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Effect of 528 Hz Music on the Endocrine System and Autonomic Nervous System

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Kaho Akimoto
Kaho Akimoto
Kaho Akimoto
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Ailing Hu
Ailing Hu
Ailing Hu
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Takuji Yamaguchi at Juntendo University
Takuji Yamaguchi
Hiroyuki Kobayashi at Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
Hiroyuki Kobayashi
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Health, 2018, 10, 1159-1170
http://www.scirp.org/journal/health
ISSN Online: 1949-5005
ISSN Print: 1949-4998
DOI:
10.4236/health.2018.109088 Sep. 6, 2018 1159 Health
Effect of 528 Hz Music on the Endocrine System
and Autonomic Nervous System
Kaho Akimoto1, Ailing Hu2, Takuji Yamaguchi2, Hiroyuki Kobayashi1,2
1Department of Hospital Administration, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
2Center for Advanced Kampo Medicine and Clinical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract
This study examined the stress-
reducing effect on the endocrine system and
the autonomic
nervous system of music with a frequency of 528 Hz, which
has recently attracted attention as a “healing” type of music.
Nine healthy
participants (one man and eight women, aged 26 -
37 years) listened to 528
Hz and standard 440 Hz music on separate days. We measured salivary bio-
markers of stress (cortisol, chromogranin A, and oxytocin
) before and after
exposure to music, and continuously recorded the activity of the autonomic
nervous system. The Profile of Mood State, 2nd edition, was also administered
as a subjective indicator of stress. In the 528 Hz condition, mean levels of cor-
tisol significantly decreased, chromogranin A tended to decrease, and oxyto-
cin significantly increased after music exposure. However, no signifi
cant
change was observed in any salivary biomarkers in the 440 Hz condition. The
ratio of low frequency to high frequency autonomic nervous system activity
significantly decreased after exposure to both types of music, and the coeffi-
cient of variation of R-R intervals also significantly decreased, but only after
exposure to 528 Hz music. Tension-
anxiety and Total Mood Disturbance
scores were significantly reduced after exposure to 528 Hz music, while there
was no significant difference following 440 Hz musi
c. These results suggest
that the influence of music on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine
system varies depending on the frequency of the music, and furthermore, that
528 Hz music has an especially strong stress-
reducing effect, even following
only five minutes of exposure.
Keywords
Music, Stress, Salivary Assay, Autonomic Nervous System
1. Introduction
It is well known that listening to music reduces stress. Research has investigated
How to cite this paper:
Akimoto, K.,
Hu,
A
.L., Yamaguchi, T. and Kobayashi, H.
(201
8) Effect of 528 Hz Music on the En-
docrine System and Autonomic Nervous
System
.
Health
,
10
, 1159-1170.
https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.109088
Received:
August 10, 2018
Accepted:
September 3, 2018
Published:
September 6, 2018
Copyright © 201
8 by authors and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons
Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
K. Akimoto et al.
DOI:
10.4236/health.2018.109088 1160 Health
many aspects of this phenomenon, and it is recognized that several constituent
elements of music are involved in this stress reduction effect. Previous studies
that have examined emotional arousal in response to listening to music have
suggested that music arouses different emotions depending on its characteristics,
such as melody, rhythm, and dynamism [1].
However, few studies have investigated how differences in the frequency of
music affect the human body. In a study in which rats were exposed to musical
stimuli of different frequencies, the rats’ blood pressure decreased depending on
the frequency; notably, this change was observed to a greater extent for music in
the frequency range of 16 kHz compared to 4 kHz frequency [2]. This result
suggests that music including high-frequency sound stimulates dopamine syn-
thesis and suppresses sympathetic nervous system activity [2]. Furthermore,
others report that listening to high-frequency music increases the activity of the
parasympathetic nervous system and reduces stress, in comparison to listening
to low-frequency music [3]. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the
stress reduction effect of music with a frequency of 528 Hz by measuring its in-
fluence on the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.
Music of the aforementioned frequency (528 Hz) has lately attracted attention
as “healing” music. Usually, the reference tone of tuning is 440 Hz, and this is
the international standard frequency (we refer to this as 440
Hz music
). In this
musical scale, there is no 528 Hz note. However, setting the reference tone to 444
Hz means that 528 Hz is included in the musical scale. We refer to music that is
tuned and composed in this way as
528 Hz music
. In general, this specific type of
music using a scale including 528 Hz is called
solfeggio frequency
music. Vari-
ous effects have been ascribed to the solfeggio frequency, but none of these have
any scientific basis. Accordingly, we examined the effect of such music com-
pared to 440 Hz music.
In this study, we measured salivary biomarkers of stress (cortisol, chromogra-
nin A, and oxytocin), which can be collected noninvasively, as indices of stress
relief. It is known that listening to music affects the endocrine system and auto-
nomic nervous system.
In the endocrine system, cortisol and chromogranin A have been used as in-
dicators of stress. In a previous study, conducted in patients who had just un-
dergone the stressful experience of learning in detail about the procedures in-
volved in surgery that they would undergo the next day, salivary cortisol was
significantly reduced among a group who listened to music for one hour, com-
pared to a group who did not [4]. Additionally, in another study, which admi-
nistered the Trier Social Stress Test (in which stress is caused to participants and
their salivary cortisol levels thereby raised), the increase of salivary cortisol in a
group who took the test while listening to relaxing music was significantly sup-
pressed compared to that of a control group [5].
Chromogranin A is present in the submaxillary duct and is released into saliva
by autonomic nerve stimulation [6]. It has also been reported that, when psy-
chological stress is experienced, chromogranin A rises ahead of cortisol and de-
K. Akimoto et al.
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creases early after stress is relieved [7]. Furthermore, others have examined the
effect on both cortisol and chromogranin A of listening to music [8] [9]. Specif-
ically, they report that salivary cortisol and chromogranin A decrease signifi-
cantly before and after listening to music [8]. In contrast, other researchers ob-
serve that, although salivary chromogranin A decreases significantly, there is no
significant difference in cortisol levels [9].
In addition to the above indicators, we also focused on oxytocin. The effect of
listening to music on oxytocin has recently attracted attention, with a previous
study indicating that salivary oxytocin increases when participants listen to
slow-tempo music compared to fast-tempo music [10].
As an additional objective index, we measured the activity of the autonomic
nervous system. Finally, we also administered the Japanese short version of the
Profile of Mood State, 2nd edition (POMS 2) to participants as a subjective index
of stress. Both of these measures have also been used in many previous studies
[11] [12]. We consider these measures to support the data provided by the
above-mentioned salivary biomarkers of stress marker.
The 528 Hz music that we used in this study was soothing piano music. Some
researchers report that, depending on the mental state of the listener, music pre-
ferences vary [13]. However, they also find that piano music is appreciated re-
gardless of the listener’s circumstances. Thus, we examined the stress-mitigating
effect of 528 Hz music from various perspectives. This study offers a new piece
of evidence for use in music therapy.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
Participants were nine healthy adults, one man and eight women, aged 26 - 37
years (mean age: 31.1;
SD
= 1.35). We recruited participants as volunteers re-
gardless their previous musical education. Everyone participated with full un-
derstanding of the study and gave their informed consent. They were asked to
abstain from caffeine and smoking for one hour before starting the experiment.
They did not apprise of which music they were listening to. This study was ap-
proved by the Ethics Committee of Shiba Palace Clinic, Tokyo, Japan (Protocol #
2018040001).
2.2. Procedure
Figure 1 shows an outline of the experimental procedure. The study was carried
out in a conference room, where the room temperature was 25.0˚C - 25.5˚C and
humidity was 67% - 76%. In consideration of circadian variation in cortisol and
chromogranin A [14] [15], we started the experiment at 2 PM for each condi-
tion. Participants listened to the music from a seated position beside a speaker.
The music was soothing piano music, and the only difference between the two
musical conditions was in frequency, which was either 528 Hz or 440 Hz. Each
participant took part in each of the conditions on separate days.
K. Akimoto et al.
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10.4236/health.2018.109088 1162 Health
Figure 1. The experimental procedure. Participants wore a Bio Information
Tracer (M-BIT) device and their electrocardiogram was recorded continuously
from the acclimation phase until 45 minutes after music exposure. Participants
listened to music for five minutes. Salivary samples were collected at five time
points: immediately before music exposure, immediately after music exposure, 15
minutes later, 30 minutes later, and 45 minutes later. The Profile of Mood State,
2nd edition (POMS 2) was administered before and after music exposure.
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Salivary Assay
We collected salivary samples at five time points (immediately before listening to
music, immediately after listening to music, 15 minutes later, 30 minutes later,
and 45 minutes later) using the Saliva Collection Aid (Salimetrics LLC, USA).
We measured cortisol, chromogranin A, and oxytocin as salivary biomarkers of
stress. These were measured using the Salivary Cortisol Enzyme-Linked Immu-
nosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kit (Salimetrics LLC, USA), Human Chromogranin A
ELISA Kit (Yanaihara Institute Inc., Japan), and Oxytocin ELISA Kit (Arbor
Assays, USA), respectively.
2.3.2. Autonomic Nervous System
We recorded an electrocardiogram using the Bio Information Tracer (M-BIT)
(Institute of Man and Science Inc., Japan). Participants wore this small wearable
sensor (49 × 39 × 8 mm, 14 g) on the left side of the chest during an acclimation
phase, and data were recorded continuously until 45 minutes after music expo-
sure. The BIT analysis center analyzed these data in terms of low frequency (LF),
high frequency (HF), and the coefficient of variation of R-R intervals (CVRR),
and we received the averaged values of these measures over the five minutes
preceding each saliva collection time point.
2.3.3. Questionnaire on Mood States
Self-reported mood states were collected using the Japanese short version of the
POMS 2 scale before listening to music and 45 minutes after doing so. The
POMS 2 is a questionnaire developed in the United States as a questionnaire
method to evaluate mood. It is possible to quickly evaluate not only the state of
emotion that lasts for a relatively long time but also the state of temporary feel-
ings and emotions that change depending on the situation that subject is in. It is
K. Akimoto et al.
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used in a variety of fields such as clinical, workplace, and school. For example, it
has been applied to the course of treatment of mental disorders, mental changes
of people with physical disorders, screening in the workplace, and exercise or
relaxation effect.
The POMS 2 evaluates seven mood scales of anger-hostility (AH), confu-
sion-bewilderment (CB), depression-dejection (DD), fatigue-inertia (FI), ten-
sion-anxiety (TA), vigor-activity (VA), friendliness (F) at the same time. TMD is
a general indicator such as mood disorders, psychological distress, and subjec-
tive well-being. The TMD score is calculated by the sum of the elementary scores
of AH, CB, DD, FI, TA, and VA. (Since VA is weighted of negative, it is sub-
tracted from the sum of the other five). Therefore, the score is a comprehensive
evaluation of expression of negative mood.
The POMS 2 consists of 35 items questions and a respondent answer each of
question with the evaluation scale of POMS 2 (0 = not at all, 1 = slightly, 2 =
modestly, 3 = considerably, 4 = very). Although this evaluation scale is constant,
since the number of items differs depending on the scale, the degree indicated by
each scale score is not constant. In short, even though the absolute value of the
score is the same, the meaning of the score differs between scales. Since it is im-
possible to properly compare the scales at this score, the score is converted to a
standardized score, that is, a T score. The T score is a normalized standard of
assessment (average value is 50 and the standard deviation is 10) so that the
same value has equivalent meaning. The measurer interprets the score by con-
verting the graded evaluation scale into the T score.
Regarding the TMD score and negative mood state (AH, CB, DD, FI, and
TA), the higher the T score, the stronger the emotion concerning negative emo-
tion or mood disorder. Regarding the positive emotional state (VA, F), the high-
er the T score, the more positive emotion means [16].
2.4. Data Analysis
We used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to detect any differences between time
points in each condition in this study. The threshold for statistical significance
was set at
p
< 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Salivary Assay
3.1.1. Cortisol
In consideration of the response time lag of cortisol [17] [18], we took the mean
level of salivary cortisol measured immediately after music exposure as
representing the level immediately before music exposure, and so on; therefore,
data were only available until 30 minutes after music exposure, rather than 45
(Figure 2). After exposure to 528 Hz music, mean levels of salivary cortisol de-
creased with the passage of time and were significantly reduced 30 minutes later
(0.43 ± 0.04 → 0.25 ± 0.02,
p
< 0.011). In contrast, after listening to 440 Hz mu-
K. Akimoto et al.
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sic, mean levels of cortisol slightly decreased after 30 minutes, but there was no
significant difference between the time points.
3.1.2. Chromogranin A
There was no significant difference in chromogranin A levels following exposure
to either 528 Hz music or 440 Hz music (Figure 3). However, in the 528 Hz mu-
sic condition, mean levels of chromogranin A showed a tendency to fall until 30
minutes after music exposure. In contrast, in the 440 Hz music condition, mean
levels of chromogranin A showed a tendency to increase until 30 minutes later.
3.1.3. Oxytocin
Figure 4 illustrates the effects of music on oxytocin. Mean levels of oxytocin in-
creased significantly immediately after listening to 528 Hz music (37.57 ± 1.53 →
73.58 ± 5.04,
p
< 0.038). After listening to 440 Hz music, mean levels of oxytocin
also increased, but the difference was not significant.
3.2. Autonomic Nervous System
An electrocardiogram could not be recorded correctly for one of the partici-
pants, so we analyzed the data from eight participants for this measure (Figure
5). In both conditions, the ratio of LF to HF decreased significantly immediately
after listening to music (528 Hz music: 77.89 ± 0.0025 → 62.34 ± 0.0032,
p
<
0.012, 440 Hz music: 72.52 ± 0.0028 → 54.72 ± 0.0037,
p
< 0.012), whereas CVRR
decreased significantly only immediately after listening to 528 Hz music (6.67 ±
0.00040 → 5.36 ± 0.00043
,
p
< 0.025).
3.3. POMS 2
After exposure to 528 Hz music, all negative mood scores decreased. In particu-
lar, tension-anxiety (48.44 ± 2.28 → 43.67 ± 2.45,
p
< 0.0091) and Total Mood
Disturbance (45.56 ± 1.99 → 42.00 ± 2.00,
p
< 0.0487) decreased significantly.
Additionally, all positive mood scores tended to increase. In contrast, after ex-
posure to 440 Hz music, almost all scores showed a similar tendency to change
in the same direction as observed in the 528 Hz music condition, but there was
no significant difference for any score. Furthermore, anger-hostility scores (in-
dicating negative mood) slightly increased, and friendliness scores (indicating
positive mood) decreased (Table 1).
4. Discussion
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 528 Hz music on the en-
docrine system and the autonomic nervous system using objective and subjective
measures. Based on salivary biomarkers, electrocardiogram, and a mood state
questionnaire, we found that stress levels were reduced following five minutes’
exposure to 528 Hz music, whereas this was not the case for 440 Hz music.
We found that mean levels of cortisol decreased and mean levels of oxytocin
increased after listening to 528 Hz music. In general, cortisol increases via the
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Table 1. Effects of music on mood as assessed by subscales of the Profile of Mood State,
Second Edition.
Measures 528 Hz of Music 440 Hz of Music
Pre-Exposure
Mean (SD)
Post-Exposure
Mean (SD)
Pre-Exposure
Mean (SD)
Post-Exposure
Mean (SD)
Anger-Hostility 43.6 (1.75) 41.6 (1.53) 42.6 (2.00) 42.6 (2.40)
Confusion-Bewilderment 50.6 (3.10) 47.9 (2.43) 49.1 (2.63) 45.9 (2.77)
Depression-Dejection 47.2 (2.03) 44.4 (1.45) 46.4 (2.34) 45.9 (2.37)
Fatigue-Inertia 46.2 (3.04) 44.0 (2.56) 42.9 (2.42) 41.0 (3.06)
Tension-Anxiety 48.4 (2.28) 43.7 (2.45)** 44.3 (2.94) 42.4 (2.92)
Vigor-Activity 56.3 (2.11) 57.8 (4.11) 55.6 (3.53) 55.7 (4.48)
Friendliness 60.3 (3.40) 61.6 (4.22) 57.2 (4.22) 56.1 (5.20)
Total Mood Disturbance 45.6 (1.99) 42.0 (2.00)* 43.6 (1.99) 41.9 (2.48)
*
p
< 0.05; **
p
< 0.01 in pre-exposure vs post-exposure comparison using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Figure 2. Effects of music on mean levels of salivary cortisol. Error bars represent
standard errors. Time points are as indicated in Figure 1 (Mean ± SE) *
p
< 0.05.
Figure 3. Effects of music on mean levels of salivary chromogranin A. Error bars
represent standard errors. Time points are as indicated in Figure 1 (Mean ± SE).
K. Akimoto et al.
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Figure 4. Effects of music on salivary oxytocin. Error bars represent standard
errors. Time points are as indicated in Figure 1 (Mean ± SE) *
p
< 0.05.
Figure 5. Effects of music on the autonomic nervous system, as measured by the ratio of
low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) and coefficient of variation of R-R intervals
(CVRR). Time points are as indicated in Figure 1 (Mean ± SE) *
p
< 0.05.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. Oxytocin is
produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It is
well known that production of oxytocin increases in the process of breastfeeding.
In addition, some studies suggest that production of oxytocin increases in re-
sponse to pleasant sensations or positive social interactions [19] [20]. When an
individual hears music, responses to these stimuli are eventually transferred to
the amygdaloid body via the medial geniculate body of the thalamus. Sensory
information that causes emotions, such as music, is processed in the amygdaloid
body circuit. Subsequently, signals are output to the hypothalamus, causing an
oxytocin response [21] [22]. Furthermore, it is reported that oxytocin controls
activation of the HPA axis [19]. Taking this information together with the
present findings, we infer that mean levels of oxytocin increased in our study
because the 528 Hz music was transmitted to the amygdaloid body as a pleasing
sensation. Additionally, the decrease in mean level of cortisol occurred as a re-
sult of the action of oxytocin. This suggests that participants felt comfortable lis-
tening to 528 Hz music and this stimulus reduced their stress level.
Mean levels of oxytocin also increased after listening to 440 Hz music, but no
significant difference was identified. In addition, mean levels of cortisol slightly
decreased in this condition after 45 minutes, but this difference also failed to
reach significance. In other words, we could not confirm that a stress mitigation
effect occurred in the 440 Hz music condition.
K. Akimoto et al.
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Mean levels of chromogranin A showed a tendency to decrease after listening
to 528 Hz music. Chromogranin A is released along with catecholamine via the
sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis in response stress. Chromogranin A is found
in the duct of the submandibular gland. It is released into the saliva as a result of
stimulation of the autonomic nervous system [7] [15] [23].
Concerning the autonomic nervous system, in both musical conditions, a sig-
nificant decrease in LF/HF was observed immediately after listening to music. LF
is considered to reflect the autonomic activity of both the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous systems, whereas HF reflects parasympathetic activity,
and LF/HF reflects sympathetic activity [24] [25]. Additionally, CVRR signifi-
cantly decreased immediately after listening to 528 Hz music. This measure
represents the coefficient of variance of the R-R interval (RRI) and is calculated
by dividing the standard deviation of the RRI by the mean of RRI. CVRR mainly
reflects regulation of parasympathetic nervous system activity [26]. In other words,
a low value of this measure indicates concentration and a heightened sense of
tension [27]. Taken together, the results of the Chromogranin A, LF/HF, and
CVRR analyses suggest that when the participants listened to 528 Hz music, they
concentrated on listening to the music while also relaxing.
Interestingly, after listening to 440 Hz music, mean levels of chromogranin A
showed a tendency to increase, while LF/HF significantly decreased in both con-
ditions. At the same time, the cortisol, oxytocin, and POMS 2 measures did not
show stress reduction. This might suggest that people were relaxed by listening
to music but did not feel comfortable with 440 Hz music.
The results of the POMS 2 showed that after listening to 528 Hz music, ten-
sion-anxiety and Total Mood Disturbance scores decreased significantly. After
listening to 440 Hz music, almost all scores showed a tendency to change in a
similar way as in the condition with 528 Hz music; however, not only was there
no significant difference in any of the scores, but anger-hostility slightly in-
creased and friendliness decreased. On the basis of these results, it can be con-
cluded that participants also felt subjectively relaxed after listening to 528 Hz
music.
Overall, we found that participants experienced objective and subjective stress
reduction after listening to 528 Hz music, while this effect could not be con-
firmed for 440 Hz music. In this study, participants listened to music only for
five minutes in each condition. In most previous studies, participants have lis-
tened to music for 10 minutes or longer. Therefore, it might be the case that lis-
tening to 440 Hz music for longer would evoke the stress-reducing effect, espe-
cially as indexed by chromogranin A and the POMS 2, as in previous studies.
However, the point remains that even if the exposure to music lasts only five
minutes, listening to 528 Hz music reduces stress to the endocrine system and
the autonomic nervous system. Although the sample size of this study was li-
mited, these are interesting data and could provide support for a new approach
in music therapy.
K. Akimoto et al.
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5. Conclusion
We found that music of different frequencies had different effects on the endo-
crine system, especially oxytocin and cortisol. Our findings suggest that 528 Hz
music reduces stress even if participants listen to the music for only a short time.
Acknowledgements
We thank the participants for volunteering and the Institute of Man and Science
Inc. for analyzing the electrocardiogram data.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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... using the modern English gematria that yields "444" as the precise frequency of musical tuning that generates the base of the scale "C" note at precisely 528Hz; (4) is the recorded 'buzz' that honey bees make in hives while making honey in six-sided hexagonalshaped combs, structured like water molecules, snowflakes, Carbon-6 organic chemistry rings, and the "Star of David [2]; (5) is the pure tone responsible for a 100% increase in antioxidant activity proven to protect nerve cells from alcohol damage [3]; (6) is therapeutically beneficial to neuro-endocrine functions [4]; (7) increases testosterone production influencing rat brains and behavior [5]; and (8) the precise electron surface plasmon resonance energy of pure gold [6]. This latter determination strikingly corroborates the '"gold offering" in the aforementioned section of the Bible that reveals the miraculous "MI" note as 528, applicable to music therapy and quantum healing. ...
... In addition, the green color of 528 nm has been scientifically determined to be: (1) an extremely unique and therapeutically valuable frequency of light energy broadcasting at the center of the electromagnetic color spectrum (i.e., the heart of the rainbow); (2) the main energy used by chlorophyl to produce life-giving, anti-oxidating, free-radical savaging, oxygen [8]; (3) the precise mathematical matrix resonance central to universal construction and ancient Pi and Phi constants [9]; (4) crucial to the determination of 5280 feet in the measured mile; (5) dominant in the 'sacred geometry' of circles; (6) extremely and extraordinarily therapeutic when applied in clinical practices for the treatment of myriad illnesses [10]; and (7) theorized to be the "miraculous repair" frequency for damaged DNA based on the genetic, epigenetic, and quantum influence (in biophysics) that involves DNA's structuring and light and sound signaling. These quantum dynamics cymatically influence, arguably determine, molecular structuring central to organic chemistry, biology and genetic expression. ...
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... Numerous scientific studies report on the effects of sound and music on human physiology and its potential medical and therapeutic applications. For example, sounds and music have been shown to evoke various psycho-physiological responses at the level of the nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular system [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In particular, music and singing bowl sound interventions induce a wide range of positive effects that affect both physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate (HR) and hormone levels) and emotional responses (e.g., reducing anxiety and stress), and consequently improve homeostasis, cognitive functions, emotional wellbeing and behavior [5][6][8][9]. ...
... Auditory stimulation of music acts on the cerebral cortex and limbic system through the thalamus and hypothalamus [8]. It is reported that music interventions provoke various endocrine responses such as release of oxytocin [23], serotonin, dopamine and endorphins, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, noradrenaline [24] and decrease of ß-endorphin and cortisol level [1,3,[23][24][25], which indicate significant emotional arousal and relaxation [2]. The emotional response of joy provoked by music is triggered by the connectivity between the hypothalamus and the hippocampus [26], supporting the idea that the hippocampus is involved in the positive emotions provoked by music by inducing endocrine responses such as reduced cortisol levels [7]. ...
Resonant Phenomena of Sound Waves and their Expression in Physiology
Preprint
  • Jun 2024
Music and sounds activate numerous physiological effects associated with the functioning of the autonomic nervous system and involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. As such, sound interventions can play an important role in supporting human wellbeing. Physiological responses are dependent on the sound type and frequency, as well as the spatial conditions and the presence of the subject in the acoustic environment. To arrive at a more articulate understanding of these dependencies, response of subjects (n=44) to sound reproduction of two different singing bowls with fundamental frequencies at 73 Hz and 110 Hz in spatial projection of nine different geometric shapes were monitored by acoustic and physiological measurement. Contrary to other studies, we find no discrete effects related to the sound type or frequency. Observed effects indicating focused attention, relaxation and improved homeostasis were consistently dependent on the combination of sound frequency and spatial condition. Notably, we observe that the 73 Hz stimulus induced significant changes in the Gamma band of Electroencephalography (EEG) in projection of a Tetrahedron and Cube, while the 110 Hz stimulus induced significant changes in the Theta and Beta bands for the same shapes. Discrete effects of spatial shapes were observed in the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) of subjects. Arousal was significantly decreased during projection of a Cube, Icosahedron and Dodecahedron and significantly increased during Pyramid, Tetrahedron and Sphere, regardless of the frequency. Discrete effects of stimulus duration were observed in GSR and Electromyography (EMG) of subjects, regardless of the frequency and spatial condition. Arousal and muscle tension were significantly increased during the first 15 minutes and decreased until 40 minutes of exposure. We observe highly significant deviations in projected sound waves in the presence of a subject. The localized amplitude difference of sound waves was highly correlated to localization and power of significant changes in brain activity of subjects, while the phase shift of sound wave frequency was predictive of the frequency of brain activity. Significant expressions of Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of subjects were highly correlated to the mean, variability and standard deviation of amplitude difference and phase shift of the fundamental frequency and the average across frequencies. We present a model in the form of a transfer function that accurately predicts various physiological expressions in response to sound stimuli on the basis of observed sound wave deviations. We discuss the benefits of such a model and the future work necessary to develop the model to its full predictive capacity.
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... The emotional response of joy provoked by music is triggered by the connectivity between the hypothalamus and the hippocampus [106], supporting the idea that the hippocampus is involved in the positive emotions provoked by music by inducing endocrine responses such as reduced cortisol levels [66]. Listening to music affects the endocrine, ANS and salivary biomarkers such as cortisol, chromogranin A and oxytocin, which are indices of stress reduction [107]. Ooishi et al. [108] have shown that listening to music causes changes in salivary cortisol levels that indicate significant emotional arousal and relaxation [103]. ...
... We conclude that the increase of sleepiness is not discretely associated with the sound of singing bowls, and thus it is suggested that the frequency of 110 Hz may specifically elicit an effect of sleepiness, associated with a shift towards lower arousal. In general, the findings of the present study indicate that psychological wellbeing can be restored and improved through sound intervention, even only after 5 minutes of exposure [107]. These findings validate that sound intervention using singing bowls, as already observed in several other studies, is an effective and non-invasive method to relieve emotional states such as anxiety [159], tension and sadness and to restore emotional wellbeing [125][126]. ...
Effects of Sound Immersion on Emotional Wellbeing and Homeostasis
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
Music and sounds evoke a wide range of emotions and activate numerous psychological and physiological effects. Since emotions involve the autonomic nervous system (ANS) associated with the maintenance of homeostasis, they play an important role in supporting human wellbeing. The aim of the present study is to further validate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sound, emotions and homeostasis. To this end, the effects of spatial sound projection of two different singing bowls with fundamental frequencies at 73 Hz and 110 Hz were investigated by monitoring behavioural and emotional response in healthy subjects. Overall, we find that the spatial projection of singing bowl sounds elicits a highly significant increase in positive emotions. Exposure to both frequencies resulted in a significant improvement in emotional wellbeing and a significant reduction in negative emotions. We demonstrate frequency-dependent effects indicating a shift in arousal, where 73 Hz elicits feeling more wide awake while 110 Hz elicits sleepiness. These results indicate that non-invasive interventions, such as sound immersion with singing bowls, are effective means in restoring and maintaining homeostasis and underline the need for further research on the effect of discrete frequencies on human psychology and physiology, opening new perspectives on potential treatment of various disorders and conditions.
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... Although the adjective "solfeggio" for these frequencies is inaccurate from the point of view of musicology, nevertheless, under this definition they have been the object of scientific studies published in peer-reviewed journals. A study published in 2018 (Akimoto et al. 2018) explored the potential stress-reducing effects of 528 Hz, one of the solfeggio frequencies, on the human endocrine 7 and autonomic nervous systems. This particular frequency has gained recent attention for its purported "healing" properties. ...
... Furthermore, prolonged exposure correlated with reduced anxiety-like behaviors in the rats. These results are consistent with what observed in humans (Akimoto et al. 2018) and suggest that the effects of solfeggio frequencies are not limited to humans but appear to be widespread across the animal kingdom. . Zebrafish are increasingly recognized as a valuable model organism for translational research in neuroscience and biomedical fields. ...
Chanting of Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyo in the Context of the Buddhist Liturgy of Nichiren Shoshu: Study of Sound Frequencies, Brain Activity, and Microbial Metabolism
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
This study investigates the effects of chanting Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyo by a long-term Nichiren Shoshu Buddhist practitioner on sound frequencies (A), brain activity (B), and microbial metabolism(C).A. Analysis of sound frequencies: Spectral analysis of chanting revealed peaks at 8 Hz and 116 Hz, corresponding to the first Schumann resonance and a frequency linked to chloride ion movements, respectively. Additionally, five peaks (417, 528, 639, 741, 852 Hz) corresponding to solfeggio frequencies were identified. These frequencies are known to exert a positive impact on the human endocrine and autonomous nervous systems; improve survival of human brain cells; decrease anxiety in rats; reverse cognitive and endocrine deficits in zebra fish; reduce total concentration of reactive oxidative species in brain tissue. B. Study of Brain activity: Brain activity changes were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Prefrontal cortex activity increased modestly during chanting compared to a pre-chanting baseline, but significantly increased afterwards. This suggests a shift towards focused attention during chanting and enhanced activity afterward. C. Effects on microbial metabolism: Probiotic cultures exposed to chanting, either directly or indirectly, showed increased metabolic activity. This suggests local and non-local effects, similar to previously reported phenomena. Importantly, this study clarifies that the spiritual practice of Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism transcends mere neurophysiological explanations. While brain activity and other bodily processes may be correlated with the practice, the religious and spiritual experience of chanting Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyoencompasses a mystical dimension that, though not contradicting science, cannot be fully explained by scientific methods alone.
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... 528 Hz is sometimes called the love or miracle frequency. It is believed to support transformation and repair on a molecular level (e.g., Akimoto et al. 2018). It resonates with the heart and the solar plexus, contributing to regulating heart rate and blood pressure as well as having an impact on the endocrine system and its regulation of cortisol and oxytocin. ...
The Erotics of Grieves
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
The Erotics of Grieves explores grieving as a portal to liberation and social transformation. Written at the time of the ongoing genocidal violence against Palestinians in Gaza and the repression of solidarity movements in Berlin, this piece situates grieves in political, historical, and embodied contexts. Moving away from a singular, universalist concept of grief, this work conceptualizes grieves as plural, relational, and metabolically intimate processes that shape and unsettle bodies, communities, and social infrastructures. Drawing from Audre Lorde’s Uses of the Erotic and Fred Moten’s Erotics of Fugitivity, it asks how grieving can resist hegemonic power structures and create generative spaces of solidarity, refusal, and world-making. Through autotheoretical reflection, cultural analyses, and embodied performance practices this article traces the visceral, affective, and sonic dimensions of grieves. Engaging with legacies of mourning rituals, racialized and planetary grief, and the vibratory intimacies of sound, it proposes an erotics of grieves as a mode of attunement to loss, connection, and futurity beyond the fantasy of separation. In a time of structural violence, erasure, and epistemicide, The Erotics of Grieves insists on grieving as a radical force of resistance, fugitivity, and transformative care.
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... Autonomic reactivity (AR) can be measured using a small, lightweight, non-intrusive wearable device [13,14] that continuously monitors the heart rate and respiratory variability to determine whether the sympathetic or parasympathetic state is dominant [15]. For example, there is a report of a wearable device applied for perioperative monitoring of an adult patient with gastric cancer for 5 days to assess autonomic/psychological disturbances induced by fear, fasting, environmental change, or pain before and after tumor resection surgery [16,17]. ...
Evaluating perioperative stresses in children by noninvasive modalities using salivary cortisol and autonomic reactivity
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
Purpose Salivary cortisol (SalC) and low to high pulse ratio (LHR) were used for evaluating perioperative stresses in children. Methods Children aged 6 months-16 years having elective general (thoracic/abdominal) or minor (open/minimally invasive: MI) procedures underwent pulse monitoring during AM (08:00–12:00) and PM (17:00–21:00) saliva collections from the day before surgery (S-1) to 3 days after surgery (S + 3). SalC/LHR were correlated with age, sex, caregiver attendance, operative time, and surgical site/approach using mixed model analysis and face/numeric pain rating scales (FRS/NRS). Results Mean ages (years): minor-open (n = 31) 4.7 ± 2.0, thoracic-open (n = 2) 8.7 ± 4.9, thoracic-MI (n = 6) 9.6 ± 6.1, abdominal-open (n = 14) 4.3 ± 4.1, and abdominal-MI (n = 32) 8.0 ± 5.0. Postoperative SalC increased rapidly and decreased to preoperative levels by S + 3 (p < 0.001). LHR increased slightly without decreasing (p = 0.038). SalC correlated positively with operative time (p = 0.036) and open surgery (p = 0.0057), and negatively with age (p < 0.0001) and caregiver attendance (p < 0.001). SalC correlated positively with FRS (n = 51) at S + 2(PM) (p = 0.023), S + 3(AM) (p < 0.001), S + 3(PM) (p = 0.012) and NRS (n = 34) at S + 1(AM) (p = 0.031), S + 3(AM) (p < 0.044). LHR positively correlated with age (p = 0.0072), female sex (p = 0.0047), and caregiver attendance (p = 0.0026). Postoperative SalC after robotic-assisted MI was significantly lower than after open surgery at S + 2(AM) (p = 0.020). Conclusions SalC correlated with pain. Caregiver attendance effectively alleviated stress.
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... This suggests 528 Hz may alleviate anxiety symptoms in animal models, highlighting its potential therapeutic use. Akimoto et al. (2018) studied the stress-reducing effects of 528 Hz music compared to standard 440 Hz music in healthy individuals. They found that listening to 528 Hz music significantly lowered cortisol levels, boosted oxytocin, and improved mood scores, unlike 440 Hz. ...
528Hz: The Sound Of Tranquillity And Its Effect On Anxiety
Article
  • Sep 2024
Sound healing, based on music therapy, explores the therapeutic potential of specific frequencies for anxiety. The Solfeggio frequency of 528 Hz has gained attention for its ability to resonate with the body's natural frequencies, promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and enhancing emotional well-being. This study explores the potential of pure 528 Hz sound to reduce state anxiety. 48 subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received a 3-minute exposure to 528 Hz music, or a control group, which completed a neutral reading task. State anxiety levels were measured using the STAI, pre and post intervention. Data analysis included paired-sample t-tests and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed a significant drop in level of anxiety among experimental group (p = 0.022). Additionally, paired-sample t-tests confirmed a decrease in state anxiety scores within the experimental group (p = 0.006). These findings provide empirical evidence suggesting the anxiolytic properties of 528 Hz. This study offers preliminary evidence that 528 Hz sound exposure may effectively reduce state anxiety. Future research should elucidate the mechanisms and examine the effectiveness of this approach in broader contexts. This research contributes to the exploration of sound frequencies as a potential non-invasive intervention for anxiety management.
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... Melalui upaya memanipulasi pola irama, timbre dan disonansi pitch, ditemukan bahwa ekspektasi timbre yang tidak terpenuhi akan mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan detak jantung sebagai akibat dari respons fisiologis (Marino Jover-Fernández et al., 2022). Penjelasan ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang mengatribusi elemen dasar musik sebagai karakteristik utama stimuli, seperti frekuensi (Akimoto et al., 2018) dan tempo '' (Sethares & Toussaint, 2015). Dengan berbagai elemen akustik yang terdapat di dalam musik maka, melakukan modifikasi genre tak ubahnya melakukan rekayasa pada berbagai elemen musikal mengingat karakteristik dari sebuah genre musik pada dasarnya tidak hanya terbatas pada satu elemen saja. ...
Mendengarkan Gaya Musik Rhythm n Blues dan Pengalaman Relaksasi
Article
  • Apr 2024
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh mental melalui pengalaman relaksasi seseorang ketika mendengarkan musik dengan gaya aransemen Rhythm n Blues. Selama ini banyak penelitian terkait musik tidak lagi hanya dalam konteks musikologis tetapi sudah berorientasi pada manfaat baik bagi pelaku aktif atau pendengar pasif. Sehingga perspektif musik atau seni pada umumnya saat ini sudah berkembang sedemikian rupa hingga tidak lagi berorientasi pada seni untuk seni. Model tema penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penguatan dan pengumpulan bukti saintifik guna pengembangan psikoterapi musik yang banyak diimplementasikan dalam bidang terapi musik.Secara teoretis, paparan terhadap musik tidak hanya akan memunculkan familiaritas atas sebuah lagu atau karya musik tanpa lirik, tetapi juga membentuk kegemaran (liking) pendengar sebagai akibat dari respons emosi terhadap musik tersebut. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari peran ekspektasi dari efek kehadiran rasa puas serta kesan plesantness dan unpleasantness bagi pendengar yang memicu efek positif-negatif sebuah musik terhadap emosi. Selain itu, respons emosi seseorang terhadap rangsang stimulus juga tidak terlepas dari kerja sistem saraf pusat yang dapat berimplikasi pada reaksi fisiologis. Salah satu reaksi fisiologis yang sering kali dijadikan acuan dalam aplikasi musik untuk terapi dan bersifat terapeutik adalah kerja sistem saraf otonom (autonomic nervous system; selanjutnya disebut ANS).Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kuasi eksperimen yang membandingkan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen. Subjek di kelompok eksperimen adalah mahasiswa musik dari berbagai instrumen mayor, sedangkan subjek di kelompok kontrol adalah mahasiswa non-musik dengan berbagai latar belakang studi dengan total sampel sebanyak N=78. Usia subjek berada di rentang 17-27 tahun (=20,5±1,53). Subjek mendengarkan rekaman repertoar musik Barok yang dimainkan oleh piano dan sudah diaransemen ulang dalam format band-kombo. Kemudian pengukuran kondisi relaksasi dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner yang aitemnya mengukur indikator kerja sistem syaraf parasimpatetik dan indikator psikis berupa state anxiety. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan pengalaman rilaksasi yang signifikan di antara kedua kelompok baik melalui indikator ANS(t­ANS=.502, p=.617) maupun indikator psikir (tpsikis=1.38, p=.172) Kata kunci: gaya musik; rhythm n blues; relaksasi; musikologis; autonomic nervous system ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to identify the effect of listening to RnB music to the experience of relaxation. Due to the increasing number of research in music and its benefit to the listeners, current researches tent to go over music beyond its trait as an art. These research themes and models are beneficial to be implemented in music theraphy in the long run. Focusing on the comparison between original and arranged music to different group of listeners, the present research explored the observable indicators of relaxation through the symptoms of parasympathetic nervous system and anxiety state. Two groups of subjects ranging of 17-27 years old (mean=20,5±1,53) divided into control and experiment group. The control group listened to the original Minuet in G major by J. S. Bach meanwhile the experiment group listened to the arranged version of this piece in RnB style. The data was collected though online survey to collect the demography, anxiet state, and relaxation state both phisically and psychologycally. The result showed no significant difference between the two subject groups in terms of relaxation state both physically (t­ANS=.502, p=.617) and psychologycally (tpsikis=1.38, p=.172)
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... Knowledge of these facts prompted several independent affirming investigations recording the unique immunological and neurological benefits of 528Hz frequency increasingly used clinically. 528Hz was determined to be a strong anti-oxidant, immune system booster, nerve cell protector, and testosterone generator [48][49][50]. ...
Covid Cancer Induction: "Stealth Virus" Gain-of-Function Bio Weaponized Genetic Payload and Spike Protein Mutagenesis Prompting Immunopathologies
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2024
The incidence of lymphatic system cancers, including multiple myloma ("MM"), lymphoma, and leukemia has increased substantially since 2020, the year "novel" mRNA vaccines and COVID-19 emerged [1]. Causation science attributes this rise in cancer rates to myriad risks other than the virus and/or mRNA vaccines. This paper presumes from published science that increases in lymphatic cancers are largely attributable to the lab engineered viral mutagen and Pfizer and Moderna vaccines derived from genetically modified "gain-of-function" viruses. Stealth virus-like pathogenesis results from the lipid nanoparticle hydrogel ("LNPH") coating of the vaccines, as well as the spike-protein ("S-protein") antigen mutating on the virus, that may cause 'smoldering' hypersensitization best explaining "long COVID" and the rise in immune cell cancers. Therapeutic focus for lyphatic cancers should target these disease vectors, particularly with anti-virals.
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Comparing Green and White Noise for Reducing Anxiety in Patients During Root Canal Treatment
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
Introduction: Anxiety and fear of pain significantly hinder the pursuit of root canal treatments, leading up to 15% of adults to avoid dental care. Since pharmacologic sedation involves risks and typically requires specialist administration, music therapy has demonstrated potential in reducing stress through neurobiological pathways. White noise, known for its static-like sounds, effectively decreases anxiety, while green noise, composed of natural sounds, has shown promise in reducing heart rate and blood pressure during dental procedures. However, their efficacy has never been compared in endodontics. Aim & Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Green noise (528 Hz) and White noise (432 Hz) in reducing anxiety and pain during root canal treatment, contributing to evidence-based anxiety management strategies in endodontic practice. Materials and Methods: Following ethical approval and clinical trial registration, a double-blind study was conducted with 54 patients aged 18-60 with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in single-rooted teeth. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups i.e control (no music), white noise (432 Hz), or green noise (528 Hz) groups. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale before treatment. Vital signs such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded pre- and post-treatment. Results: ANOVA and paired t-tests revealed that post-operatively, heart rate (HR) decreased across all groups, except for the white noise group, which experienced an increase. Systolic SBP and DBP rose in the control and white noise groups but decreased in the green noise group to 122.45±5.12 (from 138.09±10.41) and to 76.81±5.41 (from 94.22±9.67), respectively. Pre-operatively, HR differed significantly between the control and both noise groups (p<0.001). Post-operatively, HR differences were notable between white noise and green noise (p=0.011) and between white noise and control (p=0.011). The green noise group showed significant changes in HR, SBP, and DBP pre- and post-op (p<0.001). Conclusion: Green noise (528 Hz) effectively reduces anxiety and modulates physiological responses during root canal treatment, offering a non-invasive alternative to pharmacologic sedation.
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Increase in salivary oxytocin and decrease in salivary cortisol after listening to relaxing slow-tempo and exciting fast-tempo music
Article
Full-text available
Relaxation and excitation are components of the effects of music listening. The tempo of music is often considered a critical factor when determining these effects: listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music elicits relaxation and excitation, respectively. However, the chemical bases that underlie these relaxation and excitation effects remain unclear. Since parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activities are facilitated by oxytocin and glucocorticoid, respectively, we hypothesized that listening to relaxing slow-tempo and exciting fast-tempo music is accompanied by increases in the oxytocin and cortisol levels, respectively. We evaluated the change in the salivary oxytocin and cortisol levels of participants listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music sequences. We measured the heart rate (HR) and calculated the heart rate variability (HRV) to evaluate the strength of autonomic nerve activity. After listening to a music sequence, the participants rated their arousal and valence levels. We found that both the salivary oxytocin concentration and the high frequency component of the HRV (HF) increased and the HR decreased when a slow-tempo music sequence was presented. The salivary cortisol level decreased and the low frequency of the HRV (LF) to HF ratio (LF/HF) increased when a fast-tempo music sequence was presented. The ratio of the change in the oxytocin level was correlated with the change in HF, LF/HF and HR, whereas that in the cortisol level did not show any correlation with indices of autonomic nerve activity. There was no correlation between the change in oxytocin level and self-reported emotions, while the change in cortisol level correlated with the arousal level. These findings suggest that listening to slow-tempo and fast-tempo music is accompanied by an increase in the oxytocin level and a decrease in the cortisol level, respectively, and imply that such music listening-related changes in oxytocin and cortisol are involved in physiological relaxation and emotional excitation, respectively.
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Stress Recovery Effects of High- and Low-Frequency Amplified Music on Heart Rate Variability
Article
Full-text available
Sounds can induce autonomic responses in listeners. However, the modulatory effect of specific frequency components of music is not fully understood. Here, we examined the role of the frequency component of music on autonomic responses. Specifically, we presented music that had been amplified in the high- or low-frequency domains. Twelve healthy women listened to white noise, a stress-inducing noise, and then one of three versions of a piece of music: original, low-, or high-frequency amplified. To measure autonomic response, we calculated the high-frequency normalized unit (HFnu), low-frequency normalized unit, and the LF/HF ratio from the heart rate using electrocardiography. We defined the stress recovery ratio as the value obtained after participants listened to music following scratching noise, normalized by the value obtained after participants listened to white noise after the stress noise, in terms of the HFnu, low-frequency normalized unit, LF/HF ratio, and heart rate. Results indicated that high-frequency amplified music had the highest HFnu of the three versions. The stress recovery ratio of HFnu under the high-frequency amplified stimulus was significantly larger than that under the low-frequency stimulus. Our results suggest that the high-frequency component of music plays a greater role in stress relief than low-frequency components.
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A proposal of a quantitative autonomic function test
Article
  • Jan 1981
The function of the cardiac branch of the vagus was expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV) of R-R intervals in ECGs. Since R-R interval variation is abolished by blocking the vagus with atropine sulfate, CV is considered to be a parameter of the function of the parasympathetic nervous system. The examinees were 100 healthy individuals of both sexes whose ages ranged from the teens to the sixties. Regarding CV, there were no significant differences among the examinees from the teens to the thirties (p < 0.01); but from the forties to the sixties, CVs significantly decreased compared with the preceding ones (p < 0.01). No significant differences regarding sex were visible among the examinees (p < 0.01), nor were differences in regard to age or sex observed in the mean R-R intervals (p < 0.01). After the administration of atropine sulfate, no significant difference was seen either in CV or the mean R-R interval between examinees in their twenties and sixties (p < 0.01). In patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and Shy-Drager syndrome, CVs were significantly reduced compared with age-matched healthy individuals. The autonomic function test by means of R-R interval variation in ECGs can be made without any load on the patients, and the reproducibility of the results is good. Therefore, it has the prospect of wide clinical application.
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OXYTOCIN MAY MEDIATE THE BENEFITS OF POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EMOTIONS1
Article
  • Nov 1998
During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10–20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central α2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Effect of different frequencies of music on blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Article
  • Oct 2010
The effect of different frequencies of music on brain function was investigated through measurement of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Previous studies indicated that exposure to Mozart's music (K. 205) leads to increased calcium/calmodulin-dependent dopamine synthesis in the brain, and that the subsequent increase in dopamine reduces blood pressure via D(2) receptors. The present study demonstrated that the blood pressure-reducing response was dependent on the frequency, and was markedly greater at 4 k-16 kHz compared with lower frequencies. These findings suggest that music containing high-frequency sounds stimulates dopamine synthesis, and might thereby regulate and/or affect various brain functions.
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