No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Prioritized induced probabilistic distances in transparency and access to information laws
Abstract
In this paper, a new extension of the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator is developed using four different methods: prioritized operators, induced operators, probabilistic operators and distance techniques. This new operator is called the prioritized induced probabilistic ordered weighted average distance (PIPOWAD) operator. The primary advantage is that we include in one formulation different characteristics and information provided by a group of decision makers to compare actual and ideal situations. Finally, an example of transparency and access to information law in Mexico is presented to forecast the score based on the expectations of decision makers. © 2016 Int. Association for Fuzzy-Set Management and Economy. All rights reserved.
... This operator is important in group decision making when not all the decision makers have the same importance in the decision. Usually, this operator is important when different experts are questioned about the situations and each of them give different values and to everyone to be included in the results each one of them are given a weight based on their experience and importance in the decision [44,45]. The formulation is as follows. ...
... The main idea of this operator is that the reordering step will be performed based on induced variables determined by the decision maker, and allows for considering different values and to everyone to be included in the results. Each one of them are given a weight based on their experience and importance in the decision [44,45]. Thus, by having induced variables and decision-prioritizing aspects in a group of experts, it is possible to consider both the information derived from the data and the opinions of the decision makers in group decisions. ...
The main aim is to propose a new method for estimating the Human Development Index using ordered weighted average. To develop this method, ordered weighted geometric average (OWGA), induced OWGA prioritized OWA (POWA) operator are studied. Using Human Development Index formulation in combination to aggregations operators presented above is proposed the prioritized induced ordered weighted geometric average (PIOWGA) operator. A mathematical application is carried out to estimate the Human Development Index and compare it with the traditional method and other existing methods. Finally, it is noted that decision makers have an influence on the order given in the ranking by its attitude and criterion, and method can capture the subjective information prioritized by them.
... For future research, a new extension of the MLR with different OWA operators will be done. Such is the case of moving averages [53,54] in the case of using specific ranges in the series, Bonferroni means [55,56] extending the cases of analysis to other parameters, prioritized operators [57,58] to give importance to certain arguments and opinions related to the variables and logarithmic operators [59,60] to work with different scales of data. ...
This paper introduces the multiple linear regression heavy ordered weighted average (MLR-HOWA) operator. On the MLR-HOWA operator, the beta values are obtained with the use of the HOWA means. In that sense, it provides a new range of possibilities by under or overestimating the result based on the decision maker’s expectations and knowledge. Therefore, the MLR-HOWA provides a forecasting tool that can analyze multiple scenarios from minimum to maximum. The main properties and two extensions using induced and generalized variables are also presented. An application in exchange rate forecasting based on inflation and interest rate as independent variables for five Latin American countries is submitted. Among the main results, it is possible to identify that the forecasting error is reduced when different combinations of MLR with OWA operators are done.
... Within the aggregation operators, one that has been studied and widely applied in different contexts is the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator [15,16]. The main characteristic of the OWA operator is that based on the reordering step, it is possible to obtain the maximum or minimum result, and with the use of a weighting vector, the aptitude, knowledge and expectation of the decision maker can be included in the result [17][18][19][20][54][55][56][57]. An extension that will be used in this paper is the probabilistic OWA (POWA) operator [21]. ...
The objective of the paper is to present an extension of the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator, probability OWA (POWA) operator, distance measures and Pythagorean membership grades. These new operators are called the Pythagorean membership grade OWA distance (PMGOD) operator and the probabilistic Pythagorean membership grade OWA distance (PPMGOD) operator. This extension includes in one formulation the ability to measure the ideal vs. real situation of the distance operators, the weighting vector and reordering step of the OWA operator and the way in which it includes uncertainty based on the satisfaction of the criteria of the Pythagorean membership degree. These propositions are applied to new business ventures in the city of Colombia, where the decision maker can express his/her concerns about the uncertainty and probabilities of the current business environment and, thus, generate a better decision-making process.
... For future work, it is possible to add other mathematical methods to the volatility formulation such as Bonferroni means [7,5] and prioritized operators in group decision making (Perez-Arellano et al. [40], Aviles-Ochoa et al. [3]). Additionally, we will also apply these formulations in group decision making [6,51], Merigó et al. [34], and largescale group decision making [12], theory of expertons [22,28], forgotten effects [2] and in combination with different approaches for aggregation operators [41,27,4]. ...
Agricultural products have experienced sudden changes in prices in recent years as a result of volumes of production and demand at the international level. Volatility is a key element in understanding the difficulties that the market may have. However, the traditional formula for volatility only considers historical information and does not consider decision makers' knowledge and skills. To improve this approach and obtain more accurate results consistent with the reality of the market, the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator is used. These new approaches are the OWA-Volatility, Induced OWA-Volatility, Heavy OWA-Volatility, Probabilistic OWA-Volatility, Induced Probabilistic OWA-Volatility and Induced Heavy OWA-Volatility. In addition, some particular cases are presented in which the aggregation process is only applied to one part of the formula or quasi-arithmetic means are used. An example of volatility calculations for corn prices in 2017 is presented.
... Since the appearance of the OWA operator, many extensions have been proposed, including logarithmic averaging operators [19][20][21], moving averages [22][23][24] and Bonferroni means [25,26]. These developments have been applied to diverse fields, such as decision sciences [27,28], finance [29,30], and policy decision-making [31,32]. Moreover, multiple extensions have been developed using the Bonferroni OWA operator, which have been diversified with distance measures applied to problems in personnel selection [33,34], induced variables applied to forecast and business risk management [35,36] and extensions with central tendency measures such as variance and covariance [37,38]. ...
Financial markets have been characterized in recent years by their uncertainty and volatility. The price of assets is always changing so that the decisions made by consumers, producers, and governments about different products is not still accurate. In this situation, it is necessary to generate models that allow the incorporation of the knowledge and expectations of the markets and thus include in the results obtained not only the historical information, but also the present and future information. The present article introduces a new extension of the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator called the Bonferroni probabilistic ordered weighted average (B-POWA) operator. This operator is designed to unify in a single formulation the interrelation of the values given in a data set by the Bonferroni means and a weighted and probabilistic vector that models the attitudinal character, expectations, and knowledge of the decision-maker of a problem. The paper also studies the main characteristics and some families of the B-POWA operator. An illustrative example is also proposed to analyze the mathematical process of the operator. Finally, an application to corn price estimation designed to calculate the error between the price of an agricultural commodity using the B-POWA operator and a leading global market company is presented. The results show that the proposed operator exhibits a better general performance than the traditional methods.
... In future research, we plan to make more extensions of aggregation operators using prioritized operators (Pérez-Arellano, León-Castro, Avilés-Ochoa, & Merigó 2017;Avilés-Ochoa, Perez-Arellano, León-Castro, & Merigó, 2017), Bonferroni means (Blanco-Mesa, Merigó, & Kacprzyk, 2016;Blanco-Mesa, León-Castro, & Merigó, 2018;Y. He, Z. He, & Chen, 2015), Choquet integrals (Belles-Sampera, Merigó, Guillén, & Santolino, 2014), distance operators (Merigó & Casanovas, 2011;Liu & Chen, 2017), Hesitant fuzzy sets (Ren, Xu, & Hao, 2017;Zeng & Yao, 2018), intuitionistic fuzzy sets (Liu, J. X. ...
The volatility is a dispersion technique widely used in statistics and economics. This paper presents a new way to calculate volatility by using different extensions of the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator. This approach is called the induced heavy ordered weighted moving average (IHOWMA) volatility. The main advantage of this operator is that the classical volatility formula only takes into account the standard deviation and the average, while with this formulation it is possible to aggregate information according to the decision maker knowledge, expectations and attitude about the future. Some particular cases are also presented when the aggregation information process is applied only on the standard deviation or on the average. An example in three different exchange rates for 2016 are presented, these are for: USD/MXN, EUR/MXN and EUR/USD
On the heels of the online shopping boom during the Covid-19 pandemic, the electronic commerce (e-commerce) surge has many businesses facing an influx in product returns. Thus, relevant companies must implement robust reverse logistics strategies to reflect the increased importance of the capability. Reverse logistics also plays a radical role in any business’s sustainable development as a process of reusing, remanufacturing, and redistributing products. Within this context, outsourcing to a third-party reverse logistics provider (3PRLP) has been identified as one of the most important management strategies for today’s organizations, especially e-commerce players. The objective of this study is to develop a decision support system to assist businesses in the selection and evaluation of different 3PRLPs by a hybrid fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. Relevant criteria concerning the economic, environmental, social, and risk factors are incorporated and taken into the models. For obtaining more scientific and accurate ranking results, linguistic terms are adopted to reduce fuzziness and uncertainties of criteria weights in the natural decision-making process. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is applied to measure the criteria’s relative significance over the evaluation process. The fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (FTOPSIS) is then used to rank the alternatives. The prescribed method was adopted for solving a case study on the 3PRLP selection for an online merchant in Vietnam. As a result, the most compatible 3PRLP was determined. The study also indicated that “lead time,” “customer’s voice,” “cost,” “delivery and service,” and “quality” are the most dominant drivers when selecting 3PLRLs. This study aims to provide a more complete and robust evaluation process to e-commerce businesses and any organization that deals with supply chain management in determining the optimized reverse logistics partners.
This article presents the process to build a regional employability indicator based on the ordered weighted average operator. The objective is to generate an indicator that can include different weighting vectors to analyze the information based on an analysis made from States to Regions to Nation. The main advantage of doing this type of indicators is that it is possible to made different politics for each State/Region instead of just analyze the whole Nation information. Also, based on the reordering step of the OWA operator is possible to obtain the maximum and minimum results. An example based on the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE) 2020 survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in Mexico was done. Among the main results is possible to visualize the main characteristics of each Region.
Interval numbers are widely used in many fields to provide information about different scenarios. This paper presents several new uncertain average formulations using the ordered weighted average, prioritized, probabilistic and induced operators. First, the work introduces the uncertain prioritized induced probabilistic ordered weighted average (UPIPOWA) operator that its main applicability is in complex group decision making problems. Also, a wide range of special cases and extensions using quasi-arithmetic means are presented, such is the case of the quasi-arithmetic UPIPOWA (QUPIPOWA) operator. The study analyzes the applicability of this new approach in economic variables, specifically are imports and exports. Particularly, the paper focuses on measuring the imports and exports for Latin America for 2017
This paper aims to provide models that can predict the exchange rate and generate future scenarios of this variable, this because exchange risk management has become a strategic activity of the corporate governance. Also the study aims to expand the uses of operators like Heavy Ordering Weight Moving Average (HOWMA) in different fields of economy and management. Design/methodology/approach. In this work three fundamental econometric models were used to forecast exchange rate USD/MXN, using 1994 to 2014 data, which are price index, interest rate and balance of payments. Additionally, two variables forecasting techniques were used; these are time series and HOWMA. Findings. Among the results it was found that both methods are effective in middle term forecast, the last one being the one that can introduce uncertainty, expectations of the economy and characteristics of the decider into the models, enabling a range of possible scenarios. © 2016, Bucharest University of Economic Studies. All rights reserved.
A new extension of the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator is presented. This new operator includes the characteristics of three other operators: the prioritized, induced and probabilistic. The name is the prioritized induced probabilistic ordered weighted average (PIPOWA) operator. This operator can be used in a group decision-making process for selection of an alternative, taking into account three aspects: (1) not all of the decision-makers are equally important, (2) the probability of success of each alternative, and (3) an induced weighted vector. In the paper, some families of this operator are presented such as the prioritized probabilistic weighted average (PPOWA) operator and the prioritized induced ordered weighted average (PIOWA) operator. Additionally, some of the parameterized family of the aggregation operators, such as the minimum, maximum and total operator, are presented as special cases. The article also generalizes the PIPOWA operator by using quasi-arithmetic means. Finally, an example for selecting an alternative dispute resolution method in a commercial dispute is presented.
We introduce a new decision-making model that unifies risk and uncertain environments in the same formulation. For doing so, we present the induced probabilistic ordered weighted averaging (IPOWA) operator. It is an aggregation operator that unifies the probability with the OWA operator in the same formulation and considering the degree of importance of each concept in the aggregation. Moreover, it also uses induced aggregation operators that provide a more general representation of the attitudinal character of the decision-maker. We study its applicability and we see that it is very broad because all the previous studies that use the probability or the OWA operator can be revised and extended with this new approach. We briefly analyze some basic applications in statistics such as the implementation of this approach with the variance, the covariance, the Pearson coefficient and in a simple linear regression model. We focus on a multi-person decision-making problem in strategic management. Thus, we are able to construct a new aggregation operator that we call the multi-person IPOWA operator. Its main advantage is that it can deal with the opinion of several persons in the analysis so we can represent the information in a more complete way.
This paper deals with non-homogeneous group decision making problems in water resource management, in which there exists a prioritization of decision makers. The group decision makers are partitioned into three sets: the officials from government, the experts in water resource management, the users of water resources. There exists a prioritization relationship over the different sets of decision makers. In order to aggregate a collective preference based on the aggregation of different individual preferences, we suggest that prioritization between decision makers can modeled by making the weights associated with a decision maker dependent upon the satisfaction of the higher priority decision maker. Then, a so-called prioritized weighted aggregation operator based on ordered weighted averaging (OWA) is utilized to aggregate the preference values provided by different decision makers. Finally, an application in water resource management is provided to illustrate the usefulness and how the prioritized aggregation works in practice.
T wo standards of behavior are slugging it out around the world. Advocates of well-established norms such as corporate pri-vacy and national sovereignty want to hide information from prying eyes, while promoters of transparency tout it as the solution to everything from international financial crises to arms races and street crime. Just what is transparency? Put simply, transparency is the opposite of secrecy. Secrecy means deliberately hiding your actions; trans-parency means deliberately revealing them. This element of volition makes the growing acceptance of transparency much more than a resigned surrender to the technologically facilitated intrusiveness of the Information Age. Transparency is a choice, encouraged by changing attitudes about what constitutes appropriate behavior. Transparency and secrecy are not either/or conditions. As ideals, they represent two ends of a continuum. What we are seeing now is a rapid-ly evolving shift of consensus among observers and actors worldwide about where states and corporations should be on that continuum. For corporations, the point of balance is moving away from an emphasis on privacy to agreement on financial transparency and corporate social responsibility. For nation-states, the shift is occurring between old ideas of sovereignty, which allowed states to keep the world out of their domestic matters, and a new standard that they must explain their actions to the world. Although usually considered separately, tram-A N N F L 0 a I N I is a resident associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Her monograph on transnational governance will be published shortly by the Rock-efeller Brothers Fund. 50 FOREIGN POLICY Florini parency's many applications are intrinsically linked. All reflect the grow-ing necessity and utility of regulation by revelation, a dynamic new alter-native to the coercive power of states. Yet precisely because transparency represents such a profound change--both in the distribution of power and the way in which it is exercised--its spread has provoked resistance from some quarters. To governments or corporations that are just doing what they have always done, the expectation that they should now report on their activities to outsiders can seem like an affront or an inconvenience, if not an outright threat. Government bureaucrats struggle to keep up with the endless reporting requirements of international environmental, human rights, and financial institutions. Corporations find themselves besieged by demands for information on their environmental and labor practices, often from nongovernmental organizations (NOOS) based in other parts of the world. International organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) face growing pres-sure to open up their decision-making processes to public review. All find the bright light of scrutiny at best uncomfortable, at worst para-lyzing. Many states, corporations, and organizations have instead retreated behind more traditional norms of privacy or sovereignty, insisting that although calls for transparency are all well and good, they should not be required to hew to its demands. Who is right? What information should be made available, when, and to whom? To answer these questions we need to look at how trans-parency began to catch on, how it works in practice, and why it is nec-essary to have a norm of transparency even today, when technology is rendering snooping ever more effective.
The Minkowski distance is a distance measure that generalizes a wide range of distances such as the Hamming and the Euclidean distance. In this paper, we develop a generalization of the Minkowski distance by using the induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operator. We call it the induced Minkowski OWA distance (IMOWAD) or induced generalized OWA distance (IGOWAD) operator. Then, we are able to obtain a wide range of distance measures that includes the Minkowski distance, the Minkowski OWA distance (MOWAD), and the induced OWA distance (IOWAD). We also present a further generalization by using quasi-arithmetic means. We end the paper with a numerical example of the new approach.
This paper introduces a new aggregation model by using induced and heavy aggregation operators in distances mea-sures such as the Hamming distance. It is called the induced heavy ordered weighted averaging (OWA) distance (IHOWAD) operator. This paper studies some of its main properties and a wide range of particular cases such as the induced heavy OWA (IHOWA) operator, the induced OWA distance (IOWAD) operator and the heavy OWA distance (HOWAD) operator. This approach is generalized by using generalized and quasi-arithmetic means obtaining the induced generalized IHOWAD (IGHOWAD) operator and the Quasi-IHOWAD operator. An application of the new ap-proach in a decision making problem regarding the selection of strategies is developed.
We study different types of aggregation operators. We focus on the generalized OWA (GOWA) operator developed by Yager which represents a generalization to a wide range of aggregation operators. We distinguish between aggregations with a descending or with an ascending order. We introduce the induced generalized OWA (IGOWA) operator which represents an extension to the GOWA operator. It generalizes a wider range of aggregation operators as the GOWA operator is a particular case of this type of generalization. We study its main properties and some particular cases obtained with it. Finally, we develop a further generalization to the IGOWA operator by using quasi-arithmetic means.
This paper deals with the characterization of two classes of
monotonic and neutral (MN) aggregation operators. The first class
corresponds to (MN) aggregators which are stable for the same positive
linear transformations and presents the ordered linkage property. The
second class deals with (MN)-idempotent aggregators which are stable for
positive linear transformations with the same unit, independent zeroes
and ordered values. These two classes correspond to the weighted ordered
averaging operator (OWA) introduced by Yager in 1988. It is also shown
that the OWA aggregator can be expressed as a Choquet integral
This paper presents the induced heavy ordered weighted moving average (IHOWMA) operator. It is an aggregation operator that uses the main characteristics of three well-known techniques: the moving average, induced operator, and heavy aggregation operator. This operator provides a parameterized family of aggregation operators that include the minimum, the maximum, and total operator as special cases. It can be used in a selection process, considering that not all decision makers have the same knowledge and expectations of the future. The main properties of this operator are studied including a wide range of families of IHOWMA operators, such as the heavy ordered weighted moving average operator and uncertain induced heavy ordered weighted moving average operator. The IHOWMA operator is also extended using generalized and quasi-arithmetic means. An example in an investment selection process is also presented.
The ordered weighted average (OWA) is an aggregation operator that provides a parameterized family of operators between the minimum and the maximum. This paper presents the OWA weighted average distance operator. The main advantage of this new approach is that it unifies the weighted Hamming distance and the OWA distance in the same formulation and considering the degree of importance that each concept has in the analysis. This operator includes a wide range of particular cases from the minimum to the maximum distance. Some further generalizations are also developed with generalized and quasi-arithmetic means. The use of Bonferroni means under this framework is also studied. The paper ends with an application of the new approach in a group decision making problem with Dempster-Shafer belief structure regarding the selection of strategies.
The aim of the paper is to develop new aggregation operators using Bonferroni means, OWA operators and some distance measure. We introduce the BON-OWAAC and BON-OWAIMAM operators. We are able to include coefficient adequacy and the maximum and minimum levels in the same formulation with Bonferroni means and an OWA operator. The main advantages of using these operators are that they allow consideration of continuous aggregations, multiple comparisons between each argument and distance measures in the same formulation. An application is developed using these new algorithms in combination with Moore's families and Galois lattices to solve group decision-making problems. The professional and personal interests of the entrepreneurs who share co-working spaces are taken as an example for establishing relationships and groups. According to the professional and personal profile affinities for each entrepreneur, the results show dissimilarity and fuzzy relationships and the maximum similarity sub-relations to establish relationships and groups using Moore's families and Galois lattice. Finally, this new type of distance family can be used for applications in areas such as sports teams, strategy marketing and teamwork.
The decision to choose a reinsurance program has many complexities because it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high levels in different optimal criteria including maximum gain, minimum variance, and probability of ruin. This article suggests a new method by which, through membership functions, we can measure the distance of each alternative to an optimal result and aggregate it by using different types of aggregations. In this article, particular attention is given to the induced Minkowski ordered weighted averaging distance operator and the induced Minkowski probabilistic ordered weighted averaging distance operator. The main advantage of these operators is that they include a wide range of special cases. Thus, they can adapt efficiently to the specific needs of the calculation processes. By doing so, the reinsurance system can make better decisions by using different scenarios in the uncertain environment considered. 2016
In this paper, we develop a new method for Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy decision making problems. We present the Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy probabilistic ordered weighted distance (IFPOWD) operator. Its main advantage is that it uses distance measures in a unified framework between the probability and the OWA operator that considers the degree of importance of each concept in the aggregation. Moreover, it is able to deal with uncertain environments represented in the form of Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy information. We analyze the applicability of this new approach in a group decision making problem concerning selection of investments.
Dynamic MCDM, Habitual Domains and Competence Set Analysis for Effective Decision Making in Changeable Spaces.- The Need for and Possible Methods of Objective Ranking.- Preference Function Modelling: The Mathematical Foundations of Decision Theory.- Robustness in Multi-criteria Decision Aiding.- Preference Modelling, a Matter of Degree.- Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic-Based Methods in Multicriteria Decision Analysis.- Argumentation Theory and Decision Aiding.- Problem Structuring and Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis.- Robust Ordinal Regression.- Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis (SMAA).- Multiple Criteria Approaches to Group Decision and Negotiation.- Recent Developments in Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization.- Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis and Geographic Information Systems.
The use of distance measures and heavy aggregations in the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator is studied. We present the heavy ordered weighted averaging distance (HOWAD) operator. It is a new aggregation operator that provides a parameterized family of aggregation operators between the minimum distance and the total distance operator. Thus, it permits to analyze an aggregation from its usual average (normalized distance) to the sum of all distances available in the aggregation process. We analyze some of its main properties and particular cases such as the normalized Hamming distance, the weighted Hamming distance and the OWA distance (OWAD) operator. This approach is generalized by using quasi-arithmetic means obtaining the quasi-arithmetic HOWAD (Quasi-HOWAD) operator and with norms obtaining the heavy OWA norm (HOWAN). Further extensions to this approach are presented by using moving averages forming the moving HOWAD (HOWMAD) and the moving Quasi-HOWAN (Quasi-HOWMAN) operator. The applicability of the new approach is studied in a decision making model regarding the selection of national policies. We focus on the selection of monetary policies. The key advantage of this approach is that we can consider several sources of information that are independent between them.
Since 1965 when L.A. Zadeh presented the concept of fuzzy sets, various types of extensions have been proposed. The treatment of subjectivity knowledge and uncertain data from one or several experts is now an important field in computer science. In this paper, a general concept, ‘the experton’, is described. It is especially adapted for the case where several experts and/or users are concerned. The properties of expertons give also a monoid and a distributive lattice with the norms (∧) (min) and (∨) (max); then every process used with fuzzy sets stays available for expertons with a constraint of monotonicity. Expertons are based on probabilistic sets when intervals of probabilities are considered.
This paper develops a new method for group decision making in political management and introduces the probabilistic ordered weighted averaging distance (POWAD) operator. It is a new aggregation operator that uses a unified model between probabilities and the OWA operator considering the degree of importance that each concept has in the particular problem considered. Moreover, it also uses distance measures in the aggregation process. Some of the main properties of the POWAD operator and different particular cases are studied including the probabilistic maximum distance, the probabilistic minimum distance, the probabilistic Hamming distance, the POWA operator, the Hamming distance and the OWA operator. The applicability of the new approach is also analyzed focussing on a political group decision making problem where the government of a country is planning the general strategy for the next year.
The author was led to the study given in this paper from a consideration of large scale computing machines in which a large number of operations must be performed without a single error in the end result. This problem of “doing things right” on a large scale is not essentially new; in a telephone central office, for example, a very large number of operations are performed while the errors leading to wrong numbers are kept well under control, though they have not been completely eliminated. This has been achieved, in part, through the use of self-checking circuits. The occasional failure that escapes routine checking is still detected by the customer and will, if it persists, result in customer complaint, while if it is transient it will produce only occasional wrong numbers. At the same time the rest of the central office functions satisfactorily. In a digital computer, on the other hand, a single failure usually means the complete failure, in the sense that if it is detected no more computing can be done until the failure is located and corrected, while if it escapes detection then it invalidates all subsequent operations of the machine. Put in other words, in a telephone central office there are a number of parallel paths which are more or less independent of each other; in a digital machine there is usually a single long path which passes through the same piece of equipment many, many times before the answer is obtained.
We analyze the use of the probability in the ordered weighted average (OWA). We introduce the probabilistic OWA (POWA) operator. It is an aggregation operator that provides a parameterized family of aggregation operators between the minimum and the maximum that considers the degree of importance that the probability and the OWA operator have in the aggregation. We study some of its main properties and particular cases. We also study the construction of interval and fuzzy numbers with POWA operators. We study the applicability of the POWA operator and we see that it is very broad because all the previous studies that use the probability can be revised with this new approach. We develop an application in a group decision making problem regarding investment selection.
The weighted geometric (WG) operator and the ordered weighted geometric (OWG) operator are two common aggregation operators in the field of information fusion. But these two aggregation operators are usually used in situations where the given arguments are expressed as crisp numbers or linguistic values. In this paper, we develop some new geometric aggregation operators, such as the intuitionistic fuzzy weighted geometric (IFWG) operator, the intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted geometric (IFOWG) operator, and the intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid geometric (IFHG) operator, which extend the WG and OWG operators to accommodate the environment in which the given arguments are intuitionistic fuzzy sets which are characterized by a membership function and a non-membership function. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the developed operators. Finally, we give an application of the IFHG operator to multiple attribute decision making based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets.
Two recent developments have brought the issue of transparency in European Union (EU) policy-making on to the agenda of the European Community. First, increased attention to the Community's democracy or legitimacy deficit has brought into focus the technocratic policy style which characterizes Community institutions and decision-making bodies. Second, the 1995 accession of Sweden and Finland has reinforced an alternative tradition of public policy-making and administration which challenges traditional Community policy styles. This article compares the policy of open government in Sweden and Denmark with recent attempts to render European policy-making more transparent to the public. It is argued that the concept of transparency is basically perceived differently in the Scandinavian member states than in the Community institutions and most other member states. The core element of Scandinavian style transparency is extensive public access to official documents, files and registers which is perceived as an important means of holding public policy-makers accountable. Community style transparency, on the other hand, is primarily directed at keeping the public informed of ongoing activities. Transparency through public access may seem alien and unsuitable to policy-makers used to operating in more closed polities, but the Scandinavian way of addressing politico-administrative accountability does offer a possible solution to the Community's perceived legitimacy deficit.
Although the electronic revolution in publishing fostered a new Information Age, the need for government documents in tangible format continues. This paper examines the historical roots of congressional printing compared to 21st century challenges to information policy. The author argues that the founding fathers intentionally did not include language mandating the printing of government information, aside from the Journal as described in the Constitution, for the simple reason that they viewed it as an inherent obligation on the part of all elected officials. As such, restrictive information policies, such as the U.S.A. Patriot Act, impinge upon the original intent of the founding fathers and indeed, threaten the ideal of a democratic society.
—We are primarily concerned with the problem of aggregating multicriteria to form an overall decision function. We introduce a new type of operator for aggregation called an ordered weighted aggregation (OWA) operator. We investigate the properties of this operator. We particularly see that it has the property of lying between the “and,” requiring all the criteria to be satisfied, and the “or,” requiring at least one of the criteria to be satisfied. We see these new OWA operators as some new family of mean operators.
We extend the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator to a provide a new class of operators called the generalized OWA (GOWA) operators. These operators add to the OWA operator an additional parameter controlling the power to which the argument values are raised. We look at some special cases of these operators. One important case corresponds to the generalized mean and another special case is the ordered weighted geometric operator.
The aim of this paper is to develop an ordered weighted distance (OWD) measure, which is the generalization of some widely
used distance measures, including the normalized Hamming distance, the normalized Euclidean distance, the normalized geometric
distance, the max distance, the median distance and the min distance, etc. Moreover, the ordered weighted averaging operator,
the generalized ordered weighted aggregation operator, the ordered weighted geometric operator, the averaging operator, the
geometric mean operator, the ordered weighted square root operator, the square root operator, the max operator, the median
operator and the min operator are also the special cases of the OWD measure. Some methods depending on the input arguments
are given to determine the weights associated with the OWD measure. The prominent characteristic of the OWD measure is that
it can relieve (or intensify) the influence of unduly large or unduly small deviations on the aggregation results by assigning
them low (or high) weights. This desirable characteristic makes the OWD measure very suitable to be used in many actual fields,
including group decision making, medical diagnosis, data mining, and pattern recognition, etc. Finally, based on the OWD measure,
we develop a group decision making approach, and illustrate it with a numerical example.
For more than 150 years, the United States Government Printing Office (GPO), along with its Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), has supported an informed citizenry and democracy by ensuring access and preservation to a broad swath of federal government information. This collaborative national public information program between local libraries and the national government, if it is to survive beyond its second century of service, must overcome profound challenges within a rapidly evolving complex of e-government policies and principles. The FDLP can (and must) find a way to serve its traditional values – permanent and public access to government information – that allows for growth and change within the demands of a dynamic electronic environment between the governors and the governed.
The ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator was developed by Yager [IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybernet. 18 (1998) 183]. Later, Yager and Filev [IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybernet.––Part B 29 (1999) 141] introduced a more general class of OWA operators called the induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operators, which take as their argument pairs, called OWA pairs, in which one component is used to induce an ordering over the second components which are exact numerical values and then aggregated. The aim of this paper is to develop some induced uncertain linguistic OWA (IULOWA) operators, in which the second components are uncertain linguistic variables. Some desirable properties of the IULOWA operators are studied, and then, the IULOWA operators are applied to group decision making with uncertain linguistic information.
We develop a new approach that uses the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator in the selection of financial products. In doing so, we introduce the ordered weighted averaging distance (OWAD) operator and the ordered weighted averaging adequacy coefficient (OWAAC) operator. These aggregation operators are very useful for decision-making problems because they establish a comparison between an ideal alternative and available options in order to find the optimal choice. The objective of this new model is to manipulate the attitudinal character of previous methods based on distance measures, so that the decision maker can select financial products according to his or her degree of optimism, which is also known as the orness measure. The main advantage of using the OWA operator is that we can generate a parameterized family of aggregation operators between the maximum and the minimum. Thus, the analysis developed in the decision process by the decision maker is much more complete, because he or she is able to select the particular case in accordance with his or her interests in the aggregation process. The paper ends with an illustrative example that shows results obtained by using different types of aggregation operators in the selection of financial products.
Aggregation of information is of primary importance in the construction of knowledge based systems in various domains, ranging from medicine, economics, and engineering to decision-making processes, artificial intelligence, robotics, and machine learning. This book gives a broad introduction into the topic of aggregation functions, and provides a concise account of the properties and the main classes of such functions, including classical means, medians, ordered weighted averaging functions, Choquet and Sugeno integrals, triangular norms, conorms and copulas, uninorms, nullnorms, and symmetric sums. It also presents some state-of-the-art techniques, many graphical illustrations and new interpolatory aggregation functions. A particular attention is paid to identification and construction of aggregation functions from application specific requirements and empirical data. This book provides scientists, IT specialists and system architects with a self-contained easy-to-use guide, as well as examples of computer code and a software package. It will facilitate construction of decision support, expert, recommender, control and many other intelligent systems.
We consider criteria aggregation problems where there exists a prioritization relationship over the criteria. We suggest that prioritization between criteria can be modeled by making the weights associated with a criteria dependent upon the satisfaction of the higher priority criteria. We consider a number of aggregation operators in which there exists a prioritization relationship between the arguments. We first introduce a prioritized scoring operator and a closely related prioritized averaging operator. We next introduce a prioritized “anding” and then a prioritized “oring” operator.
With respect to risk decision making problems with interval probability in which the attribute values take the form of the uncertain linguistic variables, a multi-attribute decision making method based on prospect theory is proposed. To begin with, the uncertain linguistic variables can be transformed into the trapezoidal fuzzy number, and the prospect value function of the trapezoidal fuzzy number based on the decision-making reference point of each attribute and the weight function of interval probability can be constructed; then the prospect value of attribute for every alternative is calculated through prospect value function of the trapezoidal fuzzy number and the weight function of interval probability, and the weighted prospect value of alternative is acquired by using weighted average method according to attribute weights, and all the alternatives are sorted according to the expected values of the weighted prospect values; Finally, an illustrate example is given to show the decision-making steps, the influence on decision making for different parameters of value function and different decision-making reference point, and the feasibility of the method.
In this paper, we present a new decision-making approach that uses distance measures and induced aggregation operators. We introduce the induced ordered weighted averaging distance (IOWAD) operator. IOWAD is a new aggregation operator that extends the OWA operator by using distance measures and a reordering of arguments that depends on order-inducing variables. The main advantage of IOWAD is that it provides a parameterized family of distance aggregation operators between the maximum and the minimum distance based on a complex reordering process that reflects the complex attitudinal character of the decision-maker. We studied some of IOWAD’s main properties and different particular cases and further generalized IOWAD by using Choquet integrals. We developed an application in a multi-person decision-making problem regarding the selection of investments. We found that the main advantage of this approach is that it is able to provide a more complete picture of the decision-making process, enabling the decision-maker to select the alternative that it is more in accordance with his interests.
We indicate that the problem of prioritized criteria arises in situations in which there exists a relationship between the
criteria so that lack of satisfaction by the higher priority criteria cannot be readily compensated for by satisfaction by
lower priority criteria. Typical of this situation is the relationship between safety and cost. We consider the problem of
criteria aggregation in this environment. Central to our approach is the use of importance weights to enforce this prioritization
imperative. We apply our use of priority based importance weights to the case where the scope of the criteria aggregation
is an OWA type aggregation.
This article presents findings from the 2006 Public Libraries and the Internet study and other research that demonstrate the impact of public Internet access in public libraries on the communities and individuals that the libraries serve. This article focuses on the importance of public library Internet access in times of emergencies and for a range of electronic government (e-government) services at the individual and community-wide levels. Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries function as a first choice, first refuge, and last resort in a range of emergency and e-government circumstances, allowing individuals to engage successfully in essential e-government services such as registering for Medicare or other benefits and filing tax information. With this key centrality as agents of government services, public libraries increasingly play significant roles in times of emergencies, like the aftermath of a hurricane, in which communities rely on the public library Internet access to request aid, try to find missing family and friends, file Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and insurance claims, and begin rebuilding their lives. This article also discusses the need to revise government policy related to the role of public libraries in their support of e-government as public libraries increasingly serve as agents of e-government.
We consider the problem of multicriteria decision making (MCDM) in the situation in which there exists a prioritization of criteria. A good example of prioritization among criteria occurs in the case of air travel, where concerns about passenger safety have a higher priority then economic concerns. Tradeoffs between saving on gasoline usage and jeopardizing passenger safety are unacceptable. We show how this prioritization of criteria can be modeled by using importance weights in which the weights associated with the lower priority criteria are related to the satisfaction of the higher priority criteria. We provide some models that allow for the formalization of these prioritized MCDM problems using both the Bellman-Zadeh paradigm for MCDM and the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator method.
Models for the research of forgotten effects
- A Kaufmann
- J Gil Aluja
Kaufmann, A.; Gil Aluja, J. (1988). Models for the research of forgotten effects. (In Spanish), Spain,
Milladoiro.