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Isolation of Karanjin from Pongamia Pinnata and Its Identification by Difference Analytical Techniques
Abstract
Karanjin is the medicinal drug that used as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. The object of this study is to isolate karanjin in karanja (pongamia pinnata Linn.) seed oil. The seed oil was subjected to triple petroleum with continuously constant shaking for first 48 hours, 24 hours for each second and third extraction then separated under reduced pressure at 50˚C on rotatory evaporate to get yellow viscous oil. Separate non-fatty components using ethanol solvent and reduced under 50˚C with pressure to get (43.33 g) yellow oil. The oil was kept for 3 days at 45˚C in refrigerator white deposited at bottom of oil, the residue recrystallized with methanol it should be done fast and carefully to prevent solubility of karanjin in methanol partially, the purity of isolated karanjin was found to be (99.623%). From TLC, HPL, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectra data, structure elucidation was done and the structure was confirmed as karanjin.
... All parts of this plant have been used in treating different types of diseases and the commonly used parts were bark skin, leaves, flower, seeds, and roots. The bark of the plant is used in various preparations as a treatment for beriberi, 6 bleeding piles, reducing the swelling of the spleen, mental disorder, cough and cold. 7,8 The leaves are utilized in treating flatulence, dyspepsia, leprosy and gonorrhea. ...
... The flower can also be opted in treating diabetes, some skin ailments, renal diseases, and bleeding piles. 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. ...
... 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. 7 The roots of the plant are usually good for teeth cleaning. ...
... All parts of this plant have been used in treating different types of diseases and the commonly used parts were bark skin, leaves, flower, seeds, and roots. The bark of the plant is used in various preparations as a treatment for beriberi, 6 bleeding piles, reducing the swelling of the spleen, mental disorder, cough and cold. 7,8 The leaves are utilized in treating flatulence, dyspepsia, leprosy and gonorrhea. ...
... The flower can also be opted in treating diabetes, some skin ailments, renal diseases, and bleeding piles. 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. ...
... 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. 7 The roots of the plant are usually good for teeth cleaning. ...
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Molecules of Interest–Karanjin–A Review
Authors
Aina Akmal Mohd Noor, Siti Nurul Najiha Othman, Pei Teng Lum, Shankar Mani, Mohd Farooq Shaikh, Mahendran Sekar
Publication date
2020
Journal
Pharmacognosy Journal
Volume
12
Issue
4
Description
Background:
At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes.
Objectives:
This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties.
Materials and Methods:
Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained.
Results:
The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer's activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research.
Conclusion:
Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.
... All parts of this plant have been used in treating different types of diseases and the commonly used parts were bark skin, leaves, flower, seeds, and roots. The bark of the plant is used in various preparations as a treatment for beriberi, 6 bleeding piles, reducing the swelling of the spleen, mental disorder, cough and cold. 7,8 The leaves are utilized in treating flatulence, dyspepsia, leprosy and gonorrhea. ...
... The flower can also be opted in treating diabetes, some skin ailments, renal diseases, and bleeding piles. 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. ...
... 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. 7 The roots of the plant are usually good for teeth cleaning. ...
... All parts of this plant have been used in treating different types of diseases and the commonly used parts were bark skin, leaves, flower, seeds, and roots. The bark of the plant is used in various preparations as a treatment for beriberi, 6 bleeding piles, reducing the swelling of the spleen, mental disorder, cough and cold. 7,8 The leaves are utilized in treating flatulence, dyspepsia, leprosy and gonorrhea. ...
... The flower can also be opted in treating diabetes, some skin ailments, renal diseases, and bleeding piles. 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. ...
... 6,7 Even the seeds of this plant which has a quite pungent smell and bitter taste are said to have carminative and anthelmintic properties. 6 Due to these properties, the prepared seeds of P. pinnata can treat inflammation, hemorrhoids and pectoral diseases. 7 The roots of the plant are usually good for teeth cleaning. ...
Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer's activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.
... Row et al. (1952) extracted P. pinnata oil using light petroleum ether, separated the products by fractional crystallization and chromatography followed by extraction with hydrochloric acid to obtain karanjin. Chromatographic techniques like thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) have been employed to isolate and purify karanjin by using methanol, water, and acetic acid as the mobile phase (Gore and Satyamoorthy, 2000;Panpraneecharoen et al., 2014;Dhanmane and Salih, 2018). Karanjin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction method from various crude extracts such as petroleum ether seed extract (Vismaya et al., 2010;Verma et al., 2011;Katekhaye et al., 2012;Dhanmane and Salih, 2018;Raghav et al., 2019), hexane extract (Mitra et al., 2018), methanolic extract (Susarla et al., 2012;Pandey et al., 2014;Joshi et al., 2018), ethyl acetate extract (Pathak et al., 1983;Singh et al., 2016) followed by appropriate purification of the compound by chromatographic techniques has also been well documented. ...
... Chromatographic techniques like thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) have been employed to isolate and purify karanjin by using methanol, water, and acetic acid as the mobile phase (Gore and Satyamoorthy, 2000;Panpraneecharoen et al., 2014;Dhanmane and Salih, 2018). Karanjin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction method from various crude extracts such as petroleum ether seed extract (Vismaya et al., 2010;Verma et al., 2011;Katekhaye et al., 2012;Dhanmane and Salih, 2018;Raghav et al., 2019), hexane extract (Mitra et al., 2018), methanolic extract (Susarla et al., 2012;Pandey et al., 2014;Joshi et al., 2018), ethyl acetate extract (Pathak et al., 1983;Singh et al., 2016) followed by appropriate purification of the compound by chromatographic techniques has also been well documented. These extraction methods proved to be efficient in terms of yield which ranged from 0.32 to 1.5%. ...
Karanjin [IUPAC: 3-methoxy-2-phenylfuro-(2,3-h-chrome-4-ol)], a bioactive furanoflavonoid and a potent biomolecule, was first isolated from Pongamia pinnata (L.). The crude extracts from root, leaf and seed having active constituent karanjin is highly valued in both traditional and modern knowledge systems. This review highlights, critically assesses, and presents the probable biosynthetic pathways of karanjin and its isolation methodologies with a view to actualizing its full potential. Karanjin exhibits multiple health benefits and applications, with evident anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-colitis, anti-ulcer, and anti-Alzheimer properties. Consequently, the physiochemical properties and biological effects of karanjin have been detailed and analyzed. The efficacy of karanjin has been attenuated by toxicological studies that have proven karanjin to be non-toxic at physiological conditions as substantiated by in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, the multiple insect repellent/insecticidal properties of karanjin and its availability as an acaricide/bio-insecticide have been reviewed. This review article underscores and endorses the immense potential for novel drug leads in various medicinal and industrial applications, suggesting a deeper insight into its metabolic fate, bioavailability, and cellular effects that await further investigations.
... Isolation and characterization of karanjin has been successfully performed from the seeds, leaves, root, stem bark, and flowers of karanja tree. According to past reports, seeds of karanja tree contains the highest concentration of karanjin, therefore the isolation process is mostly directed towards the seeds and not the other parts of the tree that also contains karanjin in low concentrations (Katekhaye et al. 2012b;Dhanmane and Salih 2018;Rekha et al. 2020;Singh et al. 2021). Conventional extraction method involves extraction using solvents and isolation using chromatographic techniques. ...
Phytochemicals are widely known for the pharmacological effects in treating various human conditions and in recent years, new compounds are being discovered with substantial health benefits. Karanjin is a furanoflavonoid mainly isolated from Millettia pinnata L., emerging in the field of pharmacology and exerting potential therapeutic values in pre-clinical studies. The review aims to highlight the potential of karanjin as a neuroprotective agent with the significance of modulating the underlying molecular mechanistic pathways. Common neurodegenerative diseases reported globally include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The main problem in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is the effect of the prescribed drugs for the underlying conditions is only momentary whereby a permanent solution is unavailable. Bioactive compounds under the class of flavonoids have largely been acknowledged for neuroprotection in pre-clinical studies and partial clinical trials through various mechanism of action such as modulation of NF-kB pathway, inhibition of oxidative stress, modulation of PI3K/Akt, and more. Molecular docking results of karanjin have proven the potential against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease through modulation of molecular targets adenosine A2A receptor, α-synuclein, catechol-O-methyltransferase, monoamine oxidase B, angiotensin converting enzyme, β-site APP cleaving enzyme, glycogen synthase kinase-3, TNF-α converting enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase involved in the disease progression, compared to commercial standard drugs. The review emphasizes the optimization method for the isolation of karanjin and the various impending mechanistic effects of karanjin in modulating neurodegenerative diseases.
Akar Millettia sericea merupakan salah satu tanaman khas Indonesia yang belum banyak diketahui manfaatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui sifat fisik, kimia, toksisitas dan kandungan fitokimia dalam akar Millettia sericea , dan (2) mengetahui sifat kelarutan senyawa antioksidan dalam beberapa jenis pelarut dan menduga jenis senyawa aktifnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental-deskrkiptif yang diulang 3 kali. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan akar Millettia sericea mengandung senyawa fitokimia berupa fenolik, flavonoid dan tannin yang tinggi. Hal itu menjadi indikasi adanya potensi senyawa antioksidan dalam akar Millettia sericea . Ekstraksi akar ini menggunakan beberapa jenis pelarut yang berbeda kepolarannya menunjukkan bahwa senyawa antioksidan dalam akar Millettia sericea bersifat semi polar. Hal itu disebabkan antifitas antioksidan tertinggi dihasilkan dari pelarut metanol dan etanol. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan berat molekulnya, terdapa 5 jenis senyawa aktif potensial yang bersifat antioksidan. Akar Millettia sericea ini telah menunjukkan potensinya sebagai alternatif sumber senyawa antioksidan alami, yang dapat dikembangkan untuk produk pangan dan kosmetik.
COVID-19 was first reported in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has
since spread extensively in worldwide. The World Health Organization
recognized this disease as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. During this
pandemic, Moroccan population used several medicinal plants for the
prevention purposes. The current work focuses on the study of the most
medicinal plants used during this pandemic in Morocco. In early March
2020, preliminary information was obtained through interviews with
herbalists.[1] In response to the progression of the Covid-19 epidemic,
Moroccan's state of health emergency came into effect 20 March 2020. For
this reason, survey data was collected with a Google Form. The participants
were selected because of their knowledge of the use of medicinal plants.[2]
During this study, we identified a total of 23 medicinal plant species
belonging to 11 botanical families used during the Covid-19 pandemic. The
most important families were that of the Lamiaceae, Cupressaceae and
Zingiberaceae. The most used plants were Allium Sativum, Olea europaea,
Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale, Thymus maroccanus, Eucalyptus globules,
Foeniculum vulgare, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Phoenix dactylifera,
Rosmarinus off icinalis, Thymus satureioides, Mentha pulegium and
Pimpinella anisum. Information on the biological effects and on the most
abundant secondary metabolites in the 23 plants was given. According to
several studies the majority of these plants are used to treat many respiratory
diseases causing symptoms and signs similar to coronavirus symptoms [3,4]
.
These plants have innumerable benefits because of the diversity of the
secondary metabolites which they contain. The majority of these
compounds, especially essential oils, are well known for their positive
biological effects on respiratory functions. But some plants may contain
toxic substances which can cause various overdose intoxications and
Page | 18
disorders. This work can be exploited in scientific researches in the field of
pharmacology, phytochemistry and biochemistry [5,6,7]
The crude methanolic extract of the root bark of Pongamia pinnata was taken into consideration to isolate secondary metabolites. A total six known natural compounds were separated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and five isolates were identified as flavonoid derivatives such as pongachromene (1), kanugin (2), karanjin (3), demethoxykanugin (4), dimethoxypongapine (5) and the other is a triterpenoid (6). The pure compounds as well as petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of crude methanolic extract were evaluated for bioactivities using established methods. In vitro antioxidant activity was studied by DPPH radical scavenging method using butylated hydroxyl anisole as standard. Among the pure compounds, kanugin and pongachromene showed significant antioxidant activity with the IC50 values of 27.20 ± 0.39 μg/mL and 43.53 ± 0.63 μg/ml, respectively as compared to the standard (23.87 ± 0.09 μg/ml), whereas karanjin, demethoxykanugin and dimethoxypongapine demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity. Mild thrombolytic activity was observed by different fractions with clot lysis ranging from 18.49 to 29.35% as compared to standard streptokinase (79.12%). The different solvent fractions and pure isolates showed very mild antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition of 7.5-10.0 mm against the tested microorganisms using azithromycin and ketoconazole as standards. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol soluble fractions revealed significant lethality with LC50 values of 0.67 ± 0.05, 0.61 ± 0.13 and 0.56 ± 0.10 µg/ml, respectively as compared to standard tamoxifen (LC50 value 0.34 ± 0.09 µg/ml).
Dendrocnide sinuata, belonging to the family Urticaceae, commonly
known as Devil nettle, and has been in wide use in folk medicine among the
ethnic communities of north east India. The plant has wide therapeutic
activity including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and
antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed that it contains
flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, saponins, cardiac glycoside with a small
number of resins. Traditionally, it has been used to cure chronic fever,
malaria, dysentery, urinary disorder, irregular menstruation, etc. The present
review attempts to provide comprehensive information about the
phytochemistry and therapeutic application of D. sinuata
Pongamia pinnata has been advocated in Ayurveda for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions and dyspepsia. The present work includes initial phytochemical screening and study of ulcer protective and healing effects of methanolic extract of seeds of P. pinnata (PPSM) in rats. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of flavonoids in PPSM. PPSM when administered orally (po) showed dose-dependent (12.5-50 mg/kg for 5 days) ulcer protective effects against gastric ulcer induced by 2 h cold restraint stress. Optimal effective dose of PPSM (25 mg/kg) showed antiulcerogenic activity against acute gastric ulcers (GU) induced by pylorus ligation and aspirin and duodenal ulcer induced by cysteamine but not against ethanol-induced GU. It healed chronic gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid when given for 5 and 10 days. Further, its effects were studied on various parameters of gastric offensive acid-pepsin secretion, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and defensive mucosal factors like mucin secretion and mucosal cell shedding, glycoproteins, proliferation and antioxidants; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. PPSM tended to decrease acid output and increased mucin secretion and mucosal glycoproteins, while it decreased gastric mucosal cell shedding without any effect on cell proliferation. PPSM significantly reversed the increase in gastric mucosal LPO, NO and SOD levels caused by CRS near to the normal level while it tended to increase CAT and GSH level decreased by CRS and ethanol respectively. Thus, the ulcer protective effects of PPSM may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and the actions may be due to its effects both on mucosal offensive and defensive factors.
Effect of methanolic extract of P. Pinnaw roots (PPRM) was studied against various experimental gastric ulcer models and offensive and defensive gastric mucosal factors in rats. An initial dose-response study using 12.S-S0mglkg P. Pinnaw root extract, when given orally in two divided dose for 4 days + Sth full dose on the day of experiment 60 min before the experiment, indicated 2Smg/kg as an optimal regimen and was used for further study. PPRM showed significant protection against aspirin and 4 hr PL, but not against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. It showed tendency to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after IO days treatme nt. Ulcer protective effect of PPRM was due to augmentation of mucosal de fen sive factors like mucin secretion, life span of mucosal cells, mucosal cell glycoproteins, cell proliferation and prevention of lipid per oxidation rather than on th e offensive acid-pepsin secretion.
Phytochemical study of Ponganda pinnata seed coat has resulted in the isolation of two new ketones 8-pentadecanone and 17-tritriacontanone along with the known compounds dotriacontane, 1 -hentriacontanol, pongaglabol, karanjin, lanceolatin B and 2'-methoxyfurano[2", 3"-7,8]flavone.
From the seeds of Pongamia glabra, pongaglabrone, a new furano-flavone has been isolated and its structure established as 3',4'-methylenedioxy-furano-(2″:3″–7:8)-flavone. It has been confirmed by synthesis in two ways.
Pongaglabol, a new hydroxyfuranoflavone, and aurantiamide acetate, a rarely occurring modified phenylalanine dipeptide, have been isolated together with 4 furanoflavones, karanjin, lancheolatin B, kanjone and pinnatin, a simple flavone, kanugin, a chromenoflavanone (−)-isolonchocarpin, two furanodiketones pongamol and ovalitenone, and β-sitosterol from the petrol and chloroform extracts of the flowers of Pongamia glabra. The structure of pongaglabol has been established as 5-hydroxyfurano(8,7-4″,5″)flavone on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.
Meal from karanja, an unconventional oilseed, is a good source of proteins (33.2%). The presence of anti-nutritional constituents, such as phytates, tannins and protease inhibitors, glabrin and karanjin (a furano-flavonoid) is a formidable constraint. The effects of various treatments on the “functional and nutritional” quality of the proteins were evaluated. Treatments, such as water leaching, mild acid and mild alkali were found to bring down the levels of anti-nutrient components, while 2% hydrochloric acid improved the nutritional value by reducing the content of phytate (81%), tannin (69%) and trypsin inhibitor activity (84%). Effective removal of the residual oil from the meal ensured complete reduction of karanjin, a fat-soluble constituent. The functional characteristics of proteins are affected with respect to solubility at various pH values from 2 to 11. There is a decrease in water and fat absorption capacities (50% and 35%). Emulsification capacity is found to reduced by 50% while the foam capacity decreases drastically (>60%). The available lysine content (3.46%) in acid-treated meal was comparable with the control (3.6%). The amino acid composition of the meal was not affected by the treatments. The protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of the meal was 0.6. Detoxification methods may potentially lead to effective value addition to these agro-resources.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antihyperammonemic efficacy of the leaf extract ofPongamia pinnata, an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic Medicine in India (PPEt), on blood ammonia,plasma urea, uric acid, non-protein nitrogen and serum creatinine in control and ammonium chlorideinduced hyperammonemic rats. The levels of blood ammonia, circulatory urea, uric acid, non-proteinnitrogen and creatinine increased significantly in rats treated with ammonium chloride and decreasedsignificantly in rats treated with PPEt and ammonium chloride. There were no significant changes in thebody weights of the experimental animals when compared to controls. The antihyperammonemic effect ofPPEt could be attributed to (1) its nephroprotective effect by means of detoxifying excess urea andcreatinine, (2) its free radical scavenging property, and (3) its antioxidant property. The exact mechanismof antihyperammonemic effect PPEt has still to be investigated and isolation of the active constituents isrequired.
Pongamia pinnata, Linn., an Indian medicinal plant used in the Ayurvedha and Siddha traditional medicine systems, for treatment of clinical lesions of skin and genitalia, was evaluated for antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) by in-vitro studies in Vero cells. A crude aqueous seed extract of P. pinnata completely inhibited the growth of HSV-1 and HSV-2 at concentrations of 1 and 20 mg/ml (w/v), respectively, as shown by complete absence of cytopathic effect.
Direct ethanolic and sequential petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanolic extracts (50-100 mg/kg, i.p.) of P. pinnata seeds given 30-60 min before revealed anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic activities in rats. The activities were present maximum in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. However, the extracts also showed shortening of pentobarbitone induced 'sleep time' in rats.
The effect of aqueous and alcohol extracts of the fruits and leaves of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr. (Syn. Pongamia glabra Vent, leguminosae) on the spontaneous movements of both the whole worm and the nerve-muscle preparation of Setaria cervi and on the survival of micro fi lariae in vitro was studied. The aqueous and alcohol extracts of fruits and the alcohol extract of leaves caused an inhibition of spontaneous movements of the whole worm and the nerve-muscle preparation of S. cervi. The initial stimulatory effect was not observed with the aqueous extract of fruits on the nerve-muscle preparation. The concentration required to inhibit the movements of the whole worm preparation was 250 micro g/mL for aqueous, 120 micro g/mL for alcohol extract of fruits and 270 microgram/mL for alcohol extracts of the leaves. The concentrations of P. pinnata extracts required to produce an equivalent effect on the nerve-muscle preparation were 25 micro g/mL, 5 micro g/mL and 20 micro g/mL, respectively, suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier.
Pongamia pinnata fruits afforded three new furanoflavonoid glucosides, pongamosides A-C (1-3), and a new flavonol glucoside, pongamoside D (4). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies. This is the first time that furanoflavone glucosides have been found as naturally occurring compounds.
Effect of methanolic extract of P. Pinnata roots (PPRM) was studied against various experimental gastric ulcer models and offensive and defensive gastric mucosal factors in rats. An initial dose-response study using 12.5-50 mg/kg P. Pinnata root extract, when given orally in two divided dose for 4 days + 5th full dose on the day of experiment 60 min before the experiment, indicated 25 mg/kg as an optimal regimen and was used for further study. PPRM showed significant protection against aspirin and 4 hr PL, but not against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. It showed tendency to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after 10 days treatment. Ulcer protective effect of PPRM was due to augmentation of mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion, life span of mucosal cells, mucosal cell glycoproteins, cell proliferation and prevention of lipid per oxidation rather than on the offensive acid-pepsin secretion.
Six compounds (two sterols, three sterol derivatives and one disaccharide) together with eight fatty acids (three saturated and five unsaturated) have been isolated from the seeds of Pongamia pinnata. Their structures were elucidated with the help of physico-chemical methods and spectroscopic techniques. The metabolities, beta-sitosteryl acetate and galactoside, stigma sterol, its galactoside and sucrose are being reported for the first time from this plant. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (two monoenoic, one dienoic and two trienoic) were present in exactly the same amount. Oleic acid occurred in highest amount (44.24%), stearic (29.64%) and palmitic (18.58%) acids were the next in quantity. Hiragonic and octadecatrienoic acids were present in trace amounts (0.88%).
Flavonoids (1-4), together with ten known compounds (5-14) were isolated from the stems and roots of the mangrove plant Derris indica. Their chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data. All compounds except compounds 2 and 6 exhibited antimycobacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 6.25 and 200 microg/mL.
Chemical investigation of stems of the mangrove plant, Pongamia pinnata, resulted in isolation and characterization of five structurally unusual flavonoids pongamones A-E, along with 16 known flavonoid metabolites. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Pongamones A-E were assayed against DHBV RCs DNAP and HIV-1 RT in vitro. A possible biogenetic pathway of the isolated compounds is also proposed.
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- S B Acharya
Compendium of Indian medicinal plants
- R P Rastogi
- B N Mehrotra
- S Sinha
- P Pant
- R Seth