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Case Studies on Glaciokarst
Abstract
This chapter involves five case studies, in which the landscape and the relation of karstification and glacial erosion are described. Three case studies deal with the sample sites of the Alps (Northern Calcareous Alps, Julian Alps and Bernese Alps). One area is situated in the Durmitor (Dinarides), while the fifth area is a special site. It is a subarctic karst in the southern part of Patagonia developing under extreme climatic circumstances.
... Scientific works focusing on glaciokarst often investigate the morphology and spatial distribution of dolines and shafts (Tóth and Veress, 2019) without considering the possible glaciological relevance of snow, firn, and ice inside them. Although the presence of perennial deposits in such depressions is a common setting in high elevated glaciokarst landscape, there are only few areas where such features have been described: the Canin-Kanin massif in the Julian Alps between Italy and Slovenia (Kunaver, 1983;; Yedigöller Plateau in the White Aladag massif in Turkey (Kadebskaya and Mavlyudov, 2018); Kyrk-Tau plateau in Uzbekistan (Kadebskaya and Mavlyudov, 2018); Jakupica range in North Macedonia (Temovski, 2016), the Durmitor Massif in Montenegro (Hughes, 2010) and Lagonaki Highland in the Western Greater Caucasus in Russia (Telbisz et al., 2019). ...
Dolines and shafts are common geomorphologies in karst landscapes. When affected also by glacial processes, they are considered an example of glaciokarst landform. In high alpine karst, their typical vertical shape lends itself particularly well to the formation of snow and ice accumulations that can survive the ablation season, potentially becoming perennial. This study analyses the 12-years changes of several permanent snow-ice deposits in Schachtdolines and Shafts (SIDS) and compares them with the mass balance of surrounding external ice bodies. According to recent studies and in contrast with the rest of the Alpine glaciers, ice masses of the area are resilient to climate change and show a slightly positive mass balance in the last decade. The presence of a long term mass balance monitoring program provides an excellent basis for a robust comparison with 75 selected SIDS, all located in the Mount Canin-Kanin massif, in the Julian Alps. Six airborne LiDAR surveys performed from 2006 to 2018 at the end of the ablation season allowed accurate calculation of thickness and volume changes. The measured differences show a general increase in thickness of the SIDS with more than one meter gain, although multi-annual observed variability between the sites is high. The observed 2006–2018 positive mass balance is in agreement with the external cryosphere although SIDS appear even more resilient than the external ice patches to both interannual weather variability and climate forcing.
... A study on the condition of glaciers claimed that their melting speed has doubled over the last nearly two decades [2,3,20]. Glacier is a large-sized dimension snowflake on the surface of the Earth which flows downward following the mountain slopes due to its weight [47,52]. It is observable that this iceberg is dense and has its origin in areas where the amount of snowfall is greater than the snow decay and some amount of snow is left as surplus every year [17,28,43]. ...
Greenhouse gases are the most responsible for climate change due to global warming. The Himalayan region, which covers eight countries across Asia, is home to some of the world’s largest and most spectacular glaciers. In the Himalaya, large areas are covered by glaciers and seasonal snow. They are an important source of water for the Himalayan rivers. The Himalaya has been a perennial source of attraction, curiosity, and challenge to human intellect throughout the ages. Among several assets, the vegetation provides an everlasting and interesting field of investigation. The results of this study are highly relevant to glaciers in the central Himalaya, which exhibit some of the most rapid retreat rates on earth in recent decades. This paper is an attempt to examine the variations in vegetation line and timber line altitude using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Snow Index in Pinder Watershed, Uttarakhand (India). Landsat satellite imageries of four decades (1990, 2001, 2011, and 2019) were used to quantify vegetation line and timber line altitude. In the last few decades, the impact of human activities as well as climatic impact in glacier has become more accelerated and pronounced. Heavy biotic pressures have started to exert tremendous stress on natural resources and hence many of the plant species are under various degree of threat. So, human beings need to be educated for understanding, solution, and preventing of these problems.
The retreat of ice shelves and glaciers over the last century provides unequivocal evidence of recent global warming. Glacierets (miniature glaciers) and ice patches are important components of the cryosphere that highlight the global retreat of glaciers, but knowledge of their behaviour prior to the Little Ice Age is lacking. Here, we report the uranium–thorium age of subglacial carbonate deposits from a recently exposed surface previously occupied by the disappearing Triglav Glacier (southeastern European Alps) that may elucidate the glacier's presence throughout the entire Holocene. The ages suggest the deposits' possible preservation since the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. These thin deposits, formed by regelation, are easily eroded if exposed during previous Holocene climatic optima. The age data indicate the glacier's present unprecedented level of retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum and the potential of subglacial carbonates as additional proxies to highlight the extraordinary nature of the current global climatic changes.
Actes du Colloque organisé à Sion (Suisse) le 15 septembre 2006 dans le cadre des Journées de l'Association Française de Karstologie. C'est au sein des grandioses paysages karstiques des montagnes du Valais (Suisse) que la réunion annuelle de l'Association Française de Karstologie, organisée du 14 au 17 septembre 2006, a abordé cette problématique. Le colloque qui ouvrait ces journées de l'AFK, a réuni 38 personnes provenant de 4 pays (France, Suisse, Slovénie et Hongrie). 18 communications ont été présentées et réparties en trois sessions (karstologie physique et spéléologie ; explorations géographiques ; karst et patrimoine). Cet ouvrage qui réunit 15 contributions issues des communications, débute par un article de Jean Nicod, qui rappelle que les relations entre l'AFK et les karstologues suisses ne sont pas nouvelles et qu'une réunion similaire avait été organisée en Suisse en 1978, sous l'experte direction des spécialistes du karst alpin (Alfred Bögli) et jurassien (Daniel Aubert). Les autres contributions ont été réparties en trois parties qui reprennent les sessions du colloque : 1 - Connaissance des phénomènes karstiques... 2 - Pour une gestion raisonnées des ressources et patrimoines du karst 3 - Application au massif de Tsanfleuron
We present and investigate the karren forms of the Island of Diego de Almagro. We mapped the bigger karren forms and we measured the density and the size of the smaller forms. We analysed the connection between the karren formation and the effect of the wind by using the morphological data. Because of the wind such karren forms developed on the island, which do not occur on the Earth elsewhere. (For example there are 'ripple karren'. These are steps with 1-2 cm width and height occurring on each other on a slope in several decimetres' length.) The direction of some karren forms is or can be the same as that of the wind and they become streamlined. Other forms can be (for example dissolutional basins) asymmetrical and these are very extensive. We present varieties of wind effect at karren formation. We analyse the role of these effects in the increasing of the dissolution, and in control of dissolution.
Mount Durmitor is situated in the southeastern part of the Dinaric mountain system in Montenegro. Throughout the Pleistocene there were many glaciers there, which descended to adjacent karst plateau. Types of glaciers, their number and direction of moving were mostly affected by geological structure (carbonate basis) and pre-glacial relief (karst and fluvial relief). During two phases of intensive glaciation, the surface that had been seized by glacial changes also changed. Over 54% of the surface of Durmitor was exposed to the glacial process of the stronger phase and about 36% of the weaker phase. Cirque type of glaciation dominated the third phase.
On different calcareous areas of the Alps the characteristics of karren form and the slopes they evolved in 28, 1 5-25-metre-long sections have been researched. The given data describe the proportion of various karren features on the slopes with different slopes of gradient and the factors that influence the evolution of various karren forms. Measuring the specific solution for each section the measurement of solution for the karren forms in each floral zone and for all types of karren forms can be given together with the representation of specific solution by the different karren forms without considering the floral zones. By studying these data the correlation between the solution process and its factors: slope of gradient, altitude and exposition can be examined.
This book focuses on recent work on geomorphological processes and relates them to established theories of landform development. Special attention is paid to soil processes, marine geomorphology, chemical processes and future work on process-form relationships in the context of dated sequences of cave deposits. There are discussions of limestone landforms and other carbonate rocks, caves, hydrological networks, features of karst, morphometry, and coastal landforms and solution chemistry of limestones.
The Tsanfleuron karst is one of the largest karstic areas in Switzerland. Numerous glacial-karstic landforms are visible, due to the presence of a glacier : the Tsanfleuron Glacier. Numerous researches have been carried out in various fields of geosciences (karstology, geomorphology, glaciology, hydrogeology). The Tsanfleuron karst can therefore be considered as a geomorphosite of great importance. The site is fragile and it suffers numerous threats. A better protection is therefore needed, as well as a tourist valorisation.
The " marble glaciers " of Diego de Almagro (Chilean Patagonia). Example of a subpolar karst in hyperhumid climate.
The karst areas of Chilean Patagonia have remained virtually unknown until now because of their remoteness and very inhospitable climate. They are mainly located in two islands, Diego de Almagro and Madré de Dios, between latitude 52° and 50° South, with a subpolar and stormy climate "tempered" by heavy oceanic precipitations (7 m/year). In Diego de Almagro the Permian and Carboniferous limestones and dolomites have been transformed into marbles with lamprophyre dikes through contact metamorphism. Situated in the outer part of the archipelagoes, these long and narrow outcrops (0.5-2 km wide) are located between volcano-sedimentary formations of Upper Paleozoic (West) and the Mesozoic Patagonian batholit (East). The corallian paleoreefs are part of an accretionary prism of the Gondwana paleocontinent. The sutficial and underground karstification is one of the most spectacular ones in the world. The Karren (lapies) caused by the heavy rains can be 1-4 meter(s) wide and several hundred meters long for the solution runnels.
Moreover, we can often observe solution karrens both due to rain and wind direction : flat karren (horizontal laminar flow), cascading ripples (sloping laminar flow) and profiled solution forms. The sutficial solution velocity is about 3 mm / 50 years (from old painting traces near the quarry of Guarello, Madré de Dios) ; and the lamprophyres dikes (Diego de Almagro) put in relief through corrosion indicate a 40-60 cm surficial solution since the melting of pleistocene glaciers.
In this study, the evolution, the development and the development environment of solution dolines of glaciokarst (the Alps and the Dinarides) are studied. Based on morphological observations (partly with the help of literary data), the dolines of sample sites were put into doline types (giant solution doline, small-sized solution doline and schachtdoline). The various features of the dolines belonging to different doline types were analysed and compared: their size, shape, elongated nature and the slope angle of their side slope. Giant solution dolines are much more similar to the dolines of the temperate belt rather than to small-sized solution dolines or schachtdolines. At temperate climate, giant solution dolines developed under the tree line similarly to dolines of the temperate belt, and not above the tree line. Below the tree line, the dolines grew horizontally to the effect of horizontal dissolution. Later, in the glacials, they developed laterally mainly along their longer axis by glacial erosion. They got into their periglacial environment during the uplifting of the bearing area. In mountains where they are absent, the circumstances of their environment were not present either because the uplifting of the mountain was fast or it was covered by non-karstic rock. The shapes of small-sized solution dolines and schachtdolines prove that their increase happened by deepening. Their deepening was caused by the meltwater of the snow patches of snow drifts which water does not move laterally because of the rock debris of the floor and thus, solution works downwards in the features. Deepening and snow accumulation strengthen each other. These karstic depressions are connected to the periglacial zone because treeless environment favours snow drifts. If the depression is completely filled with snow in most part of the year, the snow patch is wide thus, dissolution affects the total width of the doline. A doline (schachtdoline) with vertical sides and plain floor develops. If snow-fill is only partial in most part of the year, the snow patch and thus, dissolution will have a smaller area and a small-sized solution doline with funnel shape develops.
This book provides an overview of covered karst types, covered karst features, functioning of covered karst features, the evolution of covered karst features and the development of covered karst reliefs. The introductory chapters present the characteristics of karst, the investigated areas and the applied methods. The covered karsts are categorized according to the quality and development of the superficial deposit and its geomorphological position and environment. The morphology, development, functioning, sediment development and the transformation of the karst features are presented. The relationship between the covered karst formation and climate is analyzed; including the covered karst formation of the tundra climate, taiga climate, temperate zone climate, subtropical, tropical climate and the high mountains. The manifestation of the human activity on covered karsts is presented.
This paper deals with the question of how the duration of karstic denudation depends on the dip angle, the annual amount of precipitation, the rain intensity, and the prevailing wind direction and speed in case of an initially plane, sloping limestone surface without soil cover. The answer is given by the solution of a differential equation system describing the lowering speed of the rock surface. It turns out that the rate of the denudation does not increase in proportion to the intensity of precipitation and that it can never exceed a maximal value. Furthermore, long, soft rains result in higher annual denudation than short, abundant downpours. With increasing wind-speed the corrosion rate also increases, but above a certain wind speed the dissolution does not become faster. This paper presents numerical examples with diagrams about how these factors affect the expected duration of denudation.
Resume. — Les massifs etudies renferment les karsts haut-alpins les plus eleves des Alpes. Grâce a un climat froid et hyperhumide, la dissolution du calcaire demeure forte malgre la faiblesse de l'agressivite des eaux de fonte. Mais la presence de karsts sous-glaciaires actuels et de grandes depressions glacio-karstiques temoignent en faveur d'une interaction entre quarrying glaciaire, soutirage karstique et corrosion. De son cote, le karst profond est caracterise par une circulation vadose rapide et par l'absence de stockage. Le modele majeur apparait nettement comme prewurmien, alors que les formes mineures de dissolution sont seulement postglaciaires.
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