Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems
Abstract
Implementing the automation of electric distribution networks, from simple remote control to the application of software-based decision tools, requires many considerations, such as assessing costs, selecting the control infrastructure type and automation level, deciding on the ambition level, and justifying the solution through a business case. Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems addresses all of these issues to aid you in resolving automation problems and improving the management of your distribution network. Bringing together automation concepts as they apply to utility distribution systems, this volume presents the theoretical and practical details of a control and automation solution for the entire distribution system of substations and feeders. The fundamentals of this solution include depth of control, boundaries of control responsibility, stages of automation, automation intensity levels, and automated device preparedness. To meet specific performance goals, the authors discuss distribution planning, performance calculations, and protection to facilitate the selection of the primary device, associated secondary control, and fault indicators. The book also provides two case studies that illustrate the business case for distribution automation (DA) and methods for calculating benefits, including the assessment of crew time savings. As utilities strive for better economies, DA, along with other tools described in this volume, help to achieve improved management of the distribution network. Using Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems, you can embark on the automation solution best suited for your needs.
... One of the main pillars of the smart distribution network is the automation system, which provides the possibility of monitoring, coordinating, and operating distribution components, for example, capacitor banks (CBs), in a centralized or distributed manner. A significant investment is needed to equip the network with this system, which depends on various parameters [2]. Usually, there are not enough resources to finance this project at one stage, and the investment is gradually accomplished. ...
... re I and im I on the right side of (1) are nonlinear functions of the voltage's real and imaginary parts and active and reactive power of load, as follows: 2 ...
... where { } , , ph a b c ∈ represents different phases. By placing the ZIP load model in (2) and (3), each load current's real and imaginary parts will be only a function of re V and im V . Since, in the distribution network, the voltages at the normal condition vary within a small boundary re I and im I can be approximated using a curve-fitting technique with their linear equivalents [21]. ...
Nowadays, distribution systems have different levels of automation due to the need for massive investment. The optimal operation of capacitor banks (CBs) is a widely-used approach to improve the performance of these systems. Therefore, the optimal operation of CBs in distribution systems with any level of automation is essential. This paper introduces a novel framework for the operation of CBs in the non/semi/fully-automated distribution networks based on two timescales of day-ahead and near-to-real-time applications. In this framework, the linear current injection power flow method to properly study CB effects on the system is developed, including i) modeling vector group transformer, ii) modeling induction motors, iii) plotting the PV curve of motor loads as indices to assess the efficiency of CB on the voltage system, and iv) developing a fast power flow method with a low computational burden. Besides, the optimization problem of CBs control as the core of the proposed framework is reformulated, considering the level of network automation. The accuracy of the developed framework is evaluated on the IEEE 37-bus and 123-bus test systems. The obtained results verify the efficiency and superiority of the proposed framework.
... downstream switches. The execution of SR outcome is an interim network condition preceding the crew intervention and system reparation, whose total duration is (on average for typical permanent faults) between 2 and 4 hours [11]. SR mitigates the consequences of electrical faults and improves the network reliability indices, which quantify the quality of power delivery. ...
... 1) The parameter β, indicating the number of switches, both NC and NO, to be operated in the candidate solution that can be telecontrolled from the utility control centre. Unlike telecontrolled switches, the manually controlled devices have to be operated directly at their location, extending the reconfiguration time by the timeconsuming crew intervention [11]. ...
... Consequently, the de-energized nodes (marked with yellow circles in Fig. 3) correspond to buses 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Considering the presence of NC switches S6 and S7 as well as the criticality indeces and DG presence, the priorities of the three node groups are: K * N = [ [9] , [10,11] , [7,8]]. To re-energize these switches, the switches combinations for the candidate solutions are computed (according to the procedure described in II-A), defining the arrays: ...
... Distribution system design varies in philosophy from country to country [10]. Many books are published that cover all the aspects on the design and planning of electric distribution networks [11]- [13]. ...
... 10 Proposed control structure of DVR[87].A. K. Jindal and his colleagues have investigated a rectifier supported DVR to regulate voltage at a critical load bus of a distribution system under system frequency variation[89]. A voltage waveform that is sinusoidal and balanced is required by the critical load at fundamental frequency of 50 Hz. ...
... 10 shows an EPRI's Consortium for Electric Infrastructure for a Digital ...
... Electrical networks consist of poles, wires, electrical cables, insulators, circuit breakers and electrical transformers [8,9]. Figure 3 shows some of electrical network components that are monitored by SCADA systems [10]. ...
... Control and monitor distribution network continuously can be performed from remote locations [10]. Save time due to the equipment automatic operation capability. ...
... Previous studies generally addressed SCADA systems and concerned with their communication systems [6], used between SCADA components [4,12,13] and how to secure transferred data between them [10,[14][15][16][17]. ...
... The telecontrolled feature is worth to be considered: a telecontrolled switch, in fact, does not require the time-consuming intervention of DSO crew at the device location and reduces the duration of SR condition [37]. ...
... The grid is represented in Fig. 7; two AC feeders at 20 kV are connected to the HV/MV transformer stations, indicated by SS1 and SS2, and to the multi-terminal DC sub-network at 32.6 kV via the converter stations C1, C2 and C3. According to the standard EN 50160, the voltage limits in (37) and (38) are set at ±10%. The NO and NC switches, present only in the AC sub-network, are represented with white and black square, respectively, and the subscript t indicates the telecontrolled feature. ...
Modern distribution grids are transforming due to the increasing amount of load and generation based on DC technologies, whose interconnection is facilitated by the upcoming AC-DC distribution networks. Their fault management is challenged by new issues related to the power transferred among AC and DC sub-networks. In light of this, the present paper proposes a novel Service Restoration (SR) algorithm, specifically tailored for AC-DC distribution grids, that optimizes the re-energization by establishing priorities of disconnected bus groups and computing, as candidate solutions, hierarchical combinations of normally open and normally closed switches. To overcome the limitations of existing approaches, a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is proposed to combine and objectively prioritize different SR goals (i.e., the use of telecontrolled switches, the minimization of power losses, and the applicability of the proposed solutions in a defined time horizon), and ultimately make the grid operator benefit from the possibility to flexibly tune different operational objectives. The proposed algorithm allows to effectively discriminating competing solutions, i.e. whence and how to re-energize disconnected buses, and complies with the time requirements for field implementation. The results prove the crucial role of DC sub-networks, associated to the control of power injection from AC-DC converters, in enhancing the SR by improving its targets and increasing the number of re-energized loads. Ultimately, the effect of MCDA comparison parameters on the SR outcomes is quantitatively investigated via global sensitivity analysis, whose adoption is recommended for supporting the grid operator in the algorithm implementation.
... The reliability of the operation of electrical energy transmission systems depends on many parameters and various factors [2][3][4][5][6]. One of these factors is the coordinated operation of key elements in the distribution systems of electrical energy between consumers or various units (for example, electric motors at a mobile object with a nuclear power plant and compressors at fuel transfer stations) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Key elements also play an important role in the redistribution of electric energy flows in the energy systems of countries with several time zones (for example, USA, Russian Federation, China, Australia, and others) [14][15][16]. ...
... Service standards are uniform (considering the geographical region's characteristics). Failure to comply with these standards leads to power outages for consumers and accidents, which negatively affect the operation of various consumer equipment [6,7,9,11,13,16,18,19,24,33,34]. Often, the costs of operating small, automated substations exceed revenues, and they are forced to cover them from the entire company's work. ...
The problems that arise during the transmission of control commands for key elements and data on their execution via communication systems over long distances at energy facilities are considered. The necessity of a new approach to solving this problem using a fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) is substantiated. A new design of analog FOCL has been developed for transmitting control commands for key elements of substations and switching data. A new method for forming an optical signal in a laser transmitting module using direct current modulation is proposed. The advantages of using a new method for generating commands for control signals and switching data using a sequence of command codes compared with digital signals currently used in control and monitoring systems are substantiated. The main parameters of the developed analog FOCL have been calculated. An experimental prototype of an analog FOCL was assembled, and research was conducted. The results of calculations and experimental data are compared. The directions for further modernization of the developed FOCL are determined to increase the distance for transmitting an optical signal up to 600 km without the use of servers, the maintenance of which in the power transmission line system in some cases is challenging, expensive, and not always possible.
... The grid data include the switches information (status and tripped condition) and the real-time measurements necessary for the state estimation. The switches statuses are provided to CB as changes occur, whereas the field measurements are updated every 2 seconds, in line with the cycling polling rate from Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) to SCADA systems in distribution networks [32]. In order to execute the state estimation, static data are stored and accessible in the CB: network model (topology and parameters of the lines) as well as configuration and accuracies of measurement devices. ...
... The fourth column shows a difference of over 1 second between the two grid networks; the comparison between the two test cases demonstrates a relation between communication time of services and grid network size. As indicated in [32], the central control system receives data from remote terminal units, typically, every 2-4 seconds for high-priority data. This is in line with the proposed SR platform, confirming its feasibility. ...
In modern distribution grids, the access to the growing amount of data from various sources, the execution of complex algorithms on-demand, and the control of sparse actuators require on-demand scalability to support fluctuating workloads. Cloud computing technologies represent a viable solution for these requirements. To ensure that data can be exchanged and shared efficiently, as well as the full achievement of the cloud computing benefits to support the advanced analytic and mining required in smart grids, applications can be empowered with semantic information integration. This paper adopts the semantic web into a cloud-based platform to analyse power distribution grids data and apply a service restoration application to re-energize loads after an electrical fault. The exemplary implementation of the demo is powered by FIWARE, which is based on open-source and customizable building blocks for future internet applications and services, and the SARGON ontology for the energy domain. The tests are deployed by integrating the semantic information, based on the IEC 61850 data model, in the cloud-based service restoration application and interfacing the field devices of the distribution grids. The platform performances, measured as network latency and computation time, ensures the feasibility of the proposed solution, constituting a reference for the next deployments of smart energy platforms.
... The recent researches have discussed the SCADA hardware and software upgrades and modifications. New communication infrastructures are proposed to cover AC and DC requirements [5][6][7] and new DC side RTUs are currently being characterised and researched [8][9][10]. A complete modern SCADA communication infrastructure can be split into four layers as shown in Figure 1a [4,7,11]: ...
... SCADA systems use different types of communication protocols which are maintained by several standards such as Modbus, IEC 60870-5-101/104, IEC 61850 and Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) [6,26]. Some of these protocols can deal with TCP/IP, which provides higher security and on-demand requests. ...
The communication infrastructure of the modern Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system continues to enlarge, as hybrid High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)/Alternating Current (AC) networks emerge. A centralized SCADA faces challenges to meet the time requirements of the two different power networks topologies, such as employing the SCADA toolboxes for both grids. This paper presents the modern communication infrastructure and the time requirements of a centralized SCADA for hybrid HVDC/AC network. In addition, a case study of a complete cycle for a unified Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimation is tested on a hybrid HVDC/AC transmission network, based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The cycle estimates the elapsed times from the sensors up to the SCADA side, including the data acquisition and the WLS processing times. The case study is carried out on the Cigre B4 DC test case network with 43 virtual Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)s installed and 10 data concentrators, all connected through a fiber-based communication network. It is concluded that the time requirements can be fulfilled for a hybrid HVDC/AC network.
... The relation between such physical variables is used in power systems to control the voltages by several corrective measures. These include altering the power flows at medium voltage (MV) level using on-load tap changer (OLTC), switched capacitor banks and step voltage regulators [1,2]. Traditionally, these approaches are designed to deal with the low voltages. ...
... The inverters interfacing PV in distribution networks can also provide voltage support via using reactive power as function of the voltage feed-in active power at point of connection to the grid. Their role can also be supportive to the power-factor by meeting the reactive power demand of the load connected to the same bus [2]. Several approaches have been studied in the literature to control the reactive power provision for the photovoltaic (PV) inverters. ...
This paper presents a hierarchical coordinated volt-var controller (VVC) at medium voltage level for the containment of voltages at the critical nodes in a smart distribution network. VVC finds the optimal set-points for distributed generators and tap position of the transformers in order to contain the voltage at the critical nodes with-in limits and to minimize the total reactive power dispatched. In addition to the voltage regulation, VVC can track reactive power as a reference signal to control the power exchange across system boundaries. The proposed approach is compared with the optimal power flow that requires load flow calculation for each control update. In comparison, VVC is based on a sensitivity matrix based approach that reduces the complexity of the problem. The paper presents separate and combined evaluation of the proposed VVC with reactive power support from inverters at low voltage in order to quantify the combined impacts. The comparison is performed based on the voltage deviation and performance indices, line loading and reactive power exchange at the system boundary. The simulations spanning one year are performed on a synthetic network. The study leads to comprehensive insights into factors influencing the effectiveness of the reactive power control strategies.
... In [8], the Energy and Power Research Institute in U.S.A found that these technologies could reduce the number of clients with interruptions up to a 45% and the interruption duration up to 51%. Different algorithms and strategies have been proposed to locate faults [9][10][11][12]. However, most algorithms usually use a simplified model for the circuit and ignore restrictions that make it impossible to implement them in real life. ...
... The FLISR systems include automated switches and reclosers, line monitors, communication networks, IEDs, DMS, SCADA, models, and data processing tools [8] that articulate the Northcote's automation pyramid [10]. One of the most important modules in a DMS is an effective and efficient algorithm which identifies the fault location using the available data from IEDs [9]. ...
... Based on the information gathered by meters, demand forecasts can be used as input data for the dynamic optimization of the EDS resources, a.k.a., optimized energy management systems. Moreover, in case of a fault, fast restoration methods can be deployed to minimize the total amount of expected unsupplied demand while the fault is being repaired, a.k.a., self-healing schemes (NORTHCOTE-GREEN;WILSON, 2017). ...
... Based on the information gathered by meters, demand forecasts can be used as input data for the dynamic optimization of the EDS resources, a.k.a., optimized energy management systems. Moreover, in case of a fault, fast restoration methods can be deployed to minimize the total amount of expected unsupplied demand while the fault is being repaired, a.k.a., self-healing schemes (NORTHCOTE-GREEN;WILSON, 2017). ...
The main objective of this theses is to design and to implement a centralized self-healing software for unbalanced three-phase electrical distribution systems (EDS), using the information provided by smart meters and considering distributed generation (DG). Self-healing is the ability of the EDS to automatically restore themselves in case of a permanent fault. According to the data gathered by smart meters and the EDS's parameters, the proposed self-healing software is able to: a) estimate the nodal demands during the pre and post-fault status, using a three-phase state estimator and a short-term load forecasting method, b) identify the zone wherein a permanent fault is located, and c) generate the sequence of operations that must be deployed by the remote-controlled switches installed along the system. Ultimately, the self-healing scheme will isolate the faulty section of the network and restore the service of as many customers as possible, in the least amount of time and with minimal human intervention. The proposed self-healing software will have a friendly graphical user interface to simplify the data acquisition process and to present the results, considering geographic data, dispatchable DG units, smart meters and remote-controlled switching devices. A three-phase state estimator will continuously calculate the power demands at the nodes. In case of a permanent fault, the fault location algorithm will use the smart meters' data and the fault indicators signals to establish the zone where a permanent fault is most probably located. After finding the faulty section of the system and the estimated post-fault demands, an optimal service restoration will be deployed in order to determine the sequence of switch operations. Mathematical optimization models will be used to represent the three-phase state estimator and the service restoration process. An enhanced bus-impedance-matrix-based fault-location method will be also implemented. The methodology used to solve the optimization models will be the metaheuristic \emph{Tabu {Search}}. The short-term load forecasting method will be an adaptation of the seasonal ARIMA models. The proposed self-healing scheme will be tested using real EDS.
... In comparison to instrument transformers, noncontact magnetic field sensors are easier to install and are less expensive [8]. This makes them suitable for use in cheap fault detection devices, such as fault passage indicators (FPIs), which are commonly installed in medium voltage (MV) radial distribution networks [9]- [12]. FPIs detect the passage of fault current through power line conductors underneath which they are installed by measuring the corresponding magnetic field. ...
... FPIs detect the passage of fault current through power line conductors underneath which they are installed by measuring the corresponding magnetic field. By placing these devices at suitable poles in the distribution network, the fault can be located between the last FPI that detected the passage of fault current and the first following that did not [12]. ...
Noninvasive contactless methods for electric power line monitoring based on magnetic field measurement have become an interesting topic for researchers and the electric power industry since introduction of the Smart Grid concept. By measuring and analyzing magnetic field originating from currents in power line conductors it is possible to detect faults in the network. In medium voltage distribution networks, where a variety of different pole geometries are present, different criteria for fault detection have to be employed for each geometry, which complicates detection and influences accuracy. This paper proposes a novel approach for fault detection in medium voltage distribution networks which is based on processing of signals measured by low cost contactless magnetic field sensors. In order to create a generalized method for fault detection, a sequence of mathematical transformations of the measured magnetic field components is applied. A novel geometric transformation which eliminates influence of pole geometry is introduced, providing signals from which steady-state symmetrical components of the rotating magnetic field are computed. Those components are used as general fault detection criteria. The proposed approach is confirmed to be applicable for different fault types by a set of experiments on three-phase overhead power line model scaled to laboratory conditions.
... A power distribution network is responsible for transferring electrical power from a transmission substation to the load end. A distribution network layout classification includes radial, ring and mesh networks (Northcote-Green & Wilson, 2017). • 'Vs' is the sending end voltage. ...
Purpose: This article provides available information on the role of distributed generation (DG) in the performance of a power distribution network. Design/methodology/approach: The study reviewed articles about available methods for reducing technical losses in electrical distribution networks. The second step involved studying various researchers' views on renewable energy in some developing countries for introducing DG into a distribution network. The influence of DG on the economic performance of a distribution network. Finally, the study scouted for available information on the implementation of a demand response (DR) program on the performance of a distribution network in the presence of DG. Findings: Available information reveals that the reliability of DG for reducing the technical losses in a distribution network is higher than relying on alternating current controllers. There are indications of renewable energies in developing countries for introducing DG into a distribution network. According to the articles reviewed, the approach for the optimal location of DG did not include the combination of the voltage stability index and power loss reduction index. It is also worth considering using the power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) for DG sitting. The economic influence of DG on a distribution network's performance has not been evaluated based on the technical loss, generation cost, emission cost and reliability. It is also worth considering the benefits of demand response programs in the presence of DG. Research limitation: The review concentrated mainly on DG's influence in reducing technical loss. Articles relating to the effect of DG on other distribution network technical issues such as voltage stability, harmonics etc. also require attention Practical implications: Distribution network performance is essential for the operation of electrical gadgets. Therefore, improved distribution network performance will result in the economic development of a country. Originality/Value: This paper provides the platform that stimulates interest in using DG to improve the distribution network performance.
... Among them, photovoltaic (PV) systems undoubtedly constitute one of the most promising renewable green energy technologies since they allow the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Thus, these systems can be an ideal solution for covering the basic energy needs of contemporary and next-generation societies [1]. The number of Photovoltaic (PV) systems installed around the globe has been exponentially increasing. ...
The rapid revolution in the solar industry over the last several years has increased the significance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Power photovoltaic generation systems work in various outdoor climate conditions; therefore, faults may occur within the PV arrays in the power system. Fault detection is a fundamental task needed to improve the reliability, efficiency, and safety of PV systems, and, if not detected, the cost associated with the loss of power generated from PV modules will be quite high. Moreover, maintenance staff will take more time and effort to fix undetermined faults. Due to the current-limiting nature and nonlinear output characteristics of PV arrays, fault detection is not that easy and the application of artificial intelligence is proposed for the sake of fault detection in PV systems. The idea behind this approach is to compare the faulty PV module with its accurate model (factory fingerprint) by checking every PV array's I-V and P-V curves using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) logarithm as a subsection of the Artificial Intelligence's (AI) techniques. This proposed approach achieves a high performance of fault detection and gives the advantage of determining what type of fault has occurred. The results confirm that the proposed logarithm performance becomes better as the number of distinguishing points extend, providing great value to the Solar PV industry.
... Therefore, many research works have been devoted to designing more efficient and intelligent fault location methods. Hence, the faulty line must be located and isolated from the system [6]. ...
Rapid detection and efficient diagnosis of power outages can improve reliability, stability, and energy quality. Fault diagnosis is based on fault detection, location, isolation, and quick power restoration. An efficient solution for fault diagnosis could be artificial intelligent-based multi-agent systems. This paper proposed a new approach based on the multi-agent system for fault location and autonomous power restoration in the power distribution system that contains distributed generation (DG). Effective fault detection, localization, and high protection are required to control systems from the blackout and configure them appropriately after an outage. This paper tests the proposed protection approach using an open ring feeder distribution system of Kenitra city, Morocco. In addition, the impact of DG integration on fault location and multiple faults is addressed in this paper, with suitable backup protection given via agent coordination.
... As shown in Figure 1, the smart grid generally consists of three layers [6]. At the bottom layer, smart meters collect users' power consumption data and upload it into the grid system regularly. ...
Smart grids integrate modern Internet of Things technologies with the traditional grid systems, aiming to achieve effective and reliable electricity distribution as well as promote clean energy development. Nowadays, it is an indispensable infrastructure for smart homes, wisdom medical, intelligent transportation, and various other services. However, when smart meters transmit users’ power consumption data to the control center, sensitive information may be leaked or tampered. Moreover, distributed architecture, fine-grained access control, and user anonymity are also desirable in real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme for a smart grid with user anonymity and designated recipients. Smart meters collect users’ power consumption data, encrypt it using homomorphic re-encryption, and then transmit the ciphertexts anonymously. Afterward, proxies re-encrypt the aggregated data in a distributed fashion so that only the designated recipients can decrypt it. Therefore, our proposed scheme provides a more secure and flexible solution for privacy-preserving data aggregation in smart grids. Security analyses prove that our scheme achieves all the above-mentioned security requirements, and efficiency analyses demonstrate that it is efficient and suitable for real-world applications.
... Elektrik şebekesi, üretilen elektrik enerjinin tüketicilere iletilmesi maksadıyla oluşturulmuş karmaşık bir ağdır [11]. Bu ağ elektrik gücü üreten enerji santralleri, nakil hatları ve tüketicilere bağlantı sağlayan bileşik dağıtım hatlarından oluşur. ...
Enerji kullanımının gün geçtikçe artış göstermesi ve bununla beraber enerji kaynaklarının ise kısıtlılığı, alternatif enerji kaynaklarının arayışını zorunlu kılmıştır. Öte yandan da mevcut enerjinin verimli kullanımı ile kayıpların azaltılması da oldukça önem arz etmeye başlayan ve çözüm gerektiren bir başka konu olarak öne çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu nedenle uygulanan yeni teknolojiler ve politikalarla daha az ve akıllıca enerji kullanımının hem teşvik edilmesi hem de daha kaliteli ve kesintisiz bir hizmet sunulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlam da teknik kayıpların yanı sıra teknik olmayan kayıplar ile de etkin mücadele yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada bahsi edilen söz konusu durum dikkate alınıp nesnelerin interneti (IoT) tabanlı bir sistemin tasarlanarak ileriki zamanlarda özellikle Türkiye’deki elektrik dağıtım hizmeti sunan kuruluşların yeraltı elektrik enerjisi dağıtım şebekelerine entegrasyonunun sağlanarak, mevcutta kullanılan akıllı şebeke yönetimlerinin bir parçası olması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu sayede teknik kayıpların anlık olarak tespit edilebilmesinin kolaylaştırılması, bunun yanında da teknik olmayan kayıpların hızlı fark edilmesinin mümkün hale getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Söz konusu bu durum için de maliyeti düşük ve aynı zamanda etkin olan bir donanımsal sistem tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarlanan sistem, hem mevcut kullanılan takip sistemlerine entegrasyonunu yapılabilecek hem de tek başına çalışabilme yeteneğine sahip esnek bir yapı olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu sayede hizmet kalitesi arttırılmış sağlıklı enerji ihtiyacı duyan tüketicilere, bu hizmetin sağlanması ve akıllı şebeke yönetiminin kolaylaştırılması hedeflenmektedir.
... However, a large portion of these resources are not monitored by the DSO and as a result, a large portion of flexibilities available from the LV grid remains untapped. Furthermore, the flow of electricity from unmonitored and uncontrolled resources may create security issues in the distribution grid [2]. This requires improved capability to monitor MV and LV grids and DERs connected at the LV grid and control of the distributed resources to achieve optimal operation of the grid. ...
In order to maintain security and quality of supply while supporting increased intermittent generation and electrification of heating and transport at the LV grid, the provision of flexibility in the framework of distribution grid operation is pivotal. However, the availability of updated and accurate LV grid model is a challenge for the distribution system operator (DSO). This paper demonstrates a methodology of efficient flexibility provision and activation through a sensitivity coefficients-based model-less LV grid and a modelled MV grid approach. The paper further illustrates the value of monitoring and control through a LV DERMS platform for efficient realisation of this flexibility provision and activation. The methodology has been tested on a real MV and LV network of a Swiss DSO. The results show that there is a reduction of cost of operation for a DSO.
... As additional generation and load resources, DERs can also make system protection and control more complex. Conventionally, distribution systems are equipped with wellcoordinated PDs for one-directional power flow based on the fault currents [14]. The increasing penetration of DERs increases the risk of protection miscoordination [15]. ...
The increasing deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrids benefits power grids by improving system resilience. In a resilience mode without the utility system, the distribution grid relies on DERs to serve critical load. In such a severe event with multiple faults on the distribution feeders, actuation of various protective devices (PDs) divides the distribution system into electrical islands. The undetected actuated PDs due to fault current contributions from DERs can delay the restoration process, thereby reducing the system resilience. In this paper, algorithms are proposed for outage management and feeder restoration for distribution systems with multiple DERs. The Advanced Outage Management (AOM) identifies the faulted sections and actuated PDs in a distribution system with DERs by incorporating smart meter data. The Advanced Feeder Restoration (AFR) is proposed to restore a distribution system with available energy resources taking into consideration the availability of utility sources and DERs as well as the feeder configuration. By partitioning the system into islands, critical load will be served with the available generation resources within islands. When the utility systems become available, the optimal path will be determined to reconnect these islands back to substations and restore the remaining load. The proposed method has been validated with modified IEEE 123-Bus and 8500-Node Test Feeders. Simulation results demonstrate the capability of the integrated AOM and AFR to enhance distribution system resilience.
... Power utilities' implementation of distribution automation (DA) and Internet of Things (IoT) may bring about many benefits, including providing a fast method to improve reliability and reducing power-outage time [1]. IoT aids the smart grid to collect, monitor, and analyze the power grid's status and performance [2,3]. ...
Distribution automation (DA) and Internet of Things (IoT) all need the topology information of power distribution network to support some applications, such as fault diagnosis, network reconfiguration and optimization. IEC 61850 is a general communication model and standard for information exchange between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). However, it has no mechanism for feeder topology information exchange. This paper solves this problem by developing the corresponding information model. Firstly, a feeder model is established as a container of the equipment along a distribution line. Secondly, logical models, such as terminal and connection nodes, are added to describe the physical connection relationship between the electrical equipment. Taking a circuit breaker as an example, this paper introduces how to add the terminal attribute to an existing logical node (XCBR). The physical connection between the circuit breaker and other electrical equipment is described by adding the logic node LCNN. Then, a new logical node LTPN is added to describe the logical connection between the devices. A new logical node, FTPA, is added to describe the status of the topology analysis and the topology results. Based on these new logical nodes, this paper proposes the mechanism of topology information exchange between IEDs. Three IEDs and the IEEE 13-node model are used to build an experimental environment. The result verifies the effectiveness of this method. More distributed applications can be used to test the validity and interoperability of the proposed model.
... Widespread use of automation enables Smart Grids' utilities to integrate newly emerged technologies such as distributed generations (DGs), energy storage systems (ESS) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) [40][41][42][43][44]. Distribution Automation (DA) also inherits a more specific interpretation as a distinct function/process of automatic fault location, isolation, and service restoration (FLISR) as follows: In the instance of a fault occurrence, the protection system detects and clears the fault, leading to the downstream customers experiencing an energy delivery service interruption. Subsequently, the FLISR process is performed to rapidly restore the service to 1 IT: Information Technology customers as possible, utilizing switching operations to reconfigure the distribution network topology, by finding the fault location, isolating the less area as possible of inevitably faulted, and restoring the remaining area through the secured feeders utilizing manual or automatic switches [44][45][46][47][48]. ...
Smartness is a prerequisite of autonomy; thus, the smart grid inherits a certain degree of autonomy due to its centralized, local, or distributed autonomous decision and control functionalities. Nevertheless, neither the smart grid itself nor the humans in/out/above the loop are ready for pressing the full autonomy red button. The main reason is the tacit nature of human knowledge necessary for systems operation, considering the capability and maturity levels of the present state of decision and control abilities of smart grid. Therefore, various levels of autonomy/automation (LOA) should be conditionally granted to the smart grid in a spectrum from non-automation to full-automation for different functions and situations, which is known as adaptive autonomy in human-automation systems literature.
... As being one popular wireless connection method, a radio is by now the dominant media that has been used in current distribution utilities around the world. The wireless connection is one of the major targets for adversaries to launch malicious attacks [30]. Therefore, a specific FDI attack, namely, a wireless spoofing attack is investigated here. ...
Abstract While most existing works ignore securing the communication of control signals in microgrids' centralized secondary frequency control, here, a stochastic game between the microgrid control centre (MGCC) and the attacker for enhancing the vulnerability of the MGCC to false data injection (FDI) attack (wireless spoof attack) is proposed. The vulnerability to wireless spoof attack is assessed based on the controllability Gramian when the FDI attack is modelled as the malicious control input that aims to drive the microgrid state to undesired values. In the formulated zero‐sum two‐player Markov game, the state is uniquely associated with the vulnerability index defined by the trace of the controllability Gramian with respect to the attack input. Moreover, the utility function of the stochastic game includes not only the costs related to conducting spoof attack and encryption actions but also the possible remedy costs associated with the resulted vulnerability levels. In turn, the potential impacts of the cyber‐layer action choices on the performance of the physical power system are considered when designing the optimal attack and defence strategies. A distribution feeder system with four distributed generators (DGs) is used for simulation studies. The vulnerability assessment results show that the vulnerability level increases when the attacker compromises more on the communication links between the MGCC and DGs. In the simulated game, mixed stationary attack and defence strategies are predominate when considering the uncertainty of the other player.
... Distribution automation (DA) technologies are already in use and continue to be improved [3]. This concept includes remote-controlled devices at the substation and feeder levels, local automation distributed at these devices and communications infrastructure [16]. Modern distribution networks are monitored and controlled by supervisory control and data acquisition applications (SCADA) and mapped by geographical information systems (GIS) [16, p. 28]. ...
Fault localization is a key task on power systems operation and maintenance. When it comes to distribution networks, the problem is especially challenging due to the non-homogeneous characteristics and unique topology of each feeder. This paper presents a method based on gated graph neural network for automatic fault localization on distribution networks. The method aggregates problem data in a graph, where the feeder topology is represented by the graph links and nodes attributes can encapsulate any selected information such as operated devices, electrical characteristics and measurements at the point. The main advantage of the proposed solution is that it is immune to network reconfiguration and allows the use of a single trained model on multiple feeders. An experiment was conducted with faults simulated on 10 different feeders, all of them based on actual distribution feeders. The results shows that the model is able to generalize the correlations learned on training to correctly predict the fault region in most cases, even on a feeder it has not seen before.
... Atualmente, o sistema de controle e automação das redes de distribuição convencionais compõe-se de três funções básicas (Northcote-Green e Wilson, 2006): i) Controle de tensão e potência reativa: através de reguladores de tensão e bancos de capacitores chaveados para corrigir o perfil de tensão e minimizar as perdas técnicas. ii) Sistema de Gerenciamento de Falhas (OMSdo inglês Outage Management System): sistema responsável por identificar aproximadamente o local de uma falta a partir de chamadas telefônicas dos consumidores que são recebidas em um call center e despachar equipes para restabelecer o fornecimento de energia. ...
Este artigo propõe uma metodologia para a Estimação de Estado em Redes de Distribuição através da Otimização por Enxame de Partículas (“Particle Swarm Optimization - PSO”) com técnica de mutação aplicada à população. A introdução da mutação foi motivada pela convergência prematura do PSO original na solução de problemas multi-modais. O PSO proposto para a estimação de estado foi testado em um alimentador-teste do IEEE de 34 barras. Este alimentador foi usado para validar e comparar as soluções do PSO proposto com aquelas obtidas via: PSO original, método de Gauss Newton e um algoritmo baseado em técnicas de varredura para redes radiais. Os resultados dos testes demonstraram que a solução do problema de estimação de estado com o PSO proposto tem boa precisão com relação as técnicas analíticas. Estes resultados indicam que o estimador de estado via PSO pode ser utilizado como uma solução alternativa para os casos onde os métodos analíticos tem dificuldade de convergência.
... The fourth column shows a difference of over 1 second between the two grid networks; the comparison between the two test cases demonstrates a relation between communication time of services and grid network size. As indicated in [20], the central control system receives data from remote terminal units, typically, every 2-4 seconds for high-priority data. This is in line with the proposed SR platform, confirming its feasibility. ...
... Back in 1970s, a centralized (monolithic) SCADA with remote data equipment started to be used to control the different power network sectors (generation, transmission and distribution) [2,10,11]. However, this has changed when each section became larger, and dedicated but connected SCADAs were provided for each energy level, later called hierarchical control and supervision (stations and sub-stations) [2,12]. ...
As the integration of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems on modern power networks continues to expand, challenges have appeared in different fields of the network architecture. In the Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) field, software and toolboxes are expected to be modified to meet the new network characteristics. Therefore, this paper presents a unified Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimation algorithm suitable for hybrid HVDC/AC transmission systems, based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The mathematical formulas of the unified approach are derived for modelling the AC, DC and converter coupling components. The method couples the AC and DC sides of the converter through power and voltage constraints and measurement functions. Two hybrid power system test cases have been studied to validate this work, a 4-AC/4-DC/4-AC network and Cigre B4 DC test case network. Furthermore, comparison between the fully decentralized state estimation and the unified method is provided, which indicated an accuracy improvement and error reduction.
... Alternatively, remote indication could be applied by transmitting a signal to the control centre although this could be an expensive solution since communication link has to be deployed [12,13]. Furthermore, the cost of using FPIs may increase, as directional FPIs requiring voltage measurements need to be used if DGs are present across the system [14]. ...
A medium voltage (MV) faulted section location technique depending solely on unsynchronized low voltage (LV) measurements in distribution systems is introduced in this paper. The proposed method identifies the faulted MV feeder segment when an unsymmetrical MV fault occurs. It exploits parameters including voltage magnitude, angle and sequence components captured via distributed non-synchronized monitoring devices connected at secondary substations. In this study, the characterization of a system’s LV profile during MV faults was achieved throughout both software simulations and physical testing. The latter was conducted in the 11 kV and LV distribution network of the Power Networks Demonstration Centre (PNDC) of the University of Strathclyde. The tests were performed for both 11 kV radial and ring network configurations. Modelling and simulations implemented using the DigSILENT PowerFactory package, complemented the hardware level testing and provided the opportunity for further examinations, such as the impact of MV laterals connection, distributed energy resources on both MV and LV side as well as the presence of unbalanced loads. Finally, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed faulted section location technique under various physical and simulated fault scenarios, loss of communications and noise interference.
... The Mitigation Techniques like electric or non electric methods could be used to improve the reliability in the system. Modern automation technologies can reduce contingency margins, improve utilization and economy of operation and even provide improved scheduling and effectiveness of maintenance and service [4]. However, they must be applied well, with the technologies selected to be compatible with systems need and targeted effectively. ...
The electric utility industry is moving towards a deregulated, competitive environment where utilities must have accurate information about system performance to ensure that maintenance money are spent wisely and that customer expectation are met. To measure system performance, the electric utility industry has developed several performance measure of reliability. These reliability indices include measures of outage duration, frequency of outages, system availability, and response time. The continuous power outages and interruptions in the electrical parts distribution network always affect the health, safety and economic activity and low level of production in the industrial sector. The paper discusses the reliability of electric distribution network through the study of indicators of reliability analysis known as SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI , CAIFI, MAIFI, ASAI and CEMI5.
... In the industrial market, it is used in logistics, in transport among the intersections in the distribution channel. At the same time it is used in in-house logistics, where autonomous trucks provide production [68]. 6. ...
This paper discussed the marketing innovations associated with Industry 4.0 and the effects that these innovative approaches cause. The main aim of the research was to discover the relationship between marketing innovations and their effects. Knowledge of this relationship can be used for the strategic planning of industrial companies in practice. The research methodology consisted of pilot research followed by primary research in industrial enterprises. The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics, statistical hypothesis, and correlation analysis. Through the research, the authors identified the importance of 17 innovative marketing tools and the strength of the use of 11 effects resulting from the implementation of these tools. The authors identified the relationships between tools and their implications in Industry 4.0 where a correlation was demonstrated. A list of 11 strategic objectives was created and, subsequently, a specific marketing mix proposal for each objective consisting of innovative marketing tools was as well. The results of this work enable enterprises involved in Industry 4.0 to better plan.
Power photovoltaic (PV) generation systems operate under a variety of harsh climate conditions; therefore, failures in the PV arrays are expected to take place. Online fault detection is a critical and important task for improving the reliability, efficiency, and safety of PV systems, and if it is not performed, the cost of losing power provided by PV modules would be significant. Furthermore, faults tracing and diagnostic would cost more time and effort on the part of the maintenance crew than can be avoided using advanced techniques. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) logarithm will be proposed in order to detect and classify faults in PV systems. The concept behind this method is to check the faulty PV module against its accurate model.
In recent years, due to the increase in distributed generation, the use of renewable energy sources and the emergence of restructuring and energy markets, traditional distribution networks transform to complex and active distribution networks. These issues, along with requirements such as increasing power quality and reliability, have increased the need to provide active distribution management systems and the use of effective network monitoring, control and protection systems. Due to the complexity and expanse of distribution networks, as well as the development of the use of metering elements and remotely controllable elements, one of the important issues in these systems is the introduction of new monitoring and control strategies for the active distribution management system. In this regard, due to the fact that centralized approaches have weaknesses from perspectives such as time response and reliability, the tendency to use decentralized approaches has increased. Various schemes have been proposed for the decentralized implementation of the operational functions of the distribution management system (monitoring or control), such as state estimation, fault management and voltage control. However, the network division considered for the decentralized execution of these functions is different and predetermined in terms of the number and size of zones, and a study on comprehensive architectural evaluation (hierarchical or distributed) and determining the unit and optimal decomposition of the active distribution network for equipping with local and intermediate processing units (between local processing units and the control center) has not been addressed. To meet this challenge, due to the mutual effects of the operational functions of the distribution management system and its implementation method (network architecture and network zoning) and also the impossibility of using all functions, the state estimation function has been used as the most important function of this system in the dissertation. For this purpose, as the first step, the centralized state estimation algorithm in the active distribution network is modelled and to satisfy the minimum standard accuracy for the network voltage profile, a method for optimal location of the PMU in the network is presented. Next, using a hierarchical distributed architecture, the state estimation algorithm for decentralized execution is developed and its performance is compared with distributed execution methods. Finally, by providing an algorithm to consider all possible scenarios for distribution network divisions, a method for determining the optimal number and size of network zones in the proposed architecture is presented using state estimation operational indices, i.e. accuracy of results, reliability of achieving to the results, and process execution time. Finally, a discussion about the ability to implement some important operational functions of the distribution management system in the proposed architecture is presented. Also, to avoid the expansion of the topics covered in the dissertation and because recent fault location methods in the network are based on state estimation, a new method for modifying the state estimation process in the fault conditions and an algorithm for decentralized implementation of fault location process based on the suggested hierarchically distributed architecture are proposed. All methods and models presented in this dissertation have been studied numerically and the results of different cases have been reported to validate the presented methods.
The paper will examine the implementation of the new technology in the automation of the healthcare, private, and public sectors. The latest technological advancements tend to alter the modes of the normal behavior of different segments of life among the listed ones in their entire process and responsibly affect their operation. The technology sheds light on specific areas requiring adequate and superb services and offers obscure methods in the field of automation. In doing so, the credibility and accountability of the entire systems that are put in place are enhanced. To investigate how the automation of the application areas is influenced by IT regarding the equation of accountability, a range of documentations that are empirically implemented in the field of IT are explored. The exploration ranges from the purest forms of transactions that involve the automation of lower levels to the highly automated systems, which includes the technologies that analyze biometric fingerprints, among others. From the example, the accountable potential of the IT automation is discussed for the different applications with the hope of investigating the benefits that are brought about by the automation of the applications while doing away with the potentials that are unaccountable and hinders the functionality that may come from the usage of the systems applications on the different fields. Throughout the paper, much stress is on the importance of developing a balance that exists between the benefits of the automated applications in IT and the entire process of automation, including the system that may tend to reduce the efficiency of the applications and be able to bring up accountability.
A stable and reliable electric power supply system is a pre-requisite for the technological and economic growth of any nation. Nigeria's power supply has been experiencing incessant power interruptions caused by a failure in the distribution system. This paper developed a system planning approach as part of the key mitigation strategies for improved reliability and protection of the distribution network. The developed algorithm is tested using 33kV feeder supplying electricity to Kaura-Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria. A customer-based reliability index was used as a tool to evaluate the reliability assessment of the feeder test system. The result showed that alternative 3 gives better results in terms of improvement of the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI), which in turn gives the minimum interrupted energy. Also, it is found that a greater number of sectionalizing switches do not give better results. It is very important to place the sectionalizing switches at a strategic location. If it is located at such points that will facilitate to sectionalize the faulty sections faster and to make the supply available to the unfaulty part of the network. Hence the utility company should apply this mitigation algorithm for system reliability improvement, depending on their needs and requirements. Thus, utilities can optimize network performance and better serve customers by adopting mitigation strategies in addressing trouble-prone areas to achieve a stable and reliable supply Keywords: distribution system; reliability; reliability indices; system performance evaluation; protection system; mitigation algorithms and sectionalizing switches
The rise in power shutdowns triggered by severe weather due to deteriorating climate change has expedited the research in enhancing community resilience. Several researchers and policy-makers have contributed to the characterization and parameterization of energy resilience and reliability in particular, which requires accumulated and coordinated studies to underline the outcomes and reflect those in future works on grid resilience and reliability enhancement. The concept of both the resilience and reliability of the grid systems should be defined and distinguished so that the systems can be clearly comprehended, assessed, and operated to maintain flawless operation and ensure environmental sustainability. This paper meets the mentioned objectives to discuss grid resilience and reliability, their quantification metrics, and their enhancement techniques in detail. The paper also categorizes the United States into four tiers based on grid reliability and grid resilience using Monte Carlo Simulations and the discussed metrics. Two novel terminologies named resilience risk factor and grid infrastructure density are propounded in this work, which will serve as vital parameters to determine grid resilience.
The increasing number of natural calamities and unprecedented terrorist attacks may significantly impact the supply security of the distribution grids. These High Impact Low Probability (HILP) events cause major blackouts in the electrical networks that may impair operation of other critical infrastructures (in health, transportation, gas networks, emergency services, communication, etc.). Therefore, a fast service restoration scheme is required, which ensures supply security to the system components. To achieve this goal, this work presents a rule-based Service Restoration (SR) algorithm, which can act as first responder to an emergency outage in active distribution grids. This algorithm accounts for the load criticality, to tackle single and multiple faults in the grid. The optimality of the SR schemes is assessed via Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), considering the power loss and/or the line utilization. A software platform for the testing and deployment of the SR algorithm for real time application has been developed and is presented here.
According to IEC 61850-90-4, most smart grid substations are designed with redundancy in order to improve their availability in case of failures. Redundancy usually takes the form of having multiple subsystems with identical functionality based on the assumption that failures in one subsystem are isolated from other subsystems. However, this is not necessarily true in the case of failures caused by malicious attacks, because attackers can easily reuse their skills and tools across different subsystems under similar configurations. Taking this into consideration, this paper introduces the factor of security (FoS) metrics to quantify the security effectiveness of redundant subsystems in smart grids. Specifically, we first apply the attack graph model to capture various threats in smart grids and substations; we then formally define the FoS metric and the probabilistic FoS metric; finally, we evaluate those metrics under different scenarios through simulations.
یک شبکه هوشمند برق بر میزان تقاضا در نقطه به نقطه شبکه متمرکز است، از جمله ایرادات زیرساخت فعلی شبکه های برق این موضوع است که در ساختاری یک طرفه توان الکتریکی تولید شده در نیروگاه مرکزی را به مصرف کنندگان ارایه می دهد اما شبکه هوشمند برق با ایجاد زیرساخت ارتباطی دو طرفه امکان برقراری ارتباط و تبادل اطلاعات بین مولفه های مختلف در سراسر شبکه برق را فراهم می سازد. در حال حاضر با اجرای زیرساخت ها و در نظر گرفتن دیزل ژنراتورهای موجود در سازمان صدا و سیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران به عنوان منابع تولید پراکنده یک شبکه هوشمند و با ایجاد یک مرکز کنترل و
مانیتورینگ جامع به این سیستم اجازه می دهد تا نظارت، تجزیه و تحلیل، کنترل و ارتباطات در زنجیره
تامین برای کمک به بهبود بهره وری، کاهش مصرف انرژی، کاهش هزینه ها و به حداکثر رساندن شفافیت و قابلیت اطمینان شبکه فراهم آورده شود.
Smart grid is the combination of traditional power network, many subsystems and networks, all working together as an integrated system to provide a monitored, two way communication network for power grids.
Since smart grid is growing and overtaking majority of attentions in electrical grids implementation and merging with information technology (Network Communication), a variety of threats has been identified in the SG context, e.g., man-in the-middle (MITM),denial of service (DoS), and impersonation, which can affect the data integrity and authentication of users and devices. Moreover, different viruses or attacks such as brute-force and dictionary attacks can target the data security and confidentiality. As concluded a security frame must be provided to insure data integrity and security in these fields. One solution which matters the most is cryptography. Most vital element in smart grid is real-time data, communicating through the grid and must be secured. First step towards this purpose is a key management scheme. This paper proposes a key management framework based on asymmetric encryption algorithm to gain data security and integrity. In the proposed method, the goal is to establish a secure connection between the high power post and the data center at a low cost, and the proposed method uses less messaging for the authentication process. By using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) a key agreement scheme is built up that contains two phase, pre-deployment and key agreement. This proposed scheme is cost efficient in using operators and transmitting messages for agreement on a session key for safe data transmission.
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