Content uploaded by Maximilian Kapa
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Maximilian Kapa on Sep 15, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The integrated farming systems between cattle and oil palm
plantation in Indonesia
Y L Henuk1*, Hasnudi1 , Yunilas1, N Ginting1, E Mirwandhono1, Hasanuddin1, J Ginting1, D
Bakti1, Rosmayati, E Purba1, H Hafid2, and M M J Kapa3
1Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155 Indonesia
2Faculty of Animal Science, University of Halu Oleo, Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma
Anduonohu, Kendari 93232 Indonesia
3Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang 85361 Indonesia
*Corresponding/presenting author: yusufhenuk62@live.com.
Abstract. Ruminant-oil palm plantation integration is one of agricultural practices, which
commonly applied in Indonesia since the introduction of a “Sistem Integrasi Sapi - Kelapa
Sawit” (SISKA) or "System Integration Cattle –Oil Palm Plantations" in 2011. In this production
system, grasses species in oil palm plantation are potential forage source for development of
cattle production in Indonesia. There are around 12 million ha of oil palm plantations in
Indonesia divided into three parts: (1) private plantation enterprise (52%), (2) small-holder’s
plantation enterprise (41.42%) and (3) state-own plantation enterprise (6.72%) owned by foreign
companies. Oil palm plantation has been spread out in 25 provinces of Indonesia, but mostly in
Sumatera and Kalimantan with a total CPO production of 33.5 million tons. In addition to
producing CPO as the mainstay, the oil palm plantation produces several forage grasses and
legumes for cattle grazing as well as oil palm industry produces types of by-products potential to
be used as animal feed, namely palm press fiber (PPF), mud palm sludge (PS), oil palm frond
(OPF) and palm oil trunk (POS) obtained from palm oil plantations. More than 60% (2.4 million
ha), of the oil palm planted area and production was located in Sumatera and Kalimantan, with
top 5 provinces are Riau (2.296.849 ha), North Sumatera (1.392.532 ha), Central Kalimantan
(1.156.653 ha), South Sumatera (1.111.050), and West Kalimantan (959.225 ha).
Keywords: integration systems, cattle, oil palm plantation, Indonesia
1. Introduction
The concept of sustainability is an important element in the development of integrated systems. It
defined it as a characteristic or state whereby the needs of the present and local population can be met
without compromising the ability of future generation or population in other locations to meet their
needs. Developing countries around the world are promoting sustainable development through
sustainable agricultural practices which will help them in addressing socioeconomic as well as
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
environmental issues simultaneously (MEA1). Within the broad concept of sustainable agriculture,
“Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)” hold special position as in this system nothing is wasted, the by-
product of one system becomes the input for other. Sustainable development in agriculture must include
integrated farming system with efficient soil, water crop and pest management practices, which are
environmentally friendly and cost effective. Integrated farming system are often less risky, if managed
efficiently, they benefit from synergisms among enterprises, diversity produce environmental soundness
(C Lightfoot2). In general, an integrated farming system consists of a range of resource-saving practices
that aim to achieve acceptable profits and high and sustained production levels, while minimizing the
negative effects of intensive farming and preserving the environment. Within this framework, an
integrated crop-livestock farming system represents a key solution for enhancing livestock production
and safeguarding the environment through prudent and efficient resource use. In integrated crop
livestock farming system, the waste of one enterprise becomes the input of another for making better use
of resources (P N Tiwari3). For example, crop residues can be used for animal feed, while manure
from livestock can enhance agricultural productivity by intensifying nutrients that improve soil fertility
as well as reducing the use of chemical fertilizers (V Gupta, P K Rai, and K S Risam4)
The emergence of IFS has enabled us to develop a framework for an alternative development
model to improve the feasibility of small sized farming operations in relation to larger ones. IFS (or
integrated agriculture) is a commonly and broadly used word to explain a more integrated approach to
farming as compared to monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock
and crop production or integrate fish and livestock and may sometimes be known as Integrated
Biosystems. In this system an inter-related set of enterprises used so that the “waste” from one
component becomes an input for another part of the system, which reduces cost and improves
production and/or income. IFS works as a system of systems. IFS ensure that wastes from one form of
agriculture become a resource for another form. Since it utilizes wastes as resources, it is not only to
eliminate wastes but also to ensure the overall increase in productivity for the whole agricultural systems
(CARDI5). S B Manjunatha, D Shivmurthy, S A Satyareddi, M V Nagara, and K N Basavesha6 pointed
out the following four primary goals of IFS are : (1) maximization of yield of all component enterprises
to provide steady and stable income; (2) rejuvenation/amelioration of system's productivity and achieve
agro-ecological equilibrium; (3) avoid build-up of insect-pests, diseases and weed population through
natural cropping system management and keep them at low level of intensity; (4) reducing the use of
chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) to provide chemical free healthy produce and environment to the
society. M A Ayob and M A Kabul7 illustrated concept of crop-livestock integration in Figure 1 and
the comparison between non-systematic and systematic management of cattle integration in oil palm
plantation (Table 1).
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1. Illustration concept of crop-livestock integration (M A Ayob and M A Kabul7).
Table 1. Comparison between non-systematic and systematic management of cattle integration in oil
palm plantation (M A Ayob, and M A Kabul7).
No.
Non-systematic management
Systematic management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The cow owner and estate worker left the cow
graze in the oil palm grzing area without realized
the cattle receifed insufficient ruminants.
The cow owner has sent the cattle to the same
place of grazing which could cause the soil
compaction.
The cattle were exposed with the disease such as
mainly brucellosis in the oil palm plantation.
The cattle was no permanent identification.
The inbreeding was always occured in non-
systematic cattle rearing.
Normally the owners or the farmers reared the
local breed.
The estate management will ensure the
cattle will get sufficient ruminants supply
by usung portable electric fence.
Through “cattle smart system”, cattle only
graze at one piece of land four times in a
year and minimal compaction.
The systematic management will carry out
the health management system to ensure
free from disease such as brucellosis,
tuberculosis, and leptospirosis.
The cattle have the permanent
identification.
The management will always do the
selection after grazing rotation completed.
The green looting will be carried out to
avoid inbredding.
The estate management will rear the
imported breed.
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The concept of integrated crops and livestock production system in Asia and specifically
in Indonesia, has been widely reviewed which mostly discussed an integration between annual
crops (rice) and cattle to optimize the use of manure from livestock. The system has great
potential to generate income, contribute to better crop production system and farmers’
livelihood. Smallholder crop-animal production systems will continue to be predominant in
Asia, along with intensification, growth and increased contribution of the system in the future.
The system utilizes crop by products as feed for the cattle and in return, produce manure as
organic fertilizer for the crops (C Devendra8).
Indonesian oil palm plantation area of around 12 million ha may provide vast opportunity for
ruminant production. Livestock integration into oil palm plantation agroecosystem could give direct or
indirect added value. Livestock could utilize plantation by-product as feed source and give benefit for
trees as it produces organic fertilizer. Ruminant integration into oil palm plantation is a potential
diversification model to support the development of plantation and livestock. Livestock integration in oil
palm plantation could improve the management of oil palm plantation and ruminant to generate more
effective productivity of oil palm plantation (D Bakti, Y L Henuk, Rosmayati, E Purba, and D
Siahaan9). However, cattle-oil palm integration is still not popular in Indonesia than in Malaysia,
especially related to some aspects of grazing and weed controlling in the oil palm plantation area. The
integration of cattle in oil palm plantation needs some basic information regarding the production of
forage under the oil palm plantation as main feed for ruminants (Dwatmadji, Suteky T. and E
Soetrisno10). The progress on implementation of the integrated palm oil–beef cattle is a bit slow.
Started in 2003, a private enterprise in Bengkulu has pioneered this model with around 3000
Bali cows under a nucleus estate model involving plantation workers. A semi intensive system
has been practiced with the main goal to help workers in transporting the oil palm fruits from
the remote area to the collection points along the road side. Two years later, private enterprises
in Jambi and Riau have also introduced around 2000 Bali cattle under oil palm plantation under
an intensive system for the the purpose of getting organic fertilizer. Started in 2007-2008, the
Ministry of Agriculture (cq. DG of Estate Crops and DG of Livestock Services) has distributed
around 2000 Bali cows to some groups of smallholder farmers, mostly in Sumatera and
Kalimantan under an intensive system. In 2012-2013, oil palm enterprises in Central
Kalimantan had started to introduce imported Brahman cattle around 3000 head under the
extensive system. These initiatives are considered successsfull to produce calves and do
fattening. The DG of Livestock Services has continued to allocate local cattle to some groups of
farmers. In 2015 an MoA has been signed to distribute at least 3800 heads to 12 provinces and
around 12,000 imported Brahman cows are scheduled to arrive in 2016 (Sudaryanto11). This
paper will review the integrated farming systems between cattle and oil palm plantation in
Indonesia.
The integrated farming systems between cattle and palm oil plantation in Indonesia
Indonesia is the world’s leading producer of oil palm, supplying approximately half of the
commodity globally. Together with Malaysia, the two countries account more than 80% of
global production. Total harvested oil palm in Indonesia grew from 4.1 million ha in 2006 to an
estimated 12 million ha in 2016, and is projected to reach 17 million ha by 2025 (Figure 2). The
palm oil directly employs 7.5 million people, making it an imporntat source of income for
many Indonesians (C Petrenko, J Paltseva, and S Searle12).
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 2. Historical and projected oil palm plantation area in Indonesia.
(C Petrenko, J Paltseva, and S Searle12).
Cattle development in Indonesia is constrained by the supply of quality feed for
increasingly limited land for grazing and planting forage as a source of feed for cattle.
Therefore, the Government through Sistem Integrasi Sapi - Kelapa Sawit” (SISKA) or "System
Integration Cattle –Oil Palm Plantations". SISKA Program encourages the breeding business
people can be integrated with plantation agriculture or food agriculture/horticulture. This
strategy is important because agriculture non farm produce waste or biomass potential as
raising cattle oil palm – cattle manure as fertilizer for crops – cattle as a labor of transporting
results waste garden or the processing plant as feed for cattle feed source for livestock, one of
them derived from oil palm plantations (B K Setiadi, W Diwyanto, I G A P Puastuti, Mahendri,
and B Tiesnamurti13).
Historically, the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD)
since 2003 has initiated a research program on Integrated Oil Palm-Cattle Production System
which currently also include Integrated Oil Palm-Sheep Production System. It was estimated
that in 2014, oil palm plantation covers an area of 11.3 million ha and grew at 7.25%/year
during the period of 2004-2015 (Table 2 & Map 1). Indonesia is the largest oil palm producer in
the world, and the second highest exporter of crude palm oil (CPO) after Malaysia. Until now,
there are around 12 million ha of oil palm plantations in Indonesia divided into three parts: (1) private
plantation enterprise (52%), (2) small-holder’s plantation enterprise (41.42%) and (3) state-own
plantation enterprise (6.72%) owned by foreign companies. Oil Palm plantation has been spread out in
25 provinces of Indonesia, but mostly in Sumatera and Kalimantan. More than 60% (2.4 million ha), of
the oil palm planted area and production was located in Sumatera and Kalimantan, with top 5 provinces
are Riau (2.296.849 ha), North Sumatera (1.392.532 ha), Central Kalimantan (1.156.653 ha), South
Sumatera (1.111.050), and West Kalimantan (959.225 ha) (T Sudaryanto11; Y L Henuk, M Tafsin,
Hasanuddin and D Bakti14).
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vegetation forage among the oil palm trees are weeds and they must be weeded regularly
used cattle as biological cultivator. This integration gives mutual effect (complementary) which
is converted by livestock forage into meat and oil palm plantation growers can save 25-50 % of
weeding costs and increase the production of fresh fruit yield 16.7%. The combination of oil
palm plantations with cattle business in Indonesia has been introduced in 2011 through a
program of “Sistem Integrasi Sapi-Kelapa Sawit” (SISKA) or "System Integration Cattle–Oil
Palm Plantations". Cattle and/or buffalo can be used as a labor of transporting TBS, organic
fertilizer, and weed eater. They can also take advantage of plantation waste and oil palm
industries as animal feed to produce meat (B K Setiadi, D Diwyanto, I G A P Puastuti,
Mahendri, and B Tiesnamurti13; Picture 1).
Picture 1. The introduction of SISKA Program in Indonesia (B K Setiadi, D Diwyanto, I G
A P Puastuti, Mahendri, and B Tiesnamurti13).
In general, cattle farm in an oil palm plantation started in the form of grazing free to take
advantage of the availability of forage in the form of weeds at the bottom of the oil palm plantations.
Therefore, cattle fattening business can suppress the development of weeds up to 77 % so as to save the
cost of weed control in oil palm plantations (N D Purwantari, B. Tiesnamurti B, and Y Adinata15; Table
3). Fattening cattle on grass grown under oil palm plantations was one of the world’s most efficient beef
production systems, because the presence of cattle which have been able to introduce an effective
biological control, called the cattle ‘bio lawnmowers’. The system has lead to 68% reduction in weed
control costs in oil palm plantations, because the cattle like to eat fronds so they can be processed them
into rations. Over 300 days of feeding, growth rate of cattle goes as high as two kilograms a day (S
Goodwin16).
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Planted area of oil palm plantation based on type of enterprise (000 ha; T Sudaryanto11,
Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin and D Bakti14).
Year
Type of enterprises
Total
Growth rate
(%)
Smallholder
State-owned
Private
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2220.3
2.356.9
2.549.6
2.752.6
2.881.9
3.061.4
3.387.3
3.752.5
4.137.6
4.356.1
4.422.4
4.575.1
605.9
529.9
687.4
606.2
603.0
630.5
631.5
678.4
632.2
727.8
729.0
750.2
2.458.5
2.567.1
3.357.9
3.408.4
3.879.0
4.181.4
4.366.6
4.562.0
4.751.9
5.381.2
5.603.4
5.975.1
5.284.7
5.453.8
6.594.9
6.766.8
7.363.8
7.873.3
8.385.4
8.992.8
9.572.7
10.465.0
10.754.8
11.300.4
3.20
20.92
2.61
8.82
6.92
6.50
7.24
6.45
9.32
2.77
5.07
Map 1. Distribution of oil palm producer countries and plantation in Indonesia
(T Sudaryanto9; Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin and D Bakti14).
No.
Province
Total area (ha)
Production (ton)
1
Riau
2.296.849
7.037.636
2
North Sumatera
1.392.532
4.753.488
3.
Central Kalimantan
1.156.653
3.312.408
4.
South Sumatera
1.111.050
2.852.988
5.
West Kalimantan
959.226
1.888.871
6.
East Kalimantan
856.091
1.599.895
7.
Jambi
688.810
1.857.260
8.
South Kalimantan
499.873
1.316.224
9.
Aceh
413.873
853.855
10.
West Sumatera
381.754
1.082.823
11.
Bengkulu
304.339
833.410
12.
Bangka Belitung
211.237
538.724
13.
Lampung
165.251
447.978
14.
Central Sulawesi
147.757
259.361
15.
West Sulawesi
101.001
300.396
Total
10.956.231
29.344.479
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Weed species in several oil palm plantations in Indonesia
(Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin and D Bakti14).
Location
Description
Type of weed
Jambi
Before oil palm
produced
After oil palm
produced
Fimbristylis acuminate, Nephrolepis biserrata,
Elaeis guinennsis, Cyperus compressus,
Murdania nudiflora
Fimbristylis acuminate, Digitaria ciliaris,
Nephrolepis, biserrata, Davalia denticulate,
Camponotus compressus
Sumatera
Oil palm with wide
leaves
Oil palm with short
leaves
20 family, 47 genus, 56 species
Asystasia intrusa, Crassocephalm, crepidioides,
Stachytarpeta indica, Mimosa invisa, Euphorbia
heterophylla, Ipomea spp.
Sacchnum spontanean, Ottochloa nodosa,
Setaria barbata, Paspahim spp., Chrysopogon
aciculatus, Cypenis rotundus, Panicun repens
Central
Kalimantan
After oil palm
produced
Axonopus compressus, Paspahan conjugatum,
other grasses.
Besides CPO, Bali cattle development integrated with oil palm plantations which is expected to
improve productivity and increase Bali cattle population. This integration model is carried out by
raising Bali cattle under oil palm plantation through nucleus estate scheme model or individual farmers
estates business. Some of Bali cattle raising systems have been applied in the integration of Bali
cattle – oil palm plantation. One of the intensive systems can increase daily weight gain of 0.8 kg/head,
calfcrop of 35% per year and has the potency for industrial development of feed and organic fertilizer. In
the semi – intensive system, it can improve the production of oil palm fruit bunches (PFB) more than
10%, increase harvested - crop area to 15 ha/farmer and reduce the amount of inorganic fertilizer.
The extensive system can produce calfcrop 70%, improve 30% of PFB, increase business scale
13 cows/farmer and reduce weeding costs 16%. Integrated Bali cattle development may provide
positive added value for both, oil palm business and cattle business (R H Matondang and C Talib17).
The national policy in Indonesia has been focused on achieving beef self sufficiency, though it is not an
easy task for the Government to accomplish that target. Nevertheless, Java Island where most of the beef
cattle have been raised, is now facing very limited land resources. This may cause shortage of cattle
feed, especially during dry season. One of the national programs to increase cattle population is by
integrating palm oil plantation with cattle production development. One of the policies being pursued by
the government is to accelerate the implementation of crop-livestock integration systems. Supporting
research outputs provided since 2003 in this field have been very valuable for the government to
formulate policies related to or answering the question of whether or not Indonesia has options to
increase red meat production from domestic resources. The system is expected to accelerate additional
beef cattle and sheep population from currently kept under traditional cut-and-carry system to a larger
herd size under an integrated system (T Sudaryanto11). The integration between cattle farm and oil palm
plantation started in the form of grazing free to take advantage of the availability of forage in the form of
weeds at the bottom of the oil palm plantations. Therefore, cattle fattening business can suppress the
development of weeds up to 77 % so as to save the cost of weed control in oil palm plantations (N D
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purwantari, B Tiesnamurti, and Y Adinata15). System integration of ruminant-oil plam plantation is one
form of implementation of crop livestock integration system. In this system, oil palm waste is used as
cattle feed. While cattle manure, solid or liquid, used as fertilizer for palm trees. The implementation of
this system in addition to increasing the cattle population, and also can improve soil fertility are planted
with oil palm trees (D Bakti, Y L Henuk, Rosmayati, E Purba, and D Siahaan9; Figure 3). In addition to
producing CPO as the mainstay, the oil palm industry also produces several types of by-products
potential to be used as animal feed, namely oil palm press fiber (PPF), mud oil palm sludge (PS), oil
palm frond (OPF) and oil palm trunk (POS) obtained from oil palm plantations (J Elisabeth and S P
Ginting18).
Figure 3. Sustainable cattle-oil palm plantation integration in Indonesia (D Bakti, Y L Henuk,
Rosmayati, E Purba, and D Siahaan9).
T Sudaryanto11 explained that oil palm fronds could be used as alternative green feeds for
ruminants on maintenance feeds. Oil palm fronds could be fed as it was or chopped without affected to
rate of cattle consumption. Each tree produces 22 oil palm fronds/year with its weight of 7 kg/plant that
is estimated equally to 20 tons fresh palm fronds per year. Each oil palm frond yields 0.5 kg of leaves or
equal to dry matter of 658 kg/ha/year. Based on this estimation, each hectare of oil palm provides 5,872
kg green feed resources. Assumed that only 40% of this feed resources could be fed to one animal unit
(AU) of beef cattle (body weight of 250 kg), the available feeds may supply around 2 AU per year.
Assuming that only 50% oil palm fronds could be used as feed resources, per hectare of oil palm may
accommodate one AU per year of its green biomass from the plantation. PKC as by-products from
processing oil palm plantation is very much potential as protein sources of feed with its biological value
of around 61-80%. Protein quality of PKC is relatively high, but unfortunately its palatability is
considered low, which sometimes still need molasses as supplement. It has been reported that PKC is
widely used as an ingredient in rations for feedlot cattle, dairy cows and buffaloes. Feedlot beef cattle
are sometimes fed diets containing up to 80% PKC with no negative effect provided that the supply of
Ca and vitamins (in particular A and E) are sufficient to meet their requirements. The level of PKC in
diets should not be more than 85% to avoid occurrence of metabolic diseases such as acidosis. Grass or
hay or other long fiber sources, such as grasses and hay, should be mixed at a level between 10 to 15%
in the total ration (A R Alimon and W M Wan Zahari19).
There are three types of cattle production that are integrated with oil palm plantation, i.e.
extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. These three types of production systems could be
implemented by oil palm enterprises with more than 25 ha, while that for less than 25 ha does not
allowed for extensive system. Firstly, cattle production under the extensive system may be raised
through a controlled grazing all day long in the oil palm plantation. This system can be carried out by
Cattle
Production
Oil Palm
Plantation
- Cattle used as weed eater (‘bio
lawnmowers’) plus transporting TBS
- Cattle manure used as fertilizer
Oil palm plantation waste and palm oil
industries as animal feed
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
rotational grazing every day with a minimum of 60-day lag to be in the same area. This will allow
grasses and other legumes to be recovered under oil palm trees. The extensive system within 30 ha of
mature oil palm plantation with around 500 cows by daily rotational grazing has shown feed availability
under natural vegetation and its biomass to gain 0.7 kg/head/day growth rate. Secondly, extensive and
semi-intensive systems mostly practice cow-calf operation, while that of intensive system operates for
cattle fattening production. There needs to be a guarantee that raising cattle under extensive and semi-
intensive systems have to have enough feeds and should not destroy oil palm trees as the main core
business. Semi-intensive systems need to have additional supply of feeds when cattle are in the barn,
they generally graze during the day, from morning to afternoon and will be back in the barn at night.
While that of the intensive system, the cattle would be in the barn all day long and intensively get
feeding from cut-and-carry system. This system has been mostly carried out for fattening operation with
more and high input from external sources. Thirdly, empirical studies have shown that under an
intensive systems for fattening operations, growth rate of Bali cattle has reached the range of 0.1-0.9
kg/day/head depending on body condition when they arrive. Meanwhile, Ongole Cross cattle reached
additional body weight in the range of 0.1-1.2 kg/day/head. Oil palm leaves with its fronds combined
with PKC and solid decanter had yield average daily gain of 0.6 kg/day/head for Bali cattle under an
intensive system. This implies that assessment on feed ration need to be adjusted by its resources that are
available locally to reduce outside input costs. Recently, some group of farmers organized into village
cooperation units where they operate cattle as their secondary job, and also produce complete feeds and
sell their products outside of the group. This has happened in Kotawaringin Barat in Central Kalimantan
and Pelalawan in Riau Province, places that are considered as successful farmers’ group on integrated
oil-palm and cattle production system. It has been proved that the concept of integrated oil palm and
ruminants could be implemented since it is technically accepted. Developing this integration system has
an opportunity to fulfill the national beef demand that has been predicted to increase markedly in the
coming years. The potential area of Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua that currently do not have many
cattle should be put as priority program to enhance cattle population in the country. Nevertheless,
integrated oil-palm and ruminant application can also be used as supportive factor on vegetative
conservation technique and soil organic matter management. Cattle has a potential positive value as
source of organic fertilizer and bio-urine that could be very useful for oil palm plantation, besides it
could be used as an alternative energy for bio-gas for smallholder household needs. One adult cattle may
produce organic compost of 4-5 kg per day (T Sudaryanto11). Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin and D
Bakti14 has summarized the three types of cattle production that are integrated with oil palm plantation
in Table 4.
Compared to total planted area of oil palm, the number of cattle raised under the plantation are still
very small. The challenges that could be identified include: (1) difficulties to get a sufficient number of
local cattle in the country for massive development; (2) oil palm enterprises consider that raising
ruminants under plantation is a burden both from technical and economic sides; (3) there is a common
mitos that ruminants may cause certain diseases to oil palm, such as ganoderma, and create soil
compaction due to cow stamping, and (4) lack of infrastructure in the remote areas where oil palm
plantations are located. However, there is a good prospect of the cattle integration system with oil palm
plantation in Indonesia as the Goverment has accelerated to develop of integrated oil palm and ruminant
production through produced some regulation and policies such as (1) Plantation Act No.39/2014 Article
44(1) and 44(3); (2) Agriculture Ministry Regulation No.98/2013 Article 32-35; (3) Agriculture
Ministry Regulation No.105/2015; and (4) Agriculture Ministry Decree No.43/2015. In addition,
development of the program needs to be gathered into one mission across many institutions from the
planning state until action plan. Coordination and synergism across institutions are very crucial to
implement. Policies issues that may influence interest of the private sector to implement the integrated
programs are import tax of heifer, easiness in getting business license, synergy of regulation between
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
central and provincial government, subsidy on interest rate, and infrastructure investment in the remote
area where oil palm plantation are mostly located (T Sudaryanto11; Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin
and D Bakti14).
Table 4. General characteristics of three types of cattle production that are integrated with oil
palm plantation (Y L Henuk, M Tafsin, Hasanuddin and D Bakti14).
Extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive
1. Cattle is released in the area
of palm oil plantation
throughout the year
(continuous grazing);
2. Number of cattle owners: >
10 heads/ breeders or 30-40
heads /ranchers;
3. The breeding system in
nature with local males,
resulting in inbreeding;
4. Cattle health is not controlled.
1. Cattle is released in the
area of palm oil
plantations in the
morning and kept pens
in the night;
2. Level of cattle
ownership: 3-20 head;
3. Cattle is given additional
food (palm stem, rice
bran and tofu pulp);
4. Good controlled in
health of cattle.
1. Cattle is kept in pens;
2. Cattle is given natural grass
taken from around the area of
palm oil plantations and
sometimes given additional
food (rice bran and tofu pulp);
3. Low level of cattle
ownership rate between 1-5
heads;
4. Farmers used artificial
insemination to breed their
cattle.
Conclusions
There are around 12 million ha of oil palm plantations in Indonesia divided into three parts: (1) private
plantation enterprise (52%), (2) small-holder’s plantation enterprise (41.42%) and (3) state-own
plantation enterprise (6.72%) owned by foreign companies. Oil palm plantation has been spread out in
25 provinces of Indonesia, but mostly in Sumatera and Kalimantan. More than 60% (2.4 million ha), of
the oil palm planted area and production was located in Sumatera and Kalimantan, with top 5 provinces
are Riau (2.296.849 ha), North Sumatera (1.392.532 ha), Central Kalimantan (1.156.653 ha), South
Sumatera (1.111.050), and West Kalimantan (959.225 ha) with a total CPO production of 33.5 million
tons and average productivity of 3.7 kg/ha/year. Vegetation forage among the oil palm trees are weeds
and they must be weeded regularly used cattle as biological cultivator. This integration gives mutual
effect (complementary) which is converted by livestock forage into meat and oil palm plantation
growers can save 25-50 % of weeding costs and increase the production of fresh fruit yield 16.7%. The
combination of oil palm plantations with cattle business in Indonesia has been introduced in 2011
through a program of “Sistem Integrasi Sapi-Kelapa Sawit” (SISKA) or "System Integration Cattle–Oil
Palm Plantations". Besides CPO, Bali cattle development integrated with oil palm plantations which is
expected to improve productivity and increase Bali cattle population. This integration model is
carried out by raising Bali cattle under oil palm plantation through nucleus estate scheme model or
individual farmers estates business. Some of Bali cattle raising systems have been applied in the
integration of Bali cattle – oil palm plantation. CPO’s production has increased during the period of
2004-2015 by 11.09%/year due to a stable CPO price in the international market. In addition to
producing CPO as the mainstay, the oil palm industry also produces several types of by-products
potential to be used as animal feed, namely oil palm press fiber (PPF), mud oil palm sludge (PS), oil
palm frond (OPF) and oil palm trunk (POS) obtained from oil palm plantations. There is a good
prospect of prospect of the cattle integration system with oil palm plantation in Indonesia as the
Goverment has accelerated to develop of integrated oil palm and ruminant production through
produced some regulation and policies.
17th ADRI International Conference
April 23 – 24, 2018, Grand Daffam Bela Ternate Hotel,
Ternate-Maluku Utara
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
[1] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005. (Eds. Hassan, R., Scholes, R. and Ash, N.) 1:133-
134.
[2] Lightfoot C 1990. NAGA:The ICLARM Quarterly, 13(1): 9-12.
[3] Tiwari P N 1993. J. Nucl. Agric. Biol., 20 : 1-13.
[4] Gupta V, Rai P K and Risam K S 2012 Indian Res. J. Exten. Educ., Special Issue, 2: 49-54.
[5] CARDI 2010 Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, (Ministry of Economic
Development, Belize, pp.1-58.
[6] Manjunatha S B, Shivmurthy D, Satyareddi S A, Nagara M V and Basavesha K N 2014. J. Agric.
Alli. Sci. , 3(4), October – December: 30-38.
[7] Ayob M A and Kabul M A 2009. Proc.1st Int. Sem. on Animal Industry, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University, pp. 66-73.
[8] Devendra C 2011 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24(5):587 – 602.
[9] Bakti D, Henuk Y L, Rosmayati, Purba E, and Siahaan D 2016. Proc. 3rd Anim. Prod. Int. Sem. &
3rd ASEAN Reg. Conf. on Animal Production, pp. 288 – 290.
[10] Dwatmadji, Suteky T, and Soetrisno E 2015. J. Agric. Techn. 11(8):2419-2424.
[11] Sudaryanto T. 2017. http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=732&print=1. Accessed on 17 April
2018.
[12] Petrenko C, Paltseva J, and Searle S 2016. Ecological Impacts of Palm Oil Expansion in
Indonesia. International Council on Clean Transportation, USA.
[13] Setiadi B K, Diwyanto W, Puastuti I G A P, Mahendri, and Tiesnamurti B 2011. Peta Potensi dan
Sebaran Areal Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia: Sistem Integrasi Sapi-Kelapa Sawit
(SISKA). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian. Jakarta.
[14] Henuk Y L, Tafsin M., Hasanuddin and Bakti D 2017. Current State of Global Meat ad Cattle-Oil
Palm Integration Production System in Indonesia. An halfday International Seminar, Gedung
Seminar Prof.Dr. Penny, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, 9 January 2017.
[15] Purwantari, N D, B. Tiesnamurti, and Adinata Y 2015. WARTAZOA, 25 ( 1):47 – 54.
[16] Goodwin S. 2016. http://www.stockjournal.com.au/story/3933145/palm-oil-games-cattle-
opportunities/?cs=4770#!. Accessed on 17 April 2018.
[17] Matondang R H and Talib C 2015. WARTAZOA, 25 ( 3):147 – 157.
[18] Elisabeth J and Ginting S P 2004. Pros. Lok. Nas. Kelapa Sawit – Sapi. Badan Litbang Pertanian.
Bogor, pp. 110-119.
[19] Alimon A R, and Wan Zahari W M 2012. Proc. Int. Conf. Livest. Prod. Vet. Tech., pp. 211 – 219.
