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ESTUDO TÉCNICO DAS CONDIÇÕES BIÓTICAS E DA DINÂMICA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO DAS PRINCIPAIS ÁREAS ÚMIDAS NA CIDADE DO RIO DE JANEIRO

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  • Secretaria de Meio Ambiente da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro
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We studied through for about 10 years the amphibian and reptile fauna from three conservation units at municipality of Rio de Janeiro: Parque Natural Municipal Bosque da Barra; Parque Natural Municipal da Prainha and Parque Natural Municipal da Serra do Mendanha. Our samples consisted in visual searches in different periods of the day and the night, pitfall traps, and inspection of plots with 25 m² to capture animals. After capture, animals were measured according several biometrical variables and marked using different techniques according specifications. We also gathered data from the area where animals were captured in order to correlate abundance and density of species with abiotic variables. Additionally, we pointed out the occurrence of anthropogenic impacts on herpetofauna communities in studied areas. We recorded a composition of 102 species of herpetofauna in these areas, few of them threatened of extinction, being anurans the richest group with 51% (n = 52). The Parque Natural Municipal da Serra do Mendanha harbors 83.3% (n = 85) of all known herpetofauna, including an undescribed taxon of amphibian (Brachycephalus sp.). We registered two alien species in the region (Hemidactylus mabouia and Lithobates catesbeianus). The microhabitats that harbor the highest number of species in these conservation units were leaf litter and flooded areas. We suggest that intense public visitation, without strict control, could cause a wide gama of impacts under local herpetofauna. Constructions and irregular occupancy of neighbor areas, as observed at Bosque da Barra, could impact the reproduction of anurans and the broad-snouted-caiman (Caiman latirostris).
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The impact of human activities on the Restingas has been so intense in recent decades that there is now an urgent need for conservation of remnant patches and restoration of degraded areas. The production of seedlings is an important phase in the restoration process. Phenological data obtained for 72 species showed a wide variation in the timing and duration of fruiting. Therefore, seed harvest should take place continuously throughout the year in order to cover a high diversity of species. Fifty per cent of the 72 species showed no restrictions for seedling production. The necessary timing for the beginning of shoot emergence and for maximum germination percentage were compared for 44 species. The large amplitude of intra- and interspecific variation suggests the occurrence of distinct types of dormancy. The great viability of seedling production of Restinga plants may further incentive ongoing initiatives of restoration of degraded Restingas and of recuperation of natural populations of threatened species.
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We report a female Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn, 1965 collected at the Atlantic rainforest of Serra doMendanha, municipality of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Known only from two localities (andprobably extinct in one), P. soaresi is considered a threatened species in Brazil and presumably threatened in the state ofRio de Janeiro. Despite the new record, P. soaresi still fits into the status of endangered and requires the full protection of allareas where it occurs.
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The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 18 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which in outside the market) in estimated to be in the range of US1654trillion(1012)peryear,withinaverageofUS16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with in average of US33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, thin must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.
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Throughout the history of land use and occupation process, the human beings, in order to develop its several activities, in many times were obliged to remove the environments’ original vegetation cover, producing enormous impacts on ecosystems’ stability. Such impacts had led to the formation a fragmented landscape, where we can find forest fragments embedded into an anthropic matrix, in this way we can talk about “forest fragmentation process” where remaining forest “islands” may be referred as “fragments”. In urban forest fragments, beyond geobiophysicals consequences, we can also note important social matters that must be assessed. In first place, there is an intense urban expansion pressure acting on the functionality and state of preservation of these fragments, what is mainly related to existing barriers for the application of the legislation by the government agencies, Another important question that might be detected in many urban spaces around the world is the vision that takes these forest fragments as amenities, being able to come to influence in the quality of life of the inhabitants, as well as in the prices of the properties. One of the main forms to guarantee the preservation of these forest areas is to transform them into protected areas, which may be based on several different approaches in environmentalism. The main goal of this work is to assess the geographical landscape evolution, the significance of conflicts of interests and its impact on biodiversity of Prainha and Grumari Municipal Natural Parks (PNMP and PNMG), two protected urban forest fragments (and connected to each other), in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, based on literature searches, conducting fieldwork, interviews and questionnaires, as well as promoting surveys and studies of social order. Both areas suffer diverse pressures related to the urban expansion and due to that they present innumerable conflicts of interest (real estate agents, construction, hotels and tourism industry, environmentalists, tourist, locals, surfers, TV stations, land owners, NGOs and so on). PMNP represents a model of conception well next to the preservationist vision, while PNMG, in reality, represents a situation next to the conservationist thought, where the unsolved agrarian question generates significant problems for management practices. The existing conflicts of interest, as well as their materialization in the space present a much more complex scene in the case of PNMG. Concepts such as landscape, identity, community and landscape ecology may be important tools to be used in the search for greater understanding of the issues raised. In this sense, searching for the actual maintenance of the natural and cultural diversity in the protected areas addressed, projects and zoning proposals are presented, what may minimize existing conflicts of interest and also match the presence of the local community and the conservation of biodiversity. Keywords: Forest fragmentation, conflicts of interest, natural conservation areas, landscape ecology and tourism. Ao longo da história do processo de ocupação e uso do solo, os seres humanos, para que pudessem desenvolver suas variadas atividades, foram muitas vezes obrigados a retirar a cobertura vegetal original dos ambientes, produzindo dessa maneira grandes impactos na estabilidade dos ecossistemas. Tais impactos levaram à formação de uma paisagem composta por um mosaico, onde encontramos uma matriz antrópica com "ilhas" vegetacionais remanescentes inseridas nesse contexto. Teríamos dessa forma o que podemos denominar "processo de fragmentação florestal", onde as "ilhas" vegetacionais remanescentes podem então ser chamadas de "fragmentos". Em fragmentos urbanos, além das conseqüências geobiofísicas, notamos também grandes questões sociais que devem ser levantadas. Em primeiro lugar, temos a pressão da expansão urbana atuando de forma intensa sobre a funcionalidade e estado de preservação destes fragmentos, o que se deve principalmente a grande dificuldade na aplicação da legislação pelos órgãos fiscalizadores. Outra questão que também pode ser detectada em muitos espaços urbanos pelo mundo é a visão que toma estes fragmentos como amenidades, podendo vir a influenciar na qualidade de vida dos habitantes, assim como nos preços dos imóveis. Uma das principais formas de garantir a preservação destas áreas florestais é transformá-las em áreas de protegidas, que podem ser elaboradas segundo propostas de diferentes correntes do pensamento ambientalista. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar a evolução da paisagem geográfica, os conflitos de interesse e seus reflexos na manutenção da biodiversidade dos Parques Naturais Municipais da Prainha e Grumari (PNMP e PNMG), dois fragmentos florestais urbanos protegidos (e conectados entre si) na zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, através de pesquisas bibliográficas, da realização de trabalhos de campo, entrevistas e aplicação de questionários, assim como, de estudos e levantamentos de ordem social. Ambas as áreas sofrem diversas pressões decorrentes da expansão urbana e devido a isso apresentam inúmeros conflitos de interesse (agentes imobiliários, construtoras, rede hoteleira, ambientalistas, turistas, populações locais, surfistas, emissoras de televisão, proprietários, ONGs etc.). O PNMP representa um modelo de concepção bem próximo ao da corrente preservacionista, enquanto o PNMG, na prática representa uma situação mais próxima do pensamento conservacionista, onde a questão fundiária não resolvida gera problemas significativos para gestão. Desta forma, os conflitos presentes, assim como a materialização dos mesmos no espaço apresentam um cenário muito mais complexo no caso do PNMG. Conceitos como paisagem, identidade e comunidade e a ecologia da paisagem podem ser importantes ferramentas a serem utilizadas na busca por uma maior compreensão das questões levantadas. Neste sentido, buscando a real manutenção das diversidades natural e cultural nas unidades de conservação abordadas, são apresentadas propostas de projetos e zoneamentos, que possam minimizar os conflitos de interesse existentes e compatibilizar a presença da comunidade local com a conservação da biodiversidade.
Article
The increasing exigencies in relation of the quality of effluent to be lanced has become essential the studies and application of different technologies for the improvement of treatment systems. The removal of mayor compounds like Nitrogen and Phosphorus made rooted material a good alternative because your high efficiency and low costs. There are few studies about the application of rooted material in the pos-treatment of agro-industries effluents. By this way, the present work carried out the By this way, the present work carried out the pos-treatment throughout literature revision. Inner in the agroindustries are laticines, tinned food, slaughter-house, frigorific and tanning. The action of rooted material is a symbiosis interaction with the plants and micro-organisms that transform the pollutants in nourishing that are absorbed by the roots of the plants. The pos-treatment with rooted material is efficient over the previous removal of high index of organic compounds
Florística da vegetação arbustiva aberta na Restinga da Marambaia
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PREFEITURA DO RIO DE JANEIRO. 2000. Espécies ameaçadas de extinção no Município do Rio de Janeiro: flora e fauna. Rio de Janeiro: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente do Rio de Janeiro, 68 p.