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Plankton collection, preservation and mounting with case study of coastal waters of Digha, Bay of Bengal

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Water Research and Technology ISBN: 97881-931247-2-7
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PLANKTON COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND MOUNTING WITH CASE STUDY OF
COASTAL WATERS OF DIGHA, BAY OF BENGAL
Saumya Dash 1, Rajesh Kumar Behera 2, Anupama Pati1, Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra2,
R. K. Sarangi3, Dipti Raut 1and Lipika Patnaik* 1
1Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack
2Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753 003 INDIA
3Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, INDIA
*Corresponding author E-mail: lipika_pat@yahoo.co.uk
INTRODUCTION:
Phytoplanktons are the primary producers in the sea and act as the base of marine food chain.
These are the indicator of water quality. Zooplanktons are the drifting primary consumers that feed on
the phytoplankton of the marine ecosystem. Sunlight and nutrients are the limiting factor for
phytoplankton growth and reproduction. Nutrients are distributed throughout the water body, but
sunlight is restricted only to the photic zone. Thus the planktons always try to float and stay near the
surface layer of the water column. Planktons are classified in to the following types based on their size.
Femtoplankton 0.02-0.2µm
Picoplankton 0.2-2µm
Nanoplankton 2-20µm
Microplankton 20-200µm
mesoplankton 0.2-20mm
Megaplankton 20-200mm
Plankton- Collection, Slide Preparation, Counting, Identification:
The water samples should be collected using Niskin water sampler and about 8-10 litres of
water should be filtered through the plankton net of varying mesh size based on requirement. The
samples are preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution followed by the addition of 0.08ml of Lugol’s iodine
to 10ml of the sample. This can be preserved for several days. After at least 24hr of preservation the
sample should be centrifuged at 1000rpm for 10minutes. Discard the supernatant and the pellet is to be
collected in a watch glass for mounting. Take a drop of DPX on a clean and dry glass slide. Transfer one
to two drops of processed sample over DPX and mount with a cover slip. The slide should be allowed to
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dry completely. After 48hr of drying the slide can be observed under a microscope for identification of
planktons.
Sample collection from Coastal waters of Digha, Bay of Bengal:
Water samples were collected from the coastal waters of digha, Bay of Bengal in the month of
November 2015, January, 2016 and March, 2016. Sampling was done bimonthly using Trawlers hired
from Shankarpur jetty which is 13 kms from Digha Sea Beach. Plankton samples from the surface water
were collected by using Niskin water sampler and plastic bucket. Around 8-10 litres of water was filtered
through the plankton net. After collection the sample was filtered through plankton net of 50µ mesh
size and immediately preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution. Then 0.08ml Lugol’s iodine was added to
10ml of sample. This can be preserved for several days. After at least 24hr of preservation the sample
was centrifuged at 1000rpm for 10minutes. The supernatant was taken out without disturbing the
pellet. Then the pellet was collected in a watch glass for mounting. A drop of DPX mount was taken on a
clean and dry glass slide. Over the DPX one to two drops of collected sample was placed and mounted
with a cover slip. The slide was labelled properly and left for drying. After 48hr of drying the slide was
observed under a microscope for identification of planktons.
Counting using Sedgwick - Rafter cell:
Sedgwick-Rafter cell is a rectangular cavity in the glass slide (50 x 20 x 1mm) having 1ml
(1000mm3) capacity. The floor of the cavity is divided into 1 cubic mm square area. The concentrated
sample was mixed properly and 1ml was transferred into the cell cavity. Cover slip was placed carefully
avoiding air bubbles and allowed to settle for 15min. Planktons were counted under low magnification.
Identification:
Prepared slides were observed under compound microscope at magnification of 10x and 40x.
Photographs of the observed planktons were taken with the help of a camera( Magnus Pro 3.7) which
was connected to the microscope through an adapter and identified using various monographs, NIO
Identification manual and from marinespecies.com web site.
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Shankarpur Jetty, Digha
Recorded planktons from Digha coast:
Coscinodiscus sp. (Ehrenberg, 1839) Valve view
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Ocrophyta
Class
Bacillariophyceae
Sub class
Coscinodiscophycidae
Order
Coscinodiscales
Family
Coscinodiscaceae
Genus
Coscinodiscus
Salient features:
1. Cells are circular with radiating or non
radiating valves.
2. Valves are convex.
3. Outer layer is hard, porous and composed
of silica.
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Dinophysis caudata (Saville-Kent, 1881)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Myzozoa
Class
Dinophyceae
Order
Dinophysiales
Family
Dinophysiaceae
Genus
Dinophysis
Species
caudata
Salient features:
1. Cells have small epitheca and large
hypotheca.
2. Body girdle is surrounded by wing like
structures.
3. Presence of Sulcus is a prominent feature
of Dinophyceae.
Ceratium fusus (Schrank, 1793,( Ehrenberg), Dujardin, 1841)
Phylum
Pyrrophycophyta
Class
Dinophyceae
Order
Gonyaulacales
Family
Ceratiaceae
Genus
Ceratium
Salient features:
1. Needle- shaped body.
2. Epitheca long and tapers into slightly bent
apical horn.
3. Hypotheca with left antapical horn usually
longer than apical horn.
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Pleurosigma sp. (W. Smith, 1852)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Ochrophyta
Class
Bacillariophyceae
Order
Naviculales
Family
Pleurosigmataceae
Genus
Pleurosigma
Salient features:
1. Elongated cell with tapering ends.
2. Central raphe is sigmoid.
Trichodesmium sp. (Ehrenberg ex, Gomont, 1892)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Cyanobacteria
Class
Cyanophyceae
Order
Oscillatoriales
Family
Phormidiaceae
Genus
Trichodesmium
Salient features:
1. Forms blooms on the surface.
2. Presence of parallel trichomes.
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Biddulphia mobiliensis (With chromatophores) S.F Gray, 1821
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Ochrophyta
Class
Bacillariophyceae
Order
Biddulphiales
Family
Biddulphiaceae
Genus
Biddulphia
Salient features:
1. Forms short chains.
2. Surface of the valve has spines or ridges.
Microsetella norvegica (Boeck , 1865)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Arthropoda
Order
Harpacticoida
Family
Ectinosomatidae
Genus
Microsetella
Species
norvegica
Salient features:
1. Slender body laterally compressed.
2. Urosome is as wide as prosome.
3. Very long furcal setae.
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Protoperidinium sp. (Bergh, 1882)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Myzozoa
Class
Dinophyceae
Order
Peridiniales
Family
Protoperidiniaceae
Genus
Protoperidinium
Salient features:
1. Body is spherical or turnip shaped.
2. Presence of short longitudinal flagellum
Acrocalanus longicornis (Giesbrecht , 1888)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Arthropoda
Class
Maxillopoda
Order
Calanoida
Family
Paracalanidae
Genus
Acrocalanus
Species
longicornis
Salient features:
1. Cephalosome is rounded.
2. Teeth on the proximal portion are more in
numerous.
3. Armature of the distal portion of the
terminal segment of 4th legs has few fine
teeth.
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Tintinnid sp. (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929)
Systemic Position:
Phylum
Ciliophora
Class
Oligotrichea
Order
Choreotrichida
Genus
Tintinnid
Salient features:
1. Vase shaped body.
2. Outermost layer is known as Lorica.
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Kleinsten Raumes Abdhandlungen der Koniglichen . Akademie der Wissenschaften in
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