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Politicko-vojenská rizika pro cestovní ruch na Blízkém východě (Political-Military Risks for Tourism in the Middle East)
Abstract
Předkládaná diplomová práce analyzuje vnímání politicko-vojenských rizik pro příjezdový cestovní ruch na Blízkém východě z pohledu českých potenciálních turistů. Zkoumaná oblast Blízkého východu vykazuje určité geografické a geopolitické imaginace, jejichž výzkum v českém prostředí stále absentuje. Blízkovýchodní cestovní ruch zároveň funguje v prostředí politicko-vojenských rizik. Odborná literatura naznačuje, že právě tato rizika představují jeden z hlavních faktorů ovlivňující výběr destinace. Práce prohlubuje chápání tohoto vztahu zaměřením se na percepci politicko-vojenských rizik v prostoru, z hlediska jejich typologické rozrůzněnosti a analyzuje podmíněnosti této percepce. Hlavní výzkumný nástroj, dotazníkové šetření, posloužil pro sběr dat, jež byla analyzována prostřednictvím popisné statistiky a statistického usuzování, v podobě párového t-testu, analýzy rozptylu (ANOVA) či korelační analýzy. Zjištěné závěry povětšinou odpovídají teoretickým poznatkům a předchozím studiím. Jednotlivé typy politicko-vojenských rizik vykazovaly odlišný dopad v percepci na realizaci cestovního ruchu. Jako statisticky významný se ukázal rozdíl mezi násilnými a nenásilnými politicko-vojenskými riziky.
V některých případech se však naše hypotézy nenaplnily, když potenciální turisté negeneralizovali politicko-vojenskou rizikovost na Blízkém východě. Pouze Jordánsko a Kuvajt v tomto ohledu značně doplácejí na nestabilní situaci v okolních státech. Překvapivě docházelo k optimističtějšímu hodnocení politicko-vojenské rizikovosti respondenty, oproti skutečné politicko-vojenské rizikovosti celých států. Potenciální turisté vykazují také značnou odolnost vůči negativním mediálním zprávám. Vztah mezi jejich vnímáním a hodnocením cestovních kanceláří/agentur, popřípadě státními oporučeními k cestám do zahraničí, již je silnější. Sociodemografické charakteristiky, jako pohlaví a věk, sehrávají důležitou roli v této percepci. Stejně tak cestovatelské charakteristiky, jako jsou předchozí zkušenost a strach z cestování nebo psychografický typ turisty, hrají zásadní roli v percepci politicko-vojenské rizikovosti Blízkého východu a v konečném důsledku zásadně ovlivňují naše zjištění.
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The discussions about the new competences and skill needs for the tourism sector have recently gained a particular significance. Employers are increasingly concerned with what employees know, understand and are able to do in practice, rather than focusing on formal qualifications, degrees and certificates. At the same time, education and training systems are moving away from input approaches – describing learning with input factors such as the time spent on learning and where the learning takes place. This shared focus on competences and skills provides an opportunity to bridge the communication gap between the worlds of education and employment. The current paper focuses and makes critical analysis on competences delivered by tourism higher education in Bulgaria, their evaluation by graduates and by the business. Увод и актуалност на проблема Въпросът за компетенциите се превръща в ключов за успешната реализация на пазара на труда. В отличие от списъка с професиите, където е налице сравнителна хомогенност в тълкуването, няма единно утвърдена международна класификация и/или дефиниция на понятието компетенции, като не рядко се използва като синоним на умения. Това разнообразие се простира не само в отделните страни, но също така и между отделните сектори, включително и в туризма, като най-вече се разминава от гл.т. на различните заинтересовани страни – образование, бизнес, пазар на труда. В настоящия доклад се приема дефиницията, посочена в Европейската квалификационна рамка, съгласно която " компетентност " означава " доказана способност за използване на знания, умения и личностни, социални и/или методологични дадености в работни или учебни ситуации и в професионално и личностно развитие. В
This article examines the content of the Middle East term in terms of international relations. The term of East which goes back to ancient times, has been used to describe the rest, outside of Europe in cultural expressions instead of a geographical region to portray opposite world for centuries. Since the Crusades, East (Orient) was identified with Islam and West (Occident) became identical with Christianity, based on two different belief systems. We can say that East and West mean thoughts, not geographical borders in this context. The emergence of different terms related to the East like Near East, Middle East and Far East were Eurocentric and they cannot be considered without taking Western imperialism into account in 19th century. A modern political term, the Middle East has entered into the literature of international relations and has also been adopted by countries in the region. With the end of the Cold War and especially after September 11, new political thematic terms like the Greater Middle East, the Broader Middle East and Islamic Middle East has entered into the daily terminology. The content of new definitions developed by the US in the context of democratization of the Islamic world closely concerns Turkey which has a model country characteristic in the region. Keywords Orient, Near East, Middle East, Greater Middle East, Broader Middle East, Islamic Middle East, The Middle East as a Regional Subsystem.
Publikace je určena studentům vysokých škol regionálního, ekonomického a sociálního zaměření i širší odborné veřejnosti. Přináší ucelený přehled o ekonomické a zčásti i sociální geografii, jež se na širší ekonomickou část bezprostředně váže. Deset kapitol postupně pojednává o dílčích disciplínách a vybraných průřezových tématech v rámci sociálněgeografických věd: vývoji moderního geografického myšlení, geografii obyvatelstva, sídel, zemědělství, průmyslu, dopravy, služeb a cestovního ruchu, světových environmentálních
problémech a regionalizaci. Důraz je kladen na makroprostor světa, resp. jeho dílčích částí, ve vybraných případech jsou za účelem komparace doplněny odkazy na Českou republiku. Součástí každé kapitoly je kromě vlastního výkladu také stručná historie dané vědní disciplíny a závěrečná úvaha nad aktuálními trendy a budoucím vývojem.
Kniha vzešla ze spolupráce odborníků tří univerzitních pracovišť: Masarykovy univerzity v Brně, Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci a Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích. Všichni autoři se danou problematikou dlouhodobě zabývají jak ve výukovém procesu, tak v rámci svých vědecko-výzkumných aktivit. Cílem autorského kolektivu je snaha o čtivý text, postavený na odborné erudici, pro názornost doplněný řadou jednoduchých vzorečků, tematických rámečků, schémat, tabulek, grafů a mapek.
Turkey is one of the most visited countries by international tourists in the world. In 2013, the tourism receipts in the country increased by 11. 4% compared to the previous year. More than 4 million Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2013, mainly on the Mediterranean region. Utilizing a case study approach, this study examines the impacts of the political and economic uncertainties on the tourism market in Turkey. The uncertainties are identified as follows: (1) global economic crises, (2) political instabilities between the EU and Russia, and (3) domestic and regional political instabilities. Based on the number of tourist arrivals and statistics on tourist flows, the study reveals that the tourism market in Turkey is indirectly affected by the political instability and following economic crisis in Russia. Furthermore, the domestic and regional political instabilities surrounding Turkey have not negatively affected tourist flows. This study contributes to the literature with an analysis on how uncertainties in state policies have an impact on the tourism market. The paper is based on secondary resources such as in-depth statistical data, country reports, industry forecasts as well as risk/reward and security ratings.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p265
The hypothesis that political violence deters tourism is mainly based on case study evidence and a few quantitative studies confined to a small sample of countries. Two estimation techniques—a fixed-effects panel estimator with contemporaneous effects only and a dynamic generalized method of moments estimator—are used to test the impact of various forms of political violence on tourism. Both models show strong evidence that human rights violations, conflict, and other politically motivated violent events negatively affect tourist arrivals. In a dynamic model, even if autocratic regimes do not resort to violence, they have lower numbers of tourist arrivals than more democratic regimes. Results also show evidence for intraregional, negative spillover, and cross-regional substitution effects.
This study examined the influences of past international travel experience, types of risk associated with international travel, and the overall degree of safety felt during interna tional travel on individuals' likelihood of travel to various geographic regions on their next international vacation trip or avoidance of those regions due to perceived risk. Informa tion integration theory and protection motivation theory served as the theoretical framework for the study. A mail sur vey sent to 500 international travelers achieved a 48% re sponse rate. Nonresponse bias was tested with telephone in terviews. Data were analyzed using cross tabulations and logistic regression. Results revealed that past travel experi ence to specific regions both increases the intention to travel there again and decreases the intention to avoid areas, par ticularly risky areas. Perceived risks and safety were both found to be stronger predictors of avoiding regions than of planning to visit them.
This essay investigates the seeming paradox of the rapid expansion of tourism flows across the Middle East in the wake of 9/11, a series of attacks against tourists in the region, and ongoing regional instability caused by the Iraq war. In doing so, it challenges many commonly held views about the vulnerability of tourism economies—especially in the Middle East, with its negative external image—to violence in nearby locations and political instability. The essay explains how the expansion of Middle East tourism since 9/11 has been driven by a range of factors, including increased petrodollars, new patterns of regional travel and consumer tastes, shifting business and tourism development strate- gies, and the extraordinary success of tourism development in Dubai.
Terrorist attacks against tourists and tourism infrastructure have long been acknowledged as having significant impacts on travel behaviour. The article examines the impact of the terrorist attacks of the 11 September 2001 in the United States to reflect not only the impact of the media on influencing travel behaviour but also tourism policy, particularly with respect to security issues and government response to crisis. The article does this with respect to the notion of an issue-attention cycle of political attention to policy issues and the manner in which these are played out. Several stages of the cycle are identified and related to the post September 11 aftermath. The cycle suggests that a five stage pattern of policy attention will be followed: pre-problem stage, alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm, realisation of the cost of significant progress, gradual decline of intense public interest and the post-problem stage. The model suggests that current adoption of post September 11 security measures will likely cease to find political support once the perceived terrorist threat receives less attention in the media and, related to this, the voting public.
The results of a study conducted on the impact of acts of terrorism on tourism demand in Israel during the period of May 1991 to May 2001 confirmed the hypothesis that the frequency of acts of terrorism had caused a larger decline in international tourist arrivals than the severity of these acts. The implications of this study are that in cases similar to Israel, tourist destinations can recover from even severe acts of terrorism, as long as the terrorist acts are not repeated. However, when acts of terrorism—whether of high or low severity—occur at high frequency and regular intervals, tourism demand will constantly decrease, and eventually the destination’s tourism industry will come to a standstill.
Using media effects research as a theoretical framework, this paper examines empirically the impact of media representations—such as movies, guidebooks, and magazines—on destination image. Past research has focused on either representations or image, but rarely on both. Based on a systematic comparison of the former with the latter, it is argued that the impact of media representations on image falls between a strong and negotiated influence. The analysis is based on data collected from tourists in Lhasa, Tibet. The paper documents tourism issues in a renowned but little studied destination.RésuméEffets médiatiques sur l’image: le cas du Tibet. Employant comme cadre théorique la recherche sur les effets médiatiques, cet article examine empiriquement l’impact des représentations médiatiques (comme les films, magazines et guides touristiques) sur les images de destination. Jusqu’à maintenant, la recherche a été concentrée sur les représentations ou l’image, mais rarement sur les deux à la fois. En les comparant systématiquement, il est avancé que l’impact des représentations médiatiques sur l’image se situe entre une influence forte et négociée. L’analyse s’appuie sur des données recueillies auprès de touristes à Lhassa au Tibet. L’article décrit des questions de tourisme à une destination renommée mais peu étudiée.
2., aktualiz. vyd. Na tit. s. hebrejský nápis Izrael a arabský nápis Palestina Arabsko-český a hebrejsko-český terminologický slovník
This paper reviews recent trends in travel and tourism in the U.S. and Hawaii to ascertain how the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and subsequent terrible global events affected their tourism flows and the manner and pace of their recovery. We note that tourism in the U.S. has not fully recovered from 9/11 and other international shocks; indeed recovery of international travel to the U.S. may be a long way off. By contrast, Hawaii tourism is enjoying robust growth in the aftermath of 9/11 as growth in tourist arrivals from the U.S. mainland has more than offset declines in Japanese and other international visitors. We suggest that Hawaiis current tourism boom is in part explained by the diversion of U.S. travel from foreign travel. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of vector error correction models to generate dynamic visitor forecasts which we use to ascertain whether tourism in Hawaii has fully recovered from 9/11 and other terrible international events. The paper considers policy options for facilitating the recovery of international tourism to the U.S.
This paper analyzes the image of Israel, a country subject to continuous conflicts, and the effect of a political event on its image. A measurement model is examined before and after a specific international incident, the Mavi Marmara conflict between Turkey and Israel, in order to understand how this event influences the image that the Turks have of Israel, as well as their intention to visit the place. The results confirm that, when people have previous animosity towards a nation, the image of this country is formed mainly through its affective component and not through its cognitive one. The research concludes that a political conflict between two countries significantly damages the country image through the affective component and boosts the previously held animosity. The incident also increases the negative influence of the affective image on the overall country image and on the intention to visit the place.
This article evaluates the effects of political instability, terrorism, and corruption on tourism development, particularly UNESCO-listed heritage destinations. Using a fixed-effects panel data analysis for 139 countries over the period 1999–2009, the result reveals that a one-unit
increase in political instability decreases tourist arrivals and tourism revenue between 24% and 31% and 30% and 36%, respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of heritage, terrorism has negative effects on tourism demand even though its effect is lower than that of political instability.
However, the study shows that an increase in corruption index would not have an adverse influence on tourist arrival numbers, particularly for those countries that have historical and natural heritage. Perhaps, many experienced travelers have expectations that they would require paying bribes
to corrupt authorities for travel visa or permits to some tourist destinations in order to make things accessible. Moderation effect results indicate that political instability reduces tourism demand even in UNESCO-listed heritage destinations.
The Arab uprisings of 2011 are still unfolding, but we can already discern patterns of their effects on the Middle East region. This article offers a brief chronology of events, highlighting their inter-connections but also their very diverse origins, trajectories and outcomes. It discusses the economic and political grievances at the root of the uprisings and assesses the degree to which widespread popular mobilization can be attributed to pre-existing political, labour and civil society activism, and social media. It argues that the uprisings' success in overthrowing incumbent regimes depended on the latter's responses and relationships with the army and security services. The rebellions' inclusiveness or lack thereof was also a crucial factor. The article discusses the prospects of democracy in the Arab world following the 2011 events and finds that they are very mixed: while Tunisia, at one end, is on track to achieve positive pohtical reform, Syria, Yemen and Libya are experiencing profound internal division and conflict. In Bahrain the uprising was repressed. In Egypt, which epitomizes many regional trends, change will be limited but, for that reason, possibly more long-lasting. Islamist movements did not lead the uprisings but will benefit from them politically even though, in the long run, political participation may lead to their decline. Finally, the article sketches the varied and ongoing geopolitical implications of the uprisings for Turkish, Iranian and Israeli interests and policies. It assesses Barack Obama's response to the 2011 events and suggests that, despite their profound significance for the politics of the region, they may not alter the main contours of US foreign policy in the Middle East in a major way.
This paper briefly examines tourism activity
over a 60-year period in the UNWTO Middle
East region together with Israel and Iran. The
region has been subject to political turmoil
over that period, and its tourist arrivals have
not fully capitalized on the potential that the
region holds. The region has a wealth of
heritage, a climate conducive to tourism and a
range of leisure resources that should provide
a comparative and competitive advantage to
its tourism industry. This paper examines the
vulnerability of tourism in the region as
countries try to diversify their economies
away from energy dependence.
This research explores online discussions of risk by applying a netnographic approach, which in previous tourism studies has been used to probe travelers' online narratives in general, rather than examining a particular dimension. In the present study, blogs about risk and safety issues were analyzed with the intention of scrutinizing risk categories discussed online and exploring the contingency of risk dimension for cities of different risk levels. Helsinki (Finland), Madrid (Spain), and Cape Town (South Africa) were chosen to represent low-, medium-, and high-risk cities, respectively. Findings from our analysis of the TripAdvisor's forum for risk prove the applicability of the taxonomy of risk categories previously identified in offline contexts and that perceived risk dimensions are destination specific. Insight into risk dimensions that tourists discuss online enable destination marketers to take action, eliminate factors that cause risk perception, refine destination marketing communication, and build strong brands.
Tourism destinations in every corner of the globe face the virtual certainty of experiencing a disaster of one form or another at some point in their history. Despite this, few destinations have properly developed disaster management plans in place to help them cope with such eventualities. Among the reasons for this is the limited amount of systematic research that has been carried out in the field. This paper addresses this problem by drawing on insights from the broader disaster management literature to produce a generic model for analysing and developing tourism disaster management strategies. A set of prerequisites and principles of effective tourism disaster management planning is also provided.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify tourists ' concerns about perceived risks while travelling to the Islamic Republic of Iran, investigate whether such risks are in any way mitigated by a traveler ' s prior experience with the Islamic destination, and determine the impact of individual factors on tourists ' perceived risks.
Design/methodology/approach
– The study examined survey data of 258 international tourists during their visit to Isfahan, Iran. Confirmatory factor analyses and analysis of variance were utilised, in order to find measurement models for each of the constructs and to analyze the relations between these constructs and individual factors.
Findings
– The results reveal that visitors had concerns about physical, financial, and psychological risks. The results also show that respondent ' s individual characteristics such as gender, nationality, frequency of visits, and purpose of visit influenced their perceptions of risk. However, age and length of stay did not have significant impact on perceptions of risk. Respondents visiting friends and relatives were more likely to perceive Iran as safer than those on business or holiday. In addition, repeat travelers tended to have a more realistic perception about risks than did first-time travelers. The study ' s findings add to the literature by offering more insight on tourist perceptions of risk in travelling to Islamic destinations.
Research limitations/implications
– Sampling was one of the limitations identified in this study. The fact that convenience sampling was used meant that results were not immediately transferable to other Islamic destinations. The study could be replicated at other visitor attractions in Islamic destinations perceived to have high risks, in order to gain insight into the effects of perceived risk on visitation and visitor behaviour.
Originality/value
– The contribution of the research is to broaden the understanding of tourists ' concerns in travelling to Islamic destinations and the role frequency of visits, gender, nationality, and purpose of visit play for marketers when providing inbound tourists with facilities.
The political instability characterizing the Middle East is reviewed against a background of the region's recent history. The presence of oil and of Israel, regarded by other countries in the region as an alien implant, are seen as the special causes to particularly unstable political conditions. The impact of unsettling political events on oil supply is then explored. This reveals that the causes of political instability persevere, and so do the risks and dangers of future oil supply disruptions.
In contrast to the country of origin studies in international marketing, the tourism literature fails to differentiate between the image of the country and that of the destination as a tourism product. The distinction is important for developing countries suffering from negative country perceptions, as opposed to more positive views regarding the tourism destination. Therefore, this research examines the difference between country and destination image in the context of Turkey, and proposes a scale to measure them. The study also provides evidence of this difference and suggests ways in which the destination's image may contribute to improve the country's general perceptions.
The purpose of this paper is to devise a methodology for estimating the impact of transnational terrorism on tourism. Using monthly data from 1970–1988, we estimate the relationship between terrorism and tourism for Spain. We find that terrorist events have had a significant negative impact on the number of tourists visiting Spain. A typical incident is estimated as scaring away just over 140,000 tourists when all monthly impacts are combined. Moreover, the causality is unidirectional: terrorism affects tourism, but not the reverse.
This study measured Russia's destination image among US pleasure travelers by the means of a Web-based survey. The methodology proposed by Echtner and Ritchie [(1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(Spring), 3–13] was enriched by using a combination of two software programs, CATPAC and WORDER, to analyze responses to open-ended questions about stereotypical holistic, affective, and uniqueness images and facilitate statistical comparisons of images between visitors and non-visitors to Russia. A favorability variable was operationalized on the textual data, and affective images of visitors and non-visitors to Russia were statistically compared. The study found that American travelers’ perceptions of Russia were often negative and there is a lack of awareness about Russia's destination features. Marketing implications for Russia's Federal Travel Agency based on the study results are discussed.
Tour operators today play a very important role in creating the images of destinations. In this global capacity, they can significantly influence international tourism flows towards a country hit by safety and security risks. Even decisions of individual tourists on where to spend a holiday very often depend on the attitude and practice of tour operators towards a particular destination. This paper analyzes the significance of tour operators on the recovery of destinations hit by crisis. Recommendations are offered of the steps that can be taken by the destination itself to become re-established on the international market.RésuméTour-opérateurs et destination sûreté. De nos jours les tour-opérateurs jouent un rôle très important dans la création de l'image des destinations touristiques et peuvent fortement influencer le cours du tourisme international vers les pays avec des problèmes de sûreté et de sécurité. Même les décisions prises par des touristes individuels sur les lieux où ils passeront leurs vacances dépendent très souvent du comportement des tour-opérateurs envers une destination particulière. Ce document analyse l'importance des tour-opérateurs dans la relance des destinations touristiques touchées par la crise. Des recommandations sont également faites quant aux pas que les destinations touristiques elles-mêmes doivent suivre afin de retrouver leur position sur le marché international du tourisme.
This study emphasized the importance of travel intermediaries’ images for international travel destinations, and examined structured (scale items) and unstructured (open-ended) images of selected Mediterranean destinations (Turkey, Egypt, Greece and Italy) as perceived by US-based travel intermediaries. The results found significant differences in images of tour operators/travel agents promoting these destinations and those not promoting. The findings indicated that tour operators and travel agents promoting these destinations have differentiated images of the four destinations. The structured and unstructured images helped identify common and unique characteristics as well as strengths and weaknesses of the four tourist destination countries. The results provided important implications and directions for the governments and tourism authorities of Turkey, Egypt, Greece and Italy for developing a marketing strategy targeting distribution channel members.
Political Instability is a complex and multidimensional term with various conceptualisations and interpretations. This paper investigates the cross-cultural differences of the perceptions of travel agents concerning the impact of political instability on tourism. To capture the impact a composite index of political instability indicators was developed and was subsequently distributed to 2000 travel agents in six major tourism generating countries. An integrated empirical framework has been developed which allows the analysis of the survey data using repeated measures ANOVA. The results of the study demonstrates the existence of significant differences on the way that travel agents perceive the impact of the various types of political instability on the tourism industry. The results might be of some interest to tourism policy makers and marketing agents.
Despite the significance of destination branding in both academia and industry, literature on its conceptual development is limited. The current study aims to develop and test a theoretical model of destination branding, which integrates the concepts of the branding and destination image. The study suggests unique image as a new component of destination brand associations. It is proposed that the overall image of the destination (i.e., brand image) is a mediator between its brand associations (i.e., cognitive, affective, and unique image components) and tourists’ future behaviors (i.e., intentions to revisit and recommend). The results confirmed that overall image is influenced by three types of brand associations and is a critical mediator between brand associations and tourists’ future behaviors. In addition, unique image had the second largest impact on the overall image formation, following the cognitive evaluations.
This paper considers the ways in which international leisure and business travellers use beliefs and ideas about regions to socially construct places as either safe or risky to visit. This research draws on in-depth interviews with international travellers and a close reading of travel advice in popular guidebooks. It was found that geographical regions were constructed in three broad ways: some places, such as Europe and North America, were perceived as safe; Africa, was seen as dangerous and to be avoided; and finally, Asia was constructed as simultaneously risk but also exotic and worth experiencing. The implications for the design of advice and information given to travellers are discussed.
The aim of this paper is to develop and empirically validate a model which explains the different factors which form the post-visit image of a destination. Based on a literature review, this will involve analyzing the relationship between the different components of the perceived image and the factors which influence its formation. These include both sources of information (primary and secondary) and stimuli influencing the forming of perceptions and evaluations of destinations pre- and post-visit, respectively, and motivation, accumulated touristic experiences and sociodemographic characteristics.RésuméLes facteurs qui influencent l’image des destinations. Le propos de cet article est de développer et de valider empiriquement un modèle qui explique les différents facteurs qui forment l’image d’une destination après la visite. En se basant sur un bilan de la litérature, on analyse la relation entre les différents éléments de l’image perçue et les facteurs qui influencent sa formation. Ces facteurs comprennent les sources d’information (de nature primaire ou secondaire) et les impulsions qui influencent la formation des perceptions et d≐s évaluations des destinations avant et après la visite, respectivement, et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et celles de la motivation et des experiences touristiques accumulées.
This study explored relationships between selected factors and several key stages of the international vacation tourism decision-making process. A theoretical framework of vacation decisions involving terrorism risk served as the foundation for the analysis. Eight independent variables were examined, including international travel experience, risk perception level, international travel attitude, age, gender, education, income and presence of children in household. Dependent variables were three key stages of the decision-making process, including the general decision to travel internationally versus domestically, the extent of information search and concern for safety in evaluating destination alternatives. A mail survey of international tourists achieved a 48% response rate. Non-response bias was tested with telephone interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple and simple regression. International attitude, risk perception level and income were found to directly influence international vacation destination choice. Touristic experience and education were indirect influences.
This paper outlines and discusses a strategic and holistic approach to crisis management for the tourism industry. It notes the growing importance of crisis and disaster management for the tourism industry before exploring the definitions and nature of crises and disasters. The paper then proposes a strategic approach to their management from proactive pre-crisis planning through strategic implementation and finally evaluation and feedback. A discussion of crisis and disaster management literature and studies conducted in the tourism field are also introduced. It notes that although crises and disasters cannot be stopped their impacts can be limited by both public and private sector managers. The paper concludes that the understanding and subsequent management of such incidents can be vastly improved through the extension and application of crisis and disaster management theory and concepts from other disciplines, coupled with the development of specific tourism crisis management research and frameworks.
This paper uses a detailed database of political violence in Egypt to study European and US tourists' attitudes towards travelling to a conflict region. We use time series analysis to study the heterogeneous impacts of different dimensions of political violence and counter-violence on tourist flows to Egypt in the 1990s. We find that both US and EU tourists respond negatively to attacks on tourists, but do not appear to be influenced by casualties arising in confrontations between domestic groups. However, European tourists are sensitive to the counter-violence measures implemented by the Egyptian government. There is also evidence of tourism in Egypt being affected by the Israeli / Palestinian conflict, with arrivals of tourists into Egypt rising when fatalities in Israel increase.
El propósito de este artículo es estimar los efectos de la inestabilidad política sobre el crecimiento económico. Utilizando métodos de estimación convencionales con datos de 169 países para períodos quinquenales entre 1960 y 2004, encontramos que altos grados de inestabilidad política están asociados a tasas más bajas de crecimiento del PBI per cápita. En relación con los canales de transmisión, se observa que la inestabilidad política reduce el crecimiento a través de su efecto negativo sobre la productividad total de los factores y, en menor grado, a través de la acumulación de capital físico y humano. Finalmente, encontramos que libertad económica y homogeneidad étnica son benéficas para el crecimiento económico, mientras la democracia puede tener un pequeño efecto negativo.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--City University of New York, 1990. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-174). Photocopy.
In many countries tourism is a vital component of the economy and is an industry in which the home country is proud to show itself off to visitors. Israel is one country in which the tourism industry is still developing and has yet to reach its capacity for visitors. The economic role of tourism in Israel has not always been a major one but over time the industry has grown and become a significant source of revenue. Despite its small size, Israel is home to hundreds, if not thousands, of tourist destinations and activities. Israel's rich past combined with the variety of tourist attractions found there makes it a perfect vacation setting for any traveler. Unfortunately, Israel's history of nearly constant wars and violence hindered normal growth to the tourism sector. Foreigners stayed away due to fears of insecurity which were often created and then intensified by the barrage of media images that made the situations seem far worse than reality proved. Over time, Israel's tourism industry experienced a number of cycles of decline and recovery. Past efforts to mend the tourism industry in Israel were not always immediate or appropriate for the situation at hand. Many times, too little was done to make any significant impact and the industry was left to recover on its own. After years of not working together followed by years of working together ineffectively, Israel's government and private sector are finally cooperating to increase international visitors to Israel. Additionally, non-profit organizations are taking part in increasing tourism levels to the Holy Land. Marketing efforts, crisis management developments, and educational programs are the results of the work of the government, private sector and non-profit sector which are being deemed effective in increasing tourism to Israel.
Analysis of decision making under risk has been dominated by expected utility theory, which generally accounts for people's actions. Presents a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and argues that common forms of utility theory are not adequate, and proposes an alternative theory of choice under risk called prospect theory. In expected utility theory, utilities of outcomes are weighted by their probabilities. Considers results of responses to various hypothetical decision situations under risk and shows results that violate the tenets of expected utility theory. People overweight outcomes considered certain, relative to outcomes that are merely probable, a situation called the "certainty effect." This effect contributes to risk aversion in choices involving sure gains, and to risk seeking in choices involving sure losses. In choices where gains are replaced by losses, the pattern is called the "reflection effect." People discard components shared by all prospects under consideration, a tendency called the "isolation effect." Also shows that in choice situations, preferences may be altered by different representations of probabilities. Develops an alternative theory of individual decision making under risk, called prospect theory, developed for simple prospects with monetary outcomes and stated probabilities, in which value is given to gains and losses (i.e., changes in wealth or welfare) rather than to final assets, and probabilities are replaced by decision weights. The theory has two phases. The editing phase organizes and reformulates the options to simplify later evaluation and choice. The edited prospects are evaluated and the highest value prospect chosen. Discusses and models this theory, and offers directions for extending prospect theory are offered. (TNM)
International Tourism and Political Crisis in the Arab World -from 9/11 to the "Arab Spring
- A Al Hamarneh
AL HAMARNEH, A. (2013): International Tourism and Political Crisis in the Arab
World -from 9/11 to the "Arab Spring". e-Rewiew of Tourism Research, 10, č. 5/6, s.
100 -109 [online]. Dostupné na: http://ertr.tamu.edu/volume-10-issue-56-may-2013-special-issue/ (10. 5. 2016).
Terrorism and Tourism: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Time Series Evidence From Some MENA Countries
- H Aly
- M Strazicich
ALY, H., STRAZICICH, M. (2000): Terrorism and Tourism: Is the Impact Permanent
or Transitory? Time Series Evidence From Some MENA Countries [online]. Dostupné
na: https://www.trc.bus.ucf.edu/cdn/economics/workingpapers/2000-10.pdf (4. 9.