The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator; Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs

Abstract

Taranjebin Manna, a rare specific gum exudate from Fabaceae genera (Alhagi), screened for selenium content.
These were from some 90 samples complied into 14 bulk samples, representing three regional centres of Iran.
Previous multidisciplinary studies had suggested selenium in an exudate chemical species context was the likely
active component. The present study supports this contention and explains Taranjebin Manna's very high ethnomedical
demand in Iran, and for its export. Several proposed biochemical hypotheses introduced here support
selenium as the active constituent in context of Manna's glycoprotein content. Research into Manna seleno
polysaccharides and selenoglycoproteins is likely to reveal novel compounds of high medical interest. It is argued
Taranjebin Manna ethno-medical indication for neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia and thyroid issues is related to these
selenium compounds. The mean content of selenium was consistently very high, averaging 492 mg Se/100 g (dry
weight of Manna) in the range of 482 to 513 mg Se/100 g. As a result, important traditional medical Manna efficacy
is inferred from these findings. Possible reason for this hyper-accumulation was investigated by conducting a review
of selenium geogenic factors and Investigation into Taranjebin Manna’s distribution. This concluded biogeochemical
factors such as specific local geogenic conditions combined with specific geological terrains contributed to Manna
selenium mobility within specific Alhagi genera species, Apersarum boiss, A. bushe and A. mannifera DesfClimatic,
biological and geogenic-geological factors all contribute to high content of selenium in Taranjebin.

Full text

The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper
Selenium Accumulator; Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to
Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs
Ziarati P1,2* and Hochwimmer B3
1Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3Hochwimmer B and Associates Pty Ltd, Consultant Geologists: Mineral Exploration; Mining; Environmental Geology, Albury, Australia
*Corresponding author: Ziarati P, Nutrition and Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +982122640051;
Fax: +982122633986; E-mail: ziarati.p@iaups.ac.ir
Rec date: July 31, 2018; Acc date: August 23, 2018; Pub date: August 31, 2018
Copyright: © Ziarati P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Taranjebin Manna, a rare specific gum exudate from Fabaceae genera (Alhagi), screened for selenium content.
These were from some 90 samples complied into 14 bulk samples, representing three regional centres of Iran.
Previous multidisciplinary studies had suggested selenium in an exudate chemical species context was the likely
active component. The present study supports this contention and explains Taranjebin Manna's very high ethno-
medical demand in Iran, and for its export. Several proposed biochemical hypotheses introduced here support
selenium as the active constituent in context of Manna's glycoprotein content. Research into Manna seleno
polysaccharides and selenoglycoproteins is likely to reveal novel compounds of high medical interest. It is argued
Taranjebin Manna ethno-medical indication for neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia and thyroid issues is related to these
selenium compounds. The mean content of selenium was consistently very high, averaging 492 mg Se/100 g (dry
weight of Manna) in the range of 482 to 513 mg Se/100 g. As a result, important traditional medical Manna efficacy
is inferred from these findings. Possible reason for this hyper-accumulation was investigated by conducting a review
of selenium geogenic factors and Investigation into Taranjebin Manna’s distribution. This concluded biogeochemical
factors such as specific local geogenic conditions combined with specific geological terrains contributed to Manna
selenium mobility within specific Alhagi genera species, Apersarum boiss, A. bushe and A. mannifera DesfClimatic,
biological and geogenic-geological factors all contribute to high content of selenium in Taranjebin.
Keywords: Manna; Taranjebin; Iran; Selenium; Medical geology
Introduction
Taranjebin is a semi liquid resinous sweet substance that exudes
onto the leaves and branches of the Manna producing camel's thorn
species (genus Alhagi within Fabaceae, the legume family). Taranjebin
hardens into white granules which gradually turn to yellow and brown
colours [1-7]. Among various Manna which have been observed in
Iran, only Taranjebin has a tear like shape [8]. Taranjebin, Shir-Khesht,
Bid-Khesht and Gaz-Ala are very much used Iranian Manna among
others. Taranjebin (TA) or Persian Manna is specically formed on the
camel's thorn shrubs (genus Alhagi). Etymology of Taranjebin shows
this word is derived from the Persian word “Tar-angabin” meaning wet
honey. In traditional Persian and Islamic medicine, it is also referred to
as Asal al nada (Dew honey), Oshtorangebin (Camel thorn honey) and
honey of rose. In addition, Taranjebin as a Persian Manna, is also
known as Merniabin Manna, Alhagi Manna (from the plane genus),
Hedysarum Manna and Caspian Manna in English and Manne de
Perse, Manne d’ hedysarum and Manne d' alhagi in French [7,9].
Taranjebin Manna forms on
Alhagi persarum
Boiss, and
A. bushe
and
A. mannifera Desf
. Surprisingly, these species do not yield
Taranjebin everywhere they grow. is phenomenon seems to relate to
temperature, soil conditions, and existence of an insect from the genus
Larinus inhabiting the Alhagi shrubs [10]. Recent studies show a
strong relationship between Taranjebin production and a specic
'froghopper' insect; Poophilus nebulosus Leth [9]. Signicantly,
Camel’s thorn shrubs yield manna only in certain areas of Khorasan,
Tabriz, Tabas, Zarand, Tegerood (near Qom) and Booshehr in Iran
during the hot season [11-13]. Consequently, it is proposed these
factors are combined with geology as determinates for Ethno-medical
active Taranjebin Manna, as discussed in the following Manna Medical
Geology section on calc-alkaline to alkalic provinces of the Tethyan
magmatic arcs.
Given wide usage and terminologies of various Manna, terminology
is an important aspect summarised here. Diverse manna's have been
used as laxatives, antipyretics, expectorant and forms in the treatment
of hyperbilirubinemia in Iranian traditional medicine including
neonatal hyperbilirubinemia [1,2]. Characteristics of Manna have been
attributed to its sacchariferous compound [5]. Notably glycoprotein's
and other therapeutic compounds are likely to be discovered and act in
concert with nutritionally diverse Iranian ‘Mannas.’ Of the well-known
'gum' exudates elsewhere, gum Arabic, the original discovery source of
arabinose and ribose sugars, is an exudate from the Gondwana genus,
Acacia, generally
A. Senegal
or
A. vachellia
species, also within the
Fabaceae family. Like Manna, it has a complex mixture of
glycoprotein's and polysaccharides. Amongst numerous uses it was
traditionally used as an anti-inammatory. ere is still much to be
discovered from gum exudates, particularly from the Fabaceae, which
is interesting as certain species dene selenium ora biogeographically
and have been the most successful bio-mineral exploration indicators.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
F
o
o
d
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Journal of Agricultural Science and
Food Research
Ziarati and Hochwimmer, J Agri Sci Food Res
2018, 9:3
Research Article Open Access
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

Taranjebin is the most economically valuable Manna in the Persian
herbal markets and the most economically exported Manna from Iran’s
herbal markets. Nowadays, Taranjebin is mainly used as a mild laxative
and treatment of neonatal jaundice in Persian Ethnomedicine. Studies
have shown a lowering bilirubin eect with no observed toxicity in
mice [12-14]. Ethanolic extract of herbal products containing this
manna have been shown to have inhibitory eects on cell growth and
synthesis of cellular proteins, DNA, and RNA [15,16]. In addition,
traditional Persian Ethnomedicine uses for Taranjebin include - fever,
rubella, health maintenance, cough, pectoral aches, nausea-vomiting
and thirst [9,11-14].
Whilst selenium is an essential nutrient, dierent animals have
variable adaptive requirements biochemically. is is presumably due
to a combination of physiological and nutritional stress and lifestyle
demands that may be dependent on ecological availability and
ecological behavioral adaptations to acquire selenium concentrations
to match deciency or overcome toxicity stress in novel ways.
Nutritionally, some native animal diets such as the marsupial sugar
gliders (Australia-Indonesia) preferentially utilize sap exudates,
including gums, nectar, manna and honeydew. ese animals typically
have poor protein quotas [17], which they partially make up with
pollen and other sources. Depending on geogenic conditions of
selenium mobility, even with potentially hyper selenium accumulators
such as the Fabaceae species, shortages may occur if geological
conditions are depleted in selenium or if unsuitable when hyper
selenium accumulation ability against geochemical gradient, as is the
case with many owering plant species, is unremarkable. erefore, it
is possible animals such as sugar gliders supplement with pollen for
selenium in addition to protein. Pollen and nectar can concentrate
selenium in some plant species to high levels than leaf or stem tissue.
Geogenic factors largely control levels of selenium in plants, even
for accumulating Fabaceae species and others which may have
adaptive tolerance. For example, under appropriate selenium supply in
waste waters with around 0.4 to 0.7 ppm Se, certain plant such as
radish and mustard pollen and nectar have been shown to concentrate
selenium to high levels, (around 400 to 800 ppm in pollen and 60 ppm
in nectar). Whilst selenium is essential for proper nerve cell health,
excess levels disrupt this function, evident in dysfunctional honey bee
communications. Selenium is an essential micronutrient, potentially;
excessively high geogenic circumstances for small animals, such as
insects may impose adaptive selenotoxic pressures. e Taranjebin
Manna insect;
Poophilus nebulosus Leth
, perhaps has adaptive
tolerance, and this needs to be tested. Taranjebin Manna's can exceed
the geogenic driven high selenium in mustard pollen and nectar by an
order of magnitude, as this study now demonstrates, forming an ideal
nutritional supplement for decient wild animals and humans alike.
Hyper accumulation biotic potentials against selenium geochemical
gradients aside, this indicates special geogenic and geological
conditions contribute to such very high selenium levels in Taranjebin
Manna.
Selenium proteins [16] and glycoproteins appear to be essential in
preventing various diseases. Of the eight essential trace elements,
selenium is an important antioxidant, essential for thyroid, brain
function, and metabolism and in the right molecular form appears to
act as a chemo preventative, notably, for colon, breast, prostate, and
possibly liver, pancreatic and other cancers. As Manna is a known
DNA synthesis retardant, it may act against pathogens (and cancers)
by retarding bacterial DNA syntheses, in analogy to certain antibiotics
not aected by resistance including methotrexate, a folate decoy
normally used in leukemia chemotherapy. ereby, Manna may reduce
live pathogen induced jaundice and bilirubin levels in liver disease as
well as secondary infection to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia shock,
countering inammation, septicemia and necrosis. Furthermore,
selenium can be a bacterial bio-lm retardant and one such study
found that selenium retarded
Staphylococcus
by 90% [17]. Should
signicant Se occur in sap or honeydew exudates, (particularly in
mutual plant/insect benet) this would benet both plant and insect
during the plant injury, and this micro-ecosystem selected in an
evolutionary sense for the presence of a selenium geogenic-biotic
context, that also possibly confer natural toxic resistance of Fabaceae
plants.
Another factor could be Manna mediated resilience against
insucient competency of red blood corpuscle in a neonatal context of
this excess red blood cell hematopoiesis. For as noted below, selenium
is an essential component in antioxidant enzyme glutathione
peroxidase in mammalian red blood corpuscles [18].
Furthermore, selenium is essential in thioredoxin reductase,
deiodinase enzymes, in the conversion between thyroid hormones.
yroid insuciency is known in Iran and perhaps selenium is an
additional factor on top of Hashimoto disease vectors in combating
insuciency. Indeed, selenium can reduce excess anti-thyroid receptor
antibodies [19]. Conversely, conceivably, if such insuciency persists
from selenium shortage dependency hormone conversion, over
compensating hormone production may occur if thioredoxin
reductase, deiodinase enzymes are not functioning optimally.
Inammation can occur through multiple ways, including those.
Indirectly these enzymes reduce oxidative species in both animals and
plants, for which selenium requirements vary. Manna selenium may
therefore, not only avert neonatal hyperbilirubinemia shock, but
inammation generally. Common sources of selenium (Se) are sh,
shellsh, meat, particularly organ meats [15], milk, eggs and some nuts
such as South American Brazil nuts which provide good sources of
selenium. Other sources include cereals, other grains and dairy
product. Iranian nuts such as almonds may also provide good sources
of selenium. Selenium concentrations in plant-based foods vary widely
by geographic location [13,15,16,20,21]. For example, according to the
US Department of Agriculture Food Composition Database, Brazil
nuts may average 544 mcg selenium/ounce, yet analyses vary widely.
Likely this reects geogenic conditions.
Based on USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard
Reference’s Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), average daily
level of intake suciently meets the nutrient requirements of nearly all
(97%-98%) healthy individuals. Adequate Intake (AI) are established
when evidence is insucient to develop an RDA and is set at a level
assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy. Estimated Average
Requirement (EAR) is the average daily level of intake estimated to
meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals. It is usually used
to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes in population groups but not
individuals. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is maximum daily
intake unlikely to cause adverse health eects [22].
Generally, selenium content of soil can aect selenium content in
plants, so the quantities of selenium in animal products also vary
[13-16], though not as much as in plant-based foods due to
homeostatic mechanisms. Formulated livestock feeds also generally
contain constant levels of selenium. Plants are therefore an important
source of selenium, and soils generally reect bedrock and source
geology: low and more rarely high selenium bioregions, including base
metal sulphides, precious metal minerals such as telluride
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 2 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

mineralization associated with selenium, coal red power stations, y
ash disposals, may therefore be reected in plants, animal and human
health. e range of benecial selenium, however, is narrow, excess
selenium can lead to selinosis. Biologically, a wide range of tolerances
exist, including, importantly, in bacteria involved in bio oxidation and
reduction of selenium compound in rocks and soils. In bacteria,
selenium and tellurium resistance is mediated by dierent genes, for
tellurium by the arsenical ATPase eux pump resident in plasmids
[23]. Superoxide or H2O2 production is implicated in selenium toxicity
by antioxidant production more than cell needs [22-25].
A literature survey has revealed that there are a few studies that have
touched on the essential elements of Manna, more specically for
Selenium on rare Iranian Manna. In the present study, we focus on
biogeochemical studies of interesting and little studied Manna
exudates, hosted by specic Iranian Fabaceae species within the genus
Alhagi, termed Taranjebin from eastern and central Iran. Taranjebin
Manna is purported to have very high traditional ethno-medical value;
therefore, the main goal of current study was to determine sodium,
potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and importantly selenium in
Taranjebin Manna, to investigate biochemical and potential geogenic
reasons for the very high demand of Taranjebin in Iran and its high
export demand.
Materials and Methods
Sampling method
Manna was carefully selected for its traditional ecacy judged by
knowledgeable, experienced and reputable herbal collectors.
Ninety dierent samples Manna Taranjebin (Figure 1) were
prepared from 3 provinces in dierent parts of studied locations in
Iran, namely Khorasan-e-razavi, southern Khorasan and Yazd in July
2016. Samples were given specic codes i.e., T1-T5 for samples from
Yazd (central south Iran), T6-T10 for samples from southern Khorasan
(central east Iran), and T11-T14 for samples from Khorasan-e-razavi
(North east Iran) as illustrated in Table 1. e provinces where these
three groups of samples were collected are shown (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 1: Taranjebin Manna.
Growing
location
and sample
codes
Part
used
Local
Ethno-
medical
name
English
Common
name
Family Botanical
name
Iran: Yazd:
(T1-T5)
Manna Taranjebin
Camel’s
Thorn
Manna
Fabaceae
Alhagi
Camel’s
Thorn fisch
Or Alhagi
pseado
Alhagi
Southern
Khorasan:
(T6-T10)
Khorasan-
e-razavi:
(T11-T14)
Table 1: Botanical, local and English name and growing location of
studied Manna, Taranjebin.
Analytical method
For mineral elements analysis, each sample was oven dried at 450°C
to a constant weight. Each oven-dried sample was ground in a mortar
until it could pass through a 60-mesh sieve. e studied samples
according to international protocols were stored in clean, dry, high
density polyethylene bottles of 100 ml capacity with screw caps.
Figure 2: Map of growing location of studied Manna, Taranjebin.
All glassware and plastic containers used in the study were washed
with liquid soap, rinsed with water, soaked in 10% HNO3 v/v for 48 h,
cleaned thoroughly with distilled water and dried in such a manner to
ensure no contamination.
Each powdered sample split of 2.00 grams was separately placed in a
100 ml digestion ask with approximately 15 ml of digestion mixture
added, then heated on a hot plate in the fuming chamber for wet
digestion. e digestion mixture comprised concentrated HNO3,
H2SO4 and HCl in the ratio of 6:1:1. Samples in asks were rstly
heated slowly, then vigorously till a white residue was obtained. e
residue was then dissolved and made up to 10 ml with 0.1 N HNO3
and NH4 solution in a volumetric ask [13,24]. Blanks and samples
were processed and analyzed in duplicate, simultaneously. All
chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade (AR) and all
necessary precautions were taken to avoid any possible contamination
of the sample as per the AOAC guidelines [26,27].
Sample element concentrations were determined as means ± SE of
three replicates in each test and determined based on sample dry
weight (DW). e measurements were performed using a Perkin
Elmer Pin An Acle 900 T atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometer,
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 3 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

employing an air-acetylene ame for lithium, sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesium using six standard solutions for each metal.
e calibration curve correlation coecient was examined to ensure
an r2=0.996 before initiating sample analysis.
Coecient of variations (%CV) in determination of the elements in
all samples was less than 2%. e temperature of the air-acetylene
ame was about 2,300°C. An air- acetylene ame can be used with all
Perkin-Elmer burner heads. e operating instructions for use of the
air-acetylene ame were as per the appropriate instrument manual. For
the air-acetylene ame, the acetylene ow is about 4 litres/minute, or
8.5 cubic feet/hour, using a heat combustion value of 1450 BTU per
cubic foot. e heat given o would be approximately 12,300 BTU per
hour.
Application of concentrated HNO3 along with 30% hydrogen
peroxide H2O2 (Merck) for mineralization of samples to complete
sample digestion [25-30], following Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Method 3052 was carried out. Digested samples were read
directly by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, at a wavelength
of 766 nm - K, Ca nm- 422.7 and 285 nm - Mg, 589.0 nm - Na.
Chemical analyses were performed in three replications and the mean
values are presented.
Selenium determination
Stock standard solutions for selenium were 1000 μg/mL solution.
All reagents and standards were of analytical grade (Merck, Germany).
e palladium matrix modier solution was prepared by the dilution
(10 g/L) Pd (NO3)2 and iridium AA standard solution, 1000 g/mL in
20% HCl, 0.1% V/V nitric acid prepared by dilution trace pure 65%
nitric acid and 0.1% Triton X-100 were used. Doubly distilled water
was used in all operations. Analyses were performed according to
Analytical Method ATSRD 2003 [31].
Results and Discussion
e geological, biological and medical reviews and hypotheses
derived from them pertaining to Taranjebin Manna are presented
above.
e mean value for Selenium contents of Taranjebin from 3
dierent provinces (Figure 3) averaged selenium content of 492
mg/100 g Se (0.492%) in the range of 482 to 513 mg/100 g Se (N: 14,
STD 8.2), dry weight. Given the combined medical and geological
importance of the present studies demonstration of high selenium in
Taranjebin Manna a broad range of geological, biological and medical
reviews on selenium were conducted. us, we demonstrate for the
rst time very high quantities of selenium for a Fabaceae species
hosted Manna, a specic gum exudate termed Taranjebin from central,
east and northeast Iran.
e very carefully regionally selected Manna for its traditional
ecacy provides a good avenue to geochemically reect geological
provenance. Such geo-biogenic factors alongside traditional medicinal
and nutritional potential on review and hypotheses presented were
discussed above. is connectivity was found particularly for neonatal
hyperbilirubinemia and thyroid issues that could be explained by this
studies demonstration of high selenium Manna levels in geogenic and
geological context.
Ecacy hypothesis regarding selenium biogeochemistry for this
Manna considered in the sections reasonably explain the traditional
uses and support our result that a high selenium content in Manna is
the active component to ethno-medical ecacy specically for
Taranjebin Manna. Further research into the specic active
compounds of selenium in manna, particularly selenoglycoproteins
and selenopolysaccharides are likely to reveal novel compounds of
high medical interest. It is argued that Taranjebin Manna ethno-
medical indication for neonatal hyper bilirubinemia and thyroid issues
is related to these likely novel selenium compounds. Indeed,
selenoglycoprotein’s are also indicated in certain cancer chemo
preventions. Conversely inorganic selenium supplementations have
been proven to have negative eects, (in context of adequate nutrition).
is may also point to the need for selenosis amelioration strategies by
host plants from inorganic selenium sources, Manna production being
one of them.
Figure 3: Selenium content in dierent studied Taranjebin samples.
Code
Mineral Elements (mg/100 g) Mineral Elements (mg/100 g)
Li Na K Ca Mg Se
T1 0.08b ± 0.26 1.399b ± 0.076 33.33a ± 0.77 16.867c ± 0.342 63.228b ± 1.003 485.54b ± 8.23
T2 0.07b ± 0.24 1.288b ± 0.043 33.76a ± 0.76 16.382c ± 0.318 64.878b ± 1.006 482.15b ± 10.11
T3 0.07b ± 0.17 1.325b ± 0.012 33.35a ± 0.90 16.660c ± 0.402 63.098b ± 0.976 491.56b ± 7.67
T4 0.08b ± 0.16 1.307b ± 0.043 32.08a ± 0.86 16.248c ± 0.328 63.667b ± 0.889 488.34b ± 5.24
T5 0.08b ± 0.12 1.348b ± 0.053 33.88a ± 0.90 16.111c ± 0.445 64.912b ± 0.902 486.72b ± 9.17
T6 0.03c ± 0.20 1.928a ± 0.065 30.66b ± 1.002 18.562b ± 0.328 c46.887 ± 0.623 490.11b ± 9.76
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 4 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

T7 0.03c ± 0.23 1.956a ± 0032 30.46b ± 0.875 18.456b ± 0.362 45.200c ± 0.562 489.19b ± 8.44
T8 0.04c ± 0.23 1.998a ± 0.025 30.26b ± 0.56 18.456b ± 0.316 45.677c ± 0.516 493.2b ± 8.25
T9 0.04c ± 0.17 1.876a ± 0.042 29.70b ± 0.453 19.888b ± 0.306 46.450c ± 0.529 491.02b ± 8.09
T10 0.04c ± 0.28 2.010a ± 0.087 b30.20 ± 0.76 b18.567± 0.301 47.331c ± 0.518 b487.56 ± 11.23
T11 0.09a ± 0.28 1.994a ± 0.065 a34.47 ± 0.54 23.465a ± 0.376 72.740a ± 1.433 487.64b ± 12.56
T12 0.08a ± 0.20 1.835a ± 0.049 a34.30 ± 0.87 23.115a ± 0.343 72.765a ± 1.245 502.76a ± 12.05
T13 0.07a ± 0.24 1.936a ± 0.028 a34.47 ± 0.90 23.986a ± 0.352 71.333a ± 1.652 500.07a ± 10.44
T14 0.07a ± 0.25 1.973a ± 0.063 34.83a ± 0.73 23.867a ± 0.326 71.210a ± 1.703 513.27a ± 9.05
Table 2: East (T1-5), Central East (T6-T10) and Northeast (T11-14) Iranian Taranjebin Manna sample analytical result for lithium, sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium and selenium. Values with dierent letters within each parameter were signicantly dierent (P˂0.05).
Medical geology of manna host and related selenium
hyperaccumulators
Table 2 presents a soil fractionation analysis of a Manna collection
area which reveals less than 11.5% Clay or silt, the texture being sandy
loams, which would aid selenium mobility through oxygen access. Low
clay and low soil organic carbon content are known to aid selenium
mobility, as the geogenic review of selenium mobility illustrates,
especially for the Alhagi genus with very deep roots.
Of the Fabaceae Alhagi genus (i.e., Camelthorns or Manna trees)
few species exist, primarily in the old world. Geogenically, they can
sample very deep substrates, as a small bush they may have roots
exceeding around 15 m, utilising ground waters in arid environments.
Larva of the
Coleophora argyrella
, Lepidoptera species feeds
exclusively on
Alhagi maurorum
. e genus apparently gets its name
from the Arabic meaning pilgrim. Selenium absorption would be aided
in this environment of deep water tables by the fact selenium
concentration mobility is associated with high pH, further aided by
low sulphuration mineral systems and environs, lateral to higher
sulphides and selenium sources.
Precipitation leads to leaching of selenium from the soil. Normally
wet conditions favour oxygen and low pH, but in deep friable soils this
may not be the case for oxygen or pH where carbonates buer acidity.
In terms of mineralization associated with selenium geoindicator ora
generally, these are oen selenium oras lateral to mineralization,
reecting proximal positions to distal sulphides which
characteristically have low pH soils, or acid rock drainage (ARD) in
wet conditions. In dry conditions, such as in Iran, this may be more
proximal and carbonates buer acidity. Some researchers consider
climate change to aect available selenium negatively [32,33]. Other
sulphide systems associated with selenium are less ARD producing,
ranging to alkaline.
Medical Geology supports high selenium Taranjebin Manna
ndings in the central east Iranian Tethyan metallogene belts (Figure
3), a restricted distribution, that reects selenium's rarity and
association with lower sulphidation hydrothermal systems. ese
feature lower levels of acid producing sulphides such as iron sulphides
relative to acid buering minerals by dissociating carbonates, alkali
oxides, hydroxides and silicates. Arsenic may be present, but it is not a
particular acid producing sulphide. ese sulphide systems water trend
toward neutral or alkaline, favouring selenium mobility. Sulphate and
bicarbonate are the principal anions compared to ARD waters where
the main anion is sulphate and cations iron, magnesium and
aluminium. However, carbonate base metal and telluride gold
mineralization associations of selenium oen carry appreciable
sulphates and other metals including Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, U, Zn,
Au, Ag Pb, and metalloids As, Sb, Sc, Te, Bi, In. Bar the precious most
leach into oxidizing neutral to slightly alkaline mine waters [34]. It is as
well to be aware of toxicities in ethno medical products or other
benecial micronutrients.
From the geogenic discussions, these are Neo-Tethyan arc systems
in central sector and the eastern arc systems inuenced by western
Pakistan known for widespread alteration Cu ± Mo ± Au, epithermal
gold and base metals also evident in the Lut block, a former
continental fragment. Molybdenum contents may reect intra
compression extension and be associated with the low sulphidation
suites mentioned above as selenium associates. In higher concentration
within extensional systems, such Se associated base metal
hydrothermal mineralization may form giant deposit lateral to the
porphyry and epithermal systems where magmatic and meteoric
waters mix. e Porphyry and higher sulphidation types contain less
selenium and being prone to ARD/AMD less conducive for selenium
bio mobility in soils. It is possible stronger ri basins have not yet been
more widely recognised in Iran, with the more alkaline dierentiated
magmatism series that can be associated with low sulphur and higher
selenium metallogenesis one suspects indicative of the very high
Manna selenium results from NE Iran reported here (Table 3).
Soil Dial
Sample
Depth
cm
Sand % Silt % Clay % Soil
Texture Sand/Clay
Meddle
Voucher 0-30 83 8.5 8.5 Loamy
Sand 9.76
Terminal
Voucher 0-30 82 10.5 7.5 Loamy
Sand 10.93
Initial
Braid 0-30 81 11.5 7.5 Loamy
Sand 10.8
Meddle
Braid 0-30 79 10.5 10.5 Sandy
Loam 7.52
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 5 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

Terminal
Braid 0-30 80 10.5 9.5 Loamy
Sand 8.42
Table 3: Soil fractionation studies of Manna source area Studied soil
samples from Jajarm City in North Khorasan Province. Note the loamy
Sand textures with minor clay and silt, suitable for selenium mobility.
Arcs and back arc extensional systems display temporal and
geochemical evolution to calc- alkaline an alkaline intrusive, generally
in later stages of volcanism. It should be noted that selenium may also
concentrate in altered volcanic rock with disseminated sulphides and
as inclusion in rock forming minerals, more widely disseminated, not
necessarily requiring mineral deposits (an economic denition of high
grade) to form signicant mineralization that will be reected as more
widespread selenoora within volcanic arc formations, particularly in
alkalic domains.
Orogenic links
Mineralization in the Lut block of eastern Iran was formed in the
middle Eocene, at the end of a period of extensive Palaeocene-Eocene
volcanism; whilst Cu-Mo deposits in the Kerman belt of central Iran
formed in the middle Miocene at the end of a period of voluminous
Eocene- Oligocene volcanism. It has been proposed that these late
dierentiated stages of volcanism are represented by relatively high
Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios magmas, indicative of arc maturity high
magmatic water content [35]. ese hydrous phases, represented by
hydrous amphiboles and biotite, and suppression of plagioclases, are
prerequisites for porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au potential required in shallow
crustal arc magma emplacements and general ore-forming sub-
volcanic magmatic-hydrothermal systems. ese potentials may also
be largely unmapped in the east of Iran.
In this context, it is notable that the eastern and northern zones are
slightly higher in Manna selenium results (Table 2) than that of Yarzd
district. Perhaps this reects the lower geographical distribution and
strength of more dierentiated forms of cal-alkaline rock trending to
alkalic suite of minerals (Figure 3). Calc alkaline suite, replete with
porphyry and gold mineralization occur SE of Yazd in the Kerman
sector. It would be interesting to further study if Manna eciency, as
judged by selenium content, could be correlated with favourable
regional rock Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios reecting hydrous fertile magma
origin of these volcanic arc formations of the UDMZ arc and Khorasan
calc-alkaline volcanic and plutonic arcs. Another general rough eld
guide might be visually gained with amphiboles and biotite, though the
rare earth’s elemental ratios will discriminate more hydrous minerals in
otherwise pathologically identical appearing terrains. Conversely,
Ethno-medical manna may be an indication of mineralization extent
of higher selenium content and proportions of A-type dierentiated
magma sources suspected in east and north central to northeast sectors
around Khorasane- Razavi.
e calc-alkaline volcanic and plutonic arc ages are relatively young
and coincide broadly with Late Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene-
Pliocene mineralization associated volcanism in the American
cordillera. Porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the Chagai belt of
western Pakistan formed in four pulses during the Eocene, early
Miocene, middle-late Miocene, and late Miocene-Pliocene, aer a
prolonged period of arc magmatism that began in the Late Cretaceous.
It is still active, and reects the long evolutionary development, as for
the American Laramide orogeny, though terminating in late Eocene.
e subduction angle of e Arabian plate under Iran however is not
as shallow as that under Colorado, well into the back arc. So, one can
expect 'Selenium oras' may be protracted across the Iranian
metallogene belts, including back arc extensional elements suspected
in NE Iran suspected from high selenium manna here. erefore, one
hypothesis might be that this contributes to the restricted geographical
distribution of medically eective Manna exudates that relate to
selenium and mineralization distribution.
Given these Mid to late Cainozoic ages, it is interesting to speculate
if the plant genus Alhagi that host Manna arose in the late Cainozoic
due to palaeogeographical and the late stage Tethyan arc geochemical
evolution culminating in hydrous calc-alkaline to alkalic magmatism.
For it seems in a similar way
Fabacian oxytropis
genus selenium
hyperaccumulators diverged from Astragalus about 16-12 Ma, around
the Langhian to Tortonian stage of the Miocene, aer the main initial
Oligocene metallogene events in the American cordillera. Given the
discourse with the West Pakistan arc mineralizing magmatism over a
longer period, it is also interesting to speculate a parallel evolutionary
sequence in Fabaceae selenium hyper accumulators, such as
Alhagi
manna
broadly from East to West and if the hyper accumulating
genome had its origins in west Pakistan as a result.
It suggests that 'selenium oras' can tolerate high selenium
geological terrains globally. 'Selenium oras' as widely noted [36] are
related to geology, and prominently so in western USA, due to
continental convergence of the pacic plate. Globally 'selenium oras'
include Canada, Columbia and Queensland Australia [37].
Geologically, these are subduction related and transitions to ensialic
ris. Once again, the Fabaceae family are noted here as 'selenium
oras' including the vetches or species of the Astragalus genus globally.
Our results presented in Iran for Manna selenium contents reect
similar geological tectonic and metallogenic evolution in the
cratonisation of Iran. Signicantly also this reects similar
prospectivity of Iran, it is proposed here for alkalic series of selenium
associated mineralization.
Convergence of the Arabian plate under Iran has a similar eect, as
reected in Manna selenium content, along the suture inboard of the
Zargros Fold and rust Belt and Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Belt.
e geographic distribution of Manna selenium may be of interest
geogenically in terms of eciency of traditional health benets since,
as noted in Table 2, the selenium content is higher in eastern and
northern Iran Manna. In the American Cordillera high selenium ora
is strong in the back arc extensional province of more evolved calc-
alkaline suites to alkalic magmas which based on these results
presented, relate to the Alborz sector of northern Iran. is suggests
why selenium content in Manna may be highest in the Northern
Alborz Takab arcs. is would point to a more evolved arc inuence
from the longer calc-alkaline geological evolutionary inuence of the
West Pakistan arcs, from central east of Iran to north east alkalic
geology and metallogenic belt orogenesis.
In conclusion, this supports a strong Medical geology link between
Manna selenium contents with degree of alkaline volatiles in more
dierentiate volcanic and plutonic arcs of Iran.
Further geological evidence for internal arc dierentiation of this
kind is evident from reviewing metallogeny of the northern Alborz
arcs, in the central north sector. is appears to be an evolved calc-
alkaline to mildly alkaline arc. For example, in the Alborz, Sari Gunay
epithermal gold deposit, this system is located within a mildly alkaline
latitic to trachytic volcanic complex in central-northwest Iran, with
younger volcanic hosts of Mid Miocene age around 11.7 and 11.0 Ma.
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 6 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

e late stage is suggestive of a post collisional subduction phase,
compared to the Urumieh-Dokhtar Arc calc-alkaline rocks, SE of
Yarzd in Kerman hosting large porphyry copper mineralization (e.g.,
Sar Cheshimeh, Meiduk) resulting from 'normal' calc-alkaline arc
subduction tectonic mineralization's. Rather it is reective of post
continental collisional extension system for the Takab arc belt of Iran,
comprised of structurally controlled, middle Miocene, mildly alkaline
volcano-plutonic complexes [38].
erefore, in terms of Orogenesis, it is concluded higher Manna
selenium at Khorasane- Razavi is due to such higher evolved
continental collision-alkalic-types, somewhat more ensialic in nature
compared to the Urumieh-Dokhtar arc hosting normal type porphyry
Cu deposits, and though extensive deposits occur here, (e.g., Sar
Cheshimeh, Meiduk) indicative of being less eective in Manna
Medical Geology ecacy terms. In a way the northeast east of Iran
reects potential for epithermal and porphyry like the Rio Grande Ri
of California, and other ris host to more evolved alkalic magmatism.
Indeed, there is a crustal wide structural jog with the east of Iran. Ri
Jog basins are important focal factors in the Rio Grande Ri, and the
Cravensville arc of Australia associated with the Tumut-Mitta trough
extensions ri jog along the Gilmore Suture Zone of the Lachlan belt in
south eastern Australia including the Unicorn Mo-Cu-Ag climax
hybrid of the Saltpetre Metallogene [39,40]. However, the central north
Takab arc belt of Iran appears less alkaline than classic base metal
associated gold deposit terrains such as Porgera (Australia) Emperor
(Fiji), and Cripple Creek post collisional or back-arc extension. On the
contrary, the central Alborz sector of the Takab arc may host early post
syncollisional systems in terms of the Neogene closure of a Neo-Tethys
ocean, between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates, and perhaps
more evolved in the north east, based on Manna selenium results
presented here perhaps vectoring prospectivity.
Geogenic selenium mobility factors: Geomicrobiological
activity; global medical geology
Not all forms of selenium are available to plants, such as bacterially
reduce metalloid forms. ese are dependent on geogenic and
geomicrobiological conditions, but generally a selenium cycle ensures
availability, though some processes lead to depletion. Selenium, being a
volatile element, is strongly subjected to climactic and geological
factors. Selenium hyper accumulator plants may accumulate more
than 1% Se, usually in arid environments with some calcium
carbonates. In high concentration 'selenium ora' plants may exhibit
characteristic garlic like odour. Oen these are in geobotanical
indicator plants such as Astragalus species of the Fabaceae family, rst
noticed on the Colorado Plateau in terms of mineralised geology. High
selenium geologically is associated with mineralization, specically
metallic sulphides but can also be pervasively and widely disseminated
within minerals throughout certain geological units as low grade and
broad hydrothermal alteration.
As a group IV element, selenium behaves similarly to sulphur and
tellurium. ough both selenium and tellurium, as metalloids, have
some metal like properties, selenium between sulphur and tellurium
reects its position in the periodic table. ese metalloids are lower in
abundance than sulphur; estimated crustal abundance are around
0.05-0.14 ppm selenium and 10-5 to 10-2 ppm tellurium [41]. Selenium
is in association with metal sulphides where it may partially replace
sulphur and more commonly in high levels with unusual sulphides
including tellurium, such as base metal associated gold and silver
telluride deposit. Cripple Creek Colorado and similar environments
are well known areas, including Nevada and Harz Mountains, Saxony-
Anhalt, Germany.
Globally, the historical geogenic biota selenium surveys have been
marred by historical analyses with poor precision at DL's around 0.1
ppm by conventional ICP-MS [36]. Furthermore, Se being volatile
means losses occur if samples are ashed. However, analyses employing
nitric acid hydrogen peroxide have generally yielded suciently
rened results and from this biota, geological selenium strata have
been outlined from tree top leaf selenium analysis surveys [36].
Synchrotron work on Astragalus [24] indicates that selenium and
species distribution to be mostly leaf bound rather than in twigs and
this is in accordance with conifers and deciduous trees in North
America [32,36]. However, elsewhere in the genus Combretum (bush
weed in Sahara Africa and South America), selenium is equally
distributed in leaves and stems.
Figure 4: Distributions of Manna Sources in Iran (blue dots).
As seen in the Figure 4, blue dots represent Manna exudates market
source areas and superimposed on the Simplied Geology of Iran, and
surround [40]. Selenium prospective Mid Cainozoic calc-alkaline
magmatic arcs are shown south of Yazd, along with Mesozoic plutonic
rocks and Pliocene-Quaternary clac-alkaline in the Chagai-South
Khorasan in the east, and similar series in the NE of Iran around
Khorasane- Razavi.
e Astragalus genus, or vetch genus are common hyper selenium
accumulators worldwide. ey have wide prevalence of beta-
nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a mitochondrial inhibitor and the free
acid 3-NPA and isoxazlin-5-one, derivatives. Leaf beetle insects have
developed a defence mechanism to them. Some species of insects are
brightly coloured, displaying warnings of their toxic contents to
predators. It is an open question for the Alhagi genus of Manna
production and if selenium is involved in a defence mechanise in
symbiosis of Larinus insects. Mitochondrial inhibition is one of the
mechanisms of cell apoptosis dealing with cancers. Possibly some
cancers are averted before they rise in this way. is hypothesis should
be tested in terms of Manna benets, should low plasmid level
inhibition be augmented by known Manna DNA retardation, given the
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 7 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

Fabaceae family connection with hyper selenium accumulation
capacity.
Closely related genera to Astragalus, Oxytropis also includes
selenium ora species, such as loco weed on the Colorado Plateau, a
well-known back arc pull apart basin extension province. is
imparted sulphide mineralization of molybdenum, rare metal minerals
and tellurium sulphides, scandium and selenium are notable (e.g.,
Cripple Creek). e Oxytropis genus diverged from Astragalus about
16-12 Ma, around the Langhian to Tortonian stage of the Miocene,
aer the main Oligocene metallogene events in the American
cordillera.
Indeed, Astragals are a very widely used traditional medical herb by
many cultures. Coincidently, they are one of the most reliable
prospecting plants, rst noted in 1957, clearly having Medical Geology
links. With concentration of selenium ora reaching around 1% Se dry
weight [36]. is study shows Manna has similar order selenium
concentration and as this study suggests similar vectoring potential,
and signicantly considerable scope for novel medically active
compound discovery.
Conclusion
As some elements such as calcium, magnesium, selenium, lithium,
sodium and potassium contents have not been determined in
Taranjebin to date, our study focused on them, especially calcium and
selenium, due to high nutritional value in Iranian context. Manna
nutritional observations need to be viewed in the context of regional
food bowl, in terms geological environments and anthropogenic
inputs. ese factors include irrigation, fertiliser and historical cultural
life styles changes, with nutritional adequacy reected in responding
ethnomedicine practices. Historically, traditional uses of Manna were
for inammation and disease, particularly for liver and systemic
inammation expressed as neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, as noted.
Recent Iranian Manna observational research concluded Manna not
only possess valuable medicinal properties but may also comprise good
sources of essential mineral elements benecial in treatment of various
deciency disorders. In terms of poor malnourished communities in
Iran, gaps may be present for adequate essential selenium
micronutrient.
Taranjebin Manna, a rare specic gum exudate from Fabaceae
genera Alhagi, was screened for its high ethno-medical quality and, for
the rst time, it was found to have a very high selenium content that is
indicative of a likely active component. is work has shown, for the
rst time, selenium exists in high quantities in the Manna type
Taranjebin. Biogeochemical results are reported here along with
reviews on Manna terminology, selenium geochemistry, mobility and
geogenic links along with soil fractionation studies from a Manna
producing area. We discuss these results in terms of Medical Geology
of the highly specialized Taranjebin Manna ethnomedical product.
Considering these results, we have reviewed traditional medical
ecacy of Manna and proposed biomedical ecacy hypotheses for its
high demand and linking ecacy to selenium biochemistry and
geogenic attributes with the Ethno-medical Geology distribution of
Taranjebin Manna in Iran. Several biochemical hypotheses were
discussed for this potential activity, in the context of Mann’s
glycoprotein content as a plausible explanation for Taranjebin Manna’s
high ethno-medical demand. Its use for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
and thyroid issues is highly suggestive of high selenium species
contents as the active component. e average selenium content was
consistently high, averaging 492 mg/100 g Se in the range of 482 to 513
mg/100 g Se (N: 14, STD 8.2), dry weight. Important traditional
medical Manna ecacy is inferred because of this nding.
Investigation into Taranjebin Manna distribution reveals
biogeochemical factors, such specic local geogenic conditions which
contribute to Manna selenium content derived from specic Alhagi
genera species,
Apersarum Boiss
,
A. bushe
and
A. mannifera Desf
.
erefore, it was concluded that Medical Geology explains the
traditional ecacy of Taranjebin Manna. Soil texture studies point to
sandy loam textures with clay and silt equally around 11%. Our studies
reveal suitable sandy loams for these plants Manna Selenium
accumulation. Other mobility factors are discussed in terms of
calcareous higher pH within regions of disseminated sulphide
mineralization from specic host rocks. e distribution channels of
such active Taranjebin Manna reveal Medical Geology of Manna to
central south, eastern and north eastern Neo-Tethyan volcanic and
pluton arc systems hosting metallogene zones. ese are known for
hydrous calc alkaline trends, towards stronger alkalic (higher volatile
element content) magmatism, within the Urumieh-Dokhar arc, Chagai
arcs of western Pakistan and the north eastern Alborz arcs respectively.
e studies on higher Manna selenium sourced in Rasavi Khorasan
concluded that they are result of younger post collisional extension
systems that correlate with higher Manna selenium. Other potential
sources of selenium are amongst sulphides of the ophiolite suite that
accompany these terrains along sutures, these may also provide
suitable basic conditions with carbonates. However, since average
Manna selenium content increases in the earlier calc alkaline to post
collisional alkalic trends, this points to dierentiate volcanic and
plutonic arcs of Iran for both a source and quality Manna product in
terms of selenium content. A possible symbiotic insect relationship is
considered from the genus Larinus habiting the Alhagi shrubs
generating the Manna exudates. Findings are also discussed in context
of global Fabaceae species, such as, Astragalus, in terms of selenium
hyper accumulation evolution in geologically selenium enriched
mineral terrains, with dierentiated volatile magma sources, some
displaying base metal associated gold terrains.
Acknowledgments
Dr Homayoon Nassimi is gratefully acknowledged.
Conict of Interest
None of the authors have any conicts of interest associated with
this study.
References
1. Azadbakht M, Pishva N, Alinejad F (2005) Eect of Manna from
Cotoneaster discolor on infant Jaundice (eect on blood bilirubin level). J
Med Plants 15: 36-44.
2. Dierenfeld ES (2009) Feeding behavior and nutrition of the sugar glider
(Petaurus breviceps). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic
Animal Practice 12: 209-215.
3. Ghasemi Dehkordi N, Sajadi SE, Ghanadi AR, Amanzadeh M, Asghari
GhR AG (2002) Iranian herbal pharmacopoeia. Ministry of Health Pub,
Tehran 1: 105.
4. Wang Q, Webster TJ (2012) Nanostructured selenium for preventing
biolm formation on polycarbonate medical devices. J Biomedical
Materials Research Part A 100: 3205-3210.
5. Takavar S, Mohamadi M (2008) Producers, Factors and Mechanisms of
Manna in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4: 28-37.
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 8 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234

6. Mirheydar H (1996) Taranjebin. Maaref e Giahi (Herbal Knowledge),
Daare Nashre Farhange Eslami, Tehran, pp: 125-126.
7. Tabasi SAS (1983) Herbs of Khorasan District, especially Taranjebin, in
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
8. Ahmadian-Attari MM, Monsef Esfahani HR, Amin GR, Fazeli MR,
Jamalifar H, et al. (2009) e ethnopharmacological study on
antibacterial activity of some selected plants used in Iranian traditional
medicine. J Medicinal Plants 3: 50-57.
9. Ramezany F, Kiyani N, Khademizadeh M (2013) Persian manna in the
past and the present: an overview. Am J Pharm Sci 1: 35-37.
10. Yaghmaei F, Hossein K (2008) Assessment of behaviourial characteristics
of poophilus nebulosus leth spittlebug on Alhagi persarum boiss & Buhse
camel thorn plant in torbate jam region, Khorasan razavi province, pp:
161-170.
11. Kazerani HR, Jamshidian MM., Yuse NAR (2007) Consideration of
presumed toxic eects of Alhagi manna in mices. J Semnan Uni Med Sci
18: 61-66.
12. Bandegi AR (2002) Considration of Alhagi manna on Delta ALA induced
hyperbilirubinemia in rats. J Semnan Uni Med Sci 7: 161-165.
13. Yazdanparats S, Ziarati P, Asgarpanah J (2014) Nutritive values of some
Iranian Manna. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 11: 1025-1029.
14. Etebari M, Ghannadi A, Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Ahmadi F (2012)
Genotoxicity evaluation of aqueous extracts of Cotoneaster discolor and
Alhagi pseudoalhagi manna by comet assay. J Res Med Sci 17: 1.
15. Sunde RA (2006) Regulation of glutathione peroxidase-1 expression. In
Selenium, pp: 149-160.
16. Sunde RA (2012) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, pp: 225-237.
17. Wang Q, Webster TJ (2012) Nanostructured selenium for preventing
biolm formation on polycarbonate medical devices. Journal of
Biomedical Materials Research Part A 100: 3205-3210.
18. Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG, et al
(1973) Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione
peroxidase. Science 179: 588-590.
19. Turker O, Kumanlioglu K, Karapolat I, Dogan I (2006) Selenium
treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable
doses. Journal of endocrinology 190: 151-156.
20. Coates PM, Blackman M, Betz JM, Cragg GM, Levine MA, et al. (2010)
Encyclopedia of dietary supplements. Informa Healthcare.
21. Dobosz-Bartoszek M, Pinkerton MH, Otwinowski Z, Chakravarthy S,
Söll D, et al. (2016) Crystal structures of the human elongation factor
eEFSec suggest a non-canonical mechanism for selenocysteine
incorporation. Nature Communications 7: 12941.
22. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2012)
USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.
23. Gazzo J, Dubow MS (2000) A novel selenite and telluride inducible gene
in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 4972-4978.
24. Kermanshah A, Ziarati P, Asgarpanah J, Qomi M (2014) Food values of
two endemic wild almond species from Iran. International Journal of
Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4: 380-388.
25. Ziarati P, Ziarati NN, Nazeri S, Saber-Germi M (2015) Phytoextraction of
Heavy Metals by two Sorghum Spices in Treated Soil “Using Black Tea
Residue for Cleaning-Uo the Contaminated Soil”. Oriental J Chem 31:
317-326.
26. AOAC (1998) Association of Ocial Analytical Chemists. Wet digestion
for non–volatile Metals In: AOAC ocial methods of analysis 1: 9.
27. Ziarati P (2012) Determination of contaminants in some Iranian popular
herbal medicines. J Env Anal Toxicol 2: 525-2161.
28. Manshadi M, Ziarati P, Ahmadi M, Fekri K (2013) Greenhouse Study of
Cadmium and Lead phytoextraction by ve Pelargonium spices. Intl J
Farm & Alli Sci 2: 665-669.
29. Ziarati P, Zolfaghari M, Azadi B (2014) e eect of tea residue in
promoting phytoremediation of Lavandula angustifoli mill. International
Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4: 479-486.
30. Zehr JP, Oremland RS (1987) Reduction of selenate to selenide by sulfate-
respiring bacteria: experiments with cell suspensions and estuarine
sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53: 1365-1369.
31. omson CD, Chisholm A, McLachlan SK, Campbell JM (2008) Brazil
nuts: an eective way to improve selenium status. e American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition 87: 379-384.
32. Pickering IJ, Wright C, Bubner B, Ellis D, Persans MW, et al. (2003)
Chemical form and distribution of selenium and sulfur in the selenium
hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus. Plant Physiology 131:
1460-1467.
33. Jones GD, Droz B, Greve P, Gottschalk P, Poet D, et al. (2107) Selenium
deciency risk predicted to increase under future climate change.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: 2848-2853.
34. Lottermoser BG (2011) Recycling, reuse and rehabilitation of mine
wastes. Elements 7: 405-410.
35. Richards JP, Spell T, Rameh E, Razique A, Fletcher T (2012) High Sr/Y
magmas reect arc maturity, high magmatic water content, and porphyry
Cu±Mo±Au potential: Examples from the Tethyan arcs of central and
eastern Iran and western Pakistan. Economic Geology 107: 295-332.
36. Carranza EJ (2007) Handbook of Exploration and Environmental
Geochemistry.
37. Brooks RR (1983) Biological methods of prospecting for minerals. Wiley,
New York, p: 322.
38. Richards JP, Wilkinson D, Ullrich T (2006) Geology of the Sari Gunay
epithermal gold deposit, northwest Iran. Economic Geology 101:
1455-1496.
39. Hochwimmer B (2011) e Unicorn Climax-type Mo Porphyry – a Urad-
Henderson Analogy. AIG news, pp: 107.
40. Hochwimmer B, Turnbull D (2012) Unicorn-exploration in a newly
discovered Australian Mo province & the Urad-Henderson analogy,
proceeding of the 34th International Geological Congress.
41. Rapp GJ (1972) Selenium Element and Geochemistry. e Encyclopedia
of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, pp: 1079-1080.
Citation: Ziarati P, Hochwimmer B (2018) The Medical Geology and Discovery of Taranjebin Manna as a Hyper Selenium Accumulator;
Biomedical and Ethno-Medical Efficacy Links to Calc-alkaline and Alkalic Tethyan Magmatic Arcs. J Agri Sci Food Res 9: 234.
Page 9 of 9
J Agri Sci Food Res, an open access journal Volume 9 • Issue 3 • 1000234