,G!PFBQ!"2(!_,*-,A!JKK\!

|U}!a>PB>G!P*8)'02(,3!@'0,01'!;1713&%$1*0!C2&`1/0G!"2(!_,*-,G!a>PB>A!!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

UK!

|S}!g(`1'1-,2,!<A"Af!H)8,5100(!BAH!g,012!]),3(0#!'0)8#!(*!051!'5,33&6!,])(:12!'#'01$!&:!051!>00,*,.,3)&#,!

?,'(*A!C2&/118(*.!&:!051!6&2-'5&%!&*!/5,331*.1'!(*!.2&)*86,012!$,*,.1$1*0!(*!"2(!_,*-,G!g,012!

21'&)2/1!=&,28TB&3&$?&TKS!,*8!;,$!',:10#!,*8!6,012!21'&)2/1!%3,**(*.!%2&`1/0T!B&3&$?&IKG!"2(!_,*-,G!

JKIIG!VTIL!

|L}!Q,#,*,*,*8,!EAHA!!Z51!'0)8#!&:!1/&*&$(/!'(.*(:(/,*/1!&:!/&,'0,3!21.(&*!&:!'2(!3,*-,!(*!051!/&*01[0!&:!

1*7(2&*$1*0,3!/5,*.1'!&:!%21!,*8!%&'0!0')*,$(G!B&,'0!/&*'127,0(&*!81%,20$1*0!,*8!051!$(*('02#!&:!

1*7(2&*$1*0!,*8!*,0)2,3!21'&)2/1'G!"2(!_,*-,A!JKKSA!

|R}!FQ!5,?(0,0G!B(0(1'!,*8!/3($,01!/5,*.1!(*(0(,0(71!Q1.&$?&G!"2(!_,*-,4!/3($,01!/5,*.1!7)3*12,?(3(0#!

,''1''$1*0A!9)33!21%&20!&*!/3($,01!/5,*.1!7)3*12,?(3(0#!(*!Q1.&$?&!+)*(/(%,3!/&)*/(3!21'1,2/5G!,*,3#'('G!

:(*8(*.'!,*8!21/&$$1*8,0(&*'A!C2&`1/0!/&)*/(3!)*(0G!9,/)30#!&:!>.2(/)30)21G!F*(712'(0#!&:!+&2,0)6,G!"2(!

_,*-,A!JKII!

|IK}!Bs+CA!B&,'0,3!s&*1!+,*,.1$1*0!C3,*G!B&,'0!/&*'127,0(&*!81%,20$1*0G!"2(!_,*-,!N<17('18OG!B&,'0!

/&*'127,0(&*!81%,20$1*0!&:!051!:('512(1'!,*8!,]),0(/!21'&)2/1!81713&%$1*0G!+,3(.,6,00,G!B&3&$?&!IKG!

"2(!_,*-,AIRRS!

|II}!"_<;BG!P*(0(,3!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!1[,$(*,0(&*!21%&20!:&2!81713&%$1*0!&:!WKK!$!'02(%!&:!$,2'5!,0!

+)05)2,`,613,G!<1'1,2/5!,*8!81'(.*'!8(7('(&*G!"2(!_,*-,!_,*8!<1/3,$,0(&*!,*8!;1713&%$1*0!B&2%&2,0(&*!

N"_<;BOG!Q&A!K\G!"2(!a,#,6,285,*,%)2,$,6,05,G!g13(-,8,G!<,`,.(2(#,A!JKIK!

|IJ}!+<PA!+)05)2,`,613,G!%)?3(/!51,305!,'%1/0'A!B&3&$?&4!+18(/,3!<1'1,2/5!P*'0(0)01AIRRJ!

|I\}!a&'1%5G!_1'3(1A!9('512(1'!,*8!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!%2&:(31!&:!Q1.&$?&!3,.&&*G!"2(!_,*-,4!>!3(012,0)21!217(16A!

<1.(&*,3!:('512(1'!3(713(5&&8'!%2&.2,$$1!:&2!"&)05!,*8!"&)051,'0!>'(,!NYBCk<>"kJ\Sk"C>O!9(138!C2&`1/0!

;&/)$1*0!JKIIk_H>kB+kKWA!JKII!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

UI!

Q1/1''(0#!&:!1*5,*/(*.!051!2&31!&:!051!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!

(*!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1!

+,51'5!"1*,*,#,-1I!

1Department!of!Political!Science!and!Public!Policy,!University!of!Colombo,!Sri!Lanka!

senanayakemahesh@gmail.com!

"2(!_,*-,h'!02&%(/,3!/3($,01!5,'!'11*!,!21/1*0!(*/21,'1!(*!*,0)2,3!8(','012'G!')/5!,'!:3&&8'G!0')*,$(G!/&,'0,3!

12&'(&*G!82&).50'G!3(.50*(*.!'02(-1'G!1%(81$(/'G!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!%&33)0(&*!,*8!3,*8'3(81'G!,33!&712!051!/&)*02#A!

t,2(&)'! $,*$,81! 8(','012'! 21')3018! 81:&21'0,0(&*G! (*8('/2($(*,01! /&2,3G! ',*8! ,*8! .1$! $(*(*.! ,*8!

(*8)'02(,3! %&33)0,*0'A! @[('0(*.! 21/&28'! %2&71! 05,0! 1712#! 06&T05211! #1,2'! ,! *,0)2,3! 8(','012! 0,-1'! %3,/1!

21')30(*.!(*!81,05!,*8!(*`)2#G!,'!6133!,'!$,''(71!8,$,.1'!0&!%2&%120#G!,.2(/)30)21G!(*8)'02#G!5(.56,#'!,*8!

&0512! (*:2,'02)/0)21G! ,::1/0(*.!051! 8,#T0&T8,#! 3(:1! &:! 051! .1*12,3! %)?3(/A! ! C218(/018! /3($,01! /5,*.1! ,3'&!

1$%5,'(i1! 05,0! /(0(1'! ,21! 5(.53#! 7)3*12,?31! 0&! 8(','012! ,*8! ,33! 65(/5! /,*! *1.,0(713#! ($%,/0! 5)$,*!

'10031$1*0'G!%2&8)/0(7(0#!(*!?&05!/(0#!,*8!3&/,3!,21,'!,*8!'127(/1!813(712#!'%1/(,33#!:&2!051!%&&2A!P*!&2812!0&!

81,3! 6(05! ,33! 0#%1'! &:! 8(','012'! "2(! _,*-,*! .&712*$1*0! 5,'! 0,-1*! ($%&20,*0! ,/0(&*! ?&05! (*! %&3(/#! ,*8!

(*'0(0)0(&*,3!31713'A!9&2!(*'0,*/1G!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!>/0!(*!JKKV!,*8!213,018!(*'0(0)0(&*'!')/5!,'!;(','012!

+,*,.1$1*0!B1*021G!Q,0(&*,3!B&)*/(3!:&2!;(','012!+,*,.1$1*0!,21!%2&$(*1*0!(*!*,0(&*,3!31713!8(','012!

21'(3(1*/1A!P0!6,'!(81*0(:(18!05,0!051!%,20*12'5(%!&:!051!_&/,3!Y&712*$1*0!>)05&2(0(1'!N_Y>'O!,21!%&&2!(*!05('!

%2&/1''A!Z5('!'0)8#!:&/)'1'!051!2&31!&:!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!(*!:3&&8T213,018!8(','012!21'(3(1*/1! (*!)2?,*!,*8!

2)2,3!,21,'A!P!5,71!'131/018!06&!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0!(*'0(0)0(&*'!(*!g1'012*!C2&7(*/1G!(*!,*!)2?,*!,*8!,!2)2,3!

,21,G! :&2! 051! %(3&0!%2&`1/0A! Z51! =)3,05'(*5,3,! C2,81'5(#,! ",?5,! ('! '(0),018! (*! 051! :3&&8T%2&*1! H,3)0,2,!

;('02(/0!N051!$,`&2(0#!&:!051!8('02(/0!6,'!,::1/018!?#!$,''(71!:3&&8'!(*!JKISOA!Z51!&0512!',$%31!('!H,8)613,!

+)*(/(%,3!B&)*/(3!N65(/5!6,'!'171213#!')::1218!:2&$!:3&&8'!(*!JKIUOA! >//&28(*.!0&!051!",*8,(! 92,$6&2-!

N"9O!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!&:!JKIVG!'021*.051*(*.!8(','012!2('-!.&712*,*/1!0&!$,*,.1!8(','012!2('-!,0!

051!*,0(&*,3G! 21.(&*,3! ,*8!.3&?,3! 31713'! ('!,!%2(&2(0#A! P*! 05('!21'%1/0G! '021*.051*(*.! ,*8!?)(38(*.! ,! '02&*.!

*106&2-!6(05!051!_Y>'G!,'!051!"9!%&(*0'!&)0G!(*!&2812!0&!%2171*0(&*G!$(0(.,0(&*G!%21%,218*1''G!21'%&*'1G!

21/&712#! ,*8! 215,?(3(0,0(&*! ('! *1/1'',2#A! P*! &2812! 0&! ,/5(171! 05('! %2(&2(0#G! (0! *118'! 0&! 1*5,*/1! 3&/,3!

.&712*$1*0! /,%,/(0(1'! 052&).5! $)30(%31! `&(*0! ,/0(7(0(1'! 6(05! 051! .1*12,3! %)?3(/G! %2(7,01! '1/0&2!

&2.,*(i,0(&*'G!/(7(3!'&/(10#!&2.,*(i,0(&*'G!,*8!051!.2,''T2&&0!%&3(0(/,3!31,812'5(%A!

Y%C(8#"3.+!_&/,3!Y&712*,*/1G!;(','012!<1'(3(1*/1G!",*8,(!92,$16&2-!

(

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

UJ!

>!:2,$16&2-!0&!,*,3#'1!051!/&*'1])1*/1'!&:!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!

21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*01271*0(&*f!!

051!/,'1!&:!2&,8!(*:2,'02)/0)21!(*!"2(!_,*-,!

+,51'5(-,!",-,3,')2(#,IG!<(/5,28!D,(.5IG!;(3,*05(!>$,2,0)*.,I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!Queensgate,!Huddersfield,!UK!!

Maheshika.Sakalasuriya@hud.ac.uk!

>:012!,!7(&31*0!/&*:3(/0!/&$1'!0&!,*!1*8G!051!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!21/&*'02)/0(&*!NCB<O!&:!(*:2,'02)/0)21!?1/&$1!,!

$,`&2!/&*/12*!&:!051!%&3(/#!$,-12'!,*8!.&712*,*/1!(*'0(0)0(&*'A!D&61712G!05121!('!,!3,/-!&:!)*812'0,*8(*.!

(*!3(012,0)21!,?&)0!65,0!5,%%1*'!,:012!,!21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*01271*0(&*!(*!051!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!/&*01[0A!!Z51!%&'0!

/&*:3(/0!/&*01[0!(0'13:!('!8#*,$(/!6(05!3&''! ,*8!02,)$,G!7)3*12,?(3(0#G!:1,2G!3,/-!&:!02)'0G!21'&)2/1!'/,2/(0#G!

/&22&818!(*'0(0)0(&*'!,*8!2('-!&:!210)2*(*.!0&!/&*:3(/0A!>!21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*01271*0(&*!6(05(*!05('!/&*01[0!/,*!

5,71! 8(::121*0! /&*'1])1*/1'! ,*8! 3&*.! 012$! ($%,/0'! 05,0! ,21! *&0! /&$$&*! (*! &28(*,2#! %5#'(/,3!

/&*'02)/0(&*'A!Z5('!21'1,2/5!,($'!0&!)*812'0,*8!051!6,#'!(*!65(/5!051!/&*'1])1*/1'!&:!CB<!(*01271*0(&*'!

/,*!?1!,*,3#'18!213,0(*.!0&!051!'%1/(:(/!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!8#*,$(/'!&:!051!/&*01[0!,*8!051!3&*.!012$!($%,/0'A!P*!

8&(*.!'&G!051!2&,8!(*:2,'02)/0)21!21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*!"2(!_,*-,!6,'!(81*0(:(18!,'!,!')(0,?31!/,'1!:&2!051!'0)8#A!!

>*! (*(0(,3! /&*/1%0),3! :2,$16&2-! 6,'! 81713&%18! 052&).5! 3(012,0)21! 217(16G! ?,'18! &*! 65(/5! 051! 8,0,!

/&331/0(&*!6,'!/,22(18!&)0!(*!"2(!_,*-,A!051!8,0,!6,'!/&818!)'(*.!QTt(7&!,*8!'(.*(:(/,*0!:(*8(*.'!,21!82,6*!

213,018! 0&! 051! /&*'1])1*/1'! &:! %&'0! /&*:3(/0! 21/&*'02)/0(&*! ,*8! 051(2! 3&*.! 012$! ($%,/0'A! Z51! 2&,8!

21/&*'02)/0(&*!(*01271*0(&*! /,*! /21,01!*&0! &*3#! 1/&*&$(/!/&*'1])1*/1'G! ?)0! ,3'&!'(.*(:(/,*0! /5,*.1'! (*!

3(713(5&&8'!&:!%1&%31!,*8!051(2!'&/(,3!,*8!/)30)2,3!1[%12(1*/1'!?&05!(*!%&'(0(71!,*8!*1.,0(71!8(21/0(&*'A!Z51!

%&3(0(/,3!/&*'1])1*/1'!&:!21/&*'02)/0(&*!,21!'(.*(:(/,*03#!8(::121*0!(*!%&'0! /&*:3(/0!/&*01[0G!,*8! /,*!5,71!

($%&20,*0! 3(*-'! 0&! 3&*.! 012$! '0,?(3(0#! ,*8! %1,/1! (:! *&0! /,21:)33#! $,*,.18! ?#! ,! '1*'(0(71! %&'0! /&*:3(/0!

'02,01.#A!Z51!21'1,2/5!('!:&/)'18!&*!81713&%(*.!,!:2,$16&2-!0&!)*812'0,*8!051!8(::121*0!/&*'1])1*/1'!&:!

21/&*'02)/0(&*!,*8!051(2!3(*-,.1'!0&!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!/&*01[0G!65(31!5(.53(.50(*.!051!2&31'!&:!'(.*(:(/,*0!,/0&2'!

6(05(*!051!21/&*'02)/0(&*!%2&/1''A!Z5('!:2,$16&2-!/,*!?1!)'18!,'!,!0&&3!(*!:)0)21!21'1,2/5!,*8!%2,/0('1!&:!

%&'0! /&*:3(/0! (*01271*0(&*! 0&! ($%2&71! 051! '1*'(0(7(0#! &:! 21/&*'02)/0(&*! %2&`1/0'! 0&! 051! %&01*0(,3!

/&*'1])1*/1'!(0!/,*!/21,01G!'&!05,0!051!*1.,0(71!&)0/&$1'!/,*!?1!$(*($('18A!!!!

Y%C(8#"3.+!%&'0!/&*:3(/0!(*01271*0(&*G!2&,8!21/&*'02)/0(&*G!/&*'1])1*/1'G!"2(!_,*-,G!:2,$16&2-!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

U\!

Z51!/(0#!05,0!P!3&714!(*!051!/&*01[0!&:!.211*12!,*8!',:12!

/(0(1'!

B5,$(*8,!"A!=,*8,2,IG!")%)*!BA!a,#,'(*.51IG!<,*`(05!;('',*,#,-1I!

1Department!of!Civil!Engineering,!University!of!Peradeniya,!Sri!Lanka!

ranjith@fulbrightmail.org!

g51*!,!/(0#!?1/&$1'!,!.211*12!,*8!',:12!/(0#!*,0)2,33#!61!3&71!05,0!/(0#A!Y211*12!/(0(1'!6&2-!0&6,28'!,*!

1*7(2&*$1*0,33#G!'&/(,33#G!,*8!1/&*&$(/,33#!51,305#!,*8!21'(3(1*0!5,?(0,0!:&2!1[('0(*.!%&%)3,0(&*G!6(05&)0!

/&$%2&$('(*.! 051! ,?(3(0#! &:! :)0)21! .1*12,0(&*'! 0&! 1[%12(1*/1! 051! ',$1A! Z5121! '5&)38! ?1! ,! /&$%3101!

02,*':&2$,0(&*!&:!051!1[('0(*.!/(0#!0&!?1!,!3&7,?31!/(0#A!

Z51!%21'1*0!'0)8#!('!&*!051!02,*':&2$,0(&*!&:!/(0(1'!0&!.211*12!/(0(1'G!,*8!051!'0)8#!6,'!/,22(18!&)0!)'(*.!

3(012,0)21G!/,'1!'0)8(1'!,*8!%,'0!1[%12(1*/1A!P*!&2812!0&!02,*':&2$!,!/(0#!0&!,!.211*12!/(0#G!,*!,/0(&*!%3,*!('!

21])(218A!Z51!.&,3'!&:!051!,/0(&*!%3,*!/&$%2('1!&:!051!:&33&6(*.G!

N,O Y211*!1/&*&$#4!1/&*&$#!05,0!,($'!,0!218)/(*.!1*7(2&*$1*0,3!2('-'!,*8!1/&3&.(/,3!'/,2/(0(1'G!,*8!

05,0!,($'!:&2!')'0,(*,?31!81713&%$1*0!6(05&)0! 81.2,8(*.! 051! 1*7(2&*$1*0! 65(/5!(*/21,'1'!051!

*)$?12!&:!.211*!`&?'!,*8!?)'(*1''1'!6(05!.211*!&%12,0(&*'A!

N?O B3($,01! 31,812'5(%4! /&$$(0018! 31,812'5(%!0&! ,/5(171! 0,2.10'! :&2! ')'0,(*,?(3(0#! ')/5! ,'! ,33! *16!

?)(38(*.'!?)(30!0&!?1!/,2?&*!*1)02,3A!

N/O Y211*!?)(38(*.4!%2&/1''1'!05,0!,21!1*7(2&*$1*0,33#!21'%&*'(?31!,*8!21'&)2/1T1::(/(1*0!052&).5&)0!

,!?)(38(*.p'!3(:1T/#/31!:2&$!%3,**(*.!0&!81'(.*G!/&*'02)/0(&*G!&%12,0(&*G!$,(*01*,*/1G!21*&7,0(&*G!

,*8!81$&3(0(&*A!

N8O Y211*! 02,*'%&20,0(&*4! ')'0,(*,?31! 02,*'%&20,0(&*! (*! 051! '1*'1'! &:! '&/(,3G! 1*7(2&*$1*0,3! ,*8!

/3($,01!($%,/0'!,*8!051! ,?(3(0#! 0&G! (*! 051! .3&?,3! '/&%1G!')%%3#!051!'&)2/1! 1*12.#! (*81:(*(013#A! P0!

218)/1'!82(7(*.!,*8!$,-1'!051!$,`&2(0#!&:!02(%'!?#!:&&0G!?(/#/31G!,*8!%)?3(/!02,*'(0!02,::(/A!

N1O s12&!6,'014! %5(3&'&%5#!05,0!1*/&)2,.1'!051! 2181'(.*!&:!21'&)2/1!3(:1! /#/31'!'&!05,0!,33! %2&8)/0'!

,21! 21)'18A! Z51! .&,3! ('! :&2! *&! 02,'5! 0&! ?1! '1*0! 0&! 3,*8:(33'! &2! (*/(*12,0&2'A! Z51! %2&/1''!

21/&$$1*818!('!051!&*1!'($(3,2!0&!051!6,#!05,0!21'&)2/1'!,21!21)'18!(*!*,0)21A!

N:O >//1''!0&!*,0)214!(*/21,'18!,//1''(?(3(0#!0&!.211*!%,2-'G!.211*6,#'G!,*8!&0512!.211*!'%,/1'A!

N.O _(.5012!:&&0%2(*04!218)/18!1/&3&.(/,3!:&&0%2(*0A!

N5O B31,*!6,0124!(*/21,'18!]),3(0#!&:!6,012!,*8!218)/18!6,012!/&*')$%0(&*A!

N(O B31,*!,(24!(*/21,'18!]),3(0#!&:!,(2A!

N`O _&/,3!:&&84!(*/21,'18!,$&)*0!&:!3&/,33#!.2&6*!:&&8A!

Y%C8#"3.+!Y211*!/(0(1'G!',:1!/(0(1'G!51,305#!/(0(1'G!1/&*&$#G!6,'01!

(

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

UW!

;(','012!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!N;g+Of!b,!%,*,/1,!:&2!051!

81713&%$1*0!&:!(*01.2,018!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!'#'01$'!

:&2!$)*(/(%,3!/(0(1'!,*8!/&$$)*(0(1'c!(*!>?)`,!,*8!_,.&'!

Q(.12(,!

E3)?,*-&31!EA;A!E$&-(7(1I!

1University!of!Huddersfield,!UK!

Olubankole.omokivie@hud.ac.uk!

;(','012'!651*!/,)'18!?#! 1(0512!$,*!$,81!&2!*,0)2,3!/,)'1'!31,71!,! 3&*.!02,(3!&:! 5)$,*! ,*8!1/&*&$(/!

/&*'1])1*/1'!1'%1/(,33#!6(05!051!1712!(*/21,'(*.!:21])1*/(1'!&:!*,0)2,3!8(','012'!65(/5!5,'!.2&6*!05211T

:&38!0&!&712!\GRKK!171*0'!:2&$!JKKVTJKIW!651*!/&$%,218!0&!051!%217(&)'!&712!\GIKK!171*0'!:2&$!IRSVT

IRLW!N>;=A!JKIVOA!Y3&?,33#G!1712#!8(','012!171*0!*&!$,0012!(0'!$,.*(0)81!%2&8)/1'!'&$1!:&2$!&:!81?2('!&2!

6,'01! 65(/5! 21])(21'! '%1/(,3('18! ,001*0(&*! 8)1! 0&! 051! (*5121*0! /&/-0,(3T$([! &:! 8(::121*0! 6,'01! (01$'G!

012$18!8(','012!6,'01A!Z5('!6,'01!6&)38!*118!0&!?1!/31,218!?1:&21!,*#!:&2$!&:!21'%&*'1!/,*!?1!(*(0(,018!

0&!,33&6!051!:211!:3&6!&:!$&71$1*0A!P*!051!171*0!65121!,!8(','012!&//)2'!(*!,*!,21,!05,0!%2(&2!0&!051!8(','012!

051! 6,'01! $,*,.1$1*0! ,%%,2,0)'! 6,' ! 3&6! &2! *&*T1[('01*0G! 6,'01! 17,/),0(&*! ,*8! $,*,.1$1*0! 6&)38!

:&2$!,!$,`&2!/5,331*.1!8)1!0&!3,/-!&:!3&/,3!/,%,/(0#!,*8!$,*,.1$1*0!/,%,?(3(0#!,$&*.'0!&0512'A!;(','012!

6,'01! $,*,.1$1*0!N;g+O! :&/)'1'! &*! 051! /5,331*.1'! &:!$ ,*,.(*.!051! 1*&2$&)'! ,$&)*0! &:! 6,'01! &2!

81?2('!(*!051! ,:012$,05! &:! ,!8(','012A!;1?2('! %2&8)/18! ?#! 8(','012'!5,'!(*/21,'(*.3#!?1/&$1! &*1! &:! 051!

/5,331*.(*.!,'%1/0'!&:!%&'0!8(','012!21'%&*'1!,*8!$,*,.1$1*0A!

Z51!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!/5,331*.1!(*!Q(.12(,!3(-1!&0512!81713&%(*.!/&)*02(1'G!('!&*1!05,0!5,'!&712!051!#1,2'!

81:(18!,33!'&3)0(&*'!0&!8,01G!6(05!,!5('0&2#!&:!*&*T1[('01*0!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!:2,$16&2-G!%&3(/#!,*8!'127(/1!

%2&7(812'G!0&!(*8('/2($(*,01!8)$%(*.!&:!21:)'1!(*!%)?3(/!,21,'G!&*!'02110!'(81'!,*8!82,(*,.1'!%&'(*.!51,305!

/5,331*.1!,*8!:3&&8(*.!8)1!0&!?3&/-18!82,(*'!8)2(*.!051!610!'1,'&*!/5,2,/012('1'!051!3(7(*.!/&*8(0(&*'!&:!

$&'0!/&$$)*(0(1'!(*!Q(.12(,A!Z51!g&238!=,*-!,*8!051!F*(018!Q,0(&*'!NJKIWOG!%&'(0'!05,0!051!,712,.1!.3&?,3!

5)$,*!8,(3#!6,'01!.1*12,0(&*!2,01!('!1[%1/018!0&!.2&6!:2&$! 051!/)221*0!IAJ-.!0&!IAWJ!-.!%12!8,#!(*! 051!

*1[0!IV!#1,2'A!

P*! \K! #1,2'h! 0($1! Q(.12(,! 6&) 38! ?1! 051! \28! $&'0! %&%)3&)'! *,0(&*! (*! 051! 6 &238! ?15(*8! B5(*,! ,*8! P*8(,!

,//&28(*.!0&!051!FQ!JKIV!6&238!%&%)3,0(&*!%2&'%1/0A!Z5('!%2&`1/0(&*!,3'&!?2(*.'!0&!051!:&21!051!*118!:&2!

,''120(71!,/0(&*!0&!,8821''!051!7&3)$1!&:!6,'01!05,0!05('!%&%)3,0(&*!6&)38!%2&8)/1!&*!,!8,(3#!?,'('A!Q(.12(,!

('! 1'0($,018! 0&! ,**),33#! .1*12,01! *&! 31''! 05,*! U\! $(33(&*! 0&**1'! &:! 6,'01! 65(/5! ,$&)*0'! 0&!

KAWV-.k/,%(0,3k,**)$G!65121!/)221*03#!&*3#!\KTVK•!&:!8,(3#!.1*12,018!6,'01!('!/&331/018!NQY<!82,:0!6,'01!

%&3(/#!JKIUOA!

Y%C8#"3.+(;(','012!6,'01!$,*,.1$1*0!N;g+OG!/&/-0,(3T$([G!%&%)3,0(&*!%2&'%1/0A!

@%6%"%-&%.+(

|I}!>;=!NJKIVOG!Y3&?,3!(*/21,'1!(*!/3($,01T213,018!8(','012'G!6&2-(*.!%,%12G!>'(,*!81713&%$1*0!=,*-!

N>;=O!Q&71$?12!JKIVA!500%'4kk213(1:61?A(*0k'(01'k213(1:61?A(*0k:(31'k21'&)2/1'k.3&?,3T(*/21,'1T/3($,01T

213,018T8(','012'A%8:!!

|J}!;A!D&&2*61.!M!CA!=5,8,TZ,0,!f!gD>Z!>!g>"Z@4!>!Y_E=>_!<@tP@g!E9!"E_P;!g>"Z@!+>Q>Y@+@QZf!

Z51!g&238!?,*-!F<=>Q!;@t@_EC+@QZ!"@<P@"!d!HQEg_@;Y@!C>C@<"G!

=&&-!&:!>?'02,/0'!

UV!

500%'4kk'(0121'&)2/1'A6&238?,*-A&2.kPQZF<=>Q;@t@_EC+@QZk<1'&)2/1'k\\U\LST

I\\WLVJUIKSUUkB5,%\A%8:!!

|\}!@A!9,22('!M!;A!C10i!NJKIJOf!051!#1,2!05,0!'5&&-!051!2(/54!>!217(16!&:!*,0)2,3!8(','012!(*!JKIIA!Z51!

=2&&-(*.!P*'0(0)01'A!

|W}FQ!NJKIVOf!g&238!%&%)3,0(&*!%2&'%1/0'G!JKIV!217('(&*G!F*(018!*,0(&*'!

500%'4kk1',A)*A&2.k)*%8k6%%k%)?3(/,0(&*'k:(31'k6%%JKIV~8,0,?&&-310A%8:!

|V}!Q,0(&*,3!C&3(/#!&*!051!@*7(2&*$1*0!N<17('18!JKIUOG!91812,3!+(*('02#!&:!@*7(2&*$1*0!Q(.12(,A!

666A1*7(2&*$1*0A.&7A*.kAAAk217('18T*,0(&*,3T%&3(/#T&*T051T1*7(2&*$1*0T:(*,3T82,:0A%8:!

"#$%&'()$!&*!+,-(*.!/(0(1'!21'(3(1*04!5&6!3&/,3!.&712*$1*0'!/,*!218)/1!8(','012!2('-'!

21,3(.*(*.!6(05!"1*8,(!92,$16&2-!:&2!;(','012!<('-!<18)/0(&*!

UU!

;1713&%$1*0!&:!,)0&$,018!\;!$&813!/&*'02)/0(&*!

$&8)31'!&:!1[('0(*.!/(0(1'!:&2!'$,20!8,$,.1!%218(/0(&*!&:!

/(7(3!'02)/0)21'!8)1!0&!*,0)2,3!8(','012'!

aA!>A!"A!BA!a,#,'(*.51IG!BA!"A!=,*8,2,IG!<,*`(05!;('',*,#,-1I!

1Department!of!Civil!Engineering,!University!of!Peradeniya,!Sri!Lanka!

supunj@pdn.ac.lk!

Z51!%3,**(*.!,*8!81713&%$1*0!&:!1[('0(*.!/(0(1'!,21!0&).5!0,'-'!:&2!1*.(*112'!8)1!0&!,*!1*&2$&)'!,$&)*0!

&:!8,0,! ,*8! (*:&2$,0(&*! 65(/5! '5&)38! ?1! /&*'(81218!,*8!051!*1/1''(0#!&:!(*01.2,0(*.!,! 3,2.1! *)$?12! &:!

(81,'! :2&$! 8(::121*0! 7(16%&(* 0'! (*! ,! :,(2! $,**12A! >0! %21'1*0G! "2(! _,*-,*! 1*.(*112'!,21! ,3'&! :,/(*.! 05('!

/5,331*.1! 6(05! +1.,%&3('! /&*/1%0! 65(/5! ('! %2&%&'18! ?#! 051! .&712*$1*0A! 92&$! 051! 7(16%&(*0! &:! /(7(3!

1*.(*112'G! 051! %3,**(*.! ,*8! 81713&%$1*0! %2&/1''! &:! ,*! 1[('0(*.! /(0#! '5&)38! ?1! (*01.2,018! 6(05! ',:10#!

$1,')21$1*0'!,.,(*'0!*,0)2,3!8(','012'G!')/5!,'!1,205]),-1G!0')*,$(G!5(.5T6(*8!,*8!:3&&8!0&!1*')21!051!

',:10#!&:!051!/(0(i1*'A!g1!*118!0&!:&/)'!&*!81713&%(*.!,!$&21!2,0(&*,3!8,$,.1!1'0($,0(&*!$105&8!,*8!051!

)'1!&:! 051! 05211! 8($1*'(&*,3! N\;O! *)$12(/,3!'($)3,0(&*! ('! ,!/,*8(8,01! |I}A! "(*/1! ,! 7,2(10#! &:! *)$12(/,3!

$105&8'! &:! '02)/0)2,3! ,*,3#'('! ('! ,7,(3,?31G! /&*'02)/0(&*! &:! ,*! ,%%2&%2(,01! \;! *)$12(/,3! $&813! ('! ,!

?&0031*1/-! 0&! 21,3(i1! ,*! 1'0($,0(&*! $105&8! ?,'18! &*! '($)3,0(*.! 051! *,0)2,3! 8(','012'! &:! 7,2(&)'! /(7(3!

'02)/0)21'A!

+&813(*.!&:!051!\;!B&$%)012T>(818!;1'(.*!NB>;O!$&813!('!3,?&2(&)'G!651*!051!*)$?12!&:!'02)/0)21'!,*8!

'02)/0)2,3! /&$%&*1*0'! ?1(*.! ,*,3#'18! ('! 5).1! (*! ,! 0,2.10! /(0#A! Z51! 81713&%$1*0! &:! ,)0&$,018! $&813!

/&*'02)/0(&*G!(A1AG!/&*712'(&*!&:!8(.(0,3!8,0,!NYP"!8,0,G!>)0&B>;!8,0,G!10/AGO!,7,(3,?31!:&2!,!0,2.10!/(0#!0&!B>;!

&2!,*,3#'('!$&813'! ('! 05)'! 21])(218! |JG! \}A!Z51'1!,*,3#'('! $&813'! '5&)38! 5,71! 051!/,%,?(3(0#!0&! 8101/0! ,!

')(0,?31!*)$12(/,3!,*,3#'('!$105&8!&2!,!')(0,?31!:(813(0#!*)$12(/,3!$&813!,*8!,''1''!051!8,$,.1!:&2!.(71*!