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URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAYS 1
Urban Cultural Greenways: The Potential of Urban
Agriculture as Sustainable Urban Infrastructure
GUNDULA PROKSCH
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
DANIEL ROEHR
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
INTRODUCTION
Deserted parks, maintenance intensive lawns,
vacant boulevards, over-sized road medians
and dog-walkers turf shape the image of
contemporary green spaces in North American
cities. The large number of under-utilized
green spaces is the starting point for re-
thinking urban public green space, as an
active, social urban infrastructure. Urban
greenways, often developed based on formal
principles of 'parkways', have lost the original
intention of the early parkways to also improve
social, health and engineering issues in cities
of the late 19th Century. Today developments
still follow the same formal principles without
design integration of sustainable practices to
foster social equity, environmental health, and
economic prosperity in communities. On the
contrary, these open spaces often show very
poor environmental and ecological
performance when compared with current
international standards, and usually offer little
communal value for the residents but cause
high maintenance costs for municipalities.
This dilemma offers a great opportunity for
landscape architects, architects and urban
planners to transform the existing under-
utilized greenways into new hybridized
landscapes providing multifaceted
infrastructure. Urban cultural greenways are
Figure 1: Ottawa Gardens, City of North Vancouver
created by overlaying the existing green
spaces with interactive, sustain-able programs,
which are latent in the community. Depending
on the city, the local conditions of the
greenway and interests within the community,
different types of greenways can be developed.
Programs can range from visual art and
architecture, history, performances and
temporary events to urban agriculture1.
The main idea of cultural greenways is that
their interventions concentrate on one
programmatic theme present within the city to
further strengthen community identity and
cohesion. The so enriched greenway can even
become a figurehead for the city to distinguish
and market itself. A re-activated greenway also
2
stimulates the development and viability of
adjacent neighborhoods. Throughout her
career, Jane Jacobs emphasized the
importance of locating popular facilities along
park edges to attract a diversity of users and
tie the park together with its surroundings.2
Strong connections between new programs
and the existing neighborhoods and
infrastructural systems are an important goal
of this strategy. For residents, the greatest
value of an active urban greenway is its
accessibility and potential for every day use. It
brings resources to those who would otherwise
have no access, connecting them to the local
environment and cultural programs.
This article investigates the integration of
urban agriculture in existing urban greenways
and uses the City of North Vancouver, BC as
case study. The incorporation of urban
agriculture as a strategy to create more
ecologically, socially, and economically
sustainable cities has largely been
overlooked3, therefore, the versatility of
agricultural programs and their multifaceted
contribution to the urban infrastructure will be
examined. The City of North Vancouver, a
waterfront municipality located in British
Columbia, Canada, on the north shore of the
Burrard Inlet, directly across from downtown
Vancouver, lends itself to this investigation,
because it is taking active steps to integrate
urban agriculture within its municipal area.
With a strong community support for urban
agriculture projects and interventions, a pilot
project for professional urban agriculture is
currently undergoing the public approval
process and is anticipated to be constructed in
summer 2010 on a property provided by the
City of North Vancouver. The pilot project can
be seen as a seed and model for the
transformation of parkland into farmland.
Although this paper includes some of the
experiences made in the development process
of the pilot project, it focuses on projecting the
integration of urban agriculture into the
existing greenways on the larger urban and
infrastructural scale.
URBAN AGRICULTURE IN VANCOUVER
Metro Vancouver has long been on the
forefront of developing urban agriculture
projects. It is also internationally recognized
for progressive urban planning and
commitment to sustainability, with the creation
of the Special Office for the Environment
(SOE), the Sustainability Region Initiative
(SRI) as well as the Agricultural Land Reserve
(ALR). What began mainly as a response to
environmental issues has over time expanded
to include social and economic aspects of
sustainability. In April 2002, the Vancouver
City Council defined sustainability as “achieved
through community participation and the
reconciliation of short and long term economic,
social and ecological well-being.”4
On December 11, 2003, the Vancouver City
Council approved a Food Action Plan for
creating a sustainable food system for the City
of Vancouver. Shortly afterwards, City Council
created the Vancouver Food Policy Council
(VFPC) to examine Vancouver’s local food
system and provide policy recommendations.
In 2006, the Vancouver city council passed a
motion to encourage the creation of 2,010 new
garden plots by Jan. 1, 2010, in order to create
a legacy for the Vancouver 2010 Winter
Games.5
In response to the new initiative, the Urban
Agriculture Advisory Group was formed to
review proposals on community garden
guidelines and provide a support network for
all community gardeners and urban food
growers in the city. The organization has since
been renamed Vancouver Urban Agriculture
Network (VUAN). Today, there are more than
1,800 plots in more than 40 gardens spread
across Vancouver.6 The Vancouver Park Board
also recognizes community gardening as a
valuable recreational activity. In 2004, the
Park Board passed a motion to explore the
planting of fruit trees on green spaces next to
streets, community gardens and public parks
to foster community development,
environmental education and social benefits. 7
A recent trend has seen a strong interest of
Metro Vancouver municipalities to incorporate
professional urban agriculture into their
jurisdictions. The City of North Vancouver's
pilot project will be part of an existing network
of urban agricultural projects, such as
community gardens or non-profit
organizations, which help support food
production within the community. Two of the
main organizations are the Lower Lonsdale
Community Gardens, containing nearly 50
garden plots maintained by nearby residents,8
and the Edible Garden Project, which strives to
create a network of communities where locally
grown food on private land is collected and
redistributed to organizations that provide food
to low-income families and individuals.9
URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAYS 3
THE GREEN NECKLACE
Most of the urban parks and open spaces in
the City of North Vancouver were laid out in
the original 1907 town plan. As an urban
centerpiece, the plan envisioned a Green
Necklace, a ring of linked “parks within the
street system”, which was intended to
surround the central square mile of the city.10
Today the complete ring no longer exists; the
Northern part of the 'Green Necklace' was
replaced by a highway in 1961. The two
remaining parts are the southern rim,
consisting of 50 - 150' wide boulevards, and a
linear park on the west side, extending across
12 city blocks in North-South direction. These
extensive green spaces with trails for
pedestrian and bicycle traffic are currently
under-utilized by residents but require
intensive maintenance for the up-keep of
formal horticultural gardens parts.
These portions of the Green Necklace are ideal
sites for urban agriculture, as they are situated
on south-facing slopes and benefit from
sunlight all day long. Their location in the
urban grid allows pedestrian accessibility for
most residents and utility access, if required,
for agricultural programs. The high edge-to-
interior-ratio of the greenways and their
narrow depth make it difficult to develop them
for other programs, as their current condition
shows, but predestines them for a sequence of
growing fields needed for agricultural
programs. Transformed into a cultural
greenway the Green Necklace complements
the diversity of park systems in North
Vancouver. The city territory provides a series
of wildlife parks along ravines as well as a
variety of green spaces programmed mainly
with playing fields and other active recreation
programs. [Figure 2]
Figure 2: Park Systems in the City of North Vancouver
4
URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAY
To create an urban cultural greenway, this
study proposes to infuse selected linear urban
parks in the City of North Vancouver with
urban agriculture programs, while maintaining
and upgrading all existing programs and public
pathways. The proposed programs vary in
scale and intensity; they include allotment,
community and demonstration gardens, edible
schoolyards, urban orchards, edible
landscaping, food composting, local farmers
markets and small-scale professional urban
farming. All proposed programs are conceived
as environmentally, socially and economically
self-sustaining systems and are accessible to
the public.
It is the City of North Vancouver’s intention to
develop a master plan in collaboration with
community groups once results of the pilot
project have been gathered. The planning and
development process will build on the results
of the pilot project. In the long run, it will
generate policies, which promote urban
agriculture as an integral part of the urban
planning and permission process. During the
public approval process for a city wide cultural
green way plan, local initiatives, non-profit
organizations and other stakeholders take on
the stewardship for sites on city owned land.
In turn, community groups are responsible for
the implementation of site improvements and
infrastructure as well as the maintenance of
the site. The city offers approximately 37 acres
of green spaces suitable for urban agriculture.
The size of the individual plots will be based on
the programs proposed by community groups
or private enterprises11. The involvement of
the community in the planning and
maintenance of cultural greenways creates a
sense of social responsibility and gives the
residents an opportunity to engage in the
complex relationships among politics, culture
and the local living environment.12 Through
the allocation of sites to communal, charitable
or private stakeholders, the city can reduce the
maintenance cost for its green spaces.
The master plan will include design principles
for the physical characteristics and pattern of
use13, which will generate a consistency
between the different sites and programs in
the linear parks. The structures of agricultural
cultivation, from growing beds and planting
grid, guided by a maximization of sun
exposure and minimization of erosion during
storm water events, to the reoccurrence of
elements like greenhouses, hedges and
espaliers, will heighten the existing
topographical conditions, create an armature
for the seasonally changing vegetation and
generate the esthetics of a working landscape.
This approach intends to reveal and expose
agricultural and environmental processes, as
well as create strong experiences for the
public. Elizabeth Meyer highlights the
importance of participatory experiences to
engage visitors and to connect them to
environmental and cultural processes. She
further argues for an intersection of ecological
cycles with social routines and spatial
practices14. Therefore, important pedestrian
connections along and through the new
farming sites are maintained and developed.
Additional programs, like outdoor classrooms,
picnic areas, and playgrounds create
destinations within the linear park which draw
people in and through the new greenway and
make it part of their everyday life.
COMMUNITY VERSUS ENTREPRENEURIAL
Two types of urban agriculture are envisioned
for the cultural greenway; firstly, programs
which are managed by the community and
non-profit organizations and secondly,
entrepreneurial urban agriculture ventures.
Community-related urban agriculture includes
programs like allotment, community and
demonstration gardens, urban orchards and
edible landscaping in the city. These programs
feature either the common cultivation of land
or divide land into plots, which are then
allocated to individuals to grow produce for
their own consumption. Their benefit lies in
creation of community, social gathering,
education and individual food production, part
of which is in some cases donated to food
banks, i.e. the Edible Garden project.
The integration of professional and
entrepreneurial farming activities has the
potential to generate more viable cultural
greenways. An infrastructure of professional
urban agricultural enterprises can pursue a
produce palette based on high yields and value
and market local organic food to a whole
neighborhood. While attempting to gain a
profit, the aim is to maintain a strong social
agenda by creating local jobs and provide
community programs with an emphasis on
professional agriculture education, job training
and rehabilitation. Precise strategies for the
development and funding of these programs
and jobs are beyond the scope of this paper,
URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAYS 5
but the integration of urban agriculture can
generate two types of jobs, permanent and
seasonal trainee positions. The permanent jobs
are year round commitments with only a short
downtime in the winter, due to the mild
climate in the region. The winter months are
used for management, public relations,
marketing, continued education, teaching
opportunities and most importantly to plan and
organize the next growing season. In addition,
trainee programs are intended to offer special
job training and (re)integration programs to
the larger community, similar to the Wood
Street Urban Farm. This farm, located on the
South side of Chicago, operates a transitional
employment program for individuals who have
been previously incarcerated and homeless.
The urban farm offers participants with
employment barriers an integration
opportunity through a seven months
employment to gain self-confidence and
personal development. Throughout these
seven months, participants are trained in
organic farming, nutrition education, sales and
marketing, and also basic life skills. Through
the partnership with a local college, the
participants have the opportunity to take free
general education development courses which
prepare them to enter college or other training
programs. 15
URBAN AGRICULTURE PILOT
The Urban Agriculture Pilot, currently under
development, is a pilot project for the
development of entrepreneurial, professional
urban agriculture and could be the first
building block of its kind in the City of North
Vancouver. The project is conceived to
advance knowledge about sustainable
agriculture production on urban sites, while
meeting specific environmental, economic and
social goals. It will showcase the integration of
Figure 3: Urban Agriculture Pilot for The City of North Vancouver
6
environmental systems such as a closed
hydrological cycle, a balanced nutrient cycle
and the production of renewable energy, within
a research station for professional urban
farming. Through this pilot project best
growing conditions and agricultural practices
within the city are tested to increase crop
yields. A combination of outdoor growing fields
and green houses will be used to extend the
growing season in a sustainable way as well as
provide passive solar energy and rainwater
collection. Rainwater will be harvested on
greenhouse roofs, stored and used for
irrigation in the low precipitation summer
months, which coincide with the main growing
season. Electricity will be generated by building
photovoltaic technology into the greenhouse
roofs to cover the energy needs on site and
create a self-supported system. Excess energy
production will be fed back into the grid,
eventually decentralizing energy production.
[Figure 4]
Professional projects require a more
substantial initial investment for technology,
infrastructure and staff. For the pilot project, a
group of MBA students at the University of
British Columbia’s Sauder School of Business,
is currently elaborating a socially responsible
business plan to create a framework for
running the farm in a self-sufficient way whilst
allowing for training, integration and
socialization programs.
Figure 4: Urban Agriculture Pilot: Sustainable Cycle
Similar entrepreneurial urban agriculture
programs have already been established. The
Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture
(KCCUP) promotes urban farming with
community-based programs, as well as
entrepreneurial urban agriculture. As part of
the organization, the Kansas City Community
Farm, a financially self-sustaining
demonstration farm, produces over 30,000
pounds of certified organic vegetables each
year on 2.25 acres of land. The farm's
production and management are showcased
and shared to provide an educational tool as
well as knowledge exchange between
agricultural professionals, local farmers, school
groups, and members of the community.16
Local farmer’s markets are part of the
entrepreneurial strategies of the cultural
greenway, but could be run by either
community or professional groups. Markets are
located in accessible areas and visible
intersections to expand the availability of
fresh, organic produce. They serve as a direct
outlet for the produce harvested on the cultural
greenway. The creation of a network of
markets and vendors would begin to
decentralize the food distribution within the
City of North Vancouver. This will help to make
the city more walkable and pedestrian friendly
in addition to providing residents with access
to healthy, affordable food.
Figure 5: Urban Agriculture Pilot
URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAYS 7
IMPACT ON EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
The creation of a cultural urban greenway
through the implementation of a diversity of
urban agriculture programs can help the
development towards a more sustainable city.
Urban agriculture interventions expand and
remediate existing infrastructure by enhancing
their environmental and economic
performance, by lightening the load on this
infrastructure and by introducing more
ecological, sustainable systems. Undoubtedly,
urban agriculture brings a wide range of social
benefits to its citizens who engage in the
programs.
SOCIAL BENEFITS: EDUCATION AND
INTEGRATION
Through their unique physical accessibility
cultural greenways offer access to a wide
range of people. They can provide
opportunities for informal education to
residents who wander through the green
space on regular basis as well as formal
education to others who engage in specific
programs or voluntary work. The primary goal
of both forms of education is to reconnect the
population with local food production and to
create environmental awareness, for example
by supporting seasonal food consumption.
People learn what fruits and vegetables grow in
season through observing growing areas and
farmer's market sales. Formal courses offer
education in farming to extend one’s own back
yard food production and to learn about
sustainable water management, spreading
these practices across the entire city. Research
indicates that emotional and affective learning
through experience and engagement is at least
as important as factual knowledge in
cultivating environmental awareness and
sustaining a cultural legacy of producing and
consuming food.17
Figure 6: Urban Cultural Greenway and Edible Schoolyards
8
These efforts can be extended in specific
school and youth programs, by providing
schoolyard urban agriculture programs. The
Edible Schoolyard in Berkeley became a model
for such an integrated education. The one-acre
organic garden educates and reconnects
students to the natural world, by introducing
them to environmental and social issues. In
the kitchen classroom, children learn how to
grow and prepare the food that they eat, while
learning about biology, chemistry, and
history.18 The Dunbar Garden Project (DGP) in
Little Rock, AR also functions as an outdoor
classroom, providing education for school
children, teenagers, and adults.19 Such
programs can develop into a network of urban
agriculture initiatives, including schoolyards
and connecting school activities to the urban
'cultural' and 'social' landscape.
Reaching children and youth is particularly
important, since they will be future stewards
for the environment and food production.
Intergenerational projects like the Food Project
in Boston provide youth and adults alike with
the opportunity of acquiring new skills in
sustainable food production. The central aim of
the Food Project is to empower at risk youth
by offering leadership roles within the
organization. These roles serve as a gateway
into both formal and informal education
opportunities; the youth are in turn prepared
for other leadership roles within their
communities.20
Urban farms strengthen urban communities by
fostering neighborhood creation and
community identification as well as generating
local economic growth through integration,
socialization and job creation, in particular for
groups that are otherwise disadvantaged, as
the example of the Wood Street Urban Farm in
Chicago shows. Added Value, a non-profit
organization, which runs the Red Hook
Community Garden in South Brooklyn, works
directly with youth who had been in juvenile
detention facilities. The program fosters the
development of new skills in urban farming but
also of a new perspective on one's life. The
ReVision Urban Agriculture Project, located in
Dorchester, Massachusetts, is part of a shelter
for young homeless women and their children,
which provides job training and education for
its residents and interns.21
While local food production generates better
access to organic food in general, it also
increases food security and allows for the
distribution of food to people in need.
Foodshare is Canada’s largest community food
security organization. The non-profit
organization focuses on the entire food system,
from growing and processing to distribution
and consumption of food. Founded by Annex
Organics, The Field to Table Urban Agriculture
Project grows food in underutilized spaces
within Toronto. The project increases food
security by improving the city's food self-
reliance by reducing the dependency on long
distance food imports. Through a variety of
community projects, Foodshare reaches over
100,000 children and adults a month through
subsidized distribution of fresh produce,
nutrition programs, classroom curriculum
support, and youth internships. The project not
only allows food distribution to people in need
but also increases public awareness and civic
responsibility in this issue and generates social
equity. 22
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
The implementation of urban farming bears the
potential to increase the environmental
performance of urban parks in cities. The
success of this endeavor largely depends on
the choice of farming techniques and integral
design elements; primarily, through the
adaptation of urban agriculture sites to local
climate. In the Vancouver region rainwater
harvesting during the wet winter months can
provide a large amount of the water necessary
for crop irrigation during the four
predominantly dry summer months. The
additional integration of rain gardens,
disconnected from the irrigation water,23
supports the storm water management of
adjacent streets. The creation of a more
sustainable water cycle has a large impact on
the urban infrastructure. It reduces the
dependency on public water and the volume of
storm water in the combined sewer, which
conserves water resources and energy needed
for wastewater treatment.
Urban agriculture is often a vanguard for the
integration of alternative, self-sufficient energy
systems and consequently, a decentralization
of the energy production. For example, the
Wood Street Urban Farm is currently
expanding the production of renewable energy.
Future plans include the construction of a solar
panel “power tower” to provide energy for the
site.24 The initial impact on the city's energy
balance might be small, but will be soon
URBAN CULTURAL GREENWAYS 9
multiplied through the education of residents
and their increased acceptance.
A substantial benefit of urban agriculture
results from the reduction of food miles and
therefore embodied energy and CO2
emissions25. Along with a decentralization of
the food distribution and sales through local
farmers markets, Community-Supported
Agriculture (CSA) and food co-ops26, it relieves
the traffic infrastructure and makes the city
more pedestrian friendly.
On an ecological level, local food production
fosters crop diversity, preserves heirloom crops
that are adapted to the regional climate and
increases availability of organic produce. The
ReVision Urban Agriculture Project practices
environmentally sustainable farming methods
including composting, crop rotation and
succession planting.27 Their environment
friendly agriculture practices result in an
improvement of biodiversity of animal and
plant life.
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
Building on all "three pillars" of sustainability28,
economic strategies are an essential part of
approaching the implementation of cultural
greenways. The introduction of urban
agriculture adds another economic layer and
generates a local market. Community groups,
non-profit organizations and entrepreneurs
who take over stewardship for urban
agriculture sites should strive to run their
projects cost effectively to establish self-
sufficient systems. Cities can support this by
providing the land free of charge, in return
they will benefit from the relatively low
investment costs of urban agriculture in
comparison to conventional infrastructure and
a reduction of their parks maintenance costs.
Entrepreneurial urban agriculture invests in job
creation, job training and integration
programs. This offers support to residents,
particularly the disadvantaged or otherwise
vulnerable in the labor market. Profits and
salaries are reinvested in the local market; this
makes the community less dependent on
outside sources29. Urban agriculture provides
safe nutritious food to the community and
helps increase social equity with additional
food supplies for residents in need; this
reduces costs for social welfare and health
care. A good example for the successful
integration of economic considerations within
an urban agriculture project is Growing Power
in Milwaukee. Its main facility functions as a
prototype for Community Food Centers where
schools, universities, government agencies,
farmers, activists, and community members
are educated using sustainable practices to
grow, process, market, and distribute food.30
An additional economic stimulus through an
increase in real estate value may also be
triggered by the revitalization of existing
greenways. The development of real estate
values in relation to the implementation of
urban agriculture sites is a little researched
economic effect. A study by New York
University School of Law estimates the impact
of community gardens on neighborhood
property values using data from New York City.
The study finds that on average community
gardens have significant positive effects on
surrounding property values especially in low-
income neighborhoods. In some cases, raising
neighboring property values by 9.4 percent
within five years of the garden’s opening.31 In
particular, the revitalization of low-income
neighborhoods by means of community
gardens and other urban agriculture projects
can add to the positive and marketable image
of a city as a whole. Consequently, it enhances
the reputation of a city in terms of overall
sustainability, livability and as an ideal location
for new progressive businesses and
investments.
CONCLUSION
Under-used urban parkways transformed into
agri-cultural greenways strive to create an
“active”, self-sustaining instead of a “passive”,
cost-intensive public green infrastructure, be it
a community garden or entrepreneurial urban
agriculture project. The positive environmental
effects of this new type of infrastructure are
evident, but due to the relatively small amount
of urban agricultural projects implemented
thus far, these have not been measured or
researched in depth. Investigations of this
important aspect of urban agriculture have to
be continued, while the educational benefits of
even small interventions for the community
should be further promoted. The active
engagement of residents or passers-by creates
awareness about the local environment and
food production through emotional and
affective, as well as cognitive learning. It
fosters community identity and social cohesion.
The social role of urban agriculture can impact
the community not only by these multifaceted
10
educational and cultural benefits, but also by
community building and integration, and a
broader economic stimulus. It carries the
ability to reach all members of a community in
a unique way - from children to the elderly.
The creation of community engagement
through experience is the central goal of a
cultural urban landscape. As Elizabeth Meyer
notes, "experiences are vehicles for connecting
with, and caring for, the world around us"32,
therefore the experience of urban agriculture
programs and resulting awareness has the
single most impact and is necessary to induce
the described positive transformations.
1 Many cities have started to re-activate their parks and
greenways. Philadelphia has created a cultural parkway, an
urban art landscape, linking its downtown and its main
cultural buildings. Temporary events and festivals are more
commonly found as a strategy to activate greenways, like
the Boulder Creek Festival. On a larger scale re-establishing
greenway systems is an ideal approach to increase the
urban core’s environmental, social and cultural value.
Boston's Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway has been
enrich through urban agriculture interventions.
2Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities
(New York: Random House,1961).
3 Wendy Mendes, Kevin Balmer, Terra Kaethler, and
Amanda Rhoads. "Using Land Inventories to Plan for Urban
Agriculture: Experiences From Portland and Vancouver".
Journal of the American Planning Association, 74 no. (2008):
435.
4 Report to Vancouver City Council to Director of Social
Planning, in consultation with the Manager of the
Sustainability Group, Definition of Social Sustainability, City
of Vancouver, 2005.
5Terra Kaethler, "Growing space: The potential for Urban
Agriculture in the City of Vancouver," (Vancouver: University
of British Columbia, School of Community and Regional
Planning, 2006).
6 "Food Policy - Community Gardens & the 2010 Challenge,"
City of Vancouver, http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/
socialplanning/initiatives/foodpolicy/projects/2010gardens.ht
m (accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
7 Wendy Mendes, "Creating a Just and Sustainable Food
System for the City of Vancouver" (Cities Feeding People
Workshop Paper, International Development Research
Centre, 2004).
8 "Attractions Lower Lonsdale Community Gardens” The City
of North Vancouver, http://www.cnv.org/server.aspx?c=4&i=8
(accessed Sept. 21, 2009).
9 “Building a Community Network That Grows, Harvests, and
Shares Local Food on the North Shores.” Edible Garden
Project. http://www.ediblegardenproject.com/ (accessed
Sept. 21, 2009).
10 Official Community Plan, Chapter 9: Parks and Greenways,
The Corporation of the City of North Vancouver, 2002.
11 More precise numbers for recommended areas for the
different programs have been established in the Southeast
False Creek Urban Agriculture Strategy. See: Holland Barrs
Planning Group in assoc. with Lees + Associates, Southeast
False Creek Urban Agriculture Strategy, (2002), prepared for
the City of Vancouver.
12 Paul Cawood Hellmund and Daniel S. Smith, Designing
greenways: sustainable landscapes for nature and people,
(Washington: Island Press, 2006), 183.
13 Andre Vilijon and Kathrin Bohn, "Continuous Productive
Urban Landscapes (CPUL): Essential Infrastructure and
Edible Ornament," Open House International, vol. 34, no.2
(2009): 55
14 Elizabeth K. Meyer, "Sustaining Beauty: The Performance
of Appearance - A manifesto in three parts," Journal of
Landscape Architecture. Issue 1, (2008): 6-23.
15 "Providing Job Training through a Non-profit Organic
Agriculture Business," Wood Street Urban Farm, Growing
Home, Inc., http://www.growinghomeinc.org/wood-street
(accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
16 "Programs at Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture,"
Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture, http://www.kccua
.org /programs.htm (accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
17 Kellert, Stephen R. 1996. The value of life: biological
diversity and human society. Washington, D.C.: Island Press
[for] Shearwater Books.
18 "Welcome to the Edible Schoolyard," The Edible
Schoolyard, http://www.edibleschoolyard.org/ (accessed
Sept. 28, 2009).
19 "What is the Dunbar Garden," Dunbar Garden Project,
http://www.dunbargarden.org/ (accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
20 "What We Do," The Food Project, http://thefoodproject.org
/what-we-do (accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
21 "Victory Programs ReVision Urban Farm," ReVision House
Urban Farm, http://www.vpi.org/Re-VisionFarm/ (accessed
Sept. 28, 2009).
22 "Foodshare, Good, Healthy Food for All," Foodshare,
http://www.foodshare.net/ (accessed Sept. 28, 2009).
23 Due to missing conclusive research, the storm water from
streets needs to be physically separated from rainwater
harvested for plant irrigation.
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28 As defined by: United Nations General Assembly (2005).
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32 Elizabeth K. Meyer, 6-23.
