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ANÁLISE DA EFETIVIDADE DAS RESERVAS PARTICULARES DO PATRIMÔNIO NATURAL (RPPNS) DE ÂMBITO FEDERAL EM SANTA CATARINA - MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION IN PRIVATELY PROTECTED AREAS IN SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL
Abstract and Figures
Understanding the ecological representativeness and management of protected areas is
fundamental for the improvement of public policies for the conservation of biodiversity. Private Reserves of Natural Heritage (PRNH) are the most used form of voluntary conservation in Brazil, and were legally structured by Law 9.985/2000, known as the SNUC law; there are currently 1,473 of these Conservation Units (CUs) in the country and in the State of Santa Catarina, completely inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome, there are officially 65 federal and eight state PRNHs, and only the federal ones extend over an area of 23,604 hectares, which makes this state the largest protected territory by such Conservation Units (UCs) in Brazil, in proportional terms. The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), a federal agency responsible for the creation of PRNHs in this sphere, has little information about their situation and their management. Little is known as well whether these PAs are in relevant areas to conservation, or even because they were created. The objective of this study was to verify the ecological representativeness of the federal and state PRNHs and to analyze the management effectiveness of the federal ones, besides verifying the motivations that the owners
had to create them. The methodology adopted was mixed, with secondary data collection,
documentary analysis, visits to reserves, interviews with their owners, analysis of satellite
images and geoprocessing. It was found that two federal PNRHs were not legally effective, the PRNHs Parque Ecologico Artex and Capão Redondo. From 47 complete and three partial interviews, it was verified that the motivations to create them were, mainly, of a conservationist nature, with 41 citations. Of the 24 phytogeographic formations in the state, according to Klein (1978), 17 are protected by PRNHs, four of which are exclusively protected by them. In relation to the management of the reserves, only one was found to reach the standard of excellence, PRNH Emílio F. Battistella; six PRNHs presented a high standard of management, while the remainder (40) presented a median to much lower standard. The average effectiveness of PRNH management, analyzed by the modified EMAP methodology was 50.4%. It is concluded that the PRNHs are playing an important role for conservation in the state of Santa Catarina, but the potential of this contribution is reduced by their low management effectiveness.
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https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/47916
These guidelines address planning and management of privately protected areas (or PPAs) and the guidance is aimed principally at practitioners and policy makers, who are or may be involved with PPAs. Guidance is given on all aspects of PPA establishment, management and reporting, and information is provided on principles and best practices, with examples drawn from many different parts of the world. The aim of these guidelines is to shape the application of IUCN policy and principles towards enhanced effectiveness and conservation outcomes, focused on PPA managers and administrators. Not all the guidance will necessarily apply in all social, political and economic contexts. However, learning from best practices around the world and considering how these can be incorporated at site or national level may improve the likelihood of success in private conservation and suggest how conditions might be improved to favour PPAs and thus capitalise on the opportunities they present.
Protected areas Private reserves Management effectiveness Private reserves complement public efforts to preserve biodiversity. Brazil already has about 1100 private reserves, but there is still a need to gather accurate information on their integrity and management. This study characterises and analyses the effectiveness of managing a set of 34 areas in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The results show that preservation and research are the main objectives for managing these areas, followed by tourism and environmental education. For the group of reserves that were analysed, a rating of 57.6% was obtained. The scopes with the highest ratings were current political and legal uses, and the worst were planning and knowledge. The results showed the importance and comprehensiveness of this initiative in Brazil, but they also reinforced the fact that better management is needed in many of the reserves so that they can adequately meet their initial objectives.
Protected areas are widely considered essential for biodiversity conservation. However, few global studies have demonstrated that protection benefits a broad range of species. Here, using a new global biodiversity database with unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage, we compare four biodiversity measures at sites sampled in multiple land uses inside and outside protected areas. Globally, species richness is 10.6% higher and abundance 14.5% higher in samples taken inside protected areas compared with samples taken outside, but neither rarefaction-based richness nor endemicity differ significantly. Importantly, we show that the positive effects of protection are mostly attributable to differences in land use between protected and unprotected sites. Nonetheless, even within some human-dominated land uses, species richness and abundance are higher in protected sites. Our results reinforce the global importance of protected areas but suggest that protection does not consistently benefit species with small ranges or increase the variety of ecological niches.
Globally, 15.5 million km(2) of land are currently identified as protected areas, which provide society with many ecosystem services including climate-change mitigation. Combining a global database of protected areas, a reconstruction of global land-use history, and a global biogeochemistry model, we estimate that protected areas currently sequester 0.5 Pg C annually, which is about one fifth of the carbon sequestered by all land ecosystems annually. Using an integrated earth systems model to generate climate and land-use scenarios for the twenty-first century, we project that rapid climate change, similar to high-end projections in IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, would cause the annual carbon sequestration rate in protected areas to drop to about 0.3 Pg C by 2100. For the scenario with both rapid climate change and extensive land-use change driven by population and economic pressures, 5.6 million km(2) of protected areas would be converted to other uses, and carbon sequestration in the remaining protected areas would drop to near zero by 2100.
Protected areas (PAs) are at the forefront of conservation efforts, and yet despite considerable progress towards the global target of having 17% of the world's land area within protected areas by 2020, biodiversity continues to decline. The discrepancy between increasing PA coverage and negative biodiversity trends has resulted in renewed efforts to enhance PA effectiveness. The global conservation community has conducted thousands of assessments of protected area management effectiveness (PAME), and interest in the use of these data to help measure the conservation impact of PA management interventions is high. Here, we summarize the status of PAME assessment, review the published evidence for a link between PAME assessment results and the conservation impacts of PAs, and discuss the limitations and future use of PAME data in measuring the impact of PA management interventions on conservation outcomes. We conclude that PAME data, while designed as a tool for local adaptive management, may also help to provide insights into the impact of PA management interventions from the local-to-global scale. However, the subjective and ordinal characteristics of the data present significant limitations for their application in rigorous scientific impact evaluations, a problem that should be recognized and mitigated where possible.
Tese de doutorado sobre áreas protegidas privadas voluntárias, com proposta para criação de um subsistema privado de conservação da natureza.
Protected area coverage has reached over 15% of the global land area. However, the quality of management of the vast majority of reserves remains unknown, and many are suspected to be “paper parks”.Moreover, the degree to which management can be enhanced through targeted conservation projects remains broadly speculative. Proven links between improved reserve management and the delivery of conservation outcomes are even more elusive. In this paper we present results on how management effectiveness scores change in protected areas receiving conservation investment, using a globally expanded database of protected area management effectiveness, focusing on the “management effectiveness tracking tool” (METT). Of 1934 protected areas with METT data, 722 sites have at least two assessments. MeanMETT scores increased in 69.5% of siteswhile 25.1% experienced decreases and 5.4% experienced no change over project periods (median 4 years). Low initial METT scores and longer implementation time were both found to positively correlate with larger increases in management effectiveness. Performance metrics related to planning and context aswell as monitoring and enforcement systems increased the most while protected area outcomes showed least improvement. Using a general linear mixed model we tested the correlation between change in METT scores and matrices of 1) landscape and protected area properties (i.e. topography and size), 2) human threats (i.e. road and human population density), and 3) socio-economics (i.e. infant mortality rate). Protected areas under greater threat and larger protected areas showed greatest improvements in METT. Our results suggest that when funding and resources are targeted at protected areas under greater threat they have a greater impact, potentially including slowing the loss of biodiversity.
