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Product’s environmental criteria definition related to Supply Chain
Management
Laura Palacios-Argüello, Marie-Agnes Girard, Natacha Gondran, Jesus-Gonzalez-Feliu, Valerie
Laforest
UMR CNRS 5600 EVS, Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne, I. Fayol, Saint-Etienne, France
laura.palacios@emse.fr, girard@emse.fr, natacha.gondran@emse.fr, jesus.gonzalez-feliu@emse.fr,
valerie.laforest@emse.fr
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to establish the environmental criteria that allow a product to be
qualified as a product with environmental quality. The methodological approach includes a rigorous
and reproducible systematic literature review. It is performed following three research questions to
define the main concepts related to a product’s environmental quality, the environmental criteria
associated to product’s environmental quality and to define the relationship with the Supply Chain
Management (SCM). As a result, two categories of product’s environmental quality criteria are
defined according to the product characteristics and the supply chain practices that improve the
product’s environmental quality. Then it is proposed a set of seven sub-categories. The criteria
extracted from the literature review are classified into each category through a meta-narrative
analysis. Finally, an analysis of the criteria related to SCM is performed to be used as an input
information for the supply chain stakeholders to asset its current product environmental performance
and to establish new collaboration practices to improve the product environmental quality.
Keywords: Product environmental criteria, environmental quality, environmental attributes,
greenness product, supply chain management, decision-making.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the companies improve the environmental performance of their products to offer more
products with a high environmental quality [1]. However, product’s environmental quality concept is very
extensive and involves very different aspects. This generates confusion on the concept and it does not
give clear directions to companies willing to offer more products with a high environmental quality. This
is why, it is necessary to clarify the product’s environmental quality notion to avoid misunderstanding for
the firm but also for the consumer perception between the pure environmental performance of a product
and the green image that can be associated with its consumption.
The aim of this paper is to establish the environmental criteria that a product accomplishes to be qualified
as a product with environmental quality. To perform the literature review, the following research
questions are proposed:
RQ1: Which are the main concepts defined in the literature related to a product’s environmental quality?
RQ2: Which are the environmental criteria to define the product’s environmental quality?
RQ3: Which are the product’s environmental criteria related to the Supply Chain Management (SCM)?
To answer the first research question (RQ1), it is necessary to define the product’s environmental quality
or greenness product concept. In the literature, we found several notions that aim to describe the
environmental quality and disclose some environmental attributes or criteria for different kind of products
and industries. Some of those concepts are: green product, sustainable product, eco-friendly product, eco-
responsible product and eco-efficiency products among others.
To answer the second research question (RQ2), a review of those definitions will allow us to establish the
characteristics of a product with relevant environmental attributes. Once we define the concepts related to
RQ1, we will extract the main product’s environmental criteria from the literature review. Then to answer
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to the third research question (RQ3), a category definition will be proposed in order to explain the criteria
to take into account according to the product characteristics and supply chain practices that improve the
product’s environmental quality related to the SCM.
2. Methodological approach
It is important to conduct a rigorous, systematic and reproducible literature review to consolidate the
existing literature, and to identify the gaps and barriers.
2.1. Material collection
Material collection was mainly based on a documentary gathering. We used Scopus database in order to
quantify the articles published, taking into account that Scopus shows a broad overview of global,
interdisciplinary scientific work about a specific topic research. Then we selected the major publisher’s
databases and library services such as Science direct, Emerald and Springer to compare and complete the
list of papers.
2.1.1 Inclusion criteria
First, it is necessary to look for the main keywords of the problematic of the research; we define a
preliminary list of keywords. These search terms need to be defined in order to make the search as
focused as possible. To select the search terms, it was necessary to choose those that are closely related to
our research topic (including alternative words and abbreviations). Then, we took into account the
keywords equation to define the use of Boolean operators to get the right information. After that, we
defined the time period. Finally, we chose the field codes; the research was based on the abstracts, titles
and keywords of papers published.
We included in the first selection the conference proceedings and grey literature (i.e. technical reports and
work in progress). Then we performed a second round of keywords inclusion to answer more precisely to
the first research questions. We made a third round to select only the papers which offer a detail list or
mention environmental characteristics and attributes of products and that explain green practices and
green strategies to improve the product’s environmental quality. The Table 1 shows the main inclusion
criteria that we took into account.
Table 1: Inclusion criteria
First round Second round Third round
Keywords Green Supply Chain,
Environment, Eco-product,
Supply Chain, Purchase
decisions
Green product, eco-
responsible product,
sustainable product, eco-
efficiency product.
Product’s environmental
quality, product’s
environmental attributs
Document type Paper, book chapter,
conference paper, article in
press
Paper, book chapter,
conference paper, article in
press
Paper, book chapter,
conference paper, article in
press, technical reports
Time interval 2007 - 2017 2007 - 2017 1987-2017
Language English English English
For the first round of inclusion criteria, to address the main research question of this first phase of the
study, it was necessary to select the main combination of keywords that are the most significant for the
literature review. The Table 2 shows the main typology and the keyword equation used.
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
Table 2: Typology and the keyword equation used
Typology keyword equation
SUPPLY CHAIN Business strategy + Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Life Cycle Analysis + Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Competitive advantage + Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Value creation + Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Green product + Sustainable Supply Chain Management
ENVIRONMENT Environment policy + Green Product
Environment awareness + Green Product
Environment consciousness + Green Product
Environment criteria + Green Product
Environment friendliness + Green Product
Environment knowledge + Green Product
Environment performance + Green Product
Environment values + Green Product
Environment variables + Green Product
ECO-PRODUCT Eco-friendly product + Green Supply Chain
Eco-responsible product + Green Supply Chain
Eco-efficiency product + Green Supply Chain
PURCHASE
DECISIONS
Consumer perceptions + Green Product
Post-purchase behavior + Green Product
Purchase decision-making + Green Product
Purchase intention + Green Product
The total number of documents found is 3037. Then, only those with DOI have been selected to ensure
the paper publication and its electronic availability, 2333 papers have been found. After selected only the
last ten years’ publications, 2154 papers have been found.
2.1.2 Selection based on title and abstract
Researches on titles and abstracts have highlighted 415 papers that explain the product environmental
quality. From that list, 252 study green practices and green strategies to obtain a product environmental
quality, 18 explain the characteristics of environmental quality that a product must have; 86 explain the
perception that the consumers have of a product environmental quality. Only 2 papers link the three
concepts. The figure 1 shows the quantity of papers found per topic and covering several topics.
Figure 1: Number of papers related to environmental quality (EQ)’s product, perception and green practices.
2
EQ product:
Product’s environmental quality characteristics
EQ perception: Product’s environmental quality perception
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
In this paper, we will not take into account the papers that deal with the product environmental perception
exclusively. Thus, for the second step, the total papers’ number is 329 papers.
2.1.3 Selection based on full text and snowballing
In this last step, we refine the list of selected papers by reading the full text and searching references of
references and using citation-tracking databases. Following a discussion among the researchers, we select
75 papers according to the content of the paper.
2.2. Material analysis
Considering this corpus, a set of descriptive analyses was first performed. Figure 2 presents the papers’
distribution by year of publication and Figure 3 presents the description of the main identified papers per
source.
Figure 2: Papers’ distribution by year of publication
Figure 3: Identified papers per source
3. Results
Many articles found deal with “Green” definitions, including green product, green consumers, and green
politics among others. In the “Environmental” definitions, different keywords may have a link in between
such as criteria, variables, values among others that may explain how the environment is nowadays a real
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
research issue. Regarding the “eco” aspect among the definitions, it can be related to a product with a
label certification that consequently may influence the product demand.
Besides, there are the “Supply Chain Management” definitions that a company needs to take into account
when it performs an analysis of its product and processes such as: business strategy to develop a
greenness product as a value creation and competitive advantage to the company, supply chain
configuration, life cycle analysis. Finally, the purchase decision may be influenced by the type of
business (B to B or B to C), the perception and expectation of the product by customers but also their
purchase intention.
3.1. Product’s environmental quality definitions
The aim of this paper is to establish the characteristics and environmental attributes that define the
“environmental quality” of a product. To obtain this, it was necessary first, to search definitions related to
a product environmental quality. The first notion defined above was “environmental quality”. It was
found that the terms “environmental quality”, in the scientific literature, refers rather to the “state of
environmental conditions in environmental media, expressed in terms of indicators or indices related to
environmental quality standards” [2]. Thus, the term “environmental quality” refers more to the state of
the environment than to products.
However, several terms may refer to what was first named by “environmental quality of a product” or
what is defined by [3] as greenness product: “environmental attributes of a products”, “eco-efficiency of a
product”, “Eco friendliness of a product”, “sustainability of a product”. These terms refer more generally
to the environmental attributes of the product. On the one hand, those attributes are divided by [4] in
vertical and horizontal attributes as perceived by the consumer. The first one is related to an intrinsic
quality of the product, that may be called “greenness” and, the second one is related to design, style and
convenience. On the other hand, [3], [5]–[7] associate those environmental attributes to environmental
impacts of a product from cradle to grave, especially to emissions in the production and distribution
processes.
Nonetheless, in the literature review, there are different definitions of these environmental attributes for a
product. They can be found in literature addressing eco-efficiency product, eco-friendly product,
sustainable product and green product’s issues. The first two notions are related more to the results of the
assessment process rather than to the product by itself [8]–[12]. They refer to the environmental impact
prevention through the product life cycle assessment regarding its production value. These notions are
defined by addressing to ecological and economic issues [13], [14].
Then, “sustainable product” is defined by different authors found in the literature review[14]–[17]. At this
point, there is a clear difference with the first two notions defined above. Sustainable products are those
products that provide environmental, social and economic benefits. This notion does not address
exclusively to the environmental impacts. Finally, green products are not only defined [18]–[20] as those
products with a lower environmental impact, but also those providing higher environmental benefits
compared to conventional products. Figure 4 explains the concepts related to product’s environmental
quality definition regarding the concepts defined previously.
Figure 4: Concepts related to product’s environmental quality definition.
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
3.2. Product’s environmental performance
The description of those definitions emphasizes the importance of the green assessment on the entire
product life cycle and stresses a real environmental focus. Similarly, in the literature review, different
tools were found to assess the product’s greenness. According to [21], what is actually meant by ‘green’
is still debated. [19] indicated that to refer to a product as ‘green’, it must be only on the basis of its
environmental performance. Several green product classifications have been developed driven by distinct
classification purposes (detailed in Figure 5).
Figure 5: Product greenness classification
According to [22] and [23], the greenness is closely related to the design decisions since they affect the
product recyclability, the energy and resource consumption during the use of the product, etc. In the same
way, [24][25] and Sarlis (2003) cited by [19] established that a green product depends on the product
‘components from the green supplier (i.e. with environmental certifications such as ISO14000
certification). This is confronted by Ottman et al. (2006) cited by [19] who affirmed that the greenness of
a product highly depends on the characteristics of its manufacturing process.
Likewise, [26] concluded that the greenness level of a product depends on two categories of decisions.
The first one is related to those decisions that influence the characteristics of the product (such as design
decisions that influence the environmental impact on the entire product life cycle) and the second one is
related to those decisions that influence the environmental image of the product.
One of the most common greenness assessment tools is the Products Life Cycle Analysis (PLCA) which
rely the main standards of green assessment. Another tool that may be used to assess the ‘greennes’ to
describe the products and processes of companies is the Green Option Matrix developed by [21]. The
European Commission also proposed, in 2012, the Product environmental footprint (PEF), a multi-
criteria analysis method to estimate the environmental performance of a product throughout its life cycle.
Nevertheless, there are other types of tool assessment that take into account not only the environmental
attribute of the product but also energy, resource and economic attribute of the product (i.e. the
assessment index system proposed by [27]).
3.3. Categories for product’s environmental quality criteria
To define the environmental criteria that characterize the product’s environmental quality, we extracted
from the literature review several criteria related to:
•
Product characteristics
•
Practices in the supply chain that improve the environmental quality of the product.
From the literature review, we observed heterogeneous groups of works and approaches, with different
methodologies. In order to define the first unification criteria into a general framework to extract the
different criteria and to propose a categorization for product’s environmental quality criteria we used
meta-narrative analyses applied by[28]–[30]. According to [28], a meta-narrative comprises “a shared set
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
of concepts, theories and preferred methods” and “is sited within a particular scientific discipline and
should be regarded not as the unified voice of a community of scholars but as the unfolding of what they
are currently discussing about”. This means that the meta-narrative analyses are related not to words but
to concepts.
Indeed, we found that researchers and scholars from similar research communities explain and describe
the product’s environmental criteria in different words but they address to the same concept. As a result,
we obtained a set of environmental criteria reflected on product characteristics and practices that aim to
take into account decisions on the product greenness and in consequence improve the product’s
environmental quality. Figure 6 shows the categories for product’s environmental quality criteria.
Figure 6: Categories for product’s environmental quality criteria
We decided to present the product environmental criteria according to:
Product characteristics:
•
Raw materials: this category includes the characteristics of the raw materials that improve the
environmental quality of the product, such environmentally certified raw materials, less or non-
polluting/toxic materials, among others.
•
Packaging: this category includes product’s packaging characteristics such as recyclable,
biodegradable, packaging’s size and weight reduced, and environmental information on
product’s packaging, among others.
The supply chain practices that improve the product’s environmental quality:
•
Purchasing: this category includes criteria related to supplier’s location, environmental impact
of purchased materials, environmental practices performed by the supplier, green purchasing
guideline development, and environmental partnership with suppliers.
• Manufacturing: this category includes criteria related to location decision on manufacturing and
warehouse, energy efficiency of production, eco-efficiency of production and greener production
technology.
•
Distribution: this category includes criteria related to location decision on distribution points,
energy efficiency of distribution, eco-efficiency of distribution (related to reduction of
transportation emissions and pollution control).
•
Reverse logistics: this category includes criteria related to the formal policy on reverse logistics
of the product and packaging.
•
Collaboration between supply chain stakeholders: this category includes criteria related to
customer management practices, green network efficiency, product's environmental performance
assessment in the entire supply chain and the implementation of environmental management
system (EMS).
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
3.4. Main contributions driving the development of the literature review
Regarding the set of papers selected to develop the literature review analysis, figure 7 shows the
percentage of papers addressing each product’s environmental quality criteria according the
categorization explained above.
Figure 7: Categories for product’s environmental quality criteria
On the one hand, the environmental criteria related to product characteristics are addressed by the 90% of
the set of papers selected. In this set of criteria 90% of the papers selected mention the raw materials
characteristics as an important factor that defines the environmental quality of the product. Only 36% of
the papers address the packaging characteristics. On the other hand, 92% of the papers selected mention
practices that influence the product’s environmental quality. 67% bring up the fact that manufacturing
practices can improve the environmental quality of the product, followed by purchasing practices with
62%.
In addition, taking into account the product’s environmental criteria related to SCM and the meta-
narrative analysis developed, we classified every criterion into each categories proposed. Table 3 shows
the number and percentage of the total criteria that has been classified into the above categorisation
Table 3: Categories for product’s environmental quality criteria results
The product characteristics regarding product’s environmental quality represent the 16% of the selected
criteria, 12% in raw materials and 4% in packaging. Nevertheless, we found that the criteria related to
supply chain decisions regarding environmental practices represent the 84% of the selected criteria. This
means that in the researchers are most interested in analyse the practices that increase the environmental
quality rather than analyse the intrinsic characteristics of the product.
Regarding the relationship between the first category and the second one, it explains the concept of
greenness related to purchasing practices (14%) that have a great influence on the definition of the
product’s characteristics though the supplier selection process.
Categories Sub-categories Environmental criteri a Rate (% ) Category Rate (%)
Raw materials 36 12%
Packaging 12 4%
Purchas ing 41 14%
Manufacturing 56 19%
Distribution 71 24%
Reverse logistics 32 11%
Collaboration practices 52 17%
Tota l crite ria 300 100.0%
Practices 84%
Product 16%
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
ILS Conference 2018, July 8-11, Lyon, France
The manufacture practices are also relevant in the product’s environmental quality with 19% of the
selected criteria with practices that involve since warehouse location decisions until the use of greener
technology to decrease the amount of emissions during the product production. The criteria related to
distribution practices represent the 24% of the criteria selected. Among those criteria, we found several
related to key decisions such as planning and optimization of transport to obtain an efficient
transportation network to decrease unnecessary distance and in consequence obtain the reduction of
emissions. Reverse logistic practices represent 11% of the selected criteria regarding the final disposal of
product and packaging.
Finally, it is important to highlight the fact that collaboration practices represent 17% of the selected
criteria. This means that the collaboration initiatives settled by the supply chain actors to develop a
product qualified as a product with environmental quality are very important. This fact reveals the
importance of the collaboration and joint practices through the supply chain.
4. Conclusion
Taking into account that an environmental criterion looks at how a company performs as a steward of the
natural environment, the aim of this paper was to establish the environmental criteria that a product
accomplishes to be qualified as a product with environmental quality.
To define those criteria, we performed the literature review by following three research questions that
allowed defining the main concepts related to a product’s environmental quality such as sustainable,
green eco-friendly and eco-efficiency product. Then we extracted from the literature the environmental
criteria associated to product’s environmental quality and finally we analyzed which ones were linked
with the Supply Chain Management.
From this work, we can conclude that (1) it was an imminent need to clarify the product’s environmental
quality notion to avoid misunderstanding for the firm but also for the consumer perception between the
pure environmental performance of a product and the green image that can be associated with its
consumption. (2) The product’s environmental criteria can be used as an input information for the supply
chain stakeholders to asset its current product environmental performance but also to establish new
collaboration practices to improve the product environmental quality.
The list of the product’s environmental criteria should be tested with a panel of stakeholders and validated
after their feedback. Moreover, this analysis must be completed with the product’ environmental criteria
perceived from the customer to close the gap that nowadays exists between the truly product
environmental quality and that one that is perceived.
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International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain
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