Maternidade, culpa e ruminação em tempos digitais // Motherhood, Guilt and Rumination in Digital Times

Abstract

Desde o século XVIII, o sentimento de culpa esteve tão atrelado à maternidade quanto os ideais de dedicação e amor. Recentemente, discussões sobre ela têm aumentado, sobretudo nos sites de redes sociais. São debates que buscam, entre outros objetivos, repensar valores tradicionalmente associados à atividade materna. O artigo explora as modificações históricas e subjetivas que permitiram que mulheres falassem sobre uma questão íntima (a maternidade) em um ambiente compartilhado. Para isso, analisa alguns comentários feitos por mães no site de rede social Facebook sobre suas vivências maternas, tomando por base os conceitos de ruminação de Nietzsche (século XIX) e de culpa de Freud (século XX). Ao acionar dois dos mais influentes pensadores modernos para refletir sobre manifestações contemporâneas, percebese que os discursos produzidos pelas mães procuram se afastar do sentimento de culpa materna, em um processo que se aproxima do que Nietzsche classifica como ruminação das experiências.

Full text

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
89
MATERNIDADE, CULPA E RUMINAÇÃO EM TEMPOS DIGITAIS
MOTHERHOOD, GUILT AND RUMINATION IN DIGITAL TIMES
RESUMO
Desde o século XVIII, o sentimento de culpa esteve tão atrelado à maternidade quanto
os ideais de dedicação e amor. Recentemente, discussões sobre ela têm aumentado,
sobretudo nos sites de redes sociais. São debates que buscam, entre outros objetivos,
repensar valores tradicionalmente associados à atividade materna. O artigo explora

          
            

 
       
           

ruminação das experiências.
Palavras-chave: Maternidade. Culpa. Ruminação. Subjetividade Moderna.

ABSTRACT








  



Keywords:      

Ana Luiza de Figueiredo Souza


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
90
Introdução
Discussões sobre a maternidade têm se tornado mais comuns não apenas na
, com destaque para sites de redes


valores e construções culturais, sociais e políticas em torno da maternidade.
         


páginas Senta que lá vem história, Uma mãe como você, Mãezice por Ananda Urias
e Rotina de Mãe
       
postagens estão listadas abaixo.
Mãezice por Ananda Urias
Uma mãe como você
Rotina de Mãe
Senta que lá vem história
Desde o último terço do século XVIII, no contexto ocidental, a culpa caracteriza



  
  
           

 
        

e ao exercício do papel de mãe.
         
         
Papo de MãeDeu Positivo Lugar de
MulherDesconstruir a maternidade romântica é nosso papelSer
Mãe não é Saber Tudo (Clube Quindim), entre outros.
        
    

 
   
    


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
91
  
         
        
de maneira internalizada, constituindo um núcleo denso, misterioso e essencial,




estar, sendo sua principal causa.
          


 





constroem sua subjetividade, criando uma imagem de si que procura não apenas

         







           

           
  
         

uma imagem pessoal mais atraente.
          


            
uma explicação para seus sentimentos desagradáveis, de modo que consiga manter

nascida do atrito entre o desejo individual e a norma vigente, abria espaço para a


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
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


uma responsabilidade que não é dele.



era tão grosseiro que precisou de torturas terríveis para adotar a civilidade na qual













 



menor a capacidade de esquecer.




          
           

incorporar certos elementos em detrimento de outros.

      
          


           

patriarcal sobre a produção intelectual da época.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
93

       
        
 
           
 


       
         

    
que costumam ser omitidas por elas mesmas durante a vivência maternal, muitas




             

         

Considerações metodológicas: apresentando as narrativas pessoais
analisadas
 em



sobre sua relação com a culpa (tão presente na construção da maternidade) e a possível
        


           



qualitativo, não considerando a quantidade de comentários em cada postagem, mas

   


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
94
do corpus as postagens das páginas Mãezice por Ananda Urias, Uma mãe como você,
Rotina de Mãe e Senta que lá vem história.

Mãezice por Ananda Urias, critica a noção de que o sentimento de culpa é inerente à


Uma mãe como você, dialoga



  


Rotina de Mãe

sentir tão competente quanto as outras mães, sobretudo as de blogs de maternidade



            
Senta que lá vem história









          
          
      

também aproxima o teor das respostas obtidas.
          






geral dos comentários recebidos pela postagem à qual respondiam, isto é, abarcavam,

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
95


tais termos. Os critérios de seleção objetivaram construir uma amostra enxuta, que
representasse o teor e a abordagem geral dos comentários recebidos.




ESSA CULPA NÃO É SUA
M.G.:



me invade. Vc é uma inspiração verdadeira pra muitas mamães
que estão em busca do acerto e que vez ou outra escorregam e
cometem erros. Obrigada pela sua sinceridade, pelos lindos textos


R.V.U.:

até tarde ontem pq ela queria me contar tudo sobre o seu dia e



S.X.:
quando lembro que poderia ter tido mais paciência, ter dado
mais colo, mais abraços e ter evitado umas palmadas por motivos
bobos, não que eu seja contra palmadas, mas tem que ter um

L.L.:           


        

I.R.:

A.W.:

MÃE ERRA!
C.N.:


M.S.: 



ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
96
S.O.:
vc que não dá educação, é por tua causa que ele é o que é, mas
ninguém vê que, depois que cresce, cada cabeça é uma sentença.
T.V.:

T.A.:
ser mãe.
ESPERO O DIA QUE EU VÁ RIR DE TUDO ISSO
A.R.:

queria dormir cedo de barriga pra baixo, mas estou assistindo

esta noite vai ser longa...Queria arrumar meu cabelo que cresceu

...passo o dia todo arrumando a casa, limpando bb, ensinando
o maior a ler, mas estou cansada....Mas mesmo assim, como vc



agradeço a Deus todos os dias por ter eles comigo aqui.
SÓ BISERVANDO
S.C.B.:



 
pra distrair o menino, ninguém come na casa, todo mundo anda


tudo que é saudável, mas às vezes rola um biscoito maizena, uma




M.M.:





C.F.:
quando estou me sentindo a pior mãe do mundo, quando perco a
paciência com a cria e grito, brigo e logo depois me sinto culpada
            
novamente.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
97
 

Subjetividade: da moderna à contemporânea
Nas sociedades tradicionais, totalizantes, o indivíduo vale menos do que a




O indivíduo que, no mundo tradicional, se torna alguém ao descobrir qual é o seu lugar



à possibilidade da revolução burguesa, à ideia de democracia, revolução proletária,



         
individuais. O mundo moderno rompe com essa crença e cria outro tipo de sujeito.

          


 
             



  


           

Trieb), ou seja, pela pulsão de agressividade


   

que precisam ser controlados.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
98
           

 
 

o indivíduo será submetido em prol da convivência em sociedade. Nos séculos XIX e
XX, o decoro e a discrição operavam como mecanismos de controle ex tremamente


         
na estrutura social vigente tendo no espaço privado a possibilidade de ser autêntico,
         

e protegida em seu interior, sendo acessada apenas por meio de processos intimistas,








suas conotações pejorativas para se converter em um gesto cada vez mais comum e até
mesmo necessário.


se ver e se mostrar) e as tecnologias de comunicação (sobretudo audiovisuais e
         
opiniões, imagens, vídeos e narrativas como as voltadas para a culpa materna, em que


 
            




          
           


          
         

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
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         









textos da página Senta que vem história




         










          
que avalie as construções subjetivas que recebe, tornando essa avaliação visível aos



está disposto a ver dela. No caso das mães envolvidas nos comentários, o que suas
narrativas dizem sobre si e o modo como maternam.
Culpa e maternidade

         




ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
100

amor passa a ser exaltado como natural e social, necessário para a manutenção
 



        




de crianças nascidas no país sobreviva, para que se tornem adultos capazes de
           








        
          




relacionadas à condição materna.









          
        




ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
101


          
  


  

do comportamento da mãe. Desde então, os ecologistas e outros
adoradores da natureza contribuíram para que essa crença
   

 

essas diretrizes são cada vez mais consideradas mães indignas, e


maternais (apud 
       
           
 
          


 
             




        
         

consagradas como as únicas possibilidades existentes. No caso da maternidade, a

propagada inclusive por outras mães.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
102
Pensamento Nietzschiano em face à maternidade
     Gewissen) como autonomia,



verbos sollen (dever) e wollen







 

que permite que o indivíduo prometa.



  







           




precisa do dever, pois já pode prometer. Ou seja, conquistou regularidade no querer. O


          
os aspectos negativos, não apenas permite ao indivíduo se desprender desses


           


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
103

 
processo que se desprende da moral da devoção materna e sua consequente culpa.
Pensamento Freudiano e suas modicações

            
   
 

             


            


           
            





 
           
 

culpa seria o arrependimento.

          



          
              
motivações. O paciente não percebe a culpa, o terapeuta é quem a esclarece. Desse

tratamento.



ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
104

            
elementos estruturais e normativos se alterou, estando muito abalada no século XXI.
   

o atual avanço de programas e ideologias de extrema direita, por exemplo, pode
ser interpretado não como uma retomada de práticas modernas, mas como atos de
resistência ao desmoronamento dessas estruturas. São entendidas como retrocessos,






 

         
       











           

se dá pelo gozo, não pelo castigo. Houve uma mudança na maneira como o indivíduo



         
que reações a atitude do indivíduo provocará nos outros e como estas repercutirão





arrependimento.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
105


          

 

Nesse cenário, a exteriorização da agressividade parece mais liberada. Se o
          


o Diabo para o cristianismo e os judeus para os nazistas) que possam comportar o

           




A vergonha como valor, a narrativa como recurso
     
         

ao do castigo.



           


           



           
 






ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
106
        


que ele projeta têm papel crucial na valorização do sentimento de si.









 



          
          
           



Digerindo a maternidade
            


termos individuais. No entanto, ao expor seus obstáculos, algumas críticas se dirigem








         

        

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
107
problemática, ao mesmo tempo em que colocam suas atitudes e discursos como
   



           
nesse ponto, da capacidade de construção de narrativas paralelas e mesmo opostas ao

           


    





          

             
desencadeiam e como se inserem no quadro maior da cultura e da sociedade à qual


         

         

que, em diálogo uns com os outros, ruminam a experiência da maternidade,



vivências pessoais. Digerir aquilo que se vive é necessário para ser capaz de esquecer e,


descrição do quanto é complicado dar conta de todas as exigências maternais, como

           

          


libertar completamente delas.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
108
         













obrigasse a se culpar pelos erros deles.

          
esqueceu no sentido de processar para posteriormente superar um evento ruim, nem

 




  
         

empreendimento.

            
           
         
suspende o esquecimento e impede que o sujeito se livre do que o incomoda. No
caso, a culpa materna.
            



paciência com a cria e grito, brigo e logo depois me sinto culpada e menos mãe, vem

nas mães que com elas interagem não se dá apenas em relação à maternidade, mas à

suas subjetividades.

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
109
Considerações nais

         





 
era a essas interlocutoras potenciais a quem seus relatos se dirigiam, buscando não
apenas a problematização da culpa materna, mas também amparo.
Se nos séculos XIX e XX a agressividade era internalizada porque se acreditava
           
externalizada por se entender que sua interiorização será prejudicial ao indivíduo.



relatos sobre as vivências maternais, essa agressividade pode ser compreendida como


         

as autoras das narrativas não se limitam ao papel de vítimas de uma determinada
            
         
          













             
    

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
110





até ser possível pensar para além delas.
 





maternidade.
Referências
O que é contemporâneo? e outros ensaios

O conito: a mulher e a mãe
Um amor conquistado: o mito do amor materno

        
Percy Reflexão      

Narciso 21

   Máquinas de ver, modos de ser: vigilância, tecnologia e
subjetividade
    Ordem médica e norma familiar   

Vigiar e Punir
Métodos de pesquisa
para Internet

ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
111
     Homo deletabilis: corpo, percepção,
esquecimento do século XIX ao XXI

Belle époque: crítica, arte e cultura. Rio

      Mulheres, mães e médicos discurso
maternalista no Brasil
O mal-estar na civilização, novas conferências introdutórias
e outros textos (1930-1936)
     Edição standard brasileira das obras
psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud, vol. 22
       
Popular Communication
        
          .
Anais eletrônicos...     


               
          
Communication and Media
            
livro. Delas   
    

Genealogia da Moral

    Masculino, feminino, plural: gênero na interdisciplinaridade,

   Dinâmicas Identitárias em Sites de Redes Sociais:
Estudo com Participantes de Cenas de Música Eletrônica no Facebook


ISSN: 1807 - 8214
Revista Ártemis, vol. XXV nº 1; jan-jun, 2018. pp. 89-112
112

  Gênero       


          
    Masculino, feminino, plural: gênero na interdisciplinaridade,

  
Revista Eco Pós
O show do Eu: A intimidade como espetáculo. 
Contraponto.
        
        
  Anais eletrônicos... 

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