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Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana applications on coffee berry borer across an elevation gradient in Hawaii. Biocontrol Science and Technology
Abstract
The effect of three rates of a commercial formulation of Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA was evaluated against the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), at three commercial coffee farms located at different altitudes on the island of Hawaii. H. hampei infestation and natural prevalence of B. bassiana increased with the elevation. At 145 metres above sea level (Farm 1), beetle infestation was 3.9%; at 538 m (Farm 2), beetle infestation was 12.2%; and at 768 m (Farm 3) infestation was 22.3%. The prevalence of natural B. bassiana killing CBB was 5.5% on Farm 1, 3.3% on Farm 2 and 23.1% on Farm 3. Monthly applications of B. bassiana resulted in no significant differences in levels of CBB infestation among treatments. Similarly, rates of infested berries with visually detectable signs of B. bassiana were similar among the B. bassiana treatments, ranging from 0.44% to 4.24%, and those percentages were larger than the treatments without B. bassiana. The percentage of females killed by Beauveria ranged from 69% to 95%. Effect of dose of BotaniGard® ES was reduced when beetles were in C position compared to A and B positions. B. bassiana can be an important component of an integrated pest management program for CBB.
... Entomopathogenic fungi are fungi that grow at the expense of insects and kill them during their development. Beauveria bassiana is the most-studied fungus for the control of coffee pests, in particular CBB [27,56,95,6,19,52]. This fungus has the advantage of not being a harmful pathogen for humans and is able to infect its insect host through a simple contact. ...
... Once the CBB female is infected, the fungus rapidly grows inside of the CBB, feeding on the nutrients present in the CBB body and producing toxins in the process. When the CBB dies, B. bassiana covers the carcass with a layer of white mold that produces more infectious spores [52,95,106]. The main factors limiting the use of this fungus in the field are abiotic conditions, that, when unfavourable, lead to a loss of efficacy of the fungal inoculum on the plant canopy [106]. ...
... Entomopathogenic fungi grow at the expense of insects and usually kill them. Beauveria bassiana is the most studied fungus to control coffee pests, especially CBB [6,52,95,56,19,32,27]. ...
Coffee production is an important agricultural activity, in particular in several developing countries. For decades in Cameroon, coffee has been a proven cash crop and continues to be grown despite the fact that production basins have been reduced to make way for food crops. A major threats on coffee production is the serious damage caused by a small insect, Hypothenemus hampei called coffee berry borer (CBB). This insect is very difficult to control as it reproduces and spends most of its life cycle inside the coffee berry. It hence causes severe crop losses. The objective of this thesis is to develop mathematical models for the study, understanding and control of the dynamics of CBB in its ecosystem through theoretical and numerical developments. After a brief presentation of the biology of the interaction between coffee berries and CBB, a basic model is proposed. This model is governed by a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that describes the infestation dynamics of coffee berries by CBB over a cropping season, taking into account berries availability. Based on the knowledge that berry preference is age-dependent during the selection and infestation process of colonising CBB, our basic model is then extended into a system of partial differential equations with an age structure of the coffee berries. Since the ultimate goal of coffee producers is to produce high quality coffee at the best market price and at the lowest cost, we design optimal control strategies based on the use of environmentally friendly methods such as trapping and release of phytopathogenic fungi. The objective of these control strategies is to maximise yield while minimising control costs and the CBB population for the next cropping season. An extended modelling approach based on the basic model taking into account the fruiting period of coffee berries and multiple cropping seasons is then proposed and studied. By using cultural control, which consists of a thorough harvesting of berries at the end of each production period and a cleaning of the plantation during the intercropping, we determine the criteria for extinction of the CBB population over several seasons. On the agronomical front, the main outputs of this thesis consists in the analysis of the dynamics of CBB-berries interaction over several seasons, but also the emphasis on the advantage of using more than one economically friendly CBB control methods simultaneously.
... Various strains of this generalist pathogen have been developed as the active ingredients of numerous biopesticides applied against this and many other pests, particularly in Latin America. Spraying of coffee berries in trees and on the ground beneath trees has provided significant control of the pest (Bustillo and Posada, 1996;Bustillo et al., 1999;de la Rosa, et al., 2000;Haraprasad et al., 2001;Posada et al., 2003;Bustillo Pardey, 2005;Cárdenas-Ramírez et al., 2007;Vera et al., 2010;Greco et al., 2018), and use of the pathogen has been widely incorporated into CBB IPM programs (Bustillo et al., 1998;Williamson, 2014;Benavides et al., 2012;Aristizábal et al., 2012Aristizábal et al., , 2016Kawabata et al., 2016). Coffee growers on Hawai'i Island, confronted with the CBB invasion, petitioned the state for approval of this control agent, and coffee researchers soon obtained registration of the Bb strain GHA-based biopesticides Bota-niGard® and Mycotrol®. ...
... Our results identify numerous contributing factors, including level of field sanitation, biopesticide product quality, weather conditions, crop architecture, and spray timing. In a recent study on Hawai'i Island (Greco et al., 2018), monthly, high-rate applications of BotaniGard ES performed poorly. Bb prevalence (% CBB dead × % dead CBB with Bb) averaged just 12 and 38% at low-and high-elevation study sites, and these estimates included all Bb strains (GHA and wild). ...
... It is generally believed that CBB in deep galleries are not susceptible to pesticide applications (Kawabata et al., 2016;Aristizábal et al., 2016). Greco et al. (2018) reported much higher rates of mortality among adult female CBB found in the A/B position vs. those in the D position (whether or not the counts included nextgeneration adults in berries with maturing brood was not indicated). In our previous studies of wild-Bb activity and in the current study of strain GHA, few infections among CBB brood were observed, indicating that conditions in the larval/pupal galleries limit Bb activity (Wraight et al., 2018). ...
Beauveria bassiana (Bb) strain GHA is a major component of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for coffee berry borer (CBB) in Hawai‘i. Efforts to measure effectiveness of GHA spray applications have been complicated by activity of naturally-occurring Bb. Studies were thus designed to provide more accurate efficacy assessments by accounting for this natural activity. BotaniGard® ES + Widespread Max® (WSM) surfactant (2.3 + 0.6 L/ha) were applied in commercial coffee fields. Live CBB were collected at various times post spray and monitored for infection. GHA killed 12–15% of founder females collected 1–3 days post spray and 9–10% collected after 10 days (infections attributed to secondary transmission); each spray thus resulted in 20–25% mortality. Results were comparable at high- and low-elevation sites in summer-wet climate zones. Sprays applied May–August produced similar rates of infection. Peak counts of CBB recently killed by GHA were recorded 4–5 and 12–16 days post spray (reflecting infection by sprayed conidia vs. conidia produced in the field). Cumulative mortality assessed by counts of GHA-killed CBB plateaued at 50–60%, even after numerous sprays, and was attributed to factors unrelated to efficacy. Half rates of BotaniGard/WSM were nearly as effective as full rates. Sprays on intermediate-elevation fields in a summer-dry climate zone were less effective, but efficacy varied with crop-architecture. GHA spray residues infected 30–40% of host-seeking CBB trapped one day post spray, but activity of the spray residues decreased substantially after two days, producing < 11% infection. Recommendations for use of Bb for CBB IPM are presented.
Kew Words: Hawai‘i, coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, Coffea arabica, Beauveria bassiana, Spray efficacy, Epizootiology
... In Hawaii, natural infection of endemic B. bassiana strains has been noted (Wraight et al., 2018). Insecticides based on the commercial GHA strain of B. bassiana have recently been registered and imported for use in the Islands (Greco et al., 2018). Currently, the use of B. bassiana is recommended to coffee growers in Hawaii within IPM programs for the CBB (Kawabata et al., 2017). ...
... Studies investigating additional control tactics, such as the release of CBB-predatory beetles (Follett et al., 2016) and the introduction of specific parasitoids (Follett, 2018), are ongoing. Among the few available insecticides in Hawaii, B. bassiana is compatible with environmental and worker safety concerns (Kawabata et al., 2017;Greco et al., 2018). Since many growers use calendar sprays (LFA observations), we assessed the effectiveness and cost of sprays based on field monitoring data. ...
... For example, sporulation and secondary transmission of the fungus may depend on environmental variables (Mascarin and Jaronski, 2016). Greco et al. (2018) reported that B. bassiana infections were favored by higherelevation locations in the Kona district, Hawaii. In Colombia, infection rates between 20 and 75% reflect variability in spray coverage, environmental conditions, and field label dosages (Bustillo et al., 1998(Bustillo et al., , 1999. ...
Frontiers | Incorporating Beauveria bassiana into an Integrated Pest Management Plan for Coffee Berry Borer in Hawaii | Sustainable Food Systems
Since its recent establishment in Hawaii, the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), threatens yields, quality and price of coffee production. A limited number of insecticides (primarily Beauveria bassiana) is used to control CBB with minimal disruption in this agroecosystem. We evaluated two insecticide spray strategies across eight coffee farms in the Kona and Ka‘u Districts of Hawaii Island. Coffee growers sprayed insecticides approximately monthly (calendar basis) or in response to CBB field-monitoring data (threshold-based). Overall, farms adopting thresholds performed more insecticide applications early in the season (May to July), but significantly fewer overall, when compared with calendar-based strategies (i.e., 4–5 versus 7–11 seasonal sprays, respectively). Generalized linear models assessing the variability in CBB infestation rates, berry penetration, and infection by B. bassiana indicated that threshold-based sprays provided equivalent CBB-control compared with calendar ones. When corrected for yield, there was a cost saving for threshold versus calendar-based spray programs (i.e., cost 5.4% versus 11.8% of gross yield). Total defects in processed coffee after harvest were statistically similar between the two spray regimes; i.e., 8.5% ± 1.0% and 10.4% ± 1.7%, respectively. We hypothesize that B. bassiana applied early in the season is more effective, since the fungus targets initial CBB infestations when the prolonged location of founder females in the outer berry endosperm favors its infection. Our study suggests that spray timing for CBB based on field monitoring data can reduce costs, however additional measures, such as field and post-harvest sanitation, are necessary to achieve sustainable CBB control in the Islands.
... Studies aimed at improving control measures are particularly important for regions that experience high labor and production costs, such as Hawaii and Puerto Rico. For example, biopesticides like the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are commerically available to control CBB in Hawaii [15] and Puerto Rico [16], but the frequency, dosage, and timing of sprays is usually arbitrary [17]. To optimize results and improve the cost-effectiveness of these biopesticides, sprays must be accurately timed with the emergence of adult CBB females seeking new berries to infest, because this is when they are exposed and most vulnerable [17]. ...
... For example, biopesticides like the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are commerically available to control CBB in Hawaii [15] and Puerto Rico [16], but the frequency, dosage, and timing of sprays is usually arbitrary [17]. To optimize results and improve the cost-effectiveness of these biopesticides, sprays must be accurately timed with the emergence of adult CBB females seeking new berries to infest, because this is when they are exposed and most vulnerable [17]. ...
... This strategy has the advantage of controlling CBB populations early in the growing season, which has been shown to be critical for minimizing crop damage for the remainder of the season [19]. This two-phase method will also help reduce pesticide inputs into the environment, as well as lower labor and production costs for the grower as pesticides will only need to be applied at certain points in the year rather than using regularly scheduled calendar sprays [17,19]. A potential caveat to this may exist in that some coffee-growing regions experience yearround flowering and fruiting (e.g., Ka'u on Hawai'i Island), and this lack of a defined start to the coffee season may lead to difficulties in setting the start date for CBB development times using degree-days and the subsequent timing of pesticide sprays [14]. ...
Coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is the most destructive pest of coffee worldwide. Information on CBB development times can be used to predict the initiation of new infestation cycles early in the coffee-growing season and thus inform the timing of insecticide applications. While laboratory estimates of CBB development under constant conditions exist, they have not been applied under the heterogeneous environmental conditions that characterize many coffee-growing regions. We measured CBB development times and abundance in commercial coffee farms across an elevational gradient on Hawai'i Island and applied thermal accumulation models from previous laboratory studies to test their fit to field data. Artificial lures were used to infest coffee berries at five farms ranging in elevation from 279-792 m, and weather variables were monitored at macro (farm-level) and micro (branch-level) scales. CBB development was followed in the field from the time of initial berry infestation by the founding female through the development of F1 mature adults. Mean development time from egg to adult across all sites was 38.5 ± 3.46 days, while the mean time required for the completion of a full life cycle (from time of infestation to presence of mature F1 females) was 50.9 ± 3.35 days. Development time increased with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. Using macro-scale temperature data and two different estimates for the lower temperature threshold (14.9˚C and 13.9˚C), we estimated a mean requirement of 332 ± 14 degree-days and 386 ± 16 degree-days, respectively, from the time of berry infestation to the initiation of a new reproductive cycle in mature coffee berries. Similar estimates were obtained using micro-scale temperature data, indicating that macro-scale temperature monitoring is sufficient for life-cycle prediction. We also present a model relating elevation to number of CBB generations per month. Our findings suggest that CBB development times from laboratory studies PLOS ONE | https://doi.
... Biocontrol using Bb is a key component of management of the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), the most important pest of coffee worldwide (Aristizábal et al., 2016(Aristizábal et al., , 2017Greco et al., Abbreviations: CBB, coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei; Bb, Beauveria bassiana, a species of entomopathogenic ascomycete fungus; F1, F2, F3, the three farms where Bb was sprayed on coffee plants; PR1, PR2, isolates of Bb from Puerto Rico chosen for high virulence on CBB; M, isolate of Bb derived from Mycotrol®. 2018; Mariño et al., 2017b). ...
... Natural populations have been shown to reduce CBB infestation in some areas (Benavides et al., 2012;Bustillo and Posada, 1996;De La Rosa et al., 2000;Monzon et al., 2008), though in one recent study they did not reduce CBB sufficiently to preempt the need for pest management (Wraight et al., 2018). For example, in Hawaii Bb killed 3-12% of CBBs on the fruit disk and 3-25% of CBBs inside the fruit, prior to application of commercial products containing Bb (Greco et al., 2018). However, in these studies it is not clear if the Bb found are indigenous genotypes or survivors of previous applications of commercial products containing Bb. ...
The coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (CBB) is a major pest of coffee, and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is used worldwide for its biological control. Commercial formulations of Bb are sprayed on coffee, but local isolates of Bb may also provide some level of natural control. We compared selected local Bb isolates from CBB-infested coffee fruits in Puerto Rico against the commercial strain, GHA, derived from Mycotrol®. Isolates were tested for their virulence toward CBB in vitro. Two local isolates and the commercial isolate were sprayed on coffee plants in the field, and percent CBB infected, percent fruits with CBB damage, and number of CBB per fruit were surveyed over eight weeks in three consecutive years. Genotypes of Bb isolates in the field were discriminated with microsatellites to determine if isolates persisted after application. Several local isolates and mixtures of isolates were as virulent in vitro as the commercial isolate. In the field, all isolates significantly reduced CBB damage; one local isolate was more successful than the others. Genetic structure of local Bb populations varied from field to field and from year to year. Local isolates persisted; the commercial isolate did not, except in one plot. The commercial isolate may not be adapted to the warm, humid environment of coffee farms. Local isolates and perhaps combinations of isolates can provide more effective control, although current regulations preclude their use.
... In areas that have ideal environmental conditions for fungal growth (moderate temperature, high humidity, low insolation) [199,200], infected adult CBB females may be seen with a flu↵y white mycelial outgrowth extending from the posterior end of the beetle ( Figure 5D) that is exposed when boring activity is initiated (AB position) [201]. Greco et al. [202] reported that the e↵ectiveness of B. bassiana applications was influenced by the position of the female in the berry, with higher mortality in the A and B positions relative to the C position at three farms on Hawai'i Island. BotaniGard ® ES applications also appeared to be more e↵ective with an increase in elevation [202], with high-elevation farms on Hawai'i Island experiencing afternoon cloud cover for much of the co↵ee-growing season. ...
... Greco et al. [202] reported that the e↵ectiveness of B. bassiana applications was influenced by the position of the female in the berry, with higher mortality in the A and B positions relative to the C position at three farms on Hawai'i Island. BotaniGard ® ES applications also appeared to be more e↵ective with an increase in elevation [202], with high-elevation farms on Hawai'i Island experiencing afternoon cloud cover for much of the co↵ee-growing season. Wraight et al. [201] also reported that the highest activity of wild-type (feral) strains of B. bassiana on Hawai'i Island was at sites >500 m in elevation, with 24-42% of foundress CBB in green berries infected. ...
Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), CBB) has invaded nearly every coffee-producing country in the world, and it is commonly recognized as the most damaging insect pest of coffee. While research has been conducted on this pest in individual coffee-growing regions, new insights may be gained by comparing and contrasting patterns of invasion and response across its global distribution. In this review, we explore the existing literature and focus on common themes in the invasion biology of CBB by examining (1) how it was introduced into each particular region and the response to its invasion, (2) flight activity and infestation patterns, (3) economic impacts, and (4) management strategies. We highlight research conducted over the last ten years in Hawaii as a case study for the development and implementation of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) program for CBB, and also discuss biosecurity issues contributing to incursion and establishment. Potential areas for future research in each of the five major components of CBB IPM (monitoring and sampling, cultural, biological, chemical, and physical controls) are also presented. Finally, we emphasize that outreach efforts are crucial to the successful implementation of CBB IPM programs. Future research programs should strive to include coffee growers as much as possible to ensure that management options are feasible and cost-effective.
... Applications of B. bassiana in Latin America have been found to result in 30-75% mortality of CBB (Bustillo et al. 1999, Vera et al. 2011, Benavides et al. 2012. Recent studies in Hawaii have shown that B. bassiana applications are most effective when sprays are done early in the season to coincide with berry development and peak CBB flight, and when applied under cloudy, humid (but not wet) weather conditions (Greco et al. 2018, Hollingsworth et al. 2020, Wraight et al. 2021. These studies have also suggested the importance of combining B. bassiana sprays with cultural controls such as strip-picking and pruning to effectively decrease initial CBB populations (Woodill et al. 2017, Hollingsworth et al. 2020, Wraight et al. 2021. ...
Coffee is the second most economically important agricultural crop in Hawaii, valued at around $175M for green and roasted coffee in the 2021-2022 season. With the introduction of coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) to Hawaii in 2010, growers have faced a significant challenge in producing the specialty coffee that the region is known for. This tiny beetle infests the coffee seed and reduces the yield and quality of coffee products. While field sanitation, frequent harvesting and strip-picking are known to be essential for controlling CBB, the associated costs and benefits of these cultural control practices have not been estimated for Hawaii. In the present study, we examined two CBB management strategies across 10 commercial coffee farms on Hawaii Island: (i) conventional management including frequent sprays of pesticides and few rounds of sanitation and harvesting, and (ii) cultural control-focused management consisting of few sprays of pesticides and frequent sanitation and harvesting. Cultural management resulted in significantly lower mean CBB infestation (4.6% vs. 9.0%), total defects (5.5% vs. 9.1%), and CBB damage to processed coffee (1.6% vs. 5.7%) compared to conventional management. Additionally, yields were higher (mean increase of 3,024 lbs of cherry/acre) and harvested more efficiently (4.8 vs. 7.9 raisins/tree) on culturally managed vs. conventional farms. Lastly, the cost of chemical controls was 55% lower and the net benefit of frequent harvesting was 48% higher on cultural vs. conventional farms. Our findings demonstrate that frequent and efficient harvesting is an effective and economically viable alternative to frequent pesticide applications.
... ). In Hawaii, B. bassiana is used as a component of integrated pest management strategies in coffee plantations to control the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a major pest in Hawaii since 2014(Greco et al., 2018;Hollingsworth et al., 2020). Multiple indigenous strains of B. bassiana are now found in Hawaii and detected in crops where there was no previous mycoinsecticide treatment(Castrillo et al., 2020;Hollingsworth et al., 2011).While we cannot comment on the strain or arthropod host with which Beauveria was carried, its prevalence, along with the presence of other parasites, demonstrates a higher parasitic load found in the arthropods from ginger-invaded sites. ...
Abstract Earth systems are nearing a global tipping point, beyond which the dynamics of biological communities will become unstable. One major driver of instability is species invasion, especially by organisms that act as “ecosystem engineers” through their modification of abiotic and biotic factors. To understand how native organisms respond to modified habitat, it is essential to examine biological communities within invaded and non‐invaded habitat, identifying compositional shifts in native and non‐native taxa as well as measuring how modification by ecosystem engineers has affected interactions among community members. Using dietary metabarcoding, our study examines the response of a native Hawaiian generalist predator (Araneae: Pagiopalus spp.) to habitat modification by comparing biotic interactions across metapopulations of spiders collected in native forest and sites invaded by kāhili ginger. Our study shows that, although there are shared components of the dietary community, spiders in invaded habitat are eating a less consistent and more diverse diet consisting of more non‐native arthropods which are rarely or entirely undetected in spiders collected from native forest. Additionally, the frequency of novel interactions with parasites was significantly higher in invaded sites, reflected by the frequency and diversity of non‐native Hymenoptera parasites and entomopathogenic fungi. The study highlights the role of habitat modification driven by an invasive plant in altering community structure and biotic interactions, threatening the stability of the ecosystem through significant changes to the biotic community.
... In practice, this control can represent the action of synthetic insecticides, which are widely used in some coffee-growing countries, but pollute the environment and favour the development of CBB resistance [7]. It can also represent the action of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria Bassiana, which is an environmentally friendly bio-insecticide, not toxic to workers, that is sprayed on the coffee berries and kills CBB when they drill their entry hole in the berries [16]. We denote by ξ the efficiency of this control u(t), so (1 − ξ u(t))β(a) represents the reduced infestation rate. ...
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most destructive insect pest affecting coffee plantations in most coffee-producing countries, hence causing major economic losses worldwide. The cryptic life cycle of CBB inside coffee berries makes their control extremely difficult. To tackle this problem, we use a dynamical model describing the plant–pest interactions during a cropping season, which includes a berry age structure to account for CBB preference for mature berries. We introduce two environmentally friendly control methods, consisting in applying a bio-insecticide to reduce berry infestation and in trapping the colonising CBB. Our objective is to maximise the profit generated by the harvest of healthy coffee berries, while minimising the CBB population for the next cropping season. The existence of an optimal control strategy is provided, and necessary optimality conditions are established. Finally, the optimal control problem is solved numerically and simulations are provided. They show that combining the two control methods is a cost-effective strategy to protect coffee berries from CBB infestation.
... Various papers have examined CBB infection levels in the field after spraying B. bassiana. A recent study mentioned that from 69% to 95% of CBB females were killed by this fungus in Hawaii (Greco et al., 2018). Releasing the CBB adult parasitoid Phymastichus coffea LaSalle is recommended 2-3 weeks after spraying B. bassiana to minimize the risk of parasitoid mortality by fungal infection (Infante, 2018). ...
Coffee (Coffea sp.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world. It is cultivated in more than 80 countries throughout the tropics, and plays an important role in the economy of these countries. Insect pest outbreaks are a limiting factor for coffee production and a big concern to coffee-producing countries because they reduce yields and cause significant losses. Only in Brazil that typically produces around 30% of the world’s coffee supply, losses due to insects have been estimated at U.S. $900 million annually. In this chapter, we addressed nine of the most important pests of coffee worldwide. Aspects such as the basic biology, damage, and pest management strategies are discussed.
... We then include in this model the possibility to apply a bio-insecticide at discrete times in the coffee plantation. The bio-insecticide can for instance be based on the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Greco et Wright, 2018). It prevents berry infestation: when a colonising CBB bores its hole in a healthy berry and comes into contact with the bio-insecticide, it gets killed by the biocontrol agent. ...
The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is the most important insect pest affecting coffee production worldwide and generating huge economic losses. As most of its life cycle occurs inside the coffee berry, its control is extremely difficult. To tackle this issue, we solve an optimal control problem based on a berry age-structured dynamical model that describes the infestation dynamics of coffee berries by CBB during a cropping season. This problem consists in applying a bio-insecticide at discrete times in order to maximise the economic profit of healthy coffee berries while minimising the CBB population for the next cropping season. We derive analytically the first-order necessary optimality conditions of the control problem. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the optimal control strategy.
... A number of formulas have been proposed to approximate e (t), but they mostly require that the total population of susceptible and infected is constant, and are defined in the case where infection is directly transmitted from an infectious individual to a susceptible. 29 Neither is satisfied in our case, as the host population strongly increases during the season and as the infection is vector-transmitted. Therefore, we propose an exact formula for e (t). ...
Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), denoted CBB, is the most important insect pest of coffee worldwide, with a high impact on the economy of coffee producing countries. The insect spends a great part of its life cycle inside the coffee berry and causes severe crop losses. Biological control based on the use of an entomopathogenic fungus is a major alternative to chemical pesticides in order to control CBB. The fungus is sprayed on the coffee berries to kill CBB when the insects drill holes to penetrate inside the berries. Our aim in this work is to optimise the fungus application, using a modelling approach. We first formulate a mathematical model describing the infestation dynamics of coffee berries by CBB. We analyse the model and show that the stability of the pest-free and coexistence equilibria depends on the basic reproduction number. To introduce a control variable corresponding to the application of an entomopathogenic fungus, we then extend the model and include the fungus dynamics. We formulate an optimal problem which consists in maximising the coffee yield, while minimising the control cost, as well as the CBB population for the next cropping season. The existence of the optimal control and the necessary optimality condition are established using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The optimal control problem is solved numerically using the BOCOP software and simulations are provided, showing that the use of entomopathogenic fungus effectively controls CBB.
... Increased in CBB mortality was up to 80% compared to treatments without the fungi, when used 1x10 9 conidia concentration. Greco et al. (2018) observed high mortality (96.6%) from a commercial formulation of B. bassiana when applied in recommended doses (2337 ml/ha). stated that the B. bassiana infection on CBB of Ca. 49% was considered low. ...
Coffee Berry Borer (CBB), Hyphotenemus hampei (Ferrari), is well known as scolitin beetle and a worldwide most important pest of coffee. This beetle has caught attention to entomologists worldwide to intensively study and search for the best strategy for controlling this insect. Beauveria bassiana is the most widely implemented biological control agent for CBB population, and has been mass-produced commercially in many countries. We studied the use of two local isolates of B. bassiana, Cf-Bb (isolated from naturally infected sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius) and Hh-Bb (isolated from naturally infected H. hampei). Small scale field efficacy study with 1 x 10⁹ ml⁻¹ spore concentration was conducted in a complete randomized block design, with four and one plants as the experimental units, replicated 5 and 10 times, for the first and second trial, respectively. Attacked berries and infected CBB were observed from young and mature berry clusters. The results revealed that means numbers and percentages of mature and young damaged berries varied from medium to high. Means numbers and percentages of attacked mature berries were lower in Hh-Bb than those in Cf-Bb treated and control plants. The attacked berries of younger fruits were significantly lower in plants treated with Hh-Bb and Cf-Bb isolates than those on control plants. Mean of death CBBs from B. bassiana infection was higher on attacked berries of treated plants than on those of controls. Both isolate reduced berry damage but the effects are weak. The highest reduction in the percentage of attacked berry was 33.93% and 76.47% for mature berry and young berries, in the first trial and 69.03% of mature berries in the second trial, respectively. The highest CBB mortality was 48.33%. The application of B. bassiana isolates potentially to reduce the infestation of the CBB attacked on coffee berry. © 2021, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All rights reserved.
... Spraying entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is one of the widespread curative biological control measures, as the formulated product is commercially available in most coffee producer countries (Mascarin and Jaronski 2016). However, its efficiency is highly dependent on climatic conditions and CBB adult mortality is extremally variable (González et al. 1993;Bustillo 2006;Greco et al. 2018;Hollingsworth et al. 2020). Releases of parasitoid wasp species showed variable action on CBB populations (Damon 2000;Aristizábal et al. 2016), due to their lack of establishment in new world coffee and challenges in their mass rearing (Infante et al. 2001;Vega et al. 2009Vega et al. , 2015Johnson et al. 2020) Predators are the least studied natural enemies of CBB, except for ants (Armbrecht and Gallego 2007;Larsen and Philpott 2010;Gonthier et al. 2013;Morris et al. 2018). ...
We report here for the first time, the predation of coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) by a green lacewing species, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). We showed in laboratory the predator ability to access CBB galleries, remove pest immature stages, and prey on them. We also observed predation by third instar larvae on CBB adults. With this note, we add a new predator to the reported list of species still little explored of CBB control.
... Coffee berries on the ground may be previously infested while on the plants, but heavy rains may accelerate their decay, preventing CBB infestation (Cárdenas and Baker 2010). The sustainable management program for CBB has to consider the concept of integrating other methods, such as the use of Beauveria bassiana which has successfully been used in Colombia (Bustillo et al. 1998) and Hawaii (Greco et al. 2018, Hollingsworth et al. 2020, the use of baited traps with semiochemicals to monitor flight activity and control and, if possible, using natural enemies (such as parasitoids, predatory ants, and flat bark beetles) that may be present in the area, with adoption of cultural control practices such as sanitation. Table 3. Pearson's correlation between coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionindae), emergence or CBB infestation level on coffee berries located on the ground or on the plants and rain (mm), temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), or insolation (days) in two fields combined during two seasons (I and II) r: Pearson's correlation between CBB infestation level or emergence from plant or soil and rain, relative humidity, temperature, or insolation. ...
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important coffee pest in most of the coffee growing countries. CBB females leave old dry berries after harvest and search for dry noninfested berries on the plant or on the ground to lay eggs or to use as refuge until new berries are available on the coffee trees in the following season. The CBB infestation level and emergence from berries on the ground or on the plants were evaluated in two fields post-harvest in the Spring in Brazil over two seasons. Twenty infested or noninfested berries in separate cages (250 ml plastic cups) were placed on the plants or on the ground under the tree canopy, in each field. The number of infested berries and CBB females that emerged from the infested berries were recorded weekly. CBB emergence was higher from berries on the ground than those on the coffee trees in both seasons, whereas CBB infestation was higher on coffee berries on the plants than those on the ground in season I. Insolation (hours of sunlight) and temperature were the main covariates that affected emergence and infestation by this insect. The results are discussed for monitoring CBB during the time of dispersal with implications on integrated management of this pest.
... The fungus has also been found to exist endophytically in plants, without any deleterious effect on its different plant hosts (Rondot and Reineke, 2018). Thus, like many other fungi of the same class, its ecological role as an entomopathogen has been channelled into the industrial use of its conidiospores as biopesticides against a wide range of pests (Greco et al., 2018). According to recent estimates, there are hundreds of commercial biopesticide products based on B. bassiana with a global market value calculated to be around 66 million USD, which is projected to increase above 130 million USD by 2025 (Market Research, 2020). ...
This study was undertaken to explore alternative applications of the widely known entomopathogenic/endophytic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, besides its sole use as a biocontrol agent. B. bassiana SAN01, isolated locally was investigated for the production of two glycoside hydrolases, xylanase and endoglucanase under submerged conditions using readily available agricultural residues. Among the different biomass tested, wheat bran provided the best results for both xylanase and endoglucanase, and their production levels were further enhanced using response surface methodology. Under optimised conditions, heightened yields of 1061 U/ml and 23.03 U/ml were observed for xylanase and endoglucanase, respectively, which were 3.44 and 1.35 folds higher than their initial yields. These are the highest ever production levels reported for xylanase and endoglucanase from any B. bassiana strain or any known entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, the efficacy of B. bassiana SAN01 xylanase/endoglucanase cocktail in the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. The highest amount of reducing sugar released from the pretreated biomass by the action of the crude Beauveria enzyme cocktail was recorded at 30°C after 8 h incubation. The significant activities of the hydrolytic enzymes recorded with B. bassiana in this study thus present other promising avenues for the use of the entomopathogen as a new source of industrial enzymes and by extension, other biotechnological applications.
... The stem injection technique was only applied against R. ferrugineus larvae and pupae, which remain inside the plant [131,132,155,156], while the spray applications were invariably targeting adult weevils such as A. signatus [157], C. sordidus [97,158], Cylas spp. [159], H. hampei [109,[160][161][162][163], P. juglandis [123], R. ferrugineus [125,164,165] and S. amygdali [144], which are exposed outside the plant as adults. Variable control was achieved according to the fungal species used [160], fungal persistence [155,157], application technique [125], frequency of the application [163], weather conditions [109,[151][152][153] and insect species. ...
Weevils are significant pests of horticultural crops and are largely managed with insecticides. In response to concerns about negative impacts of synthetic insecticides on humans and the environment, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been developed as an alternative method of control, and as such appear to be “ready-made” components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. As the success of pest control requires a thorough knowledge of the biology of the pests, this review summarises our current knowledge of weevil biology on nut trees, fruit crops, plant storage roots, and palm trees. In addition, three groups of life cycles are defined based on weevil developmental habitats, and together with information from studies of EPF activity on these groups, we discuss the tactics for integrating EPF into IPM programs. Finally, we highlight the gaps in the research required to optimise the performance of EPF and provide recommendations for the improvement of EPF efficacy for the management of key weevils of horticultural crops.
... Sprays infused with the fungus B. bassiana have been reported as an effective control agent of CBB adults [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] . Using B. bassiana as a stand-alone method of control was questioned by Hollingsworth et al. 45 The infection rates in the field depend on climatic conditions and strain of the pathogen, with mortality rates ranging from 17.7% 39 at a concentration of 10 6 conidia/ml to 40.6% 40 at a concentration of 10 9 conidia per plant, though Bustillo 46 reported mortality as high as 75%. ...
Coffee, after petroleum, is the most valuable commodity globally in terms of total value (harvest to coffee cup). Here, our bioeconomic analysis considers the multitude of factors that influence coffee production. The system model used in the analysis incorporates realistic field models based on considerable new field data and models for coffee plant growth and development, the coffee/coffee berry borer (CBB) dynamics in response to coffee berry production and the role of the CBB parasitoids and their interactions in control of CBB. Cultural control of CBB by harvesting, cleanup of abscised fruits, and chemical sprays previously considered are reexamined here to include biopesticides for control of CBB such as entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae) and entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema sp., Heterorhabditis). The bioeconomic analysis estimates the potential of each control tactic singly and in combination for control of CBB. The analysis explains why frequent intensive harvesting of coffee is by far the most effective and economically viable control practice for reducing CBB infestations in Colombia and Brazil.
... Formulating entomopathogenic conidia in oils may increase their effectiveness, as shown against Spodoptera litura in lab bioassays (Vimala Devi & Prasad, 1996), or under field conditions against Helicoverpa armigera (Vimala Devi & Hari, 2009b). In the case of H. hampei, recent field study with an oily formulation commercially available in the US and other countries have not shown satisfactory control levels (Greco, Wright, Burgueño, & Jaronski, 2018), and authors have pointed out that parameters other than formulation play important roles for effective control of this pest, including destruction of infested berries in order to reduce the number of emerging adults after the harvest season, trapping females during the off-peak population, and monitoring infestations for planned mycoinsecticide applications instead of calendar-based applications. ...
The formulation of mycopesticides may require a physical separation of conidia from the substrate and subsequent drying. In the present study, Beauveria bassiana conidia produced by solid-state fermentation were harvested either through a dry or washing protocol. Washed conidia were used to design a water-dispersible granule (WG) formulation, whereas sieved conidia were mixed with an emulsifiable oil to achieve an oil-based formulation (OD). Potential harmful effects caused by the formulation type on the storage stability and insecticidal activity against Hypothenemus hampei were assessed. As expected, the time for initial conidial germination to drop 50% (GT50) in all treatments was deeply influenced by storage temperatures, which varied from over 180 days at 4 °C to less than 90 days at 35°C. In all four tested temperatures, GT50s for unformulated dry conidia were significantly higher than for those formulated as WG, and the latter was similar to conidia formulated as OD in the two highest temperatures. Residual water content in the OD formulation (1,600 vs. 340 ppm) had a negative influence on conidial survival under storage, whereas WG granules immediately dried after the washing protocol showed conidial germination similar to granules exposed to a slower dehydration regime. Mortality of H. hampei adults exposed to different concentrations of B. bassiana formulated as WG was slightly lower (10–15%) than either the OD or the unformulated conidia. In brief, we have demonstrated that formulation type and their moisture level can affect the storage stability and insecticidal activity of B. bassiana conidia toward the coffee berry borer. Of particular importance, we have shown that drying oils prior to formulation could improve the storage of mycopesticides, an approach that may find industrial applications.
A series of experiments investigated genetically diverse strains of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) isolated from coffee berry borer (CBB). Objectives included assessment of their biocontrol potential, particularly in comparison to Bb commercial strain GHA currently applied for CBB control, and identification of various attributes potentially contributing to their comparatively greater epizootic potential in CBB populations. Bioassays identified one strain from Hawai‘i Island and one from Puerto Rico with virulence greater than GHA based on equal weights of unformulated conidial powder (CP); however, the greater potency of the CPs was ultimately explained by their 2.4-fold greater conidial densities (ca. 3.1 vs. 1.3 x 10¹¹ viable conidia/g CP). Density was explained, in large part, by conidial size, but not by size alone. Bb-inoculated CBB held on moist filter paper were more susceptible to infection than those held on cooked green coffee bean (CGCB). A Bb strain representative of the most common Hawaiian haplotype produced 2.6x more conidia after death of CGCB-held beetles than GHA (19.1 vs. 7.3 x10⁶ conidia/cadaver). Following host death, no difference was observed in time to emergence and initial conidial production by GHA and a selected group of Hawaiian strains; however, mass sporulation was initiated within 2 days by strain GHA compared to 4–5 days by the Hawaiian strains. In a preliminary evaluation of conidial mass-production potential, CP yields of several strains were comparable to GHA on a weight basis and significantly greater than GHA on a conidial basis (1.3–1.6 vs. 0.7 x 10¹³ viable conidia/kg barley substrate).
Earth systems are nearing a global tipping point, beyond which the dynamics of biological systems will become unstable. One major driver of instability is species invasion, especially by organisms that act as “ecosystem engineers” through their modification of abiotic and biotic factors. In a mosaic landscape of non-invaded and invaded habitat, ecosystems modified through invasion may serve as “sink” habitat. To understand how native organisms respond to habitat that is becoming increasingly modified, it is essential to examine biological communities within invaded and non-invaded habitat, identifying compositional shifts between native and non-native taxa as well as measuring how modification has affected interactions among community members. Using dietary metabarcoding, our study examines the response of a native Hawaiian generalist predator to habitat modification by comparing biotic interactions across metapopulations of spiders collected in native forest and sites invaded by kahili ginger. Our study shows that, although there are shared components of the dietary community, spiders in invaded habitat are eating a less consistent and more diverse diet consisting of more non-native arthropods which are rarely or entirely undetected in spiders collected from native forest. Additionally, the frequency of novel interactions with parasites was significantly higher in invaded sites, reflected by the frequency and diversity of non-native Hymenoptera parasites and entomopathogenic fungi. The study highlights the role of habitat modification driven by an invasive plant in altering community structure and biotic interactions, appearing to serve as a “sink” for native arthropods and thereby threatening the stability of the ecosystem.
Eubulus cf. elongatus was recently recorded as one of the most
destructive pests of cassava in the Brazilian Cerrado. In this study,
we evaluate the susceptibility of E. cf. elongatus to
entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes in laboratory. Adults
and larvae of E. cf. elongatus were first collected in the field to
assess the natural occurrence of fungi and nematodes. Seven
nematode species within Heterorhabditis and Steinernema genera
were tested in direct applications onto the larvae or indirectly
through soil inoculation (2000 infective juveniles per group of 10
larvae). Bioassays with 16 strains of entomopathogenic fungi
(beauveria and metarhizium species) were conducted by
immersion (108 conidia per mL), direct spray or by exposing
adults to soil sprayed with conidial suspensions (6 × 104 conidia
per cm2). In all bioassays insects were kept at 24–25 °C and 75-
90% RH for 16 days. Nematodes were not found naturally
occurring in E. cf. elongatus larvae collected in field. Of the adults
collected, 1.76% and 0.04% were infected with B. bassiana and
Metarhizium sp., respectively. In the laboratory trials, the highest
mortality of larvae was caused by H. bacteriophora (95.0% for
application on larvae and 60% for soil application).
Entomopathogenic fungi caused low mortality rates in adults of
E. cf. elongatus, being less than 11% in direct and soil applications
and reaching a maximum of 16.07% when insects were treated
by immersion. Our results show the potential of nematodes, such
as H. bacteriophora, in controlling the larvae of E. cf. elongatus in
soil.
Biotic pollination and pest control are two critical insect-mediated ecosystem services that support crop production. Although management of both services is usually treated separately, the new paradigm of Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM) suggests synergetic benefits by considering them together. We reviewed the management practices in two major tropical perennial crops: cocoa and coffee, to assess IPPM applications under the tropics. We found potential synergies and antagonisms among crop pest and pollination management, however, very few studies considered these interactions. Interestingly, we also found management practices focusing mainly on a single service mediated by insects although species can show multiple ecological functions as pests, natural enemies, or pollinators. The tropics represent a promising area for the implementation of IPPM and future research should address this concept to move towards a more sustainable agriculture.
Invasive arthropods can cause negative impacts on human health, damage to agriculture crops, irreparable environmental impacts, and other economic losses. Although native arthropods can be pests, invasive arthropods can pose unique challenges for identification and management. Current tools to manage invasive arthropods often focus on immediate solutions, such as the application of synthetic chemical pesticides, which can result in off-target effects (e.g., harm to native organisms, depletion of soil health, and increased insecticide resistance). In this review, we discuss sustainable approaches such as using soil microbes and biopesticides that are safe for the environment and human health, build soil health, and can be proactive in rebuilding ecosystems with resilience against invasive arthropods. We also discuss the incorporation of up-to-date technological and molecular tools (e.g., the use of drones, CRISPRs, and molecular identification of organisms from environmental samples) that allow for the enhancement of identification and management efforts associated with traditional integrated pest management (IPM). Implementing these tools into current management practices can enhance and accelerate early detection and allow for tailored management practices of invasive arthropods. These tools are not exclusive to monitoring invasive arthropods and can be used to monitor native pests or organisms relevant for conservation. Although our focus is on the management of invasive arthropods that have been introduced into North America, the knowledge provided may also be applicable to the management of invasive arthropods worldwide.
CBB Notes 02
Improving Beauveria bassiana effectiveness for control CBB.
Here some aspects and recommendations for the use of B. bassiana against the CBB in commercial coffee farms.
Coffee (Coffea arabica and C. canephora) is one of the most widely traded agricultural commodities and the main cash crop in ca. 80 tropical countries. Among the factors that limit coffee production, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) has been considered the main insect pest, causing losses of over US$500 million dollars annually. Control of this pest has been hindered by two main factors: the cryptic nature of the insect (i.e., protected inside the coffee berry), and the availability of coffee berries in the field allowing the survival of the pest from one generation to the next. Coffee berry borer control has primarily been based on the use of synthetic insecticides. Management strategies have focused on the use of African parasitoids (Cephalonomia stephanoderis, Prorops nasuta and Phymastichus coffea), fungal entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana), and insect traps. These approaches have had mixed results. Recent work on the basic biology of the insect has provided novel insights that might be useful in developing novel pest management strategies. For example, the discovery of symbiotic bacteria responsible for caffeine breakdown as part of the coffee berry borer microbiome opens new possibilities for pest management via the disruption of these bacteria. Some chemicals with repellent propieties have been identified and these have a high potential for field implementation. Finally, the publication of the CBB genome has provided insights on the biology of the insect that will help us to understand why it has been so successful at exploiting the coffee plant. Here I discuss the tools we now have against the CBB, and likely control strategies that may be useful in the near future.
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most significant insect pest of coffee worldwide. Since CBB was detected in Puerto Rico in 2007 and Hawaii in 2010, coffee growers from these islands are facing increased costs, reduced coffee quality, and increased pest management challenges. Here, we outline the CBB situation, and summarize the findings of growers, researchers, and extension professionals working with CBB in Hawaii. Recommendations for the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for CBB in Hawaiian Islands and Puerto Rico include: (1) establish a CBB monitoring program, (2) synchronize applications of insecticides with peak flight activity of CBB especially during the early coffee season, (3) conduct efficient strip-picking as soon as possible after harvest and perform pre-harvest sanitation picks in CBB hotspots if needed, (4) establish protocols to prevent the escape of CBB from processing areas and when transporting berries during harvest, and (5) stump prune by blocks. Progress achieved includes the introduction of the mycoinsecticide Beauveria bassiana to coffee plantations, the coordination of area-wide CBB surveys, the establishment and augmentation of native beetle predators, and an observed reduction of CBB populations and increased coffee quality where IPM programs were established. However, CBB remains a challenge for coffee growers due to regional variability in CBB pressures, high costs, and labor issues, including a lack of training and awareness of CBB management practices among growers.
Integrated pest management strategies were adopted to combat the coffee berry borer (CBB) after its arrival in Hawaii in 2010. A decision tree framework is used to model the CBB integrated pest management recommendations, for potential use by growers and to assist in developing and evaluating management strategies and policies. The model focuses on pesticide spraying (spray/no spray) as the most significant pest management decision within each period over the entire crop season. The main result from the analysis suggests the most important parameter to maximize net benefit is to ensure a low initial infestation level. A second result looks at the impact of a subsidy for the cost of pesticides and shows a typical farmer receives a positive net benefit of $947.17. Sensitivity analysis of parameters checks the robustness of the model and further confirms the importance of a low initial infestation level vis-a-vis any level of subsidy. The use of a decision tree is shown to be an effective method for understanding integrated pest management strategies and solutions.
The coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei: Ferrar) was first detected in Puerto Rico in 2007. Its distribution since then has been extensive, but not extensively documented. An island-wide survey was carried out from August to November 2014 (the coffee production season) to assess CBB distribution, infestation , and population per fruit. The CBB was well-established throughout the coffee-growing area of Puerto Rico, but was not evenly distributed. Infestation (or percentages of fruits perforated) in sites sampled ranged from 0 to 95%, and CBB number per infested fruit varied from 1 to 34 individuals. CBB infestation and total population per fruit were positively correlated with altitude. Highest infestation and total population were observed in sites located >400 masl; most of the coffee-producing area in Puerto Rico is above this altitude. Coffea arabica (L.) had higher CBB infestation and population per fruit than Coffea canephora (Pierre ex A. Froehner) (robusta coffee). Based on these results, management tools should be implemented to mitigate the severe damage that CBB is causing in Puerto Rico. These management tools should include the removal of all fruits that remain on the plants after harvest and the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balls.) Vuill. for biocontrol, especially on coffee farms at higher elevations.
Las diferencias de temperatura registradas entre las condiciones de El Niño y La Niña están próximas a 1,5°C. Estos cambios de temperatura favorecen o limitan el incremento y desarrollo de la broca del café, por lo tanto, existe una relación entre la dinámica de infestación de la broca y la altitud, siendo mayor el desarrollo del insecto en localidades bajas (1.200-1.300 m.s.n.m.), con temperaturas medias superiores a 21°C, y el desarrollo es menor en sitios por encima de 1.600 m, con temperaturas medias por debajo de 20°C. Estos eventos climáticos, que ocurren de forma recurrente, afectan el potencial reproductivo de la broca del café, siendo más crítico durante un evento de El Niño, debido a que durante períodos secos la broca se reproduce en grandes cantidades dentro de los frutos que quedan en el árbol y en el suelo después de la cosecha. El incremento de 1,5°C en la temperatura media fue suuciente para incrementar el porcentaje de infestación en los árboles en parcelas de café, de un 5% de infestación durante un período de La Niña hasta un 30%-40% de infestación durante un período de El Niño, en una localidad a 1.218 m de altitud; mientras que en una localidad a 1.700 m, el nivel de infestación de la broca en el árbol permaneció por debajo del 5%. Con el propósito de explicar y cuantiicar la dinámica de infestación de la broca del café a 1.218 m, 1.381 m, 1.470 m y 1.700 m de altitud, se evaluó el impacto de los frutos de café brocados caídos al suelo sobre la infestación de broca en el árbol, con 1 a 20 frutos brocados colocados en el plato del árbol. Igualmente, en el plato de cada árbol se colocaron 50 frutos verdes sanos, para cuantiicar cuántos de estos frutos eran infestados por la broca. El número de frutos brocados por árbol mostró una relación positiva con la temperatura y negativa con la altitud en tres períodos climáticos diferentes (Normal, Evento La Niña y Evento El Niño), siendo mayor durante un período de El Niño. Por ejemplo, a 1.280 m, un solo fruto brocado caído en el suelo infestó 150 frutos en el árbol durante un período de La Niña, 590 frutos en un período Normal y 959 frutos en un período de El Niño. a caacultura en Colombia está localizada en la región andina, en las montañas de las tres cordilleras. La altitud regula la temperatura del aire, es así como a mayor altitud menor temperatura; dentro de esta variación altitudinal se encuentra el rango favorable para el cultivo del café, de 18 a 22°C. Por su posición Tropical, la temperatura del aire en la zona cafetera colombiana presenta poca variación durante el año; sin embargo, cuando ocurren eventos climáticos como El Niño y La Niña, como consecuencia del calentamiento o enfriamiento de las aguas del océano Pacííco ecuatorial, a nivel regional se presentan incrementos o disminuciones de la lluvia, la temperatura y el brillo solar.
Among invertebrate fungal pathogens, Beauveria bassiana has assumed a key role in management of numerous arthropod agricultural, veterinary and forestry pests. Beauveria is typically deployed in one or more inundative applications of large numbers of aerial conidia in dry or liquid formulations, in a chemical paradigm. Mass production is mainly practiced by solid-state fermentation to yield hydrophobic aerial conidia, which remain the principal active ingredient of mycoinsecticides. More robust and cost-effective fermentation and formulation downstream platforms are imperative for its overall commercialization by industry. Hence, where economics allow, submerged liquid fermentation provides alternative method to produce effective and stable propagules that can be easily formulated as dry stable preparations. Formulation also continues to be a bottleneck in the development of stable and effective commercial Beauveria-mycoinsecticides in many countries, although good commercial formulations do exist. Future research on improving fermentation and formulation technologies coupled with the selection of multi-stress tolerant and virulent strains is needed to catalyze the widespread acceptance and usefulness of this fungus as a cost-effective mycoinsecticide. The role of Beauveria as one tool among many in integrated pest management, rather than a stand-alone management approach, needs to be better developed across the range of crop systems. Here, we provide an overview of mass-production and formulation strategies, updated list of registered commercial products, major biocontrol programs and ecological aspects affecting the use of Beauveria as a mycoinsecticide.
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is the primary arthropod pest of coffee plantations worldwide. Since its detection in Hawaii (September 2010), coffee growers are facing financial losses due to reduced quality of coffee yields. Several control strategies that include cultural practices, biological control agents (parasitoids), chemical and microbial insecticides (entomopathogenic fungi), and a range of post-harvest sanitation practices have been conducted to manage CBB around the world. In addition, sampling methods including the use of alcohol based traps for monitoring CBB populations have been implemented in some coffee producing countries in Latin America. It is currently unclear which combination of CBB control strategies is optimal under economical, environmental, and sociocultural conditions of Hawaii. This review discusses components of an integrated pest management program for CBB. We focus on practical approaches to provide guidance to coffee farmers in Hawaii. Experiences of integrated pest management (IPM) of CBB learned from Latin America over the past 25 years may be relevant for establishing strategies of control that may fit under Hawaiian coffee farmers’ conditions.
Se dan recomendaciones prácticas para el control de Hypothenemus hampei
In August 2010 the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, was first reported to have invaded the Kona coffee growing region of Hawaii, posing a severe economic challenge to the fourth largest agricultural commodity in the State. Despite its long and widespread occurrence throughout the tropics as the most serious pest of coffee, there are still discrepancies in the literature regarding several basic aspects of berry borer biology relevant to its control. In Kona coffee plantations, we investigated the beetles' response to several trap and lure formulations, and examined the occurrence of beetles in seeds of alternate host plants occurring adjacent to coffee farms. While traps were shown to capture significant numbers of beetles per day, and the occurrence of beetles in alternate hosts was quite rare, the unique situation of coffee culture in Hawaii will make this pest extremely challenging to manage in the Islands.
RESUMEN Los hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin yMetarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin. pueden jugar un papel importante en la reducción de poblaciones de broca en cafetales y se consideran componentes importantes en un esquema de Manejo Integrado (MIP) de Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). En Co-lombia se han desarrollado métodos para la producción masiva de estos hongos tanto a nivel artesana!. para ser utilizados por agricultores. como a nivel industrial. produciendo formulaciones en cooperación con la industria privada; actualmente hay cinco laboratorios que producen este insecticida biológico comercialmente. El efecto del hongo sobre poblaciones de broca se ha evaluado a través de dos estrategias. una de introducción a sitios donde no existe y otra como un insecticida biológico aplicado en un programa MIP. La introducción ha sido exitosa y el hongo se manifiesta en diversos niveles en todas las áreas donde ha sido asperjado. Los niveles promedio de infección sobre la población de broca durante 1995 fueron del 45%. En cuanto al uso del hongo como insecticida los resultados son errálicos. obteniéndose niveles bajos (20-30%) hasta niveles altos (60·70%). M. anisopliae controla poblaciones de broca que emergen de cerezas caídas al suelo. sin embargo su eficacia se reduce drásticamente a medida que transcurre el tiempo después del tratamiento. debido principalmente al lavado de las conidias por las lluvias. La eficacia de estos hongos en el campo varia dependiendo de la calidad de la foro mulación. dosis utilizada. tecnología de aspersión. humedad relativa. radiación y oportunidad de los tratamientos con respecto al momento de ataque de la broca. La investigación actual está dirigida a obtener aislamientos más virulentos. resistentes a las condiciones ambientales adversas y a lograr aspersiones con cubrimientos más eficientes en los frutos de café en los árboles. Palabras claves: Coffea arabiea. Hypothenemus hampei. Beauveria bassiana. Metarhizium anisopliae. Manejo Integrado de Plagas. Control biológico.
The genus Hypothenemus consists of 181 species with worldwide distribution with greatest diversity in the tropics. Most species are very small, poorly described, and difficult to distinguish. Some common features shared by Hypothenemus species are (1) pre-dispersal sibling mating; (2) flightless males having vestigial wings; (3) a skewed sex ratio favoring females; and (4) females are bigger than males. An illustrated guide to morphological features useful in identifying members of the genus is provided. The most economically important species in the genus is H. hampei (Ferrari), the coffee berry borer, which has been reported in most coffee producing countries worldwide. A vast body of coffee berry borer-related literature published in Dutch, English, Portuguese, and Spanish has been consulted to provide an in-depth analysis of the research that has been conducted on the insect. Research areas such as the use of traps baited with non-specific attractants, the introduction of parasitoids, and the use of fungal entomopathogens have been repeatedly studied in many countries, even though the results have not been promising. Two pest management options with higher chances of alleviating the problems caused by the insect are identified: the use of attractants and/or repellents specific to the coffee berry borer.
The coffee berry borer (cbb) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is the most important pest of coffee not only in Colombia but in almost all coffee producing countries, causing severe crop losses for growers. Given that it a pest introduced to Colombia without its natural enemies, the first strategy was to introduce its agents of biological control from Africa to Colombia such as the parasitoids, Cephalonomia stephanoderis, Prorops nasuta and Phymastichus coffea. Research was then undertaken with the fungus Beauveria bassiana to obtain strains with pathogenic activity to cbb. Mass rearing processes were developed for these biological control agents to permit their dissemination in the entire coffee-growing region infested by the borer. Afterwards, a management program was structured for the coffee farm, which included knowledge of crop phenology and cbb development, evaluation of infestation levels, cultural control and agronomic practices that reduce cbb incidence, avoiding escape of the insect during the coffee processing phase, together with the biological components mentioned above. Use of chemical insecticides is restricted to products of low toxicity and low environmental impact and these should be applied in those situations where infestation levels merit it, especially in areas where cbb is found aggregated. The integration of all these activities to maintain cbb populations at low levels has been shown to be viable under the coffee-growing conditions of Colombia, as has been demonstrated in research results.
The virulence of 9 strains of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), was determined under laboratory conditions. Results show that B. bassiana is a potential microbial agent suitable for incorporation into a program of integrated control directed against H. hampei. The 3 most aggressive strains were Bb-4 (Ecuador), Bb-25 (Mexico), and Bb-26 (Mexico) with LC50s of 0.003,0.004, and 0.006%, respectively, which are equivalent to 2.2 X 106,4.1 X 106, and 5.9 X 106 conidia per milliliter of suspension. Mean lethal times (TL50) were between 4.3 and 7.5 d. The maximum percentage of cadavers that sporulated was obtained with strain Bb-25 at 90%, with 81.9% registered for Bb-17 and 81.9% for Bb-26. The lowest percentage of sporulation was observed for Bb-14 at 62%.
The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana is considered to be one of the few natural enemies available for use against the coffee berry borer. In an attempt to enhance the efficacy of this pathogen, a range of concentrations of 22 substances was tested in simple laboratory tests using natural sunlight or a UV light source. Unprotected B. bassiana spores were almost completely inactivated by exposure to 60 min of direct sunlight or 20 s of UV light of 302 nm wavelength. Seven of the 22 substances tested showed little or no photoprotective properties and eight of the substances appeared directly detrimental to spore germination. Of the remainder, sucrose, yeast, yeast extract, uric acid, casein, and molasses had limited photoprotective properties. The most effective substances tested were egg albumen and skimmed milk powder which could extend the persistence of B. bassiana spores by a factor of almost three. A mixture of 3% (w/v) albumen and 4% (w/v) milk powder gave the highest degree of spore protection per unit cost. Young coffee plants sprayed with this mixture did not suffer any significant phytotoxic effects. A field trial, involving two applications of spores with or without the milk and albumen mixture, failed to show that improved spore persistence resulted in increased coffee berry borer control. Very lowlevels of pest infestation observed in field plots together with unusual, unfavourable weather conditions may have accounted for this unexpected result.
The effect of ultraviolet light (uv) protectants on persistence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was investigated in laboratory and field environments. The survival of conidia applied in water onto glass coverslips or crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) leaves was reduced by greater than 95% after 15 min exposure to uv-B radiation in a controlled environment. Substitution of oil for water increased the survival of conidia on both substrates. However, conidial survival in oil was more pronounced on glass (74% mortality after 60 min) than on leaves (97% mortality after 60 min). The decreased protection provided by oil on leaves was attributed to spreading and/or absorption of the oil by the leaf tissues. None of 21 potential sunscreen formulations were toxic to nongerminated conidia in vitro. On wheatgrass leaves, 5 of the 12 water-compatible and two of the nine oil compatible formulations enhanced survival of conidia after 3 h exposure to uv-B radiation in a controlled environment. Four water-compatible and three oil-compatible sunscreen adjuvants were subsequently tested in a repeated held experiment. The water-compatible fluorescent brightener, Tinopal LPW (conidial survival slopes of −2.1 and −1.7 in trials one and two, respectively), and a clay emulsion (slopes of −2.5 and −2.0) significantly increased survival of conidia compared to the water control (slopes of −3.3 and −2.7), whereas Congo Red (slopes of −3.1 and −2.8) and the optical brightener, Blankophor BSU (slopes of −4.2 and −3.7), were ineffective. Conidial survival in the field was not enhanced by the three oil-compatible adjuvants tested (oxybenzone, octyl-salicylate, and ethyl-cinnamate). The use of uv-B protectants in formulations can increase conidial survival and may enhance the efficacy of B. bassiana for controlling insect pests in epigeal habitats.
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is endemic to Africa and is the most devastating pest of coffee worldwide. The female bores a hole in the coffee berry and deposits her eggs inside. Upon hatching, larvae feed on the seeds, thus reducing both quality and yields of the marketable product. The coffee berry borer was found in the district of Kona on the island of Hawaii in August 2010 and appears to be restricted to that area.
Fungal entomopathogens have been developed in numerous countries as biocontrol agents with more than 100 mycoinsecticide products commercially available in 2006. The chief, perhaps sole, use of these mycoinsecticides has been as inundative agents, within a chemical paradigm. Large numbers of propagules are applied in an attempt to overwhelm by brute force many of the factors that keep a pathogen in nonepizootic equilibrium with its host. This review attempts to summarize what we know about the abiotic and biotic factors that affect the efficacy of these mycoinsecticides in both foliar and soil applications. Sunlight, humidity, temperature, and phylloplane-associated factors can affect both immediate efficacy and persistence on plants. Likewise, soil texture-moisture interactions, temperature, and a host of biotic factors can affect mycoinsecticides in the soil. Despite much research, our understanding of these ecological aspects is imperfect, especially in a holistic, dynamic sense.
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is the most devastating insect pest of coffee throughout the world. Adult females bore a hole in the coffee berry, where they deposit their eggs; upon hatching, larvae feed on the coffee seeds inside the berry, thus reducing yield and quality of the marketable product. The insect spends most of its life inside the coffee berry, making it extremely difficult to control. This paper presents a short review of the literature dealing with natural enemies of the coffee berry borer, on the possible use of fungal endophytes as a biocontrol strategy, and on factors that might be involved in attracting the insect towards the coffee plant. The paper identifies some areas where research efforts should be focused to increase the chances of successfully developing an effective pest management strategy against the coffee berry borer.
The effect of three strains of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and two strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin upon the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), was studied in three coffee farms at different altitudes (450-1,100 m above sea level) in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. The maximum average percentage mycosis varied according to altitude. At 450 m asl (El Rincon) mycosis was 14.3% for B. bassiana and 6.3% for M. anisopliae; at 880 m asl (Santa Anita) mycosis was 40.6% for B. bassiana and 12.6% for M. anisopliae, and at 1,100 m asl (Alpujarras) 33.9% for B. bassiana and 22. 1% for M. anisopliae. The effect of fungal mycosis through time was not significant (P > 0.01) in any of the farms, but there was a significant difference between the strains of the fungus (P < 0.01); the best strains being Bb25 and Ma4 at the lower altitude, Bb26 and Ma4 for the middle altitude and Bb26 and Ma4 at the higher altitude. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rain were not correlated with the percentage mycosis caused by B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. However, in the case of B. bassiana there was a significant, positive correlation (P < 0.01) between the infestation levels of the pest and the mycosis response of the entomopathogen.
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, is a serious problem for the majority of the world's coffee growers and has proved to be one of the most intractable of present day pests. Despite a great deal of research, control still depends largely on the application of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, which is damaging to the environment, or a series of cultural and biological control methods which give variable and unpredictable results. This review summarizes the most important aspects of the biology and ecology of H. hampei and its control and identifies weak points in the knowledge about this pest. Emphasis is placed upon an analysis of the non-chemical control methods available and suggestions are offered for novel ecological and environmental factors worthy of further research, in the search for viable and sustainable control methods.
The coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) is the most serious pest of the world's most valuable tropical export crop. Since the last review on this insect was published six years ago, many new studies have contributed to an improved insight into the biology and ecology of the beetle, and have indicated new avenues for integrated and biological control. The latest developments in research, both laboratory and field, on the pest, its natural enemies and their implications for integrated control of H. hampei are summarized, with a particular focus on the situation in The Americas. Lately, the global coffee industry has changed radically; it has suffered a long cycle of lowest-ever world market prices caused by overproduction and technological change. At the same time, the advent of sustainable certification schemes has had a major impact on the industry. The role of integrated pest management and biological control of H. hampei in an era of changes in the coffee industry is discussed.
Three unsprayed coffee farms (farm 1, 2 and 3) were studied for the natural occurrence of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in Hypothenemus hampei populations throughout the rainy season of 2004 (July-November) and 2005 (July-December). B. bassiana infections were found during most sampling dates in both years, on all three farms. The B. bassiana infection levels were higher in 2005 than in 2004 with mean prevalence of 12.1% and 2.7%, respectively. No consistent significant differences in infection level between farms were found in any of the years. B. bassiana infection levels fluctuated widely throughout the season, and peaked at 13.5% on farm 3 in 2004 and at 44.0% on farm 1 in 2005. The H. hampei population was significantly higher in 2004 than in 2005, with 6.9% of the berries infested in 2004 and only 0.7% in 2005. In both years, the H. hampei infestation level was significantly higher on farm 2. No consistent significant differences in H. hampei infestation levels were found between sampling dates on any of the farms. H. hampei infestation levels fluctuated throughout both seasons, and peaked at 15.3% on farm 2 in 2004 and 2.2% on farm 2 in 2005. No consistent density dependent correlation between H. hampei infestation level and B. bassiana infection level was found. Correlations between climatic conditions and B. bassiana or H. hampei were not found.
The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a recent invader to Hawaii. To date, limited information regarding the seasonal phenology of this pest on the islands limits the implementation of integrated control strategies. As part of a coffee farmer training program, we monitored CBB flight activity in 15 coffee plantations (Kona and Kau Districts) over 10 mo with methanol-ethanol (3:1 ratio) baited traps. Concurrently, we quantified CBB infestation and penetration rates inside developing coffee berries through the end of harvest. Approximately 1 million CBB were captured, with the highest activity (e.g., >500 CBB/trap/wk) in December through February, coinciding with end of main regional harvesting periods. Relatively high activity (>250 CBB/trap/wk) was also observed during berry development, in May and June (Kona) and June and July (Kau). Field infestation rates were higher overall in Kau (9.6 ± 1.1%) compared with coffee plantations in Kona (4.7 ± 0.4%). Linear regression investigated relationships between CBB trap data and berry infestation rates. Trap catch data generally correlated better with the proportion of shallow entries (AB position) compared with deeper penetrations (CD position) or total infestation. Pearson correlation coefficients based on different parameters (i.e., region, altitude, and berry phenology) revealed positive and mostly significant correlations between these variables (R values 0.410 to 0.837). Timing peak flight activity of CBB with insecticide applications will help coffee growers improve pest control. The ability of trap data to calculate reliable economic (action) thresholds for the CBB is discussed.
The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), and to evaluate the population fluctuation of the pest in the Brazilian Cerrado (Federal District). The study was conducted, between November 2014 and October 2015, at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina/DF, Brazil) in an irrigated conilon coffee production area. In November 2014, 120 samples (ten berries/sample) were collected from berries that had fallen on the ground from the previous harvest. Between November 2014 and October 2015, insects were collected weekly, using traps (polyethylene terephthalate bottles) baited with ethyl alcohol (98 GL), ethyl alcohol (98 GL) with coffee powder, or molasses. Between January and July 2015, samples were collected fortnightly from 92 plants (12 berries per plant). All samples were evaluated for the presence of adult coffee berry borers. Samples from the previous harvest had an attack incidence of 72.4%. The baited traps captured 4062 H. hampei adults, and showed no statistical difference in capture efficiency among the baits. Pest population peaked in the dry season, with the largest percentage of captured adults occurring in July (31.0%). An average of 18.6% of the collected berries was attacked by the borer and the highest percentage incidence was recorded in July (33.2%). Our results suggest that the coffee berry borer, if not properly managed, could constitute a limiting factor for conilon coffee production in the Brazilian Cerrado.
An autoinoculation trap containing the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) was developed for the management of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). The trap is composed of a plastic cylindrical jar with inlet holes in the upper part and outlet holes at the bottom. Within the upper part of the trap, we placed a diffusion vial filled with a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and methanol as an attractant for adult H. hampei. In the bottom part, we lined the surfaces of the two exit holes with a strip of woven fabric (wool) impregnated with an average of 5.44 ± 0.33 × 10⁸ conidia.cm⁻² of the B. bassiana isolate ESALQ-PL63. A five-second exposure of female coffee berry borers to the fungus-impregnated fabric resulted in the acquisition of 2.9 ± 0.77 × 10⁵ conidia per insect and 88.5% confirmed mortality rate in the laboratory. Although most of beetles that were contaminated in the autoinoculation trap in the laboratory were able to penetrate the coffee berry exocarp (the outermost layer), only 5% reached the endosperm (tissue that surrounds and provides nutrition to the embryo). This indicates that very little damage to coffee seeds is expected from borers that pass through the autoinoculation traps. Additionally, these traps provided high levels of H. hampei mortality in the field. The confirmed mortalities at the end of the first and second field trials after 151 and 40 days were 66.3 ± 5.2% and 92.2 ± 4.7%, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that autoinoculation traps containing B. bassiana have great potential to be used in the integrated management of H. hampei.
This symposium review will focus on the impact of environmental factors (primarily sunlight, temperature, humidity-water) on the field persistence of selected representative species of entomopathogens (bacteria, fungi, protozoans, viruses). Sunlight is probably the most destructive environmental factor affecting the persistence of entomopathogens and commercial microbial pesticides. Temperatures prevalent in most agro-ecosystems (ca. 10 to 40-degrees-C) generally do not adversely affect entomopathogens. Effects at temperature extremes, however, might be obtained when the entomopathogens are stressed by other factors (e.g., light, water, chemicals). The effect of humidity or water on entomopathogens also is difficult to separate from its combination with other environmental factors. Humidity or water per se generally does not directly affect the activity or viability of viral or bacterial entomopathogens, respectively. In contrast, lack of moisture reduces the infectivity of many protozoan spores and moisture generally is a primary requirement for germination of conidia and survival of entomopathogenic fungi.
Two peaks of egg production occurred at about 10 and 50 days post-infestation. The second peak is probably the work of one or more daughters of the founding female. Berries removed and placed on the ground four days after infestation, developed significantly larger numbers of eggs than berries remaining on the Coffea arabica tree. Mortality of the founding female was low once established in the endosperm. Very few dead immature stages were found though calculations based on egg-laying schedules suggest that mortality may be 30% after 30 days of development. Apparent mortality of adult progeny rarely exceeded 10%. The main causes of mortality were pathogens that either attacked the endosperm causing the female to abandon the berry in many cases, or attacked the insect directly. Innate-capacity for increase (r) was estimated as 0.065 per day; cohort generation time was 45 days, doubling time, 11 days. -from Authors
The effects of Beauveria bassiana strains on coffee berry borers (CBB), which emerge from infested berries left on soil, and its impact on the infestation of coffee berries on tree branches were evaluated at two Experimental Stations (Naranjal-Caldas and Paraguaicito-Quindio) in the Colombian coffee zone. Using a completely randomized design with 10 repetitions, 50 coffee berries artificially infested with CBB were placed on the base of a coffee tree. Four treatments including B. bassiana strain Bb9205, a mixture of Cenicafe strains (Bb9001, Bb9024 and Bb9119), a commercial formulation of B. bassiana and a control (water) were sprayed with 1x109 conidia per tree. After 30 days, all fungal strains lowered the infestation levels of the coffee berries on the trees at both locations. The mixture of Cenicafe strains decreased the tree infestation between 50 and 30% at both locations. In the berries dissected from each treated tree, insect mortality was about 40% at both locations compared to 15% in the control. B. bassiana strains also decreased the insect population inside the newly infested berries on the trees by 55-75%. The mixture of Cenicafe strains was the most effective for decreasing insect populations. B. bassiana significantly decreased CBB populations that emerged from fallen, infested, coffee berries and reduced future insect generations.
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