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Production and consumption of minor millets in India- A structural break analysis 1
Production and consumption of minor millets in India- A structural
break analysis
P. Anbukkani1, S. J. Balaji2 and M.L. Nithyashree1
Scientists, Division of Agricultural Economics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012
e-mail: anbueconomic@gmail.com
Received : May 2016 ; Revised Accepted: October 2017
ABSTRACT
Millets play an important role in rainfed region of the country which contributes 60 percent of the
total area. Especially minor millets are very rich nutrients and are minerals and resistant to drought
and stress in rainfed farming. Consumption pattern of small millets and finger millet was examined
by using NSSO unit level data. Assam (18.82 kg/hsh/m) and Bihar (18.69 kg/hsh/m) states have
highest consumption of small millets found in all India and rural areas. Madhya Pradesh has highest
area of small millets (32.4%) followed by Chhattisgarh (19.5%), Uttarakhand (8%), Maharashtra
(7.8%), Gujarat (5.3%) and Tamil Nadu (3.9%). Uttrakhand has highest productivity of 1174 Kg/ha
followed by Tamil Nadu (1067 Kg/ha) and Gujarat (1056 Kg/ha). Structural breaks estimated based
on bai-peron method for both finger millet and minor millet. In case of area under minor millets
structural break was observed in the year 1998 and between 2000 and 2002. In comparison to sorghum,
pearl millet and finger millet limited varieties of small millet have been developed.
Key words: Production and Consumption, Structural Break, Varietal Development, Cost Benefit
Analysis.
Ann. Agric. Res. New Series Vol. 38 (4) : 1-8 (2017)
Millets play important role in rainfed region
of the country which contributes to 60 percent of
the total area. The minor millets are rich source
of nutrients and minerals and resistant to drought
and stress in rainfed farming. Millets are adapted
to a wide range of ecological conditions and are
often grown on skeletal soils that are less than 15
cm deep. It does not demand rich soils for their
survival and growth. All these qualities of millet
farming system make the climate change
portends less rain, more heat, reduced water
availability and reduced malnutrition (Millet
network of India). Worst part in minor millet is
that area under millet production is shrinking
over the last decades. Between 1966 and 2006,
44% of millet cultivation areas were occupied by
other crops indicated loss to India's food and
farming systems (Dhan foundation). Therefore,
there is an urgent need for Indian policy makers
to refocus their attention towards millet farming
systems and enact policies that create an enabling
environment for millet farmers. So scientist and
researcher should focus more on high yielding
varieties of millets which should give more yield
and income for the farmer like other crops rice
and wheat so that consumer can benefit from the
nutrient rich millets. Because it has all the
nutrients and minerals even better than other
cereal like rice and wheat. In recent year
consumer are very conscious about what they are
consuming especially like sugar and obesity
people are moving towards the small millets. So
it is now important to know the status and
different constraints of production and
consumption of minor millets through in depth
analysis of trend yield growth, instability and
*Correspondence address :
2Scientist, ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural
Economics Policy Research, New Delhi-110012.
P. Anbukkani, S.J. Balaji and M.L. Nithyashree2
consumption pattern. In this context, the present
study has been carried out with following specific
objectives.
1. To study consumption pattern of small
millets for the major states
2. To study spatial and temporal analysis of
small millets of area, production and yield
3. Structural break of minor millet and finger
millet in last two decade
DATA AND METHODOLOGY
The secondary data was compiled on
various aspects like, area, production and yield
of ragi and minor millets for major producing
states. To calculate gross return and net return
the cost of cultivation data was used. The data
on area, production and yield were compiled
from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Ministry of Agriculture. consumption pattern of
small millets extracted from unit level NSSO data
on "Household Consumer Expenditure and
Employment and Unemployment" was used.
Structuralbreak analysis of area and yield of
minor millet bai-peron (bai-peron, 2004) method
has been used. R software was used to analyse
structural break in minor millets.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Nutritional status of millets
The millet has substantially high amount of
protein, fiber and minerals in comparison to fine
cereals like wheat and rice. The protein content
in millets like Jowar (10.4), Bajra (11.6), Proso
millet (12.5), foxtail millet (12.3) and barnyard
millet (11.6) is comparable with wheat (11.8) and
much higher than rice (6.8). Though the finger
millet contains lesser protein (7.3), but it is rich
in mineral matter and calcium in comparison to
wheat and rice. All the millets contain more fibre
than fine cereals (Table 1). Particularly, the small
millets namely barnyard millet (14.7), Kodo millet
(9) little millet (8.6) and foxtail millet (8.0) are the
richest in fibre in comparison to wheat (1.2) and
rice (0.2). Therefore, millets are now being
pronounced as "Miracle grains/ Adbhut Anaj and
nutria-cereals".
Consumption pattern
Consumption pattern of small millets
compiled from unit level NSSO data extracted
from the 68thround on 'Household Consumer
Expenditure' and 'Employment and Unemploy-
ment' for urban, rural and all India has been given
in the table 3. Assam (18.82 kg/hsh/m) and Bihar
(18.69 kg/hsh/m) states were highest
consumption of small millets was found in all
India and rural areas. Other state are consuming
less than the 10 kg/household/month which is
lower than that of Assam and Bihar.
Consumption pattern of finger millet was
also analyzed for rural, urban and all India. Bihar
consumed 12.02 kg/hsh/m of finger millet
followed by Karnataka (even though area and
Table 1. Nutritive value of coarse and fine cereals (Per 100 g).
Crop Protein Carbohydrate Fat Crude Mineral Calcium Phosperous
(g) (g) (g) fibre (g) Matter (g) (mg) (mg)
Sorghum 10.4 72.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 25 222
Pearl millet 11.6 67.5 5.0 1.2 2.3 42 296
Finger millet 7.3 72.0 1.3 3.6 2.7 344 283
Proso millet 12.5 70.4 1.1 2.2 1.9 14 206
Foxtail millet 12.3 60.9 4.3 8.0 3.3 31 290
Kodo millet 8.3 65.9 1.4 9.0 2.6 27 188
Little millet 8.7 75.7 5.3 8.6 1.7 17 220
Barnyard millet 11.6 74.3 5.8 14.7 4.7 14 121
Barley 11.5 69.6 1.3 3.9 1.2 26 215
Maize 11.5 66.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 20 348
Wheat 11.8 71.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 41 306
Rice 6.8 78.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 10 160
Source: National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad.
Production and consumption of minor millets in India- A structural break analysis 3
production of finger millet highest in Karnataka).
Maharashtra and Gujarat also consumed
significant amount of finger millet in 2011-12.
Production pattern
Over the last five decades area under minor
millet and finger millet have decreased
drastically from 1955-56 to 2013-14 (table no 4).
In case of minor millet almost eight fold reduction
in area decreased from 53.35 lakh ha in 1955-56
to 6.82 lakh ha in 2013-14. Further the production
of minor millet recorded four fold decreases
during these periods. However the marginal
increase in yield of minor millets was seen but
this is very minimal as compared to other crops.
Major reason for the reduction of area and
Table 2. Consumption pattern of small millets.
States All India Rural Urban
kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m
Andhra Pradesh 6.52 80.39 7.06 84.68 1.11 37.86
Assam 18.82 381.96 18.82 381.96 - -
Bihar 18.69 354.04 18.69 354.04 - -
Chhattisgarh 4.18 55.14 4.22 55.41 1.97 40.71
Gujarat 0.39 17.82 0.48 19.81 0.36 16.96
Himachal Pradesh 2.00 50.00 2.00 50.00 3.80 47.03
Karnataka 7.12 87.45 8.41 103.37 1.05 119.96
Madhya Pradesh 1.71 96.48 1.88 90.08 0.86 44.89
Maharashtra 1.06 44.31 1.13 44.11 - -
Orissa 4.06 48.69 4.06 48.69 - -
Punjab 3.00 60.00 - - 3.00 60.00
Rajasthan 0.75 30.00 - - 0.75 30.00
Tamil Nadu 1.77 33.77 2.60 44.12 0.99 24.05
Uttarakhand 4.15 41.02 4.15 41.02 - -
Uttar Pradesh 4.78 50.01 4.78 50.01 - -
West Bengal 2.00 160.00 - - 2.00 160.00
Source: NSSO, MOSPI, GoI
Table 3. Consumption pattern of finger millet.
States All India Rural Urban
kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m kg/hsh/m Rs/hsh/m
Andhra Pradesh 2.40 38.24 2.68 40.11 1.64 32.83
Bihar 12.02 692.00 12.02 692.00 - -
Chhattisgarh 3.18 41.09 3.18 41.09 - -
Gujarat 8.39 136.72 8.39 136.72 - -
HP 0.50 18.75 0.50 20.00 0.50 15.00
Karnataka 10.03 119.11 11.98 135.78 7.00 93.17
Kerala 0.96 23.86 1.02 23.69 0.81 24.36
Maharashtra 9.48 132.59 10.56 145.72 3.32 59.46
Orissa 3.51 46.70 3.62 46.98 2.29 43.07
Rajasthan 0.56 20.00 0.56 20.00 - -
Tamil Nadu 2.35 38.33 2.71 40.96 1.63 32.96
Uttarakhand 4.61 52.00 4.65 52.23 2.17 28.26
West Bengal 0.80 38.00 - - 0.80 38.00
Source: NSSO, MOSPI, GoI
P. Anbukkani, S.J. Balaji and M.L. Nithyashree4
production were the tradeoff between rice and
wheat with minor millet. Whereas finger millet,
one fold decrease in area and there is not as much
as decrease in production due to yield almost
doubled in these period i.e from 800 kg/ha to
1661 in 2013-14. Poor policy support for coarse
cereals on the one hand favorable policies for the
cultivation of oilseeds such as sunflower and
soybeans and cash crops such as cotton on the
other hand became more profitable, driven by
yield increases and higher prices spurred by
growing consumer demand (Status paper on
coarse cereals, Directorate of Millets Develop-
ment, Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation). Easy availability of rice and wheat
on subsidized rate through PDS, social status
attached to fine cereals, the penetration of
diversified value-added products from rice and
wheat and the ease of preparation and short
cooking time for them have resulted in their
increased consumption
Madhya Pradesh has highest area under
small millets (32.4%) followed by Chhattisgarh
(19.5%), Uttarakhand (8%), Maharashtra (7.8%),
Gujarat (5.3%) and Tamil Nadu (3.9%).
Uttrakhand has highest productivity of 1174 Kg/
ha followed by Tamil Nadu (1067 Kg/ha) and
Gujarat (1056 Kg/ha). State-wise average area,
production and yield estimates of small millets
are given in table 5. Karnataka has the highest
area and production of finger millet followed by
Tamil Nadu. Karnataka itself occupied around
66 per cent of total production and other states
Table 4. Area, production and yield of small millets and finger millet from 1950-2014.
1955-56 1965-66 1975-76 1985-86 1995-96 2005-06 2013-14
Small millets
Area (Lakh ha) 53.35 45.64 46.72 31.55 16.62 10.64 6.82
Production (Lakh tones) 20.7 15.55 19.24 12.17 7.79 4.72 4.29
Yield (q/ha) 388 341 412 386 469 443 633
Finger millet
Area (Lakh ha) 23.07 26.96 26.3 24.01 17.74 15.34 11.93
Production (Lakh tones) 18.46 13.27 27.97 25.18 25.01 23.54 19.92
Yield (kg/ha) 800 492 1064 1049 1410 1534 1661
Source: DES, MoA, GoI
Table 5. Major state-wise area, production and yield of small millets (Average of 2009-14).
State/ UT Area Production Yield Compound growth rate (%)
('000 ha) ('000 Tonnes) (Kg/ha) Area production Yield
Andhra Pradesh 30.00 (3.88) 26.00 (6.07) 866.67 -6.01 -1.95 4.31
Arunachal Pradesh 22.09 (2.86) 21.54 (5.03) 975.03 0.67 1.43 0.76
Gujarat 49.00 (6.34) 48.60 (11.35) 991.84 -6.55 -5.82 0.79
Jharkhand 24.95 (3.23) 11.95 (2.79) 478.96 13.58 29.07 13.64
Karnataka 24.21 (3.13) 11.85 (2.77) 489.61 -9.79 -11.10 -1.46
Madhya Pradesh 246.22 (31.85) 88.66 (20.71) 360.09 -5.83 -0.86 5.27
Maharashtra 63.00 (8.15) 28.72 (6.71) 455.87 -5.37 -6.89 -1.61
Tamil Nadu 30.84 (3.99) 32.58 (7.61) 1056.62 -7.16 -4.71 2.65
Uttarakhand 71.83 (9.29) 84.38 (19.71) 1174.77 -0.48 -0.20 0.29
All India 773.13 (100) 428.20 (100) 553.85 -5.13 -2.21 3.08
Figure in parenthesis are percentage to all India
Source: DES, MoA, GoI
Production and consumption of minor millets in India- A structural break analysis 5
Table 6. Major state-wise area, production and yield of finger millet (Average of 2009-14).
State/ UT Area Production Yield Compound growth rate (%)
('000 ha) ('000 Tonnes) (Kg/ha) Area production Yield
Andhra Pradesh 42.80 46.80 1093.46 -6.43 -7.64 -1.29
(3.53) (2.45)
Gujarat 15.60 13.20 846.15 -3.51 -3.11 0.41
(1.29) (0.69)
Karnataka 709.80 1265.46 1782.84 -2.88 -1.08 1.85
(58.62) (66.13)
Odisha 58.80 41.07 698.35 -1.84 -1.08 0.77
(4.86) (2.15)
Tamil Nadu 85.96 211.85 2464.40 -2.84 -0.46 2.46
(7.10) (11.07)
Uttarakhand 124.37 166.98 1342.56 -3.36 0.16 3.65
(10.27) (8.73)
West Bengal 10.40 11.80 1134.69 -1.97 -0.58 1.41
(0.27) (0.62)
All India 1210.94 1913.70 1580.34 -2.99 -1.26 1.78
(100) (100)
Figure in parenthesis are percentage to all India
Table 7. Structural breaks of Minor millet and finger millet- 1990-2013.
S. No. State Minor millet Finger millet
Area Yield Area Yield
1 Andhra Pradesh 1998 2006 2002 2003
Arunachal Pradesh 2002 1998
2 Gujarat 2005 2005 2001 2006
3 Karnataka 1998 2000 2006 2002
4 Madhya Pradesh 2000 2000
5 Maharashtra 2001 2015 1998 2006
6 Odisha 1998 - - 2003
7 Tamil Nadu 1998 - 1998 2004
All India 1998 2000 1998 2002
are very minimal production in India. But Tamil
Nadu state has recorded highest productivity
(2464 Kg/ha) of finger millet followed by
Karnataka (1782 Kg/ha) which is above the
national average yield (1580 Kg/ha). As far as
compound growth rate is concern negative
growth in all states including Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu. Area under finger millet and minor
millets are losing its area to cereal crops and
commercial crops even though they have higher
nutritive value and are resistant to pest and
disease and drought.
Structural break analysis
The change in area and productivity trend
wasanalyzed by employing bai-peron method of
structural break analysis for both finger millet
and minor millet shows that, the break point
fortrend in area under minor millets during the
period 1998 and between 2000 and 2002. The
possible reasons for observed changes could be
occurrence of drought during these years further
the area under finger millet occurrence of
structural break during the years 1998, 2001 and
2002. However, the yield trend of minor millet
P. Anbukkani, S.J. Balaji and M.L. Nithyashree6
and finger millet did not reveal structural
breaksduring study period.
Cost benefit analysis
The feasibility of finger millet cultivation
was assessed by using secondary data of cost of
production compiled from Directorate of
Economics and Statistics. It is revealed that,
except Tamil Nadu all other states could get
negative net return from the cultivation of finger
millets economic term it loss almost Rs. 16000 in
Andhra Pradesh to Rs. 6614 in Karnataka. The
cultivation of finger millet lost its profit during
2012-13 as compare to other cereal crops (Table
7). Farmersare moving from minor millets to
other cereal and cash crops mainly to earn more
income even though minor millets are drought
resistant and are rich in nutrients. Like new
technology and new variety may breakthrough
the increase the area under finger millet and can
increase the production. Varietal development
and yield gap are major concern for increase in
production of minor millet.
Varietal development and yield gap of finger
millet
The improved varieties developed and
released as Central/State variety during last 15
years (1995- 2010) are Bhairabi, Bharti, Birsa
Marua-2, Champavathi, Chilka, Co (Ra)-14, KM-
65, L-5, Maruthi, MR-1, MR-2, MR-6, ML-365,
GPU-26, GPU-28, GPU-45, GPU-48, GPU-67,
Paiyur (Ra)-2, Saura, KMR-301 and VL Finger
millet-146. Potential varieties like GPU-28, GPU-
67, RAU-8, CO (Ra)-14, and Paiyur-2 for develop-
ment of finger millet hybrids. Karnataka is the
major finger millet growing State. About a dozen
new varieties have been released for Karnataka
during last 15 years. The yield performance of
FLD indicates largest yield gap over State
Average Yield in Chhattisgarh (641%) followed
by Jharkhand (325%), Odisha (223%), Gujarat
(104%), Maharashtra (73%), Andhra Pradesh
(61%), Karnataka (28%) and Tamil Nadu (0.3%).
In comparison to sorghum, pearl millet and
finger millet only a few varieties of small millet
have been developed. During last 15 years only
34 varieties of 6 crops namely kodo millet (9), little
millet (6), foxtail millet (5), barnyard millet (6)
and proso millet (8) have been released for
different states. Out of these 34 new varieties only
11 have become popular in the states of Gujarat,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttrakhand,
whereas, in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
none of the new variety could reach to the
farmers.Kodo millet: Largest yield gap has been
recorded in Madhya Pradesh (101%) followed by
Chhattisgarh (87%), Karnataka (70%) with least
yield gap in Tamil Nadu (36%) over control plot.
Foxtail millet: Yield gap of 62% and 40% has been
recorded in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh over
control plot. Little millet: The largest yield gap
has been recorded in Madhya Pradesh (115%)
followed by Maharashtra (95%), Odisha (91%),
Tamil Nadu (55%), and Karnataka (49%).
Barnyard millet: Yield gap of 52% and 27% has
been recorded in Uttrakhand and Tamil Nadu
over control plot. Proso (Common) millet: Yield
gap of 60% and 27% has been recorded in
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over control plot
(Status paper on coarse cereals, directorate of
millets development, MoA, GoI, 2014).
Table 8. Cost of cultivation parameters for finger millet -2012-13.
Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Uttarakhand
Cost/ ha 35543 35938 32901 44123 39426
Gross Returns/haa 18994 29324 21619. 86206 29546
Net returns/ha -16549 -6614 -11282 42082 -9879
Variable cost (cost A2) 16354 19572 16120 17550 17156
Return over a variable cost 2639 9751 5498 68655 12390
Cost/q (Rs.) 2469 2634 1521 1137 1861
price/q (Rs.) 1426 2049 1000 1984 1310
Source: Cost of cultivation, Directorate of Economics & Statistics
Production and consumption of minor millets in India- A structural break analysis 7
Institution and programmes for millet
development
The government has recognized the
importance of the crop in meeting nutritional
requirement of people. To promote area under
millets government has initiated two progrmmes
(i) NFSM and (ii) INSIMP (Appendix Table 1).
The development of millet through AICRIP
(1986)and Directorate of millet Development
(1971). All India Coordinated Research Project on
Small Millets (ICAR) Established in 1986 located
at UAS, Bangalore , 14 AICRP centers and 16
voluntary centers located all over India. Target
crops are finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard
millet, proso millet, little millet and kodo millet.
They have focused focused on developing
appropriate production technologies to meet
regional needs work is multidisciplinary and
applied in nature and vale addition- limited
extent.
Initiative for Nutritional Security through
Intensive Millets Promotion (INSIMP):
Government has announced an allocation of Rs.
300 crores in 2011-12 under Rashtriya Krishi
Vikas Yojana for promotion of millets as Nutri-
cereals. Scheme on Initiative for Nutrition
Security through Intensive Millets Promotion has
been formulated to operationalize the
announcement. The scheme aims to demonstrate
the improved production and post-harvest
technologies in an integrated manner with visible
impact to catalyze increased production of millets
in the country. Besides increasing production of
millets, the Scheme through processing and value
addition techniques is expected to generate
consumer demand for millet based food
products.
National Food Security Mission: Area
Coverage under NFSM coarse cereals is being
implemented in 28 States including North Eastern
and Hill States. Priority is given to districts that
have yields lower than State average. According
to NFSM Coarse cereals is implemented in 265
districts of 28 States. Crops covered under NFSM
Coarse Cereals are Maize, Sorghum, Barley, Pearl
Millet, Finger Millet and Small millets (Kodos,
Barnyard, Foxtail, Proso, & Little millet).
National Food Security Bill (NFSB): The
recently passed NFSB has included millets in the
basket of food grains to be given at subsidized
rate. Concern has been expressed about
inadequacy of production to meet this new
demand.
CONCLUSION
Area under millets are cultivated have
shown a steep decline between 1956 and 2006.
During the same period, wheat and rice which
were cultivated in less area than millets in 1955-
56, have steadily climbed to overtake millets.
Millets play important role in rainfed region of
the country which contributes 60 percent of the
total area. Especially minor millets has very rich
nutrients and minerals and resistant to drought
and stress in rainfed farming. Consumption
pattern of small millets and finger millet are
examined by using NSSO unit level data. Assam
(18.82 kg/hsh/m) and Bihar (18.69 kg/hsh/m)
Table 9. Varietal development of finger millet and yield gap.
State/ UT Varieties popular in the State
Andhra Pradesh Padmawathi, Maruti, Kalyani, Godawari, AKP-2, SURAJ,Simhadri, Ratnagiri,
Gouthami, Sapthagiri.
Gujarat Gujarat Nagali-2 & Gujarat Nagali-3.
Karnataka Indaf-8, Indaf-9, HR-911, PR-202, MR-1, MR-6, L-5, GPU-26, GPU- 28, GPU-66,
GPU-45, VR-708 & OEB-10.
Odisha Subra, Chilika & Saura
Tamil Nadu GPU-28, CO-7, CO-10, CO-11, CO- 12, CO-13, CO-14, Paiyur (Ra)-2, K-567, Indaf-5,
Indaf-7, Indaf-9, Paiyur-1, PR-202 and TRY-1.
Uttarakhand VL-146, VL-149, VL-315, VL-324, PRM-1 & PRM-2.
Source: status paper on coarse cereals, Directorate of millets development, MoA, GoI, 2014.
P. Anbukkani, S.J. Balaji and M.L. Nithyashree8
REFERENCES
GoI (various issue). Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India, New Delhi
http://www.dhan.org/smallmillets/report.php
http://www.milletindia.org/ Millets Net in
India (MINI).
Millets Future of Food & Farming Millet Network
of India - Deccan Development Society -
FIAN, India
GoI. 2011. Agricultural statistics at a glance,
Department of Economics and Statistics,
Government of India, (http:// www.dacnet.
in/eands, Accessed on 15 Feb, 2016)
NSSO. 2012. Household Consumer Expenditure'
68th round, Ministry of Statistics and
Progrmme Implementation, GoI.
NAAS. 2013. Role of Millets in Nutritional
Security of India, National Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi policy
paper 66
Karthikeyan, M. 2014. Small Millets, Big Potential:
Diverse, Nutritious and Climate Smart,
Policy Briefing
GoI. 2014. Status paper on coarse cereals,
Directorate of Millets Development,
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, GoI.
Bai, J and P. Perron. 2004. Multiple structural
break models: A simulation analysis
states were highest consumption of small millets
found in all India and rural areas. Madhya
Pradesh has highest area of small millets (32.4%)
followed by Chhattisgarh (19.5%), Uttarakhand
(8%), Maharashtra (7.8%), Gujarat (5.3%) and
Tamil Nadu (3.9%). Uttrakhand has highest
productivity of 1174 Kg/ha followed by Tamil
Nadu (1067 Kg/ha) and Gujarat (1056 Kg/ha).
Structural breaks estimated based on bai-peron
method of structural break analysis for both
finger millet and minor millet. In case of minor
millets area of structural break observed in the
year 1998 and between 2000 and 2002. In
comparison to sorghum, pearl millet and finger
millet limited varieties of small millet have been
developed. Investment of minor millets should
be increased to improve the varietal develop-
ment. Consumers are aware that, minor millets
are significant to their diet and recent fast food
habits. So it may be promoted by different
extension activities.
