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Development of Mindfulness in Relational Context: Construction and Validation of Relational Mindfulness Training (RMT)

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Objectives: The application of mindfulness at work has experienced growing demand in recent years. This progress also brings new challenges for the field, such as the necessity to respect the dynamic environment of contemporary organizations and moving mindfulness practice closer to the social interactions. We created Relational Mindfulness Training (RMT), an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention, in order to address the lack of evidence in the field of relational mindfulness. Sample and setting: Our study has examined the effects of RMT intervention on the sample of 66 students. The first measurement occurred one week prior to the start of intervention (T1). The second measurement occurred one week after the end of intervention (T2). Hypotheses. We hypothesized that the participation in RMT would have positive significant effects on mindfulness, self-compassion, authentic leadership and empathic accuracy. Statistical analysis. The analysis of variance was used to access the differences between the experimental and control group between T1 and T2 and the paired sample t-test was used to assess the effects within both groups between T1 and T2. Results: Our findings suggest that training in relational mindfulness may enhance the curriculum of management education. RMT showed a significant positive effect on mindfulness, self-compassion and authentic leadership. This study is, according to our knowledge, the first one that validates the effects of a relational-based mindfulness program in management education and the first one to validate the effects of MBI in the Czech Republic. Study limitation: Most variables in our study were assessed by self-report questionnaires, we, however, used most common questionnaires in the field. The study was also not fully blinded and thus it might have been possibly biased by placebo or experimenter effect.
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244 / Předběžná sdělení





   -
     

DEVELOPMENT OF MINDFULNESS IN RELATIONAL
CONTEXT: CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION
OF RELATIONAL MINDFULNESS TRAINING (RMT)

Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze
Došlo: 


M. Vich, M. Lukeš
Objectives.     



-

      
    
    -


Sample and setting. 

     

     

Hypotheses. -

    -

Statistical analysis.    


-
 

Results.-
   -




       
    


Study limitation.     
    
     
  .      
-

key words:





klíčová slova:





Předběžná sdělení /245
-


          

-


     






     

  

-


-


-


          
-

-
-


-
-

-


-


Positive Effects of Mindfulness
  

-
246 / Předběžná sdělení



-
-







-




-


Individual and Relational Mindfulness Practice
          -




   
-



  
   

-
 

-



-
-
-

-

        

Předběžná sdělení /247
Relational Mindfulness Training (RMT) and its Hypothesized Effects


     
   
-

      


    

Hypothesis 1. Relational Mindfulness Training leads to higher mindfulness.

       


           

-




      

-


     

Hypothesis 2. Relational Mindfulness Training leads to higher self-compassion.
-
-


-

-

-

-
          -
    




248 / Předběžná sdělení
       
          



       


            
-









Hypothesis 3. Relational Mindfulness Training leads to higher authentic leader-
ship.
-

           
            
-





Hypothesis 4. Relational Mindfulness Training leads to higher empathic accuracy.

Program Description



-
   


           -

-

-


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          
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          
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          
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   




     
-





M
SD-




250 / Předběžná sdělení




Measures

-
   

Mindfulness.



-
         




-

Self-Compassion.  -

     

-

Authentic Leadership.
-




Empathic Accuracy.        

Table 1 
   
    
    
    
    

    
    
      -

Předběžná sdělení /251
-


   



-

-





Table 2
M   
   
    
     
     
-

  
-
       
   -
tp
d

pp
p-
p
p   -

tpd-
tpdt
pdtpd
-
-
      
tpd
t pd
t pd 

t pd
252 / Předběžná sdělení
-
t dt 
dtd
td
Table 3

  
   
     
 
      
      
   
   
   
   
Note.

    -

d
-
Fpd
Fpd-
   F   p  d  -

Fpd



     





-



            
-


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-








            



p


Limitations and Future Directions


-

    
   


-




  



-



-




-


 

254 / Předběžná sdělení

-


  




Contribution to Mindfulness Research and Implications for Academic
and Organizational Settings


           

-

  -
      
       



       -

-
-


-
     

-
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
-
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      
   
-
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
-

-
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
      

-







     
     -
    

Holistic Nursing
Practice21
       
   
  Československá psy-
chologie59
      -
 
       
The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the
psychology of leadership, change and organi-
zational development   

        

Lead-
ership Quarterly16
   
 
       
      
-
Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry42

 
psychologie51

     

Mindfulness4
   
       
           

 Medical Educa-
tion Online18
  
     -
Behav-
ior Therapy35
      

 



Cogni-
tive Therapy and Research36
      
   -
      -
256 / Předběžná sdělení
     
   
  BMC Medical Educa-
tion13
       
    
 Asian Journal of Psychia-
try5

    -
     -
     
     Mindfulness 6

 

  Harvard Business
Review91
 
  
     
     
Journal of Management42
     
-

Mindfulness6
The Art of Communicating


             
 

    Journal of
Applied Psychology98
      

       
The Wiley-
Blackwell handbook of the psychology of
leadership, change and organizational devel-
opment     


     
  
    

School Psychol-
ogy Quarterly28

              -
 -
  Journal of Experimental
Psychology-General141
      -
      
   
Health Education and
Behavior36
   Insight Dialogue: The
Interpersonal Path to Freedom. 

     

 -
Behaviour
Research and Therapy48
     
    -

Journal of Voca-
tional Behavior, 82

     
    
  Social Cognitive and
Affective Neuroscience8

 -
    
   
Journal of Nervous and Mental Dis-
ease196
     

-
Journal of Occupational
and Organizational Psychology87

    -
-
 Educa-
tional Psychology Review28
    Self-compassion: Stop beat-
ing yourself and leave insecurity behind.

 -

Self and Identity2
        

    Jour-
nal of Clinical Psychology69,
               
   
  -
   
Self and Identity12
 Leadership: Theory
and Practice, .
    -
       -
 
    
  Acta Psychiatrica Scandi-
navica127
   

   
Předběžná sdělení /257
    
Mindfulness5
         
       
     
 Journal of
American College Health62

     -
-



 -
     -
  
 Training and Education in Profes-
sional Psychology1
-

     
Journal of Behavioral Medicine21

 
 
    

    International
Journal of Mental Health and Addiction12

         -

  Mindfulness and
psychotherapy: Second edition  


    
  The Annual Review of
Organizational Psychology and Organiza-
tional Behavior3
   Search inside yourself: The
unexpected path to achieving success, hap-
piness (and world peace).

 -
     -
Central European Business Review4

    -
       
     -

     
Smart and efcient economy: Prepa-
ration for the future innovative economy
    

-

  -
Journal of Biomedical Sci-
ence and Engineering7

 
-
Journal of
Management





Cíle. -

     

   
  -
-
-


Metoda. -
      
     


Hypotézy.
  
  -

Statistická analýza.   




Výsledky. -

-

   


     


Limity.      

       
. 



... Studies that examined long-term effects in the case of classic mindfulness or LKM practice, however, show mixed findings (e.g., Oman et al., 2008;Perich et al., 2013;Shapiro et al., 2011;Weibel et al., 2016). Recent studies have also focused on relational mindfulness (also known as interpersonal mindfulness), that entails the development of mindfulness and loving-kindness within social interaction, which has been suggested as a suitable practice for flourishment in dynamic social environments (Falb & Pargament, 2012;Kohlenberg et al., 2015;Surrey & Kramer, 2013;Vich & Lukeš, 2018). Meanwhile, sustaining the effects of training in relational mindfulness seems to be even more challenging than in the case of training in classic mindfulness based on individual meditations, because it occurs mostly in triads or dyads, and thus it seems to be more dependent on the active presence in the particular training group (Kramer, 2007). ...
... The main goal of RMT is to help participants to be more present, aware and kind towards themselves and others during everyday social interactions These goals are achieved through the development of a capability to be present during conversations and to apply and further develop other related principles of mindfulness and LKM in any particular moment (Falb & Pargament, 2012;Vich & Lukeš, 2018). RMT helps train this capability through facilitated practices in dyads (dyadic mindful dialogue) or the main group (mindful group discussion) during which the participants are frequently invited to make a silent pause and engage in short relational mindfulness micro-practices (see Figure 2). ...
... Western Therapeutic approaches such as Gestalt Therapy and Coaching, Person-Centered Therapy, or Bohmian Dialogue (Falb & Pargament, 2012;Surrey & Kramer, 2013). There are only a few studies that have already examined the effects of training in relational mindfulness (Bowen et al., 2012;Jennings et al., 2013;Hildebrandt et al., 2017;Kohlenberg et al., 2015;Kok & Singer, 2017;Vich & Lukeš, 2018), but they have brought some pioneering evidence into the field. However, only three studies (Hildebrandt et al., 2017;Kok & Singer 2017;Vich & Lukeš, 2018) have examined an intervention that has a primary focus on the practice of relational mindfulness. ...
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... At the individual level, its use has been presented as beneficial in resolving cognitive failings (e.g. depression, burnout, anxiety, stress, …) (Burgdorf et al., 2019;Kaplan et al., 2017;Ofei-Dodoo et al., 2020;Querstret et al., 2018;Romero-Martín et al., 2022;Sharma et al., 2015;Sun et al., 2021), in the cognitive performance of healthy people in different contexts (Ahuja, 2020;Baijesh, 2015;Daya and Hearn, 2018;Goldhagen et al., 2015;Gotink et al., 2015;Kudesia, 2019;McGarvie, 2020;Mielke, 2019;Ofei-Dodoo et al., 2020;Roeser et al., 2013;Sun et al., 2021;Vich and Lukeš, 2018;Wang et al., 2016), as a facilitator of social relations, in well-being, and in more positive human action (Allen and Paddock, 2015;Good et al., 2016;Ihl et al., 2020;Inceoglu et al., 2018;Sharma et al., 2015;Zivnuska et al., 2016). At the organisational level, scientific evidence reveals that mindfulness promotes well-being and performance ( (Dane and Brummel, 2014;King and Haar, 2017;Reb and Atkins, 2015) and mindfulness-based approaches are increasingly adopted in different work environments (Sajjad and Shahbaz, 2020). ...
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... Meditation experiments help enhance intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships because members become more open and more relaxed to relate and connect with themselves and others (Gold & Zahm, 2022). Relational Mindfulness Treatment is an appropriate practice and individual and relational practices are compatible (Marek & Lukes, 2018;Surrey, 2005). ...
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