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Use of "natural" oils for moisturization: Review of olive, coconut, and sunflower seed oil
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective medications for the management of atopic dermatitis and xerosis, patients may use nonconventional therapies such as topical oils. Patients choose these treatments because of the perceived lower risk of natural products and the fear of potential adverse effects of topical steroids. We review the use of topical olive, coconut, and sunflower seed oil in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and xerosis with a focus on children Currently available evidence suggests that olive oil may exacerbate xerosis and atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to make definitive recommendations regarding the use of coconut and sunflower seed oil.
... Both SSO and LV form an oily layer that retains water inside the skin, thus functioning as a skin barrier. 22,24,[28][29][30] There is no protocol in Turkey regarding which moisturizing product should be used in the daily skin care of neonates in NICUs. In addition, no form of measurement is used to evaluate their skin condition. ...
... 30 One article asserts that coconut oil is more effective than mineral oil in preventing transepidermal fluid loss, dryness, and redness. 28 There is limited research comparing Vaseline, which is a mineral oil, with other products. In a comparison of topical Vaseline versus other moisturizing products in low-birth-weight and preterm babies, researchers found that rash and redness were observed less frequently in the topical Vaseline (Aquaphor, Beiersdorf AG) group than in the control group, and fluid and electrolyte balances were maintained. ...
... The literature revealed differing findings regarding the superiority of mineral and herbal oils in skin care. 1,25,28,30 In this study, the authors found that SSO use (an herbal oil) resulted in lower median (range) NCSC scores than did LV use (a mineral oil) with the exception of NSCS assessment 7. In NSCS assessment 7, the median (range) values in the SSO and LV groups were not statistically significantly different (P > .05). ...
Objective:
To test the effectiveness of sunflower seed oil (SSO) and liquid Vaseline (LV) in maintaining skin integrity in term and preterm neonates in the neonatal ICU. Because the skin of the neonate is still immature, disruption of skin integrity is a commonly observed problem.
Methods:
In this randomized controlled study, 90 preterm and term neonates in the neonatal ICU of a state hospital were equally divided into three groups. The skin condition of the neonates in all three groups was assessed using the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS); assessments were made a total of nine times at 48-hour intervals. The skin of the neonates in the first group was moisturized with SSO, and the second group was moisturized with LV, once a day, a total of 16 times. Moisturizer was not applied to the skin of the third group of neonates (the control group).
Results:
The median gestational age was 37.0 weeks (range, 36.0-38.0 weeks). After the third evaluation, the median NSCS scores for the neonates in the SSO and LV groups were significantly lower than for those in the control group (P < .001). The control group's median NSCS scores did not change throughout the period of the study.
Conclusions:
Both SSO and LV are harmless to the skin of neonates and can be used to maintain their skin integrity. More advanced studies are needed to evaluate the effects of topical oils on maintaining skin integrity.
... In contrast, alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. Natural products are commonly pursued, because consumers perceive them to be wholesome and devoid of irritating or toxic chemicals, but "natural products" are not well defined [10]. ...
... Karagounis et al (2019), olive oil contain both saturated and unsaturated lipids. Saturated fatty acids likely encourage Malassezia overgrowth and excess unsaturated fatty acids may induce inflammation and scaling of ISD. ...
... Saturated fatty acids likely encourage Malassezia overgrowth and excess unsaturated fatty acids may induce inflammation and scaling of ISD. However the mechanism is still unclear[10].Berk and Scheinfeld (2010), tea tree oil is derived from an Australian tree and has been used as a natural alternative for treating scalp seborrheic dermatitis. In one study, some benefit was noted with a 5% concentration the product's estrogenic and anti-androgenic properties limit its practical use. ...
... A total of seven papers were selected for inclusion in this review [11,12,24e28]. Four studies on cardio metabolic health (three with MA and one Stallone) [11,12,24,25] (Table 1a), one SR on oral health [26] (Table 1b), and two articles were on skin health (one SR on preterm/low birth weight infants [27]and other SR was a MA on neurosis patients [28]) (Table 1c). ...
... There were two reviews on skin health comprising of one SR with MA and one SR alone. The SR with MA comprised of seven randomized clinical trials (sample size range from 34 to 117) [27] while the SR without MA contained four randomized clinical trials (sample size range from 64 to 258) [28]. SR without MA done by Karagounis et al. (2018) found that antimicrobial properties of coconut oil may account for the observed positive effects on atopic dermatitis and beneficial complementary treatment for xerosis because the topical application of coconut oil significantly reduced transepidermal water loss, scoring atopic dermatitis index, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization, while significantly increased skin capacitance and improved xerosis [28]. ...
... The SR with MA comprised of seven randomized clinical trials (sample size range from 34 to 117) [27] while the SR without MA contained four randomized clinical trials (sample size range from 64 to 258) [28]. SR without MA done by Karagounis et al. (2018) found that antimicrobial properties of coconut oil may account for the observed positive effects on atopic dermatitis and beneficial complementary treatment for xerosis because the topical application of coconut oil significantly reduced transepidermal water loss, scoring atopic dermatitis index, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization, while significantly increased skin capacitance and improved xerosis [28]. ...
Background and aims
Systemic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) of interventional studies are considered as the highest level of evidence for clinical decision making. Therefore, we systematically summarized all high-quality evidence on the usage of coconut oil for health-related benefits from SRs and MA.
Methods
PubMed®, Web of science®, SciVerse Scopus®, and EMBASE® databases were systematically searched to select SRs and SRs with MA of interventional studies reporting health-related clinical outcomes of coconut oil. Similar studies were grouped based on their respective clinical areas. A methodological quality appraisal was conducted for all included SRs and SRs with MA using the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Reviews.
Results
A total of seven papers were selected for inclusion in this review, consisting of three MA and one SR on cardio-metabolic health, one SR on oral health, and one SR and one MA each on skin health. Coconut oil significantly increases serum total cholesterol, low-density- and high-density- lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to poly- and mono-unsaturated oils. Limited studies showed that topical use of coconut oil helps in the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis and oil pulling for the prevention of dental caries. All four studies on cardiometabolic health and the SR on oral health had a high score in the quality assessment, SR with MA on skin health fulfilled high-quality scoring whereas the SR on the same topic had a low-quality scoring.
Conclusions
In summary, consistent and strong evidence shows that coconut oil has an adverse effect on the lipids parameters associated with cardio-metabolic health, with limited studies to conclude the effects of atopic dermatitis and oil pulling.
... Even though there is some evidence of efficacy for a number of the methods described in this study, there is an absence of larger trials and a lack of comparison with standard AD treatment while, on the other hand, some methods are simply ineffective or even dangerous [10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Patients frequently mistakenly believe that natural methods are safer, which is not the case [33]. ...
... However, pure oil products are not recommended for topical use because they increase transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which causes skin dryness [17]. Additionally, it is essential to consider the risk of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) [19,25]. Emollient therapy remains the foundation of AD regimen and should be chosen as the first-line treatment for moisturizing the skin [17]. ...
... 21 So olive oil can be used to treat atopic dermatitis as it has emollient and antifungal effect. (Karagounis et al., 2019) Sunflower seed oil Oil ...
... These therapeutic properties of sun flower oil have proven its efficient use in case of atopic dermatitis. (Karagounis et al., 2019) Oral evening primose oil Oil (Oral) ...
Eczema is termed as a chronic relapsing atopic dermatitis which is a chronic, inflammatory dermatosis mediated by immune system and is characterized by T- helper 2 immune response phenotype. Eczema is associated with disturbance in sleep and it also affects the quality of life. Emollient, antimicrobial agents, corticosteroid or immune-modulating agents are used for treatment of eczema. Pathogenesis of eczema involves complex interactions between susceptible genes, immunological factor, and defects in skin barriers, neuro-endocrine factors and factors related to environment like change in weather, food and aeroallergens. Because there is no cure till date for eczema, Chinese medicines which are part of dietary therapies are being adopted by the Asian patients. In the treatment of skin disorders and wounds a tremendous role has been played by Herbal extracts and isolated plant compounds. Recently a lot of new herbal drugs have been developed that were tested in controlled clinical or preclinical studies. St. John’s wort, licorice, tormentil, bitter substances, evening primrose and many more biomedicines, topical agents: coconut oil, colloidal oatmeal, sunflower oil, mustard oil, glycerin, and oral Chinese herbal therapy are used to treat AD. Probiotics, and vitamins are also used as oral agents in treatment of AD and all these bioagents have shown good results in treatment of atopic dermatitis. Wind, dampness and heat are the three main pathogenic factors of eczema. Various Chinese herb such as cortex moutan radix (danpi), radix paeoniae alba (bai shao), potentilla chinensis ser (weilingcai) and radix glycyrrhizae (gan cao) are common treatments for eczema allergy. It is being indicated in pharmacological studies that these herbs have anti-allergic, anti- inflammatory and sedative action for itchiness . These studied medicinal plants were found to be effective in eczema therapy, further mechanistic and clinical studies are required to establish this claim.
... The literature data of preservative efficacy of cosmetics containing olive oil are scarce and primarily focussing on the formulation's biophysical and microbiological stability [23]. A variety of beneficial actions of olive oil topically applied on a skin were shown in in vivo experiments, and the researchers are rather focusing on the cosmetics' cutaneous effects [24][25][26]. However, the olea ointment with the olive oil as one of the main compounds was proved to prevent burns infections [27], indicating its antibacterial activity. ...
... moulds The literature data of preservative efficacy of cosmetics containing olive oil are scarce and primarily focussing on the formulation's biophysical and microbiological stability [23]. A variety of beneficial actions of olive oil topically applied on a skin were shown in in vivo experiments, and the researchers are rather focusing on the cosmetics' cutaneous effects [24][25][26]. However, the olea ointment with the olive oil as one of the main compounds was proved to prevent burns infections [27], indicating its antibacterial activity. ...
Olive oil application in the cosmetic industry may be extended by its ozonation, bringing about new oil properties and increased stability. Olive oil treated with 0.04 mole O3 or 0.10 mole O3 per 100 g oil was subjected to chemical parameters evaluation and composition scrutinizing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-MS analysis. The biological activity of refined and ozonated oil included their antimicrobial properties by the agar diffusion method and cytotoxicity by the MTT assay towards two normal (LLC-PK1, HaCaT) and two cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa) cell lines. The oils served as the basis in cosmetic emulsions. The chosen organoleptic features, preservative efficacy in a challenge test, and persistency during six months of these formulations were assessed. However, the ozonation of the olive oil resulted in a decrease in unsaturated acids; several additional compounds were detected in the ozonated oil, which positively affect the physicochemical, sensory, and functional properties of cosmetic emulsions. Emulsions based on the ozonated olive oil retain their properties longer compared to emulsions based on the refined olive oil. Ozonated oil treated with 0.10 mole O3/100 g oil allowed increasing the shelf life of the non-preserved formulation up to six months. A weak inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis was also demonstrated for this emulsion in the challenge test. Moreover, an interesting aroma, slightly enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, C. albicans, A. brasiliensis, and a lack of cytotoxicity at concentrations 625 µg mL−1 make the ozonated olive oil a promising raw material for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
... Although studies have shown that SSO and AO oils have positive effects on infants' skin and adverse reactions are rare, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and candida infection or other local reactions such as dryness, erythema, vesicles were monitored. [15][16][17] Skin Moisture Meter. The DMM Skin Moisture Meter (Beijing, China) was calibrated and used to measure SCH. ...
... Nurses should be familiar with natural oils such as olive, sunflower seed, almond, and coconut oils to advise parents in their use, although no oil can be recommended definitively. 15,16 They also should inform parents and caregivers that infant skin is more sensitive and drier than adult skin and requires moisturization. ...
Objective:
To investigate the effect of sunflower seed oil (SSO) and almond oil (AO) on stratum corneum hydration and Neonatal Skin Condition Scores (NSCSs) of preterm infants.
Methods:
This randomized controlled trial recruited 90 preterm infants whose gestational ages were between 32 and 37 weeks in the neonatal ICU. Infants were randomly assigned to three groups (SSO, AO, or control). The oils were applied to the whole body of each infant except for the head and face by a nurse researcher four times a day (4 mL/kg) for 5 days.
Main outcome measures:
Skin condition of the infants as evaluated with the NSCS; hydration as measured by a skin moisture meter before and after application.
Main results:
When average stratum corneum hydration was compared, infants in the SSO and AO groups had better hydration than infants in the control group. The NSCS scores in the control group were significantly higher than in the intervention groups, but there was no difference between the SSO and AO groups.
Conclusions:
Neither SSO nor AO has harmful effects on the skin, and their use may improve stratum corneum hydration. These oils can be used by nurses to hydrate the skin of preterm infants. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of natural oils on infant skin.
... In addition, the presence of antioxidants and vitamin E gives neem oil anti-aging properties, adding another layer to its skin-protecting powers. Nature is amazing, it contains trees like neem, providing a complete gift and benefit to our skin [48,49,50] . ...
Shaving cream is a semi-solid emulsion that is applied to the skin. Shaving cream is not a cosmetic hair product, but provides a foaming agent to gently remove unwanted hair. Commercially available shaving creams are full of synthetic chemicals, which are very harmful to the skin if used regularly or daily. As we know, the skin on the face is very delicate and can be scratched when shaving. This led us to prepare shaving cream with natural herbs. Commercial preparations contain sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, glycerin and sodium lauryl sulfate, but all synthetic substances have been replaced by natural plant products such as anti-inflammatory aloe vera gel, natural surfactants and concentrated soap extract and coconut oil. Primer, Antifungal and Antiseptic Neem Oil, Antibacterial Olive Oil, Aromatic Lemon Oil. We prepared four structures, one synthetic, the second recycled, the third natural and the fourth natural. The pH is the same as your skin's. Easy to apply and remove. It spreads easily on the skin. All four shaving cream formulations showed the same results.
... Seules l'étude contrôlée avec placebo de Dey et al.22 et sa réplication par Mandal et al.23 font exception, cette dernière étant la seule à rapporter une efficacité supérieure de l'homéopathie. On peut néanmoins leur reprocher d'autres faiblesses : un échantillon limité (n=60), un recrutement biaisé (patients sélectionnés par les seuls homéopathes d'un centre consacré à cette technique non conventionnelle), l'évaluation clinique de l'efficacité sur l'eczéma par le patient lui-même, l'utilisation de plusieurs préparations homéopathiques différentes et l'absence de prise en compte de facteurs confondants (par exemple, tous les participants recevaient des applications locales d'huile d'olive -or l'huile d'olive n'est pas neutre : elle représente en soi un traitement non conventionnel et serait même responsable de l'exacerbation de certains cas d'éczéma32 ). La taille limitée de l'échantillon étudié est une autre faiblesse récurrente des sept publications sélec- ...
BACKGROUND: Eczema is a chronic and widespread dermatological condition with disabling consequences. A significant percentage of patients who suffer from it resort to alternative therapies, especially homeopathy. This article assesses the relevance of such an approach.
METHODS: Narrative literature review, with particular interest for the period from May 2012 to May 2023. We searched in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library.
RESULTS: Of the 27 articles listed, only seven address the effectiveness of homeopathy in treating eczema: two prospective observational non-randomized studies, a prospective comparative analysis, an observational longitudinal study, a six-cases series, a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial and its replication trial. None indisputably demonstrates a superiority of homeopathy over the placebo effect. More worryingly, side effects to homeopathic treatment are reported, sometimes serious. It also entails a higher cost.
CONCLUSIONS: Homeopathy has no place in the medical management of eczema, and its use should be discouraged.
Keywords -
Eczema, atopic dermatitis, homeopathy, placebo effect, CAM.
... A review conducted on using 17 vegetable oils as therapeutic agents in different skin conditions showed that, in inflammation-affected skin, vegetable oils with unsaturated fatty acids may irritate the skin. Especially, oleic acid (such as olive oil) is an irritant and a well-known penetration enhancer, causing additional structural damage to the SC [60]. In contrast, oils high in linoleic acid (such as sunflower seed oil) and saturated fatty acids (such as coconut oil) might have beneficial effects, including a reduction in S. aureus colonization [61]. ...
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients’ quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. This review aims to give insights into the best bathing practices and the use of bathing additives in atopic dermatitis in children. Several bathing additives, including bleach baths, commercial baby cleansers, bath baby oils and bath salt, appear to be promising adjunctive therapies for atopic dermatitis due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-pruritus and skin barrier repair properties through different mechanisms of action. However, their efficacy and safety are not fully understood in some cases. The usefulness of other bath additives, such as acidic and more natural substances (green tea extracts, pine tar, sodium bicarbonate), is still under investigation. Further studies are needed to determine their optimal use to achieve clinical benefit safely.
... Selain itu minyak zaitun memiliki komposisi sebagai antimicrobial, anti-inflamatori, serta antioksidan. Sebuah studi penelitian tentang minyak zaitun menyimpulkan efektivitas minyak zaitun dalam meningkatkan TEWL dan kondisi kulit pada pasien (Karagounis et al., 2019). Berdasarkan artikel rujukan yang akan dijadikan sebagai dasar utama untuk melakukan intervensi tersebut juga menyimpulkan bahwa minyak zaitun dapat membuat kulit pasien menjadi lebih lembab dan halus serta penurunan skala pruritus, dengan justifikasi peneliti yaitu minyak zaitun dapat mengisi lapisan keratin dalam kulit sehingga menimbulkan efek lembab, mengurangi gatal, serta mengobati luka dan infeksi yang ada (Muliani et al., 2021). ...
Pruritus merupakan salah satu masalah pada dermatosis yang menimbulkan perasaan tidak nyaman karena stimulasi gatal yang muncul. Pruritus uremic merupakan masalah umum yang terjadi pada pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis, insidensi dari pruritus uremic yaitu 15%-49% pre-dialisis dan 50%-90% terjadi ketika intradialisis. Pruritus disebabkan karena sel mast melepaskan histamin dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak. Pada karya ilmiah akhir ners ini penulis melakukan penerapan minyak zaitun pada pasien dengan pruritus uremic yang menjalani hemodialisis. Minyak zaitun merupakan golongan emolien atau pelembab yang dapat melembabkan dan memperkaya struktur kulit. Studi kasus ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan proses asuhan keperawatan. Instrumen yang digunakan pada studi kasus ini adalah numerical rating scale (NRS) pruritus. Penulis melakukan pemberian minyak zaitun pada pasien pruritus yang menjalani hemodialisis di Klinik Ginjal dan Hipertensi Lestari Semarang dengan 2 responden. Kriteria inklusi responden yaitu pasien PGK dengan pruritus yang menjalani terapi hemodialisis secara terjadwal dan pasien yang bersedia mengikuti kegiatan penelitian sesuai aturan dan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Prosedur pelaksanaan pemberian minyak zaitun dilaksanakan dua kali sehari dalam 2 minggu. Hasil dari studi kasus ini yaitu terdapat penurunan skor pruritus pada kedua responden dari skala 4 menjadi 1 dan skala 6 menjadi 3, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak zaitun dapat menurunkan skor pruritus pasien karena mengurangi sensasi gatal dan memberikan kelembaban pada kulit pasien. Intervensi pemberian minyak zaitun pada pasien pruritus dapat dimasukkan dalam sistem asuhan keperawatan di rumah sakit untuk menurunkan rasa gatal yang dialami oleh pasien-pasien dengan pruritus uremic.
... 26,27 Allergic contact dermatitis to these oils rarely, if ever, occurs. 28 ...
In 2023, lanolin was named the American Contact Dermatitis Society Allergen of the Year. Despite its widespread use in personal care products and industrial goods, lanolin is thought to be a rare sensitizer in patients with healthy skin; however, those with chronic inflammatory skin conditions are at a higher risk for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to lanolin. The proper patch test formulation for lanolin is a source of contention. In this article, we discuss ACD to lanolin with a focus on its paradoxical nature and the subtleties to consider when patch testing to this controversial allergen.
... As a result, the topical application of VCO has anti-inflammatory effect by limiting the amounts of various cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor (tnf, IFN-, IL-6, IL-5 & IL-8 in the skin, as well as improving the performance of the skin barrier. Because of this, skin problems marked by permeability barrier malfunction, particularly those associated with diminished epidermal protein expression, such as dermatitis and eczema, can be completely cured with VCO (Karagounis, Gittler, Rotemberg & Morel, 2019). ...
Background: Coconut oil, or copra oil is obtained from the nut/kernel of matured coconuts garnered from the Cocosnucifera. Coconut oil is an edible oil derived from the kernels of harvested mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm. In recent decades, this oil has risen to the status of a health food superstar in the health food industry. Celebrities are welcoming its use, nutritionists are promoting it, and patients are praising it for its many benefits. Purpose: This oil has been linked to a range of health advantages. These include improvements in skin care, hair care, stress management, losing weight & cholesterol level management, immune modulatory effects, cardiovascular applications, and, most recently, Alzheimer’s disease. However, for several years, coconut oil was demonised, and consumers were led to believe that it was harmful to their health because it would clog arteries and cause heart disease. The tide has shifted, and in recent years, increased awareness of the favourable health advantages of coconut oil has emerged. Conclusion: The usage of coconut oil, particularly crude coconut oil, is increasingly popular; however some individuals are still doubtful. This present review makes an attempt to provide a scientific assessment of the medicinal qualities of this oil.
... In a controlled study on Patients with uremic pruritus which compared the effects of 4% Chia seed oil lotion with moisturizers only, itching and skin disorders such as skin hydration and lichen simplex chronicus were all improved on the treatment side (14,15). The coconut oil has been also increasingly used in food and skin products in recent years that has several healing properties (16,17). The study by Sembiring et al. showed that topical application of peppermint oil in patients undergoing dialysis had a positive effect on reducing pruritus in these patients (7). ...
Background: Chronic pruritus is one of the most common skin manifestations in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).Omega-3 fatty acids could be used as an efficient drug for treatment of pruritus in uremic patients. Chia seed oil is one of the richest plant sources of omega-3. Aim: This study aimed to compare the effect of topical chia oil and coconut oil on pruritus and laboratory parameters in ESRD patients. Method: This semi-experimental study with control group was performed on 105 hemodialysis patients in Kerman, Iran in 2021. The participants were randomly assigned into two intervention groups (chia oil and coconut oil) and one control group. The chia and coconut oils were applied topically twice a day for two weeks. Pruritus was measured before, at the end, and two weeks after the intervention. Some laboratory parameters were measured before and at the end of the intervention. Data collection tool was Yosipovitch pruritus questionnaire. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean pruritus score was significantly different between the three groups of chia oil (2.61±1.17), coconut oil (3.00±1.15), and control (4.48±0.88) at the end of the intervention and two weeks after the intervention (P <0.001). The laboratory parameters were not significantly different between the three groups before and after the intervention (P >0.05). Implications for Practice: Chia and coconut oil were effective on reducing pruritus in ESRD patients. Chia oil and coconut oil are cost-effective without any major complications that can be used to reduce pruritus.
... Использование оливкового масла как наружного средства популярно во многих странах, однако опубликовано лишь небольшое количество исследований, свидетельствующих о его эффективности в качестве смягчающего средства [44,45]. Более того, рандомизированные контролируемые исследования показали, что, в отличие от подсолнечного масла, местное использование оливкового масла, преобладающим компонентом которого является олеиновая кислота, значительно повреждает кожный барьер и, следовательно, может способствовать развитию и усугублять существующий атопический дерматит, поэтому не рекомендуется использовать чистое оливковое масло для смягчения сухой кожи и массажа у младенцев, однако это не относится к косметическим средствам, в том числе разработанным и для детей, в состав которых входит оливковое масло. ...
... However, glycerol and urea formulations demonstrated complex effect on skin barrier function, strengthening skin barrier and accelerating repair after mechanical injury on one hand and on the other hand enhancing the permeability in higher concentration [209,210]. Among natural oils that were used in some studies as moisturizers, coconut oil and sunflower oil containing linoleic acid may provide some beneficial effects, but they also have the ability to disrupt the skin barrier, increase allergen penetration and induce sensitization, which is particularly evident with olives oil [211]. In addition to beneficial components, moisturizers may contain other excipients such as emulsifiers, preservatives, fragrances that may also have sensitizing or irritating potential [174,212]. ...
Food allergy represents a growing public health and socio-economic problem with an increasing prevalence over the last two decades. Despite its substantial impact on the quality of life, current treatment options for food allergy are limited to strict allergen avoidance and emergency management, creating an urgent need for effective preventive strategies. Advances in the understanding of the food allergy pathogenesis allow to develop more precise approaches targeting specific pathophysiological pathways. Recently, the skin has become an important target for food allergy prevention strategies, as it has been hypothesized that allergen exposure through the impaired skin barrier might induce an immune response resulting in subsequent development of food allergy. This review aims to discuss current evidence supporting this complex interplay between the skin barrier dysfunction and food allergy by highlighting the crucial role of epicutaneous sensitization in the causality pathway leading to food allergen sensitization and progression to clinical food allergy. We also summarize recently studied prophylactic and therapeutic interventions targeting the skin barrier repair as an emerging food allergy prevention strategy and discuss current evidence controversies and future challenges. Further studies are needed before these promising strategies can be routinely implemented as prevention advice for the general population.
... Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is one of several herbal products that have been used to treat microbial infections and wounds for years. 11 VCO is a clear to pale-yellow liquid extracted from ripe coconut and counts as a processed plant-based oil that can also be consumed orally. 1,12 VCO can be very beneficial in treating skin disorders accompanied by impaired permeability, such as eczema and atopic dermatitis. ...
Background: Nipple fissure is a prevalent problem for breastfeeding mothers. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an herbal medicine that can heal microbial infections and wounds. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of VCO and breast milk on nipple fissures in primiparous mothers. Design, Setting, Participants, and Intervention: A single-blind clinical trial was conducted with 106 breastfeeding primiparous mothers suffering from nipple fissures in health centers of Zarand, Kerman, from August 2020 to November 2020. The participants were selected randomly and allocated to two 60-member groups using block randomization. Mothers in the first group were asked to apply 0.5 mL of coconut oil on their nipples three times a day. Mothers in the second group were trained to apply three to four drops of their milk on their nipples after every breastfeeding session. The level of nipple fissures and pain intensity were examined using Storr's scale and visual analog scale, respectively. The results were analyzed using the chi-square test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and the independent samples t-test in SPSS 22. In this study, the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Within-group comparisons revealed a significant difference between baseline scores and the scores on the 7th and 14th days (p < 0.001). Between-group comparison indicated no significant difference in nipple fissure (p = 0.419) and pain intensity (p = 0.405) at baseline. Nonetheless, there was a significant difference on the 7th day (pfissure = 0.002, ppain <0.001) and on the 14th day (pfissure <0.001, ppain = 0.036). Conclusion: Given its effect on nipple fissures, VCO may be used as a complementary substance to treat nipple fissures. Trial Registration: This trial is registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with the identifier: IRCT20190724044318N1.
... If coconut oil is used for the skin, virgin coconut oil (processed within 24 hours of harvest to avoid the formation of fatty acids that may cause skin irritation) should be used. 31 In a systematic review examining the effects of coconut oil on preterm neonates' skin care, TEWL and infection rates decreased, growth and skin integrity improved, and no significant adverse effects associated with coconut oil application were observed. 32 In addition, in a study investigating neonatal nurses' perceptions of topical coconut oil for very preterm infants, the vast majority of nurses (92%) felt that the application of coconut oil improved the preterm infant's skin condition. ...
Objective:
To identify studies that aimed to determine the effects of topical oils on neonatal skin.
Data sources:
Authors searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Science Direct databases.
Study selection:
The databases were searched for studies published through February 2022 (when the search was conducted) using the keywords "skin", "neonatal", "infant", and "oil". Fourteen randomized controlled trials that met the eligibility criteria were included in the review.
Data extraction:
Researchers used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) reporting guidelines to guide this systematic review. Two authors reviewed and evaluated the articles independently.
Data synthesis:
The 14 studies included in this review were conducted with a total of 5,683 neonates, most of whom were preterm. The included studies used blended sunflower (n = 8), coconut (n = 5), almond (n = 2), olive (n = 1), mustard (n = 1), and vegetable (n = 1) oils. These studies investigated the effects of topical oils on the skin's barrier functions and skin integrity. Most studies used noninvasive measurement devices to evaluate the skin's barrier functions; they used a variety of scoring systems to evaluate skin integrity. Eleven of the studies concluded that the oils used in the skincare of neonates effectively improve the skin condition and barrier functions of the skin. However, three studies found equivocal, negative, or mixed findings.
Conclusion:
Although current evidence indicates a potential benefit, more studies with a high level of evidence on the subject are required.
... Therefore, the oil, rich in linoleic acid (60.9%), demonstrated the ability to maintain the stratum corneum integrity, to hydrate the skin and to reduce the severity of AD without causing erythema [3]. In the same line, in a comprehensive review, Karagounis et al. established that the topical application of sunflower oil, containing linoleic acid as main compound, improve the skin barrier function in skin diseases such as AD and xerosis [58]. Blaess et al. proposed a topical combination of linoleic acid and amitriptyline as a safe and personalized therapeutic alternative in order to treat dry and itchy skin occurred in AD, as well as the therapy with linoleic acid as a method of prophylaxis [59]. ...
The present study was aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability as well as to assess the protective effect of the mixture of Helianthus annuus L. (HAO) and Oenothera biennis L. (OBO) oils on 3D tissue models of skin irritation and phototoxicity. The following methods were used: GS analysis (fatty acids composition), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay (TBA) (lipid oxidation degree of tested samples), 3D EpiDerm models (skin irritation and phototoxicity). For HAO the detected saturated fatty acids (SFA) were palmitic acid (7.179%), stearic acid (3.586%), eicosanoic (0.138%) and docosanoic acid (0.548%) The monounsaturated acids (MUFA) were palmitoleic acid (0.158%) and oleic acid (28.249%) and the polyunsaturated acids (PUFA) were linoleic acid (59.941%) and linolenic acid (0.208%). For OBO the detected SFA were myristic acid (0.325%), pentadecylic acid (0.281%), palmitic (7.2%), stearic (2.88%), and arachidic acid (0.275%). Regarding MUFA, even a lower proportion (8.196%) was observed, predominantly being oleic acid, cis form (7.175%), oleic (n10) (0.558%) and 11-eicosenoic (0.210%) acids. The higher content was found for PUFA (82.247%), the most significant proportions being linoleic acid (72.093%), arachidonic acid (9.812%) and linolenic (0.233%). Obtained data indicate a good oxidative stability and biocompatibility of the mixture on the 3D EpiDerm models with no irritant and no phototoxic effects. Oenothera biennis L. oil may be an excellent natural choice in order to delay or prevent oxidative damage of Helianthus annuus L. oil.
... Due to these properties, they are very suitable for application in topical products. The oils of almond [10], peanut [11], sesame seed [12], coconut [13], grape seed [14], olive [15], etc. are the most commonly used vegetable oils for the preparation of topical products. ...
The object of this paper was to utilize the plum seed oil for the preparation of the topical formulation for skin care since it can improve elasticity and prevent accelerated skin aging. Soxhlet extraction of plum seed oil was performed using n-hep-tane. The spectrophotometric methods were applied to estimate the photoprotec-tive effect and antioxidant activity of the samples. The warm-warm emulsification process was used for the preparation of topical formulation based on plum seed oil. The antioxidant activity of the plum seed oil was estimated based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (9.39 mg/mL). After the incorporation of the oil in the topical formulation, the IC 50 value of 9.33 mg/mL was not significantly changed. The viscosities of the topical formulation and plum seed oil were 1.56×10 6 mPa·s (at the shear rate of 5 s-1) and 60.48 mPa·s (at the shear rate of 50 s-1), respectively. Rheological analysis showed that the plum seed oil and topical formulation were Newtonian and non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids, respectively. The formulation adsorbed the light in the UV-Vis range so that it can be used as a w/o emulsion photoprotective cream. The cream with adequate pH value was stable and micro-biologically safe for application to the skin. Due to the use of cheaper ingredients, the formulation is acceptable and suitable for manufacturing.
... Oils also contain emollient properties and their hydrophobicity, consistency, scent, and nontoxicity provide for widespread topical application. 38 Vegetable (cooking) oils, in particular, are unique in that they are triacylglycerols with different proportions along with free phytonutrients and tocols, such as vitamin E. 39,40 Tocopherols and tocotrienols demonstrate antioxidant ability and are amphipathic molecules, with a chromanol ring system and an alkyl chain. [41][42][43] Whereas tocopherols have a saturated alkyl chain, tocotrienols have units of unsaturation on their chain. ...
Sunscreens protect the skin from the harmful effects of Ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight. However, most commercial sunscreens pose health and environmental hazards, lose effectivity over time, or are simply unpleasant to use, making it imperative to search for greener, safer, and efficacious alternatives. Plant-based oil extractions are promising given their hydrophobicity, nontoxicity, and availability. This paper aims to determine the absorptive capabilities of five common cooking (vegetable) oils using UVA spectrophotometry and analyze the properties of the oils that relate to their efficacy. Oils high in tocols, such as Rice Bran Oil, had the highest extinction coefficient. The analysis suggests that plant-based oil extractions high in phytonutrients with aromatic rings and pi-systems, such as tocols and carotenoids, present the greatest potential to serve as UV chemical filters.
... Several studies have proven the effectiveness of VCO in treating xerosis and atopic dermatitis. VCO has been shown to have a beneficial effect as a skin protector in infants and adults (Karagounis et al., 2019). ...
Hemodialysis is an action taken to treat various problems caused by Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Pruritus is a complication that often occurs due to hemodialysis, can cause injury to the skin, and interfere with patient comfort. Emollients are recommended to treat pruritus, where Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Olive Oil (OO) are effective emollients to treat pruritus because they are easy to obtain, natural, and without side effects. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the effectiveness of reducing pruritus grade scores in hemodialysis patients using VCO and OO. This study used a quasi-experiment with two groups pre-post test design. Samples were taken using the purposive sampling technique involving 72 patients undergoing hemodialysis which were divided into two groups (VCO and OO). The instrument used the score of the degree of pruritus and the data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the study obtained a p-value of 0.008 (<0.05) which means that there is a difference in the effectiveness of giving VCO with OO on the score of the degree of pruritus in patients, VCO is more effective in reducing the score of the degree of pruritus in patients. So that the use of VCO can be used as an alternative nurse intervention in the treatment of pruritus in hemodialysis patients. KEYWORDS: Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, Olive Oil, Pruritus, Virgin Coconut Oil
... Many commonly used household items can be considered for certain skin conditions. For conditions such as xerosis or atopic dermatitis, some studies have reported benefits in moisturization for patients using virgin coconut oil, petroleum jelly, and baby oil ( Hlela et al., 2015 ;Karagounis et al., 2019 ), which are relatively inexpensive. Of these options, petroleum is the most hydrating, but it can stain clothing or furniture. ...
Given demographic changes and increases in longevity, physicians will see increasing numbers of patients over the age of 65. As our population ages, it should be a priority to adapt and optimize patient care to better serve the needs of older patients. The goal of this review is to shed light on potential barriers impacting treatment adherence and to improve clinical care for older adults with dermatologic conditions. We provide practical strategies to help overcome these barriers and provide suggestions to address the impact of functional limitations on topical medication adherence. Some less apparent risks of treatment, such as fall risks with topical treatments are also discussed along with other issues such as costs of treatments and prescribing considerations for patients who reside in facilities.
... Similar to other food allergens, 15 we found a 95% probability of allergy to high numbers on SPT and sIgE, with SPT value of 9 mm wheal and sIgE of 58 kUa/L. Low specificity of coconut allergen testing is likely due to high rates of sensitization in patients with atopic dermatitis 18 who might be using coconutcontaining cosmetic products 19 and owing to crossreactivity of coconut with other allergens (tree nuts, soy, etcetera). 20 We found a trend for racial differences in those with allergy to coconut, specifically a higher risk for allergy vs sensitization in Asian and African American patients, at 2-fold and 1.5fold, respectively. ...
Background
Little is known about the clinical manifestations of coconut allergy. Our knowledge to date is mainly based upon case reports.
Objective
Our objective is to characterize allergic reactions to coconut and suggest diagnostic cut-offs for sIgE and skin prick testing (SPT) to predict clinically reactive coconut allergy.
Methods
Methods include retrospective chart review at an urban tertiary care center of patients with positive testing for coconut. Probability curves were computed by logistic regression for skin prick test (SPT) and coconut-sIgE.
Results
Of 275 records reviewed, 69 patients reported coconut reactions, and 206 were sensitized-only or non-allergic. Reactions occurred with breastfeeding (n=2), contact (n=10), or oral ingestion (n=57). ∼50% of oral ingestion reactions were associated with mild/moderate anaphylaxis. Clinical reactivity v. sensitization was more common in topical coconut users (2-fold), p=0.02. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend towards more coconut allergy versus sensitization in Asian and African-American patients. The probability of allergy with positive SPT was ∼50% and with sIgE was ∼60%. At an SPT of 9mm wheal or sIgE of 58 kUa/L there is a 95% probability of reaction. Co-sensitization with tree nuts, legumes and seeds was common. Macadamia nut had the strongest correlation with coconut, r=0.81, p<0.001, n=101.
Conclusion
Although the rate of reactivity to coconut in sensitized individuals is low, half of reactions from consumption met criteria for anaphylaxis. Clinicians should be aware of the spectrum of reactions and diagnostic utility of sIgE and SPT
... Further research is needed for other natural oils, such as sunflower oil and coconut oil, before any recommendations can be made. 45 The best emollient is one that is acceptable and affordable to patient and family. Ideal emollients from patients' and parents' perspectives include non-fragrant, non-herbal, white or transparent preparations that require applications of no more than two to three times per day. ...
The Guidelines Development Panel on "Management of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in Children" has performed the first updated review on the topic since the publication of the management guidelines by the Hong Kong College of Paediatricians in 2013. While most of the recommendations of the original guidelines are still valid, various management issues are further elaborated based on recent evidences in addition to the latest international and regional guidelines. Using validated clinical scores for assessment of severity of AD are advocated by the European guidelines to guide stepwise management and monitor progress. There are more evidences to support the proactive approach with use of topical anti-inflammatory agents as long-term treatment for the control of chronic recurrent AD. Topical corticosteroids remain first line topical agents for AD, while topical calcineurin inhibitors are indicated for sensitive areas and can be used as maintenance treatment. The role of newer therapeutic agents including topical phosphodiasterase 4 inhibitors, biologics and allergen immunotherapy for use in paediatric patients are deliberated. Management of itch, tackling issues of steroid phobia and compliance remain challenges in AD management. The concepts of skin barrier dysfunction in AD and targeting the skin for allergy prevention strategies are discussed.
... 5,6 Olive oil has also been found effective in reducing the TEWL and improving the skin barrier and reducing the severity of atopic dermatitis. 7,8 Aloe vera is also known for its antiinflammatory properties as it inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces prostaglandin E2 production from arachidonic acid. It also possesses antiseptic, moisturizing and anti-aging effect and has been found to improve the skin integrity. ...
Background
Traditional medicinal systems are widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent for a wide variety of diseases. We aimed to identify the various home remedies used by people to treat numerous pediatric dermatoses.
Material and Methods
It was an observational study carried out over 18 months in which 150 children attending our clinics were recruited. A detailed history regarding the various indigenous preparations used was taken from caregivers and noted in a proforma.
Results
A total of 150 children (M:F‐89:61) aged between 4 months to 18 years were included. Atopic dermatitis and eczema (n=28) were the most common dermatoses whereas the most common home remedies used for these either solo or in combination were coconut oil (13), olive oil (11), mustard oil (7), aloevera gel (6), ghee (6), curd (4) and honey (2). Acne was the second most common dermatoses (n=22), products used for acne were Fuller’s earth, aloevera gel, turmeric, gram flour, mustard oil, lime and sandalwood paste. Other dermatoses treated by indigenous products included impetigo and other bacterial infections, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytoses, verruca, molluscum, hypopigmentary disorders etc.
Conclusion
In Indian setup, home remedies are commonly used by the caregivers before visiting a dermatologist to treat various pediatric dermatoses.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Olive oil is another substance commonly used in cosmetics. The emollient properties of this excipient are controversial; nevertheless, due to the oleic acid content, this excipient causes disorganization of the lipids present in the SC, increasing the skin permeation of substances [84]. This excipient has been used as the main component of the oily phase for several nanoemulsion preparations [90À92], and Tou et al. [93] already demonstrated that olive oil-based nanoemulsions present a higher skin permeation and drug flux through ex vivo models when compared with liquid-paraffin control. ...
This chapter introduces nanoemulsions as vehicles to be used in dermocosmetics and cosmetics for skin and hair applications. Nanoemulsions are pseudoternary systems, constituted by ingredients of traditional cosmetics (water, oils, and surfactants) but, unlike emulsions, these formulations are highly stable, have low droplet size, and allow an easy flow over the skin with no creaming and glossy coating. It presents the differences between nanoemulsions other submicron emulsified systems, identifies the components already explored for nanoemulsion formation, and also explains the preparation methods and the characterization assays employed for such systems. The potentialities of nanoemulsions in terms of incorporation of bioactive molecules, final formulation form, and the pleasant sensorial properties were addressed. Finally, examples of cosmetic nanoemulsion-based products already marketed were presented.
... The perception that products with natural ingredients are safe increases their use in skin conditions that can be controlled with consistent moisturizing practices. For xerosis prevention and treatment, the key ingredients are oils (Karagounis, Gittler, Rotemberg, & Morel, 2019). In a study investigating the effect of coconut, jojoba, and almond oils on the skin barrier function of xerosis patients, participants were randomized to apply 1 moisturizer twice daily for 2 weeks. ...
Background
The convergence of food and cosmetics in the beauty industry is a major trend in the recent years, gaining an enormous importance on consumer habits including the diet, the nutritional supplement intake and food-based cosmetics.
Scope and approach
An overview about the concept of nutricosmetics is here presented, and how food and skin convergence trends the cosmetic industry. Examples of recently developed products are given.
Key findings
Food ingredients are being included in cosmetics and other personal care products with the aim of bringing into cosmetic products certain benefits of food ingredients. Moreover, due to the recommendation of the circular economy implementation, an approach to economic growth that is in line with sustainable environmental and economic development, a large number of food industry wastes are being recovered as added-value products by more sustainable and innovative extraction processes to be incorporated into cosmetic products amongst others. Although the potential of bioactive compounds extracted from food is already known, the specific biological activity is now being studied and reported.
Conclusions
Natural active food-derived ingredients are marketed as having several benefits on the skin. Their incorporation in food supplements and cosmetics is a reality already marketed. The truth about the benefits of food ingredients in cosmetics is not always properly discussed. The trend of “beauty from within” by oral supplementation is now accompanying the other trend that is “from the kitchen table to the skin”, that refers to the possibility to create cosmetics with the ordinary ingredients one have in the kitchen.
... A recent review of natural oils for treating AD in pediatric patients highlighted the potential of olive oil to cause irritant and ACD. 35 One study of 1142 patch tests in children (<18 years old) revealed that pediatric patients with AD showed significant reaction patterns to allergens notable for their use in dermatologic products, including cocamidopropyl betaine, lanolin, tixocortol pivalate, and parthenolide. 36 Other examples of sensitizers that can be found in products used by AD patients include tea tree oil (melaleuca), coconut oil, chamomile, and other various botanicals. ...
Pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin conditions encountered by health-care providers caring for infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric patients with AD may present with other allergic and nonallergic comorbidities that require appropriate treatment and referral. They may also experience a trajectory of allergic diseases known as the atopic march, which depends on a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors and likely involves early epidermal barrier dysfunction. Here we provide a review and clinical recommendations on the assessment and referral of comorbidities in pediatric AD.
... 24 Olive oil should be avoided and may exacerbate xerosis and AD. 25 Treatments such as vitamin E, East Indian Sandalwood Oil, melatonin, L-histidine, and Manuka honey have very limited evidence and are not recommended. 26 ...
Because atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease, treatment requires the use of both active therapy to control flares and preventative maintenance therapy to promote integrity of the skin barrier. In this third of four sections, important clinical considerations for the treatment of pediatric AD are reviewed. Emerging therapies in development for pediatric AD are introduced.
... 6 But it can exacerbate existing dermatitis by interrupting the natural barrier function of skin. 7 Topical olive oil could acts as sunscreen, but contains 2ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate and 4-t-butyl-4'methoxy-dibenzoyl methane which is UVB absorber, maintaining proper penetration of ultraviolet lights to deep epidermal and dermal compartments of the skin. 8 Olive oil doesn't interfere with ultraviolet light penetration and can be applied before NB-UVB sessions safely also topical olive oil nourishes the skin without harmful toxic that's why olive oil being added to various cosmetic formulas. ...
p class="abstract"> Background: Adult segmental vitiligo treated by narrow band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) showed delayed repigmentation. This study is being undertaken to determine the efficacy of topical olive oil addition before (NB-UVB) sessions for vitiligo patients (pts).
Methods: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) enrolled ten volunteers suffering segmental vitiligo on both upper limbs, all patients left limb was tested by topical olive oil before each NB-UVB session and twice daily in session free days for a total of 20 sessions (46 days), the right upper limb was the control (only NB-UVB), each site response was assessed based on time of appearance of erythema and repigmentation. Statistical analysis was done by the Chi-square test.
Results: All patients were ten, seven were female (70%), three males (30%) of middle age group, university graduates live in Khartoum state. Their left upper limbs showed erythema in <3 sessions in five pts (50%) and three-five sessions in (50%), repigmentation started in <3 sessions in one patient (10%) and three-four sessions in five pt. (50%) and >5 sessions for four pts (40%), pattern of repigmentation was marginal in eight pts (80%), mixed in two pts (20%). Their right upper limbs showed erythema in three-four sessions in two pts (20%) and eight pts (80%) needed five sessions, repigmentation started after five sessions in all patients (100%), pattern of repigmentation was follicular in one pts (10%), marginal in five pts (50%), mixed in four pts (40%).
Conclusions: Addition of topical olive oil to NB-UVB for segmental vitiligo patients showed earlier occurrence of repigmentation and better pigmentation pattern.</p
... Ein Nutzen im Sinne der Verbesserung der Hautbarrierefunktion erbringen allerdings in erster Linie solche Pflanzenöle, die reich an essentiellen Fettsäuren und/oder Linolsäure sind (z.B. Sonnenblumen-, Distel-, Maiskeim-, Sanddornöl), weil sie die Hydratation der Haut unterstützen und helfen, die Entzündung zu reduzieren.91,92 Es sollte darauf geachtet werden, dass die Emollientien keine Mandel-oder Erdnussöle oder Zusätze an Weizenprotein enthalten, da diese in Verdacht stehen eine Sensibilisierung auslösen zu können und das Risiko für eine der Neurodermitis nachfolgenden Lebensmittelallergie zu erhöhen.[93][94][95] ...
Die Zahl der allergischen Erkrankungen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den Industrienationen stark zugenommen. Eine Kombination aus umweltbedingten und genetischen Faktoren ist für eine Sensibilisierung gegen Umwelt- und Nahrungmittelsallergene und die nachfolgende Auslösung einer Allergie verantwortlich. Neueste Erkenntnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ein genetisch bedingter Mangel an Filaggrin, einem Schlüsselprotein für die strukturelle und funktionelle Integrität der Hautbarriere, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entstehung von Allergien, insbesondere der Neurodermitis (atopische Dermatitis), spielt. Ein signifikanter Anteil der europäischen Bevölkerung trägt Varianten des Profilaggrin-Gens, die kein funktionsfähiges Filaggrin-Protein hervorbringen und somit eine schwere Barrierestörung der Haut zur Folge haben. Träger solcher Null- oder Funktionsverlust-Mutationen weisen ein vielfach erhöhtes Erkrankungsrisiko für Neurodermitis auf. Darüber hinaus prädisponieren diese Polymorphismen für Nahrungsmittelallergien sowie Heuschnupfen und lassen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Patienten mit Neurodermitis zusätzlich an allergischem Asthma bronchiale erkranken, deutlich ansteigen. Die Funktionsverlust-Mutationen des Profilaggrin-Gens sind weiterhin für die Entstehung der Fischschuppenkrankheit (Ichthyosis vulgaris) verantwortlich.
Präventive und kurative Therapieoptionen der atopischen Dermatitis zielen vor allen Dingen auf die Wiederherstellung und Normalisierung der kutanen Barrierefunktion durch umfangreiche und zielgerichtete Pflegemaßnahmen der Haut ab. Da es sich bei dem Großteil der von einer Neurodermitis Betroffenen um Säuglinge und Kinder handelt, spielt die Früherkennung möglicher Risikofaktoren eine besondere Rolle für die Abwägung der Notwendigkeit einer protektiven Intensivpflege der Haut mit der Absicht, den Ausbruch der atopischen Dermatitis zu verhindern oder zu verzögern bzw. die Schwere der chronischen Entzündung zu lindern. Die Bereitschaft zur aktiven Mitwirkung an einer solchen Präventivmaßnahme steigt deutlich, wenn der Nachweis einer genetisch bedingten Erkrankung geführt werden kann. In diesem Sinne leistet die molekulargenetische Analyse des Filaggrin-Genotyps und der mögliche Nachweis einer Funktionsverlust-Mutation dem Therapeuten wertvolle Hilfestellung in der Beratung eines mutmaßlichen Neurodermitikers (oder im Falle von Säuglingen oder Kleinkindern deren Eltern) bei der Begründung der Sinnhaftigkeit einer regelmäßigen und intensiven Hautpflege.
The term natural oil refers to a fixed (non‐volatile) oil of animal or plant origin. These types of oils – in contrast to essential (volatile) oils, which are obtained by steam distillation methods of plant matter – are typically obtained from plant seeds and nuts by a mechanical pressing technique or solvent extraction. The natural movement in cosmetics of the 21st century has led to renewed interest in formulating skin care products with botanical ingredients. In this article, we discuss the benefits and caveats of natural oil treatments as moisturizing agents (as occlusives and emollients) as well as their utility in wound healing and treatment of skin diseases. We also address the paradoxical behaviour of natural oils in relation to barrier function and highlight the current state of our knowledge with respect to the use of natural oils in neonatal skin care. Finally, we provide a comparison of natural oils to conventional petroleum‐based oils.
BACKGROUND: Eczema is a chronic and widespread dermatological condition with disabling consequences. A significant percentage of patients who suffer from it resort to alternative therapies, especially homeopathy. This article assesses the relevance of such an approach.
METHODS: Narrative literature review, with particular interest for the period from May 2012 to May 2023. We searched in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library.
RESULTS: Of the 27 articles listed, only seven address the effectiveness of homeopathy in treating eczema: two prospective observational non-randomized studies, a prospective comparative analysis, an observational longitudinal study, a six-cases series, a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial and its replication trial. None indisputably demonstrates a superiority of homeopathy over the placebo effect. More worryingly, side effects to homeopathic treatment are reported, sometimes serious. It also entails a higher cost.
CONCLUSIONS: Homeopathy has no place in the medical management of eczema, and its use should be discouraged.
Keywords:
Eczema, atopic dermatitis, homeopathy, placebo effect, CAM.
(c) Revue Médicale de Bruxelles - AMUB, 2024.
Objetivo: Describir el manejo actual recomendado a los profesionales de la salud para el tratamiento de las grietas en el pezón asociadas a la lactancia materna basado en la evidencia científica. Material y métodos: Revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos tales como Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, entre otras. Aplicando filtros y criterios de selección, se obtuvieron 15 artículos en esta síntesis de evidencia. Resultados: Las grietas del pezón se observan generalmente entre el tercer y el séptimo día después del parto y pueden continuar hasta por seis semanas, posicionándose como el segundo factor de abandono de la lactancia materna. En cuanto al origen, se ha demostrado que la posición y el acople incorrecto se consideran las causas más comunes que generan las grietas del pezón. No existe un único método para la prevención o tratamiento de las grietas en el pezón. Conclusión: No se recomienda un tratamiento estándar para las grietas del pezón, sino que este dependerá del tipo de lesión. De acuerdo a esta revisión y evaluación de los artículos, la leche materna se considerará eficaz solo si el pezón está enrojecido y no hay pérdida de continuidad de la piel, si ese es el caso se recomienda mantener la zona limpia evitando la humedad para favorecer la cicatrización del tejido.
Skin allergies and diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), affect millions worldwide. Current treatments for AD are often expensive, leading to a need for cost‐effective solutions. Here, using fiber‐based patches to maintain and increase skin hydration is explored, which helps treat eczema and AD. Nanofiber membranes are manufactured via electrospinning of eight different polymers: nylon 6 (PA6), polyimide (PI), poly(3‐hydroxybuty‐rate‐ co ‐3‐hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), poly( l ‐lactide) (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polystyrene (PS), and two molecular weights poly(vinyl butyral‐ co ‐vinyl alcohol‐ co ‐vinyl acetate) (PVB). Further, their morphology is examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fibers, and pores diameter, wettability, and membrane thickness. Additionally, water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) are measured, and notably, skin hydration tests are conducted before and after using evening primrose oil‐infused patches. The comparison and findings highlight the flexibility of electrospun patches, demonstrating their potential in maintaining skin hydration for 6 h and enhancing skin moisture, which are necessary in AD treatment. These insights, which focus on selecting the most effective performance patches, help improve skin moisture, leading to tailored treatments for AD, which can significantly impact the efforts to reduce healthcare costs and simplify skincare steps.
The effect of synthetic plant growth regulators Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin, as well as fertilizers Rostok Extra and Radix Tim forte plus, used separately or together, on the growth of four-week-old sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Azimuth was studied. Synthetic plant growth regulators Methyur and Kamethur, as well as fertilizers Rostock extra and Radix Tim forte plus, when used separately or together, had the greatest stimulating effect on the growth of sunflower shoots and roots. Synthetic plant growth regulator Ivin showed the highest effect on the growth of sunflower shoots and roots when used in combination with fertilizers Rostock extra and Radix Tim forte plus. The results obtained confirmed the prospect for the practical application of plant growth regulators Methyur, Kamethur and Ivin, used separately or in combination with fertilizers Rostok Extra and Radix Tim forte plus, to improve the growth and development of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Azimuth in the vegetative phase. Keywords: sunflower, plant growth regulators, fertilizers
In field conditions, the effect of plant growth regulators Ivin (N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine), Methyur (sodium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine), Kamethur (potassium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine) on growth and productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Bastion was studied. The growth-regulating activity of plant growth regulators Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur was compared with the growth-regulating activity of the auxin IAA (1H-Indol-3-yl)acetic acid). It was found that the treatment of seeds before planting in the soil with water solutions of Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur, used at a concentration of 10-7 M, contributes to an increase in morphological parameters (length of shoot and root, fresh weight of plant and basket) and biochemical parameters (content of chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Bastion grown in field conditions for 3 months. The growth-regulating activity of plant growth regulators Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur was higher than the growth-regulating activity of the auxin IAA used at the same concentration of 10-7 M. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of using plant growth regulators Ivin, Methyur and Kamethur to increase the length of shoot and root, fresh weight of the plant and basket, and the content of chlorophylls in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Bastion. Keywords: sunflower, growth, productivity, Ivin, Methyur, Kamethur, IAA.
Studies of the regulatory activity of [1,3]oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine
derivatives on the formation and development of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus
L.) variety Bastion shoot and root systems were carried out. It was established that
the effect of chemical compounds might occur similar to the effect of natural plant
hormone IAA in plants treated with solutions 10-8 M.
Keywords: derivatives of [1,3]oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.), auxin IAA
Objective
Provide a review of atopic dermatitis management, focusing on optimizing topical therapy, creating a stepwise approach for treatment plans, and guide when to start systemic therapy.
Data Sources
PubMed search of English-language articles regarding atopic dermatitis in all ages.
Study Selection
Articles on the subject matter were selected and reviewed.
Results
Topical corticosteroids are first-line treatment for managing atopic dermatitis. Topical nonsteroidal agents, calcineurin inhibitors, crisaborole, and recently ruxolitinib, that cause no cutaneous atrophy are options for reducing use of topical corticosteroids, including on sensitive sites. Emerging topical agents are in clinical trials. Proactive management, with continued application 2-3 times weekly of a mid-potency topical corticosteroid or tacrolimus, may maintain control for clear or almost clear, localized sites of dermatitis that rapidly recur when topical anti-inflammatory medication is stopped. If topical therapy alone cannot control disease and quality of life is impacted, re-evaluation to confirm diagnosis, manage comorbid conditions, address compliance and patient-specific concerns, and optimize topical therapy must be undertaken before deciding to advance to systemic medication. Dupilumab, an interleukin-4 receptor inhibitor, has become first-line systemic therapy, given its efficacy and safety, allowing long-term treatment without laboratory monitoring. Other biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors are emerging as alternatives that could eliminate the need for immunosuppressants with their higher risks.
Conclusion
Several options are now available for topical treatment. A stepwise approach is needed to consider alternative therapies and diagnoses before advancing to systemic treatment, but the safety of newer immunomodulators will lower the threshold for more aggressive intervention.
Moisturizers help regulate the skin barrier and continue to be the foundation of maintenance treatment for atopic dermatitis. Though a tremendous variety of moisturizers at difference price points exist on the market, studies do not show that one moisturizer or moisturizer ingredient is significantly better than another in patients with atopic dermatitis.
As a kind of subcellular organelle, lipid droplets (LDs) play a critical role in the body’s normal metabolism. LDs have gained increasing attention as a fluorescent photodynamic target site. Near-infrared (NIR) organic light-emitting luminescent materials, with aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active feature, preeminent LD-imaging ability, and effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) production property, have been widely used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in diagnostic therapeutics, but its application remains challenging. In the present work, three novel NIR organic compounds with AIE-active feature, namely, TPET-Is, TPET-Fu, and TPEF-Is, were developed and synthesized. These heteroaryl-bridged molecules possess a donor–donor–π–acceptor structure and strong intramolecular charge transfer character. These AIEgens are capable of high-fidelity LD imaging in living cells (Pearson’s coefficient values: 0.94, 0.96, 0.97) due to their biocompatibility, good photostability, and strong lipophilicity (LogP values: 9.39, 7.89, 8.03), respectively. Moreover, they can be also applied in bright imaging the LDs of oil-rich plant tissues, such as those of sunflower seeds. The respective AIEgens TPET-Fu of these compounds can also produce ROS in the condition of white light to effectively kill live Hela cells. The present study thus provides a potential strategy through heteroaryl-bridged molecular engineering for LD-targeted imaging and PDT application.
Aging is spontaneous and inevitable process in all living beings. It is a complex natural phenomenon that manifests as a gradual decline of physiological functions and homeostasis. Aging inevitably leads to age-associated injuries, diseases, and eventually death. The research on aging-associated diseases aimed at delaying, preventing or even reversing the aging process are of great significance for healthy aging and also for scientific progress. Numerous plant-derived compounds have anti-aging effects, but their therapeutic potential is limited due to their short shelf-life and low bioavailability. As the novel delivery system, nanoemulsion can effectively improve this defect. Nanoemulsions enhance the delivery of drugs to the target site, maintain the plasma concentration for a longer period, and minimize adverse reaction and side effects. This review describes the importance of nanoemulsions for the delivery of phyto-derived compounds and highlights the importance of nanoemulsions in the treatment of aging-related diseases. It also covers the methods of preparation, fate and safety of nanoemulsions, which will provide valuable information for the development of new strategies in treatment of aging-related diseases.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments are growing in popularity as alternative treatments for common skin conditions.
Objectives: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the tolerability and treatment response to CAM treatments in acne, atopic dermatitis (AD), and psoriasis. Methods: PubMed/Medline and Embase databases were searched to identify eligible studies measuring the effects of CAM in acne, AD, and psoriasis. Effect size with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the random-effect model.
Results: The search yielded 417 articles; 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. The quantitative results of CAM treatment showed a standard mean difference (SMD) of 3.78 (95% CI [-0.01, 7.57]) and 0.58 (95% CI [-6.99, 8.15]) in the acne total lesion count, a SMD of -0.70 (95% CI [-1.19, -0.21]) in the eczema area and severity index score and a SMD of 0.94 (95% CI [-0.83, 2.71]) in the scoring of atopic dermatitis score for AD, and a SMD of 3.04 (95% CI [-0.35, 6.43]) and 5.16 (95% CI [-0.52, 10.85]) in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index score for psoriasis.
Limitations: Differences between the study designs, sample sizes, outcome measures, and treatment durations limit the generalizability of data.
Conclusions: Based on our quantitative findings we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support the efficacy and the recommendation of CAM for acne, AD, and psoriasis.
Introduction:
Recently non-albicans Candida has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in blood stream infections. Some species of the Candida are becoming increasingly resistant to first line and second line antifungals such as echinocandins and fluconazole. In view of increasing global antifungal resistance, role of alternative and better antifungals like natural plant products need to be explored. Essential oils are known to exhibit antimicrobial activity against various fungi. Hence, we evaluated the efficacy of cinnamon oil and olive oil against Candida spp.
Aim:
To evaluate the invitro antifungal activity of olive oil and cinnamon oil against blood stream Candida isolates.
Materials and methods:
The present prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at a tertiary care teaching hospital during one year June 2011-July 2012. Blood samples were collected from 1376 patients clinically suspected to have fungal septicaemia, out of which 100 (7.2%) Candida isolates obtained, were speciated by conventional methods. Antifungal susceptibility testing of all the isolates was done against fluconazole, voriconazole as per NCCL (M27-A2) and against olive oil and cinnamon oil by agar well diffusion method.
Results:
Prevalence of Candidemia was 7.26%. C. albicans (85.3%) and C. parapsilosis (85.7%) were most sensitive to fluconazole followed by C. tropicalis (67.4%). All isolates were 100% sensitive to voriconazole. Both oils were found to be effective against nearly 50% of the Candida isolates. About 55.5% of fluconazole resistant C. krusei strains were sensitive to olive and cinnamon oil.
Conclusion:
Fluconazole resistant non-albicans Candida has emerged as major cause of Candidemia. Cinnamon and olive oil show marked sensitivity against albicans and non-albicans spp.
Topical oils on baby skin may contribute to development of childhood atopic eczema. A pilot, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial assessed feasibility of a definitive trial investigating their impact in neonates. One-hundred and fifteen healthy, full-term neonates were randomly assigned to olive oil, sunflower oil or no oil, twice daily for 4 weeks, stratified by family history of atopic eczema. We measured spectral profile of lipid lamellae, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration and pH and recorded clinical observations, at baseline, and 4 weeks post-birth. Recruitment was challenging (recruitment 11.1%; retention 80%), protocol adherence reasonable (79-100%). Both oil groups had significantly improved hydration but significantly less improvement in lipid lamellae structure compared to the no oil group. There were no significant differences in TEWL, pH or erythema/skin scores. The study was not powered for clinical significance, but until further research is conducted, caution should be exercised when recommending oils for neonatal skin.
Background:
Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that has reached epidemic proportions in children worldwide and is increasing in prevalence. Because of the significant socioeconomic effect of atopic dermatitis and its effect on the quality of life of children and families, there have been decades of research focused on disease prevention, with limited success. Recent advances in cutaneous biology suggest skin barrier defects might be key initiators of atopic dermatitis and possibly allergic sensitization.
Objective:
Our objective was to test whether skin barrier enhancement from birth represents a feasible strategy for reducing the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk neonates.
Methods:
We performed a randomized controlled trial in the United States and United Kingdom of 124 neonates at high risk for atopic dermatitis. Parents in the intervention arm were instructed to apply full-body emollient therapy at least once per day starting within 3 weeks of birth. Parents in the control arm were asked to use no emollients. The primary feasibility outcome was the percentage of families willing to be randomized. The primary clinical outcome was the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis at 6 months, as assessed by a trained investigator.
Results:
Forty-two percent of eligible families agreed to be randomized into the trial. All participating families in the intervention arm found the intervention acceptable. A statistically significant protective effect was found with the use of daily emollient on the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis with a relative risk reduction of 50% (relative risk, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.9; P = .017). There were no emollient-related adverse events and no differences in adverse events between groups.
Conclusion:
The results of this trial demonstrate that emollient therapy from birth represents a feasible, safe, and effective approach for atopic dermatitis prevention. If confirmed in larger trials, emollient therapy from birth would be a simple and low-cost intervention that could reduce the global burden of allergic diseases.
Coconut fatty acids diethanolamide [cocamide diethanolamine (cocamide DEA)] is a surface-active derivative of coconut oil that is used in industrial, household and cosmetic products. Cocamide DEA contact allergy has been reported relatively seldom.
To describe cocamide DEA-positive patients in an occupational dermatology clinic.
We retrieved allergic reactions to cocamide DEA from test files, and studied the occupation, exposure, concomitant allergic reactions and diagnoses of the positive patients.
Of the 2572 patients tested, 25 (1%) had an allergic reaction to cocamide DEA. Nineteen patients were occupational cases, and 11 worked in the metal industry. Hand cleansers constituted the main source of sensitization (n = 17). Other sources included two dishwashing liquids, one barrier cream, and one metalworking fluid. Three patients reacted to monoethanolamine and 2 to diethanolamine. Diethanolamine is an impurity of cocamide DEA, and can be found in cocamide DEA-containing products and in commercial patch test substances, which may explain some concomitant reactions.
Cocamide DEA allergy is relatively common in patients with occupational hand dermatitis, and mainly derives from hand cleansers. However, exposure to detergents, metalworking fluids and barrier creams must also be taken into account. Concomitant reactions to ethanolamines are possible.
INTRODUCTION: Topical emollients have been shown to reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Such an effect of coconut oil (often used in traditional massage of infants in India) has not been studied.
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the efficacy of topical coconut-oil application in reducing TEWL in preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates.
METHODS: Seventy-four preterm VLBW infants were randomly assigned at 12 hours of age to either 4 mL of topical coconut-oil application every 12 hours for 7 days (n = 37) or no oil application (n = 37). TEWL was measured at 12 hours of age and thereafter every 12 hours for 7 days in both groups by using a Vapometer (Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland), a portable closed-chamber evaporimeter. The ambient and skin-surface relative humidity and temperature were recorded simultaneously.
RESULTS: Birth weight (1213 ± 214 vs 1164 ± 208 g), gestation (32 ± 2 vs 31 ± 2 weeks), and other baseline variables were comparable between the 2 groups. TEWL was significantly lower in the infants in the coconut-oil group at each point of measurement. Although TEWL declined for those in both groups during the first week of life, proportional reduction in TEWL in the infants in the coconut-oil group was much greater compared with controls. Significantly lower TEWL in the infants in the coconut-oil group persisted after adjusting for differences in baseline variables by using a generalized estimating equation population-averaged model (an advanced form of regression analysis) (mean difference: 6.8 g/m2 per hour all during first week of life [95% confidence interval: 3.5–10.2]; P = .000).
CONCLUSIONS: Coconut-oil application in preterm VLBW neonates reduced TEWL by as much as 46%. Such an impact is expected to be of clinical importance, because it could reduce initial weight loss, promote better growth, and reduce fluid requirements.
PURPOSE : To understand and account for inter-individual variations in percutaneous drug penetration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). METHODS: TEWL is the standard measure of stratum corneum (SC) barrier function in vivo. The use of serial tape-stripping enables SC barrier efficiency to be assessed as a function of position. Previous studies have shown that TEWL increases as the barrier is removed by progressive tape-stripping. Although complete removal of the SC results in TEWL increasing to 80-100 g/m2h, inter-individual (and inter-regional) differences in SC thickness mean that different amounts of tissue have to be removed before these TEWL levels are attained. RESULTS: We show that normalization of the amount of SC removed with respect to the total Sc thickness effectively eliminates the inter-individual differences perceived in the raw data (i.e., TEWL as a function of tape-stripping number or as a function of cumulative SC mass removed). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate clearly that the objective evaluation of topical drug bioavailability (or of topical bioequivalence between different formulations) using tape-stripping methodology, as has been recently advocated by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, must involve a quantitative determination of the amount of SC removed. In this way, the significant inter-individual differences typically observed in the penetration measurements may be decreased.
Contact allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine has been attributed to its impurities dimethylaminopropylamine and cocamidopropyl dimethylamine.
To describe patients with positive patch test reactions to cocamidopropyl betaine-related compounds in an occupational dermatology clinic.
We reviewed the 2002-2009 patch test records at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health for allergic reactions to cocamidopropyl betaine, dimethylaminopropylamine, cocamidopropyl dimethylamine, and oleamidopropyl dimethylamine. Results. Irritant reactions to at least one of the test substances were seen in 39% of the 1092 patients tested. Fifteen (1.3%) patients showed allergic reactions: 13 to cocamidopropyl dimethylamine, 11 to dimethylaminopropylamine, 8 to oleamidopropyl dimethylamine, and 2 to cocamidopropyl betaine. Concomitant reactions to cocamidopropyl dimethylamine, dimethylaminopropylamine and oleamidopropyl dimethylamine were common. Ten of the 15 patients were diagnosed with occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by cocamidopropyl betaine-related compounds. The sources of occupational exposure included hair care products, hair colours, perm wave solutions, and liquid soaps. Multiple contact allergies and exposure to several irritant factors were common, and all patients had hand eczema.
Patch test reactions to cocamidopropyl betaine-related compounds are difficult to interpret, owing to extremely common irritant reactions. Cocamidopropyl betaine itself is probably not an allergen. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by cocamidopropyl betaine-related compounds is relatively rare and, unlike non-occupational cocamidopropyl betaine-related allergy, typically manifests as hand dermatitis.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) skin is dry and readily colonized by Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Coconut and olive oils are traditionally used to moisturize and treat skin infections.
To compare virgin coconut oil (VCO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) in moisturizing dryness and removing SA from colonized AD skin.
This was a double-blind controlled trial in two outpatient dermatology clinics with adult AD patients who were diagnosed by history, pattern, evolution, and skin lesions and who were randomized to apply VCO or VOO twice daily at two noninfected sites. SA cultures, photography, and objective-SCORAD severity index (O-SSI) scoring were done at baseline and after 4 weeks.
Twenty-six subjects each received VCO or VOO. Of those on VCO, 20 were positive for SA colonies at baseline versus 12 on VOO. Post intervention, only 1 (5%) VCO subject remained positive versus 6 (50%) of those on VOO. Relative risk for VCO was 0.10, significantly superior to that for VOO (10:1, p = .0028; 95% CI, 0.01-0.73); thus, the number needed to treat was 2.2. For the O-SSI, the difference was not significant at baseline (p = .15) but was significantly different post treatment (p = .004); this was reduced for both oils (p < .005) but was greater with VCO.
VCO and monolaurin's O-SSI reduction and in vitro broad-spectrum activity against SA (given clinical validity here), fungi, and viruses may be useful in the proactive treatment of AD colonization.
Unlabelled:
Topical therapy to enhance skin barrier function may be a simple, low-cost, effective strategy to improve outcome of preterm infants with a developmentally compromised epidermal barrier, as lipid constituents of topical products may act as a mechanical barrier and augment synthesis of barrier lipids. Natural oils are applied topically as part of a traditional oil massage to neonates in many developing countries. We sought to identify inexpensive, safe, vegetable oils available in developing countries that improved epidermal barrier function. The impact of oils on mouse epidermal barrier function (rate of transepidermal water loss over time following acute barrier disruption by tape-stripping) and ultrastructure was determined. A single application of sunflower seed oil significantly accelerated skin barrier recovery within 1 h; the effect was sustained 5 h after application. In contrast, the other vegetable oils tested (mustard, olive and soybean oils) all significantly delayed recovery of barrier function compared with control- or Aquaphor-treated skin. Twice-daily applications of mustard oil for 7 d resulted in sustained delay of barrier recovery. Moreover, adverse ultrastructural changes were seen under transmission electron microscopy in keratin intermediate filament, mitochondrial, nuclear, and nuclear envelope structure following a single application of mustard oil.
Conclusion:
Our data suggest that topical application of linoleate-enriched oil such as sunflower seed oil might enhance skin barrier function and improve outcome in neonates with compromised barrier function. Mustard oil, used routinely in newborn care throughout South Asia, has toxic effects on the epidermal barrier that warrant further investigation.
Xerosis is a common skin condition (1) characterized by dry, rough, scaly, and itchy skin, (2) associated with a defect in skin barrier function, and (3) treated with moisturizers. People in the tropics have effectively used coconut oil as a traditional moisturizer for centuries. Recently, the oil also has been shown to have skin antiseptic effects. A moisturizer with antiseptic effects has value, but there are no clinical studies to document the efficacy and safety of coconut oil as a skin moisturizer.
This study aimed to determine the effectivity and safety of virgin coconut oil compared with mineral oil as a therapeutic moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis.
A randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted on mild to moderate xerosis in 34 patients with negative patch-test reactions to the test products. These patients were randomized to apply either coconut oil or mineral oil on the legs twice a day for 2 weeks. Quantitative outcome parameters for effectivity were measured at baseline and on each visit with a Corneometer CM825 to measure skin hydration and a Sebumeter SM 810 to measure skin lipids. For safety, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with a Tewameter TM210, and skin surface hydrogen ion concentration (pH) was measured with a Skin pH Meter PH900. Patients and the investigator separately evaluated, at baseline and at each weekly visit, skin symptoms of dryness, scaling, roughness, and pruritus by using a visual analogue scale and grading of xerosis.
Coconut oil and mineral oil have comparable effects. Both oils showed effectivity through significant improvement in skin hydration and increase in skin surface lipid levels. Safety was demonstrated through no significant difference in TEWL and skin pH. Subjective grading of xerosis by the investigators and visual analogue scales used by the patients showed a general trend toward better (though not statistically evident) improvement with coconut oil than with mineral oil. Safety for both was further demonstrated by negative patch-test results prior to the study and by the absence of adverse reactions during the study.
Coconut oil is as effective and safe as mineral oil when used as a moisturizer.
Infections and complications of prematurity are main causes of neonatal mortality. Very low birthweight premature infants have compromised skin barrier function, and are at especially high risk for serious infections and mortality. Our aim was to ascertain whether topical application of emollients to enhance skin barrier function would prevent nosocomial infections in this population.
We randomly assigned infants born before week 33 of gestation after admission to Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh, to daily massage with sunflower seed oil (n=159) or Aquaphor (petrolatum, mineral oil, mineral wax, lanolin alcohol; n=157). We then compared incidence of nosocomial infections among infants in these two groups with an untreated control group (n=181) by an intention-to-treat analysis.
20 patients in the control group, and 22 in each of the treatment groups left the hospital early, but were included in the final analysis. Overall, infants treated with sunflower seed oil were 41% less likely to develop nosocomial infections than controls (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.96, p=0.032). Aquaphor did not significantly reduce the risk of infection (0.60, 0.35-1.03, p=0.065). No adverse events were seen.
Our findings confirm that skin application of sunflower seed oil provides protection against nosocomial infections in preterm very low birthweight infants. The low cost, availability, simplicity, and effect of treatment make it an important intervention for very low birthweight infants admitted to hospital in developing countries.
New, safe antimicrobial agents are needed to prevent and overcome severe bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Based on our previous experience and that of others, we postulated that herbal essential oils, such as those of origanum, and monolaurin offer such possibilities. We examined in vitro the cidal and/or static effects of oil of origanum, several other essential oils, and monolaurin on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis Sterne, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Mycobacterium terrae. Origanum proved cidal to all tested organisms with the exception of B. anthracis Sterne in which it was static. Monolaurin was cidal to S. aureus and M. terrae but not to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Unlike the other two gram-negative organisms, H. pylori were extremely sensitive to monolaurin. Similar to origanum, monolaurin was static to B. anthracis Sterne. Because of their longstanding safety record, origanum and/or monolaurin, alone or combined with antibiotics, might prove useful in the prevention and treatment of severe bacterial infections, especially those that are difficult to treat and/or are antibiotic resistant.
Forty-six strains of Malassezia spp. with atypical biochemical features were isolated from 366 fresh clinical isolates from human subjects and dogs. Isolates
obtained in this study included 2 (4.7%) lipid-dependent M. pachydermatis isolates; 1 (2.4%) precipitate-producing and 6 (14.6%) non-polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL)-assimilating M. furfur isolates; and 37 (34.3%) M. slooffiae isolates that were esculin hydrolyzing, 17 (15.7%) that were non-tolerant of growth at 40°C, and 2 (1.9%) that assimilated
polyethoxylated castor oil. Although their colony morphologies and sizes were characteristic on CHROMagar Malassezia medium (CHROM), all strains of M. furfur developed large pale pink and wrinkled colonies, and all strains of M. slooffiae developed small (<1 mm) pale pink colonies on CHROM. These atypical strains were distinguishable by the appearance of their
colonies grown on CHROM. Three clinically important Malassezia species, M. globosa, M. restricta, and M. furfur, were correctly identified by their biochemical characteristics and colony morphologies. The results presented here indicate
that our proposed identification system will be useful as a routine tool for the identification of clinically important Malassezia species in clinical laboratories.
Skin barrier therapy during the neonatal period, when the skin barrier is most highly compromised and the risk of death is greatest, has been shown to have a number of potential benefits, including reduced risk of nosocomial sepsis. Topical application of emollients that augment skin barrier function was evaluated as a strategy for improving survival rates among hospitalized preterm infants in Bangladesh.
A prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial was conducted in the special care nursery at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, the largest tertiary care children's hospital in Bangladesh. Preterm infants (gestational age: < or = 33 weeks; N = 497) received daily topical applications of sunflower seed oil or Aquaphor ointment. Neonatal mortality rates were compared in an intent-to-treat analysis with a control group that did not receive emollient therapy.
Treatment with sunflower seed oil resulted in a statistically significant 26% reduction in mortality rates, compared with infants not receiving topical emollient therapy. Aquaphor therapy also significantly reduced mortality rates, by 32%.
Topical therapy with skin barrier-enhancing emollients improved survival rates among preterm hospitalized infants in Bangladesh. This study provides strong evidence for the implementation of topical therapy for high-risk preterm neonates in developing countries.
Importance
Topical corticosteroid (TCS) phobia refers to the negative feelings and beliefs related to TCSs experienced by patients and patients’ caregivers. This phenomenon may be a major contributing factor in treatment failure in patients with atopic dermatitis, yet it has been sparsely described in the literature.
Objective
To systematically assess the nomenclature, prevalence, origins, and effect on treatment adherence of TCS phobia in atopic dermatitis.
Evidence Review
A literature search was conducted using specific eligibility criteria across electronic databases, including Ovid (MEDLINE, EMBASE), PubMed, and Web of Science, for articles published from January 1, 1946, to October 31, 2016. Included articles must have assessed TCS phobia in patients with atopic dermatitis or their caregivers. Quality ratings of studies were based on a modified version of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine quality rating scheme for individual studies.
Findings
Of the 490 articles identified by literature search, 16 met the eligibility criteria. All studies were cross-sectional. Topical corticosteroid phobia prevalence ranged from 21.0% (95% CI, 15.8%-26.2%) to 83.7% (95% CI, 81.9%-85.5%). There was significant variation in how phobia was defined, ranging from concern to irrational fear. Questionnaires used to assess for TCS phobia included 1 to 69 questions. In the 2 studies that compared nonadherence between a phobia group and a nonphobia group, patients in both phobia groups were found to have a significantly higher rate of nonadherence (49.4% vs 14.1% and 29.3% vs 9.8%). The sources from which patients were receiving information about corticosteroids included physicians, friends and relatives, broadcast media, print media, and the internet.
Conclusions and Relevance
Features of TCS phobia are commonly reported by patients across cultures and may be associated with a higher rate of nonadherence. Patients with TCS phobia and the sources from which patients are receiving information about corticosteroids may be targetable for intervention to increase adherence to treatment regimens. The nomenclature and assessment methods for TCS phobia used in studies, however, lack standardization, precluding quantitative comparison and extrapolation of data. Additional research, using standardized definitions and methods of assessment, is needed to better characterize this phenomenon and evaluate the efficacy of potential interventions.
Despite the availability of medicines with proven efficacy, many patients use complementary or alternative medicines (CAMs) to manage atopic eczema (AE). Due to the lack of objective information on topical CAMs, this systematic review (SR) evaluates current evidence of efficacy and safety of topical herbal preparations in AE. Using Cochrane SR methodology, PubMed, Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL (via EBSCO), MEDLINE (via EBSCO), Proquest Health and Medical Complete, GREAT and CAM-QUEST were searched from inception until June 2014. Bibliographies of retrieved studies were hand-searched for further relevant trials. All controlled clinical trials of topical herbal medicines for AE in humans of any age were included regardless of the control intervention or randomisation. Only English publications were considered. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven investigated extracts of single plants and one an extract from multiple plants. Only two studies that showed a positive effect were considered to have a low risk of bias across all domains (those of licorice gel and Hypericum perforatum). In these two, the test product was reported to be superior to placebo. Despite variations in diagnostic criteria and lack of validated tools for outcome assessments in one of these, the promising results may warrant continued research in better designed studies. No meta-analysis was performed due to heterogeneity in all studies. There is currently insufficient evidence of efficacy for any topical herbal extract in AE. Many studies had methodological flaws and even those showing efficacy were single trials with small patient cohorts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Olive oil is commonly recommended by health professionals to new parents for use in the prevention and treatment of the term baby's dry skin, and for baby massage. There is no evidence to support this practice. The use of olive oil may be harmful to skin, affecting skin barrier function. This effect may be a contributory factor in the prevalence of childhood conditions such as atopic eczema. This paper discusses a national online audit of UK maternity hospitals (n = 67) and neonatal units (n = 33) performed between November 2010 and January 2011. Our findings confirm that oil use on babies' skin is common practice. As the direct cost to the NHS for treatment of atopic eczema is high, it is imperative that further research in this area is performed, preferably in the form of a randomized controlled trial. Health professionals will then be in a position to provide accurate information to parents with regard to oil in baby skin care regimens.
Background:
Inadequate skin care may increase morbidity in preterm infants. Skin care practices that support skin maturation have barely been investigated.
Objectives:
To investigate the effect of sunflower seed oil (SSO) on skin barrier development in low-birth-weight premature infants.
Methods:
22 preterm infants (<48 h after birth, 1,500-2,500 g) were randomized into group C (control) and group SSO, receiving daily SSO application during the first 10 postnatal days, followed by no intervention. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), skin pH and sebum were measured <48 h after birth and on postnatal days 5, 11 and 21 on the forehead, abdomen, thigh and buttock.
Results:
Skin pH decreased, while sebum remained stable in both groups. In group C, TEWL remained stable; in group SSO, TEWL increased significantly on the abdomen, leg and buttock until day 11, followed by a decrease after SSO application had been stopped. Abdomen SCH remained stable in group C, but continuously decreased in group SSO until day 21.
Conclusion:
SSO application may retard postnatal skin barrier maturation in preterm infants.
Previous studies suggest that people with skin diseases use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)¹,2; however, it is not known whether CAM was used specifically to treat their skin disease. We conducted a survey to determine differences in CAM use for skin diseases between patients attending dermatology clinics and those attending primary care clinics.
Atopic dermatitis is a common and chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that can affect all age groups. This evidence-based guideline addresses important clinical questions that arise in its management. In this second of 4 sections, treatment of atopic dermatitis with nonpharmacologic interventions and pharmacologic topical therapies are reviewed. Where possible, suggestions on dosing and monitoring are given based on available evidence.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease characterized by defects in the epidermal barrier function and cutaneous inflammation, in which transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is increased and the ability of the stratum corneum to hold water is impaired, causing decreased skin capacitance and hydration. This study investigated the effects of topical virgin coconut oil (VCO) and mineral oil, respectively, on SCORAD (SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis) index values, TEWL, and skin capacitance in pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD, using a randomized controlled trial design in which participants and investigators were blinded to the treatments allocated. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. A total of 117 patients were included in the analysis. Mean SCORAD indices decreased from baseline by 68.23% in the VCO group and by 38.13% in the mineral oil group (P < 0.001). In the VCO group, 47% (28/59) of patients achieved moderate improvement and 46% (27/59) showed an excellent response. In the mineral oil group, 34% (20/58) of patients showed moderate improvement and 19% (11/58) achieved excellent improvement. The VCO group achieved a post-treatment mean TEWL of 7.09 from a baseline mean of 26.68, whereas the mineral oil group demonstrated baseline and post-treatment TEWL values of 24.12 and 13.55, respectively. In the VCO group, post-treatment skin capacitance rose to 42.3 from a baseline mean of 32.0, whereas that in the mineral oil group increased to 37.49 from a baseline mean of 31.31. Thus, among pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD, topical application of VCO for eight weeks was superior to that of mineral oil based on clinical (SCORAD) and instrumental (TEWL, skin capacitance) assessments.
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a commensal bacterium which is possibly involved in acne inflammation. The saturated fatty acid, lauric acid (C12:0) has been shown to possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties against P. acnes. Little is known concerning the potential effects of its decanoic counterpart, capric acid (C10:0).
To examine the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of capric acid against P. acnes and to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action.
The antimicrobial activity of fatty acids was detected using the broth dilution method. An evaluation of P. acnes-induced ear edema in mice was conducted to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect. To elucidate the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, human SZ95 sebocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells were treated with P. acnes alone or in the presence of a fatty acid. The mRNA levels and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by qRT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. NF-κB activation and MAPK expression were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot, respectively.
Lauric acid had stronger antimicrobial activity against P. acnes than capric acid in vitro and in vivo. However, both fatty acids attenuated P. acnes-induced ear swelling in mice along with microabscess and significantly reduced interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8 (also known as IL-8) production in P. acnes-stimulated SZ95 sebocytes. P. acnes-induced mRNA levels and secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells were suppressed by both fatty acids, which inhibited NF-κB activation and the phosphorylation of MAP kinases.
Our data demonstrate that both capric acid and lauric acid exert bactericidal and anti-inflammatory activities against P. acnes. The anti-inflammatory effect may partially occur through the inhibition of NF-κB activation and the phosphorylation of MAP kinases.
Coconut oil, a traditional moisturizer used for centuries by people in the tropics, does not have any clinical studies documenting its effectivity and safety. This study aims to determine effectivity and safety of coconut oil compared to mineral oil as moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. A review board-approved randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted in 34 patients after negative patch-testing. Patients applied either coconut or mineral oil twice a day for two weeks. Quantitative outcomes for effectivity, measured at baseline and each weekly visit, were skin hydration (Corneometer CM825®) and skin lipids (Sebumeter SM810®); for safety, transepidermal water loss [TEWL](Tewameter TM210®) and skin surface pH (Skin pH meter PH900®). Patients and investigator evaluated symptoms of dryness, scaling, roughness, and pruritus using visual analogue scales (VAS) and grading of xerosis. Both groups showed significant improvement in skin hydration and increased skin surface lipid levels. TEWL and Skin pH were not affected. Objective instrumental determinations showed no significant difference between both groups. Patient and investigator subjective grading of xerosis and VAS showed general trend toward better, though not statistically evident, with coconut over mineral oil. Coconut oil is as effective and safe as mineral oil as a moisturizer.
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a potent antioxidant found in olive oil and leaves. Using several in vitro approaches, we tested antifungal activity of HT. HT showed broad spectrum of antifungal activity against medically important yeasts and dermatophyte strains with MIC values ranging between 97.6 μgml-1 and 6.25 mgml-1. The antimicrobial activity of HT was also tested using the time-kill methodology. Below the MIC value, HT showed potent damage of cell wall of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 using fluorescent dye-exclusion method. At the subinhibitory concentration, HT also influenced dimorphic transition of Candida indicating that HT is inhibitor of germ-tube formation as one of the most important virulence factor of C. albicans. Furthermore, HT showed disturbances in cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. albicans. The in vitro results indicate that HT caused a significant cell wall damage and changes in CSH as well as inhibition of germ-tube formation as virulence factor of C. albicans. The study indicates that HT has a considerable in vitro antifungal activity against medically important yeasts.
Background:
Literature on the relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity is inconclusive.
Objective:
We sought to compare the rates of positive patch test reactions to allergens on the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) standard tray among patients with and without AD, and, to assess whether atopic patients in our database were more likely to patch test positive to certain classes of allergens.
Methods:
A total of 2305 patients underwent patch testing to the NACDG standard screening series. The incidence of positive patch test reactions among patients with AD (n = 297) and without AD (n = 2008) was assessed. Statistical analysis was done using a χ(2) test with Yates continuity correction.
Results:
Compared with nonatopic patients, those with AD were statistically more likely to have positive patch tests. AD was associated with contact hypersensitivity to nickel, cobalt, and chromium, but was not associated with contact sensitization to fragrances.
Limitations:
Only patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis were tested. Our population was geographically limited to metropolitan Kansas City (including Kansas City, MO, Kansas City, KS, and the adjoining suburbs).
Conclusion:
Compared with nonatopics, patients with AD are significantly more likely to have at least 1 positive patch test reaction and to develop contact hypersensitivity to metal allergens.
The fight against hospital-acquired infections involving antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has become of critical concern to surgeons worldwide. In addition to the development of new effective antibiotic chemotherapy, exploration of 'forgotten' topical antibacterial agents from the pre-antibiotic era has recently gained new attention. We report the promising efficacy of plant-derived antiseptic oils used in traditional aboriginal and south-east Asian treatments such as Lemongrass, Eucalyptus and Tea Tree Oil in the inhibition of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the in-vitro setting. Large consistent zones of inhibition were observed for all three plant-derived oils tested in an agar diffusion test. The commonly used antibacterial agents chlorhexidine 0.1%, and ethanol (70%), and standard olive oil consistently demonstrated notably lower or no efficacy in regard to growth inhibition of strains. Notably, Lemongrass oil proved to be particularly active against gram-positive bacteria, while Tea Tree oil showed superior inhibition of gram-negative microorganisms. As proven in vitro, plant-derived antiseptic oils may represent a promising and affordable topical agent to support surgical treatment against multi-resistant and hospital-acquired infections.
Natural oils are advocated and used throughout the world as part of neonatal skin care, but there is an absence of evidence to support this practice. The goal of the current study was to ascertain the effect of olive oil and sunflower seed oil on the biophysical properties of the skin. Nineteen adult volunteers with and without a history of atopic dermatitis were recruited into two randomized forearm-controlled mechanistic studies. The first cohort applied six drops of olive oil to one forearm twice daily for 5 weeks. The second cohort applied six drops of olive oil to one forearm and six drops of sunflower seed oil to the other twice daily for 4 weeks. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by determining stratum corneum integrity and cohesion, intercorneocyte cohesion, moisturization, skin-surface pH, and erythema. Topical application of olive oil for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction in stratum corneum integrity and induced mild erythema in volunteers with and without a history of atopic dermatitis. Sunflower seed oil preserved stratum corneum integrity, did not cause erythema, and improved hydration in the same volunteers. In contrast to sunflower seed oil, topical treatment with olive oil significantly damages the skin barrier, and therefore has the potential to promote the development of, and exacerbate existing, atopic dermatitis. The use of olive oil for the treatment of dry skin and infant massage should therefore be discouraged. These findings challenge the unfounded belief that all natural oils are beneficial for the skin and highlight the need for further research.
For millennia, sunflower seed oil has been used in folk medicine for both skin care and the treatment of skin disorders. In its natural state, the oil contains high levels of essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, which has skin barrier-enhancing properties. A sunflower oleodistillate (SOD), which is produced through a molecular distillation process without the use of solvents, has been shown to increase the epidermal key lipid synthesis and to reduce inflammation in vitro and in animal models. It has also been shown to activate peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) in vitro. As PPAR-alpha agonists have been shown to stimulate keratinocyte differentiation, improve barrier function, and enhance lipid metabolism in the skin, it has been suggested that SOD might also be efficacious in atopic dermatitis (AD). An initial clinical evaluation of the care effect of a 2% SOD emulsion in 20 adult volunteers with atopic skin revealed the moisturizing properties of SOD. Finally, a strong steroid-sparing effect and a positive effect on quality-of-life parameters were clearly demonstrated for the 2% SOD cream in studies in infants and babies with AD.
FWHM, full width at 50% peak height; HEX, hexagonal; LIQ, liquid-crystalline; OR, orthorhombic; SC, stratum corneum; TEWL, transepidermal water loss
Emollients are commonly used for their effectiveness on atopic skin, supported by a few clinical studies suggesting their potential role as corticosteroid sparing agents. We investigated the effect of a new natural emollient on corticosteroid sparing and quality of life of young atopic children and their family. Eighty-six patients (4-48 mos) with moderate atopic dermatitis were randomized by 20 pediatricians to five groups for 21 days: corticosteroids (from twice daily to one application every other day) combined or not with the studied cream (twice daily), and evaluated by SCORAD and specific quality of life questionnaires. At the end of the study, all five groups were statistically improved in terms of SCORAD and quality of life index. Thus, application of a topical corticosteroid every other day in addition to the studied cream was as effective as a once or twice daily application of the steroid alone. The studied cream had a significant impact on lichenification, excoriation and quality of life. A twice daily application of a new natural emollient provided a major corticosteroid sparing, improved lichenification and excoriation and improved the quality of life in children and their parents.
Unsaturated fatty acids from sebum affect calcium dynamics in epidermal keratinocytes, disrupt the barrier function and induce abnormal keratinization. However, the mechanisms of these effects have not been clarified.
To investigate the function of unsaturated fatty acids in epidermis.
Antagonists of calcium channel receptors were applied to mouse skin together with oleic acid. Measurements were made of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and hyperproliferation was assessed. The effects of the antagonists on calcium influx into cultured normal human keratinocytes and on cytokine production were also evaluated.
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as MK801 and D-AP5 specifically inhibited the increase in TEWL caused by oleic acid, and suppressed keratinocyte hyperproliferation. These compounds also inhibited the increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium ions induced by oleic acid. MK801 suppressed the production of interleukin-1alpha by keratinocytes induced by oleic acid.
Unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid might function via NMDA receptors.
Free Putty acids of human skin surface Lipids have previously been implicated in The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris because of their apparent irritant and comedogenic properties. Prior studies on the relative irritancy of free fatty acids revealed the saturated C8 to C14 fatty acids and a C18 dienotic unsaturated fatty acid to he most irritating.
Saturated free fatty acids from C3 to C18, and unsaturated C18 free fatly acids were applied daily under occlusive patch tests to human skin until detectable erythema appeared. The most irritating fatty acids were C8 through C12. Of the unsaturated fatty acids tested, only linoleic acid produced irritation.
Two newborn infants receiving long-term, fat-free parenteral nutrition developed essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. Biochemical evidence of EFA deficiency was documented in plasma, red blood cells, and adipose tissue and included a decrease in arachidonic and linoleic acids, an increase in 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, palmitoleic and oleic acids and a trienoic/tetraenoic ratio of more than 0.4. Cutaneous application of sunflower-seed oil, a source rich in the essential fat linoleic acid, rapidly reversed the clinical and biochemical manifestations of deficiency in plasma.