Social vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication model for intelligent transportation systems based on 5G scenario

Abstract

Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communications are the emerging paradigm for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) used to enhance the traffic efficiency and reliability of timely data delivery by implementing a complete set of communication mechanism in all the devices and infrastructure involved in traffic control, monitoring, and management. This research work aims to propose a Social V2X Communication Model to improve the traffic efficiency in ITS environment by timely delivery of a required set of data with ultra-high speed integrated cellular 5G technologies. This is achieved by introducing the social behavior in V2X communication and with the provision of automated information, and surveillance. Along with this, triggering of required actions based on ultra-high speed and ultra-low latency 5G scenario of integrated networking technologies (Mobile Edge Computing/Fog Computing, Software Defined Networking and Cloud Computing) of integrated entities such as road users (Vehicles such as Cars, Buses, Trucks are parts of it. Motorcycles, and even the pedestrians), roadside infrastructure (Traffic lights, traffic signs, barriers and gates), Road Side Unit (RSU) and all the other network units (MEC /Fog Server, V2X Application Server (AS), SDN switches, and SDN controllers). The proposed model will support all kinds of communications such as a vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications, vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P), a vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications and vehicle to network (V2N) communications in a social internet of vehicles (SIOV) environment.

Full text

Social Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) communication model for
Intelligent Transportation Systems based on 5G scenario
Naeem Raza
Department of Computer Science
National Textile University
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Naeemraza1248@gmail.com
Sohail Jabbar
Department of Computer Science
National Textile University
Faisalabad, Pakistan
sjabbar.research@gmail.com
Jihun Han
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
jihun528@hotmail.com
Kijun Han
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
kjhan@knu.ac.kr
ABSTRACT
Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communications are the emerging
paradigm for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) used to
enhance the traffic efficiency and reliability of timely data delivery
by implementing a complete set of communication mechanism in
all the devices and infrastructure involved in traffic control,
monitoring, and management. This research work aims to propose
a Social V2X Communication Model to improve the traffic
efficiency in ITS environment by timely delivery of a required set
of data with ultra-high speed integrated cellular 5G technologies.
This is achieved by introducing the social behavior in V2X
communication and with the provision of automated information,
and surveillance. Along with this, triggering of required actions
based on ultra-high speed and ultra-low latency 5G scenario of
integrated networking technologies (Mobile Edge Computing/Fog
Computing, Software Defined Networking and Cloud Computing)
of integrated entities such as road users (Vehicles such as Cars,
Buses, Trucks are parts of it. Motorcycles, and even the
pedestrians), roadside infrastructure (Traffic lights, traffic signs,
barriers and gates), Road Side Unit (RSU) and all the other network
units (MEC /Fog Server, V2X Application Server (AS), SDN
switches, and SDN controllers). The proposed model will support
all kinds of communications such as a vehicle to vehicle (V2V)
communications, vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P), a
vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications and vehicle to
network (V2N) communications in a social internet of vehicles
(SIOV) environment.
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ICFNDS'18, June 26–27, 2018, Amman, Jordan
© 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-6428-
7/18/06… $15.00 https://doi.org/10.1145/3231053.3231120
N. Raza, S. Jabbar, J. Han, K. Han, 2018. SIG Proceedings Paper in Word
Format. In Proceedings of ACM ICFNDS conference, June 26 - 27, Amman-
Jordan(WOSTech’18), 8 Pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3231053.3231120
CCS CONCEPTS
• Intelligent Transportation System → Vehicle-to-Everything
Communications; Road Safety, Data Delivery; Cellular Network
→ 5G
KEYWORDS
Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vehicle-to-Everything
Communications, Social Internet of Things, Social Internet of
Vehicles, 5G
1 INTRODUCTION
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) emerged as a key
paradigm for effective and reliable traffic monitoring, control, and
management to avoid road accidents and to improve traffic
efficiency. Fundamentally, ITS systems are based on multiple and
heterogeneous entities such as vehicles, road-side units (RSU), road
sign, traffic lights, network nodes, and servers, etc. Nowadays,
vehicles are equipped with multiple networking and
communication technologies, digital cameras, wireless sensors and
location-aware and positioning devices capable of interacting with
the surrounding entities such as nearby vehicles, pedestrians,
network infrastructure, network nodes and the environment. To
support ITS systems four types of vehicular communication
patterns are defined such as V2V, V2P, V2I, and V2N all of these
communications are referred to as Vehicle to Everything (V2X)
communications. All of these communications are required for an
integrated architecture that can offer ultra-high speed, ultra-low
latency and local and global geographical scope of data. Upcoming
5G network and its emerging technologies such as SDN, MEC/Fog
computing, and cloud storage are the ultimate solutions to offer
these challenging requirements [1, 2, 3]. SDN makes it possible to
separate the control plane from the data forwarding plane. Hence
control plane can have a global view of the underlying network
nodes which is not possible in a traditional network. MEC/Fog

ACM ICFNDS conference (WOSTech’18), Mar 18, Amman-
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N. Raza et al.
servers make it possible to have required data on the network edge
so that at very high speed and low latency updated and required
data locally can be accessed easily. Cloud storage can provide
global storage for all the data generated and exchanged by the ITS
environment. Several Initiatives about V2X communications based
on 5G are taken by the Countries, Organizations, Industry and
research community as mentioned in IEEE Connected &
Autonomous Vehicles news section [4], also highlighted in [5].
VANET and MANET are also supporting ITS systems also V2X
communications [6, 7]. In short, we are in an aim to explain, how
to integrate V2X communications by introducing social behavior
in Road users, RSU, MEC/Fog computing servers, SIOT servers [8,
9], SDN controller and Cloud Servers. This is to avoid road
accidents and to improve traffic efficiency with the help of ultra-
high speed and ultra-low latency upcoming 5G network”.
Emerging technologies positioning and adaptation in transportation
systems primarily emphasis on sustainability, integration, safety,
and responsiveness to achieve the ultimate objectives of mobility,
access, conservational sustainability, and financial positioning. In
this research article, several research projects based on connected
vehicle, cloud, and IoT are presented to enhance the research
potential in ITS systems [10]. In [11], for the Vehicular-to-
everything (V2X) communications, two types of communication
modes above the PC5 interface and above the LTE-Uu interface
were defined by the 3GPP. LTE-Uu based interface can be of
unicast nature and Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
(MBMS), both independently may be used such as a User
Equipment (UE) can use MBMS to receive the messages instead of
LTE-Uu for transmission and UE may also capable of receiving the
V2X messages via LTE-Uu. Figure. 5 depicts the V2X
communication model based on PC5 interface and LTE-Uu
interface. The procedure for the communications over the PC5
interface and the MBMS interface is described in detail as in
Figure. 3. and proposed implementations for the RSUs are also
described in detail as in Figure. 1 and Figure. 2. In Figure 4.
message deployment server option is also highlighted.
UE A
(Vehicle)
V2X
Application
UE B
(Stationary)
V2X
Application
PC5
V5
RSU
Figure 1: RSU Implementation which includes a UE and the
V2X application logic [11]
UE A
(Vehicle)
V2X
Application
eNB
V2X
Application
Server
LTE-Uu
V1
RSU
L-GW
Figure 2: RSU Implementation which includes an eNB, L-GW
and a V2X Application Server [11]
V2X message over PC5
RSU
(stationary UE)
RSU
(stationary UE)
V2X message over PC5
V2X message
over LTE-Uu
V2X Application
Server
EPC
V2X message
over LTE-Uu
Figure 3: V2X messages using UE-type RSU above LTE-Uu
interface and PC5 interface [11]
UE
UE
L/PGW
L/PGW
eNB
eNB
eNB
V2X
Message
Distribution
Server
V2X Application
Server #1
V2X Application
Server #2
V2X Application
Server #3
V2X Application
Server #4
3rd Party V2X Service Providers
Area #2
relevant
servers
Area #1
relevant
servers
V2X
Message
Distribution
Server
Figure 4: V2X message distribution server (MDS) deployment
option [11]

Social Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication model for
Intelligent Transportation Systems based on 5G scenario
ACM ICFNDS conference (WOSTech’18), Mar 18, Amman-
Jordan
Figure 5: Reference architecture for V2X communications by 3GPP [11]
Figure 6: V2X Communications Evolution [12]
Advanced V2X
C-V2X 3GPP
Rel 15, 16 etc
Enhanced V2X
C-V2X 3GPP
Rel 14
Basic V2X
IEEE 802.11P, DSRC
(Direct Short Range Communication)
ETSI ITS
•Longer Range
•Higher Density
•Very High Throughput
•Very High Reliability
•Wideband Ranging and
Positioning
•Very Low Latency
•V2N
•Network Coverage
•Long Range
•Multimedia Services
•V2V
•V2P
•V2I
•Safety
•EV (Electric Vehicle)
E-UTRAN
UE A
(Vehicle)
UE D
(stationary)
V2X
Application
LTE-Uu
LTE-Uu
V5
V1
V5
V3
PC5
PC5
PC5
V5
MME
HSS
S/P-GW
S1
S6a
V3
V4
V3
V2X
Application
Server
V2X Control
Function
V3
UE B
(Vehicle)
UE C
(pedestrian) V2X
Application
V2X
Application
V2X
Application
V2 SGi

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N. Raza et al.
Use Case Type
V2X Mode
End-to-End
Latency
Reliability
Data Rate per
Vehicle (kbps)
Comm. Range
Cooperative
Awareness
V2V/V2I
100ms-1sec
90-95%
5-96
Short to medium
Cooperative
Sensing
V2V/V2I
3ms-1sec
>95%
5-25000
Short
Cooperative
Maneuver
V2V/V2I
<3ms-100ms
>99%
10-5000
Short to medium
Vulnerable Road
User
V2P
100ms-1sec
95%
5-10
Short
Traffic Efficiency
V2N/V2I
>1sec
<90%
10-2000
Long
Teleoperated
Driving
V2N
5-20ms
>99%
>25000
Long
Communication range is qualitatively described as “short” for less than 200 meters, “medium” from 200 meters to 500
meters, and “long” for more than 500 meters.
Table 1: V2X use cases based on Communication Linknecessities and application [13]
Use Case Type
LTE-V2X
802.11p
mmWave
VVLC
Cooperative
Awareness
Emergency Vehicle
Warning
Highly Suitable
Highly Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Forward Collision
Warning
Highly Suitable
Highly Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Cooperative
Sensing
See-through
Suitable
Suitable
Highly Suitable
Suitable
Sensor Sharing
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Cooperative
Maneuver
Platooning
Highly Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
High-Density
Platooning
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Cooperative
Adaptive Cruise
Control
Suitable
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Cooperative
Intersection Control
Suitable
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Vulnerable Road User
Suitable
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Traffic Efficiency
Highly Suitable
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Tele-operated Driving
Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
Not Suitable
LTE-V2X= Long Term Evolution V2X, mmWave = millimeter Wave, V-VLC = Vehicular Visible Light Communication
Table 2: V2X use cases based Communication Technological support and application [13]

Social Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication model for
Intelligent Transportation Systems based on 5G scenario
ACM ICFNDS conference (WOSTech’18), Mar 18, Amman-
Jordan
2 LITERATURE REVIEW/RELATED WORK
V2X communications for ITS, from IEEE 802.11p towards 5G are
highlighted in [14]. In [15] authors proposed an abstract
architecture for the social internet of vehicles (SIOV). The main
communication is based on On-Board Unit (OBU) with LTE/4G
technologies to connect and exchange messages (Both safety and
non-safety) to the nearby vehicles and with the RSUs. Road Side
Unit (RSU) is based on eNodeB base stations to connect the
vehicles to the internet for communications and exchange of
messages. SIoV networks are cyber-physical systems capable of
handling all types of communications for the vehicular networks.
All the entities in a SIoV are treated as nodes, and the
communications between them are treated as links, hence making
social graph cloud as depicted in the article. In [16] Corporate
Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) and its simulation
platforms were discussed. Two communications models such as
V2V and V2I were analyzed and evaluated by considering
VANET, 4G and 5G technologies. In [17] social relationships
termed as Parental Object Relationship (POR), Social Object
Relationship (SOR) and Co-Work Object Relationship (CWOR)
were proposed for the vehicular networks. POR relationship is
established between the vehicles of the same automaker, SOR
relationship is established in V2V communications scenario
between vehicles belonging to different automakers, and COWR
relationship is established between vehicles and Road Side Units.
POR relationship is used to gain valuable information such as the
status of the vehicle, remote Maintainance, and diagnostic services.
SOR relationship is established between the vehicles for the certain
geographical area and used to gather information about traffic
conditions or petrol stations. Traffic detection and security
concerns are addressed in [18, 19]. The CWOR relationship in V2I
communications is used to provide the traffic information to guide
the drivers about less congested traffic routes. In [20] Ownership
Object Relationship (OOR) is defined for the relation bounding
between heterogeneous objects be appropriate to the same user and
Co-Location Objects Relationship (C-LOR) also defined for the
relation bounding devices that are permanently used in the identical
place. In [21] 5G technology and self-driving based cooperate
intelligent vehicles (CIV) framework named 5GenCIV is proposed.
Due to the low latency and high-reliability transmissions using 5G
technology makes it possible to safely and affordably handle the
self-driving IVs. Three levels of storage onboard, fog and cloud
were proposed using 5G. In [22] under the guidelines of the 3GPP
machine to machine (M2M) and the Internet of Things (IoT)
communication mechanism was presented which is capable of
offering a vehicle to everything (V2X) group communications
based on 5G systems by considering one M2M, and ETSI Multi-
access Edge Computing (MEC). SDN and IoT are both provides
efficient control to complex networks [23]. In [24] under feasibility
study, they highlighted that D2D communication model is
outperformed based on V2I and V2V communications. They
proposed three methods such as control mechanism for
interference, a projecting resource allocation method and co-
operated scheduling to the overall improvement of the system and
hence proved effective regarding overhead and complexity in a
realistic vehicular environmental channel’s. In [25] for the future
vehicular networks of pilotless vehicles, authors highlighted that
5G, cloud computing, Fog computing, and SDN are the ultimate
solutions. Under different vehicle densities, there is always a little
delay experienced in SDN based 5G vehicular networks.
Heterogeneity nature of vehicular network adds many new
challenges that cannot be answerable with a single technology, So
the integrated environment of program oriented and manageable
network entities can be the best solution by considering advantages
and disadvantages of different networking technologies. 5G and
SDN are capable of minimizing end-to-end latency and offering
reliability, dependability, and scalability [26].
Figure 7: Social Relationships in Vehicular Networks

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N. Raza et al.
3 THE PROPOSED SOCIAL VEHICLE-TO-EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATION MODEL
BASED ON 5G
Figure 8: The Proposed Social V2X Communication Model
The proposed V2X communication model for ITS based on the 5G
scenario is shown in Figure 8. The role and the features of the main
entities of the proposed model are explained here to understand the
theme of V2X communications under 5G scenario by considering
social aspects and improved performance for the data delivery.
End-Devices consist of user equipment’s (UEs) comprising
smartphones of pedestrians, motorcyclists, wheelchairs, travelers,
onboard vehicular UEs, and roadside traffic lights, bus stops, etc.

Social Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication model for
Intelligent Transportation Systems based on 5G scenario
ACM ICFNDS conference (WOSTech’18), Mar 18, Amman-
Jordan
infrastructure nodes. They need to be enabled with V2X based
social App (it will extend the 3GPP V2X app for establishing social
relationships and to improve data delivery). The main purpose of
the app is to enable the vehicles to send the messages about the road
and the traffic conditions as well as to trigger the alert messages or
data of interest to V2X AS deployed at MEC server side. Network
components are eNodeBs, Network Core Modules, and backhaul
SDN switch interconnecting all of them. MEC/Fog servers are
deployed at the network edge offering different applications, also
enhanced with the addition of V2X application server. The V2X
AS runs several applications such as ITS app, social V2X app, and
eMBMS app, etc. Software Defined Networking (SDN), Consists
of SDN switches and SDN controller responsible for managing
SDN switches and applying different policies, setting different
priorities and running V2X network application. Social IOT Server,
to facilitate the network for social IOT devices to integration and to
trigger required actions based on application logic defined.
Internet/Cloud, to get the global scope of data and to store data
about SIoV environment. In this proposed model there will be a
proper mechanism for the social interactions between the network
elements such as Vehicles, roadside infrastructure, MEC servers,
and RSU nodes. Vehicles can establish a SOR relationship with the
neighborhood vehicles commonly sharing the same road path. SOR
relationship regarding all the procedures and rules are defined for
SIOV. In ITS environment, cooperate awareness is very useful to
road users (vehicles such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, buses,
trucks, and even for the pedestrians). The equipment’s for roadside
infrastructure (such as road signs, traffic lights or barriers, and
gates) to be informed with each other’s positions, dynamics and the
attributes related to the road traffic. This information must need to
be updated for V2V, V2I and I2V based V2X communication
network. Short-range communications are not suitable for inter-
vehicle communications [27]. Cooperative Awareness Message
(CAM) message is used to transmit and exchange the periodic
information regarding corporate awareness based on Cooperative
Awareness basic service (CA basic service) [28]. POR, SOR and
OOR relationships requires data structures. CWOR relationship is
not only preferred between vehicles and RSU communications but
also can be used between RSUs and MEC servers and as well as
their communications with the vehicles to gather the information
about a particular geographical area. Decentralized Environmental
Notification Message (DENM) message which is used by ITS
applications to alert roadside users of a detected or reported event
in ITS communication technologies [29]. Accurate and reliable
traffic state estimations are extremely important for road operators
and service providers because they are the basis for decision
making. Traffic is generally measured by different types of sensors
that are placed in or along the road infrastructure. In this paper,
aggregated and anonymized data from Google, originating from
mobile devices and apps, is analyzed for its potential to be used for
traffic management. These floating car data (FCD) are speed time
series at measurement locations. The traffic state estimations from
Google’s data are validated by comparing them with data networks.
All the entities in an S-IoV are treated as nodes, and the
communications between them are treated as links, hence making
social graph cloud as depicted in the article. In [16] Corporate
Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) and its simulation
platforms were discussed. Two communications models such as
V2V and V2I were analyzed and evaluated by considering
VANET, 4G and 5G technologies. From over 2200 sensor locations
on Dutch motorways for a period of 4 months. This dataset contains
over 58 million data points. On Dutch motorways, congestion and
incidents are recurrent on a daily basis, and traffic management is
essential. The coverage and accuracy are analyzed on link and route
level [30]. In [31] FCD application is also presented about traffic
management.
4 PROPOSED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
V2X Simulation Runtime Infrastructure (VSimRTI), is very
powerful Simulator used to model and asses the new solutions for
Cooperative ITS Systems. It integrated several simulators those are
individually used to model vehicular environment, communication
environment, and social application environment. We will simulate
the proposed simulation model by integrating all the above-
mentioned simulation environments with the provision of social
behavior with several V2X scenarios and test the proposed model.
After successful results, the real-world deployment may be
experienced in future.
Figure 9: Research Methodology
5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
3GPP and related standardization bodies are delivering
specification about V2X communications. hence make it possible
to deploy V2X communications models for better traffic
management, surveillance, and control in a fully automated ITS
environment. V2X communication models can be enhanced with
the provision of social behavior of vehicles drivers digital watches,
pedestrian smartphones, vehicles OBUs, RSUs and all other
network entities. These are based on social applications to facilitate
the effective road experience with timely updation of required
information in a fully automated ITS environment for both safety
and non-safety traffic compliance. Social relationships such as
SOR, CWOR, and POR are proposed by the researchers for social
enhanced ITS environment. Upcoming 5G technologies are very
Real Time DeploymentReal Time Deployment
Analysis of the proposed ModelAnalysis of the proposed Model
Simulation Run & Result GatheringSimulation Run & Result Gathering
IntegrationIntegration
Social Application Environment FormationSocial Application Environment Formation
Communication Environment FormationCommunication Environment Formation
Vehicular Environment FormationVehicular Environment Formation

ACM ICFNDS conference (WOSTech’18), Mar 18, Amman-
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N. Raza et al.
helpful to be deployed for ITS. In this research work, we mainly
highlighted the research methodology to test, automate and to
implement the social V2X communication model for ITS systems.
In future work, we will simulation the proposed model in ITS
environment based on the 5G scenario, and after gathering and
analyzing the results, better and effective scenarios will make us
able to deploy the proposed model at the real time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study is supported by BK21 Plus project (SW Human
Resource Development Program for Supporting Smart Life) funded
by the Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and
Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Korea
(21A20131600005). Moreover, authors extend their sincere
appreciation to Basic Science Research Program through the
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the
Ministry of Education (2016R1D1A1B03933566) and Institute for
Information and Communications Technology Promotion (IITP)
grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No.2017-0-00770).
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