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Understanding Emotion in Adolescents: A Review of Emotional Frequency, Intensity, Instability, and Clarity

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Abstract

Adolescence is a time of transition from childhood to adulthood during which significant changes occur across multiple domains, including emotional experience. This article reviews the relevant literature on adolescents’ experience of four specific dimensions of emotion: emotional frequency, intensity, instability, and clarity. In an effort to examine how emotional experiences change as individuals approach adulthood, we examine these dimensions across ages 10 to 19, and review how the emotional functioning of adolescents compares to that of adults. In addition, we explore whether and how gender and puberty explain age differences in emotional experience. Finally, we discuss how these findings could inform future research on both the typical trajectory of emotional experience and the development of psychopathology in adolescence.

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... (5) There is an increasing interest in measuring intelligence and emotional regulation in recent times, (19) in addition to the relationships that both perceived emotional intelligence and emotional regulation have with well-being. (5) The use of instruments to assess emotional intelligence in the child and adolescent population (20) is crucial at this stage of life (21) to elucidate the elements to be improved by the emotional development of this population. The availability of measurement instruments adapted and validated in different cultural contexts highlights the importance of considering cultural particularities in assessing emotional intelligence and emotional regulation. ...
... (9) During this complex time, there is, to this day, an essential discussion about the changes in the emotional experiences of children and adolescents after confinement. (28) Finally, it is crucial to point out the relevance of the use of instruments to assess emotional intelligence in children and adolescents (20) because of the importance of this stage (21) and how important it is to elucidate the elements to be improved in the future in the emotional development of this population. ...
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Introducción: la población infantil y adolescente chilena presenta serios problemas de salud mental. Por lo tanto, la capacidad de regular las emociones se convierte en una habilidad crítica. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Meta-modo Rasgo (TMMS-24) en su versión abreviada en población infanto-juvenil chilena. Método: se realizó una validación transversal en 636 niños y adolescentes chilenos. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para examinar la estructura factorial de la escala en esta población. Resultados: la consistencia interna mostró resultados robustos (α = 0,931; ω = 0,932) indicando una alta fiabilidad. Utilizando una rotación Varimax, el análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) identificó tres factores significativos que explicaban el 57,95 % de la varianza total. Los resultados del AFC indicaron un buen ajuste del modelo, con un RMSEA (0,061), un CFI (0,934) y un TLI (0,923). Los índices de parsimonia indicaron un ajuste adecuado PCFI (0,802) y PNFI (0,781). La validez convergente también se vio respaldada por correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones del TMMS-24 y los factores de depresión, ansiedad y estrés medidos con el DASS-21. Conclusiones: estos hallazgos sugieren que el TMMS-24 posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y validadas, permitiendo su uso como instrumento confiable para evaluar las variables más relevantes de la inteligencia emocional como Atención Emocional (AE), Claridad Emocional (CE) y Regulación Emocional (RE) en niños y adolescentes chilenos en contextos educativos y de salud mental.
... The interactions that occur in this environment play an important role in their socioemotional development. In addition, many of these interactions are often influenced by emotional aspects, which are very intense at this stage (Bailen et al., 2019). ...
... Also, emotional e-independence plays an important role in the three studied behaviors and reaches the highest levels as independent predictor of FoMO, especially in the case of cybergossip. This could be explained if we consider that emotions are intense at this stage of life (Bailen et al., 2019) and that cybergossip activates them, as students make evaluative comments acting by social comparison or to improve their own reputation among peers (Kisfalusi et al., 2019). Therefore, those young people who do not emotionally depend on the comments and assessments on their own status are less likely to engage in cyberbehaviors. ...
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There are clear signs of the growing use of the internet across all cultures, which generate new behaviors in the virtual environment such as media multitasking, phubbing, and cybergossip, all associated with online risks and less positive modes of socialization. FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) along with virtual emotional experiences could be relevant predictors, where literature suggests that FoMO is a trigger for problematic social media use, and socio‐emotional e‐competencies facilitate adaptive behaviors in virtual environments. Hence, understanding which variables predict these phenomena is crucial and whether they can be generalized across different countries. The objective of this study is to analyze whether two dimensions of socio‐personal development used to interact in virtual environments, FoMO (Fear of Missing Out) and socio‐emotional e‐competencies (e‐COM), are predictors of different cyberbehaviors (cybergossip, phubbing and media multitasking) in university students from two different countries. It also aims to verify if socio‐emotional e‐competencies act as a moderator of this relationship. In order to achieve this, we used a sample of 1524 university students from Mexico and Spain (19.74 years old). The results of the path analysis models show that FoMO is the strongest predictor of the three online behaviors regardless of country and gender, especially in the case of phubbing. In addition, socio‐emotional e‐competencies help to explain the behaviors in a differential way for each country, and the dimension of e‐self‐control of impulsivity plays a moderating role in FoMO in the case of phubbing and media multitasking. Some differences between countries and genders are discussed.
... Thuseethan et al. [38] applied Deep convolution network on UNBC and CK+ data sets. Bailen et al. [4] have worked on emotional frequency, emotional intensity, emotional instability parameters and recommended that the girls have more intensity instability of emotions than boys. The experiment was conducted on CK+ data set using hidden markov models for intensity estimation based on weighted votes of image sequences. ...
... Thuseethan et al. [4] have applied hybrid deep CNN,3D and 2D deep CNN based architecture to intensity from video sequence on CASME CASME II and SAMM data set respectively. Lang He et al. [11] have designed framework using deep global attention convolutional neural network and local attention based CNN for depression detection on AVEC2013 and AVEC2014 data set and attained good accuracy. ...
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Emotions with their intensities are associated with the action of humans which decides the behaviour of an individual.The recent research has gained enormous attention in the domain of emotion detection due to automatic facial emotion detection. The prime goal of facial emotion recognition (FER) is intended to map different facial expressions from video sequences to specific emotional states. Human facial emotion recognition (HFER) has captivated the attention of researchers for its excellent real time application which serves the society. This research work has proposed a novel lightweight attention based deep convolution neural framework for human facial emotion detection from video sequences on CK + dataset. A dense convolutional network (DenseNet-201) has been applied to strengthen feature propagation to find a solution to the vanishing-gradient problem, and significantly lower the parameter count.To provide the model for better visual perceptibility, an attention block is applied between the convolution and dense layer. The proposed model achieves good accuracy of 98.8% while using less memory and processing in comparison to state-of-the-art approaches to reach good performance on CK + data set.
... The cognitive resources and abilities conferred from positive emotion may be particularly impactful during chronic stress [25]. Given that adolescence is generally associated with greater emotional volatility and more frequent high-intensity negative emotion compared to adults [26], programs that focus specifically on skills to increase positive emotion, especially during times of stress, may be particularly protective for this age group. ...
... Adolescents undergo normative reductions in positive emotions over time [79], which may partially explain our null findings. They also experience greater emotional volatility, which can include more frequent and intense negative emotions [26,79] Thus, interventions that effectively reduce negative emotions, and either stabilize or even increase positive emotions, during this time period are critical. ...
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This study tested the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of Coping and Emotional Development for Adolescents to Reduce Stress (CEDARS) a positive psychological intervention (PPI), tailored for adolescents and administered in a classroom setting, in boosting CEDARS skill use and emotional well-being. Adolescents (N = 102, 45% female) aged 13–15, in four physical education classes at the same school were randomly assigned by classroom to either receive the CEDARS intervention (n = 59) or engage in the usual class activities (n = 44). Participants completed self-report measures at three time points assessing use of intervention skills, positive and negative affect, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. Groups differed significantly on race with 57% of the intervention group compared to 75% of the control group identifying as Asian or Pacific Islander. Race-adjusted analyses revealed that both groups improved on intervention skill use, negative affect, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. The group by time interaction was significant such that the CEDARS group increased skill use from pre- to post- intervention and this difference persisted at follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, there were also significant group by time interactions indicating that the control group had a steeper decline in depression and perceived stress from pre- to post-intervention. Students reported high acceptability and feasibility and suggested key changes to increase engagement. The current study expands on the existing PPI literature focused on adolescents and highlights the need for larger and more diverse samples, as well as developmentally- and culturally-tailored interventions.
... Individuals differ with respect to emotional reactivity, such that some individuals may show a large change in emotion in response to a negative event (e.g., family conflict), whereas other individuals may show no change in emotion. Youth tend to show enhanced emotional reactivity during adolescence, likely because neural regions involved in social processing are highly active while regions involved in emotion regulation continue to develop (Bailen et al., 2019;Forbes & Dahl, 2010). Over time, repeated emotional responses to daily experiences can gradually degrade health (Almeida, 2005). ...
... Adolescents tend to be more emotionally reactive than adults (Bailen et al., 2019), such that a lack of emotional reactivity may be more common for older populations. Indeed, in this sample, only participants with high levels of life satisfaction showed no emotional reactivity to family conflict. ...
Article
Conflict and a lack of cohesive daily family relationships can negatively affect adolescent adjustment, although adolescents differ in how they respond (i.e., their emotional reactivity) to these daily experiences. The present study assessed whether adolescents' well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction, purpose) was associated with dampened emotional reactivity to daily variability in family conflict and cohesion. Adolescents ( N = 150; M Age = 14.60, SD = 0.83; 61.3% female; 83.4% white) completed a questionnaire regarding well‐being and reported family conflict, cohesion, and negative emotion for 21 days between August 2015 and November 2016. Greater life satisfaction was related to dampened negative emotional reactivity to daily conflict, whereas greater purpose was related to dampened negative emotional reactivity to changes in daily family cohesion. Well‐being may foster resilience in adolescents' day‐to‐day emotional processes.
... Affective experience is likely to be especially important to relationships during adolescence when social and affective brain anatomy is undergoing rapid development (Blakemore & Mills, 2014). At this time, affective experiences become correspondingly more frequent, intense, and volatile (Bailen et al., 2019), and peers take on increased importance (Nelson et al., 2016). We thus predicted that neural similarity during induced affective states would be associated with proximity within adolescents' schoolbased social network. ...
... Adolescence is a developmental phase marked by an emerging need to make sense of increasingly frequent, intense, and complex affective experiences (Bailen et al., 2019). As neurobiological and social changes reorient adolescents towards their peers (Blakemore & Mills, 2014;Nelson et al., 2016), social networks may become increasingly relevant for the socialization of emotion representation, expression, and regulation (Klimes-Dougan et al., 2014a;Shipkova, M., Dai, J., Lindquist, K., & Telzer, E., in press). ...
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Individuals befriend others who are similar to them. One important source of similarity in relationships is similarity in felt emotion. In the present study, we used novel methods to assess whether greater similarity in the multivoxel brain representation of affective stimuli was associated with adolescents’ proximity within real-world school-based social networks. We examined dyad-level neural similarity within a set of brain regions associated with the representation of affect including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), amygdala, insula, and temporal pole. Greater proximity was associated with greater vmPFC neural similarity during pleasant and neutral experiences. Moreover, we used unsupervised clustering on social networks to identify groups of friends and observed that individuals from the same (verses different) friend groups were more likely to have greater vmPFC neural similarity during pleasant and negative experiences. These findings suggest that similarity in the multivoxel brain representation of affect may play an important role in adolescent friendships.
... However, changes in adolescents' ER motives across different ages might exhibit more complex patterns, necessitating research into their intricate nonlinear relations within a large sample of adolescences. Additionally, research has revealed gender differences in the development of emotional experience (Bailen et al., 2019), socialization (Rapoport, 1991), and self-identity (Klimstra et al., 2010), which play critical roles in developing patterns of ER motives. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have yet confirmed gender-related differences in adolescents' ER motives. ...
... However, we did not find a linear increase in adolescents' contra-hedonic motives with age; instead, it exhibited a highly fluctuating pattern. This may be due to adolescents experiencing mixed affect , encountering more frequent high-intensity emotions, and greater emotional instability (Bailen et al., 2019). Such complex and fluctuating emotional experiences throughout adolescence may lead to instability in their levels of contra-hedonic motives. ...
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Introduction Emotion regulation (ER) motives (i.e., the reasons individuals regulate their emotions) are key factors influencing the development of adolescents’ ER abilities. However, age‐ and gender‐related trends in adolescents’ ER motives, as well as their impact on the use of ER strategies, remain unclear. Methods We recruited 5629 participants from two schools in Southwest China (M = 15.18, SD = 1.73; 45.11% male) to complete the Emotion Regulation Goals Scale and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were conducted to examine age‐ and gender‐related differences in ER motive patterns. We then tested whether different patterns of ER motives were also associated with participants’ habitual use of two common ER strategies. Results This study revealed nonlinear and diverse age‐related differences in adolescents’ contra‐hedonic and pro‐social motives, with notable fluctuations in contra‐hedonic motives. Boys exhibited higher levels of contra‐hedonic motives, while girls showed higher levels of performance motives. Moreover, ER motives were significantly and broadly associated with individuals’ habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. More specifically, pro‐hedonic motives were associated with greater use of reappraisal, while contra‐hedonic motives were linked to higher levels of suppression. Furthermore, instrumental motives (i.e., performance, pro‐social, and impression management) were positively related to both reappraisal and suppression. Conclusions These findings enhance our understanding of how adolescents’ ER motives vary by age and gender, as well as the crucial role different ER motives play in shaping patterns of ER strategy use.
... The bridge associations of social awareness and emotion regulation stemmed primarily from their connections to poor stress management and perceived stress while self-concept clarity had associations with feeling alienated from parents and depressive symptoms. Due to the rapid developmental changes adolescents experience during this transitional period, adolescents often experience frequent high-intensity emotions, higher level of emotional instability, and are more emotionally reactive to contextual cues 87 . This could account for the important protective role of emotion regulation against psychopathology and stress among adolescents. ...
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Mental health is more than the absence of mental illnesses. However, while we acknowledge the importance of positive mental health, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding about positive mental health in adolescents and how it protects against psychopathology. This study seeks to understand adolescent positive mental health as a complex system by estimating the networks of components associated with positive mental health and their relationships to indicators of negative mental health. We analyzed data from 1909 adolescents aged 16–19 in Singapore using regular Gaussian Graphic models and Bayesian Directed Acyclic Graphs. Here we report positive self-image as a central upstream node with significant downstream effects on various aspects of well-being. Conversely, positive affect, social skills, perseverance and poor stress management are identified as downstream nodes with limited influence on other components. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between different dimensions of adolescent mental health and underscore the importance of positive self-image as a critical determinant of overall well-being. These results provide valuable insights for designing targeted interventions to enhance positive self-image to promote positive mental health and mitigate the risk of adverse outcomes among adolescents.
... En la adolescencia, la DE es particularmente relevante en virtud de los cambios biológicos, cognitivos y sociales que experimentan los jóvenes, los cuales pueden desbordar sus habilidades de afrontamiento. [12][13][14] En el contexto de las CAR, esta desregulación puede manifestarse como una estrategia disfuncional para lidiar con emociones displacenteras como la ansiedad, la tristeza o la ira. 15,16 La teoría de la regulación emocional postula que las personas con dificultades para gestionar sus emociones son más vulnerables a utilizar mecanismos desadaptativos de afrontamiento, como la restricción alimentaria o el comer en exceso. ...
Article
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Introducción: la desregulación emocional (DE), caracterizada por la dificultad para manejar de manera adecuada tanto las emociones placenteras (positivas) como las displacenteras (negativas), se reconoce como un factor determinante en la adopción de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) entre los adolescentes. Estas conductas suelen emplearse como un medio para ejercer control sobre sí mismos o como una vía de escape frente a la percepción de descontrol emocional. Objetivo: explorar la correlación entre las CAR, la ansiedad, la depresión y la DE, en adolescentes de nivel medio superior en la Ciudad de México, destacando la importancia de comprender este vínculo para prevenir problemas de salud mental y física. Metodología: se trabajó con un diseño no experimental, transversal, y una muestra no probabilística de 138 adolescentes de bachillerato, utilizando instrumentos validados para medir la DE, la ansiedad social, la depresión y las CAR. Resultados: el 70 % de los participantes presentó un mal manejo de las emociones negativas, mientras que el 67 % de ellos incurre en CAR. Además, el 76 % de los adolescentes reportó síntomas de depresión y el 78 % presentó ansiedad social. El análisis estadístico reveló correlaciones significativas entre la DE y las CAR (r= 0.295, p= 0.000), la ansiedad y las CAR (r= 0.233, p 0.006), lo que sugiere que la incapacidad para regular las emociones está directamente relacionada con la adopción de CAR. Sin embargo, no se encontró una correlación significativa entre la depresión y las CAR (r 0.081, p= 0.344). Conclusiones: los hallazgos destacan la importancia de las intervenciones multidisciplinarias enfocadas en el manejo emocional y las conductas alimentarias para promover la salud integral en adolescentes. Estas intervenciones deberían abordar tanto la salud emocional como los patrones de relación con la comida, con el objetivo de prevenir el desarrollo de trastornos alimentarios más graves.
... Integration Model demonstrated the current affective state indicated by depressive symptoms moderates the relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and cognitive performance (Hoffmann et al., 2022). As boys and girls differ in mental wellbeing and emotional experience (Bailen et al., 2019;Yoon et al., 2023), the current affective state has to be integrated as moderator in future studies. ...
... A sibling, as one of the earliest figures of attachment, significantly shapes early psychosocial development, typically enduring throughout an individual's lifespan [10] along with significant but predictable changes in life circumstances related to security and stability of mother-child attachment relationships [11], [12]. Adolescence is viewed as a period of immense emotional stress and strain compounded by transitions from childhood to adulthood accompanied by changes in the biological, social, emotional, and cognitive capacities within an individual and in the eternal environment [13]- [15]. ...
Article
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The study aimed at exploring, confirming, and validating the factor structure of sibling attachment inventory (SAI) within the Indian cultural context. The hypothesis posits that SAI will show reliable sibling attachment measures, evaluating its psychometric properties with 250 students enrolled in Class XI within govt and private schools, selected through stratified random sampling across 10 districts of Delhi. The research unfolded in three phases: i) data collection utilizing original 25-item SAI; ii) data purification and analysis using SPSS version 23.0; and iii) verification of the factor structure through factor analysis employing principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation and confirming the factor structure using AMOS. The results revealed inclusion of 23 items across three factors viz. trust, communication, and alienation, with high reliability coefficients (α) of 0.954, 0.786, and 0.621 respectively. Preliminary analysis demonstrated commendable internal consistency. This study highlights the importance of considering sibling relationships in understanding adolescent well-being, thereby addressing existing research gaps by focusing on sibling relationships among adolescents, an area often overlooked in favor of parental and peer dynamics. Thus, SAI can support the assessment of sibling-adolescent attachment, thereby helping to enhance intervention, and expanding attachment research scope beyond traditional family dynamics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. 1. INTRODUCTION Sibling relationships are highly unique and bear strong influence on adolescent social adjustment and wellbeing. This impacts relationship formed and maintained during later adulthood [1]. Most research studies focus on exploring parent, peer, and youth attachment relationships, while sibling-adolescent relationships are mostly overlooked and ignored [2]. This dearth of studies is more prominent for sibling-youth relationships especially during late adolescence and adulthood. Tibbetts and Scharfe [1] studied the influence of sibling attachment on sibling conflict and cooperation revealing that such relationship patterns strongly influenced conflict and cooperation among siblings after controlling for parental and peer attachment. Their study found that the presence insecure sibling attachment predicted increased rate of sibling conflict and reduced cooperation. Wilkinson [3] highlighted how diverse attachment relationships influenced the mental and physical well-being along with self-esteem among adolescents differently in a sample of 615 students studying in high school. Research by Feng et al. [4] have noted a conspicuous paucity of high-quality research addressing sibling attachment relationships, particularly when contrasted with studies examining primary attachment relationships.
... Earlier reports from Poland also showed that negative indicators of the youth's emotional condition more frequently concerned girls rather than boys (5,6). Previous studies also indicate that adolescent girls, compared to boys, experience more intense emotions and greater emotional instability (54,55). The difference in responses has biological roots due to neuroanatomical and functional differences in the amygdala, significant for emotional control (56). ...
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Introduction The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, and the outbreak of war in Ukraine in 2022 (a country bordering Poland on the east) have significantly impacted the mental health of young people in Poland, leading to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. The rising number of individuals struggling to cope with daily stressors, as well as non-normative stressors, may indicate a decrease in the individual’s potential, specifically in skills, attitudes, and competencies required to overcome difficulties that they encounter. It can be assumed that for young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors, such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine, depends on the ability to adapt positively, which is the ability of young individuals to adjust to situational demands in a way that allows them to effectively manage those situations. The aim of the conducted study was to determine whether social stressors, namely the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, and intrapsychic factors such as beliefs about oneself, others, life, and the world, influence the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth. An attempt was made to assess the significance of external stressors and internal potential resources for maintaining psychological balance among young people. Methods The study was conducted using the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), the Questionnaire of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and World Attitudes (QIIWA), as well as a survey created by the researchers containing questions about well-being in relation to the pandemic, remote learning, and the ongoing war in Poland’s neighboring country. Ethical approval for the planned research was obtained from the Bioethics Committee. The study included 945 adolescents aged 11–15 years (M = 13.10; SD = 1.11), representing a sample of youth from 14 regions of Poland. Results The results and analyses are presented from three perspectives: (A) the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in relation to the gender and age of the respondents, (B) the significance of situational experiences, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Q1), remote learning (Q2), and the outbreak of the war in Ukraine (Q3) for the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, and (C) other determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, such as intrapsychic variables including self-esteem, satisfaction with relationships with others, and views on the world and life. Discussion It can be concluded that in the case of young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine depends mainly on intrapsychic variables, including the beliefs and attitudes of young people towards themselves, toward other people, the world and life.
... No obstante, en la adolescencia, caracterizada por esa susceptibilidad, se producen numerosos altibajos emocionales, pudiendo conducir al incremento de conductas disruptivas, impulsivas o de comportamientos nocivos para la salud (Bailen et al., 2019;Cherniss y Roche, 2020). En este sentido, según autores como Sanchis-Sanchis et al. ...
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The promotion of academic performance through healthy physical habits has been the subject of studies in recent decades. This study aims to know the relationships between several psychosocial factors, the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), the practice of physical activity (PA), and academic performance according to the sex of 1650 Secondary Education students [♂ = 50.42% (n = 832); ♀ = 49.57% (n = 818)], with an average age of 14.47 years (SD = 1.41; R = 9). The methodological design is descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional and ex post-facto, through a structural equation model. The CAF questionnaire was used for physical self-concept, the PAQ-A questionnaire was used to evaluate PA, the KIDMED test for adherence to MD, and the TMMS-24 scale for emotional intelligence. The results reflected that there is an association between the dimensions of physical self-concept, with greater strength for physical condition and ability in both sexes. A positive relationship was observed between PA and the physical condition, strength and physical ability dimensions of physical self-concept, especially for boys, with the quality of nutrition being more relevant to physical condition in the case of girls. In turn, EI and healthy habits were positively related, with no findings found between EI and academic performance specifically. Finally, a positive and slight relationship was determined between healthy habits and academic performance, reflecting some of the benefits of these habits for the cognitive function. La promoción del desempeño académico a través de hábitos físico-saludables ha sido objeto de estudios en las últimas décadas. Este estudio pretende conocer las relaciones entre varios factores psicosociales, el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), la práctica de actividad física (AF) y el rendimiento académico según el sexo de 1650 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria [♂ = 50,42% (n=832); ♀ = 49,57% (n=818)], con una edad media de 14,47 años (DT = 1,41; R = 9). El diseño metodológico es descriptivo-exploratorio, de corte transversal y ex pos-facto, a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Se utilizó el cuestionario CAF para el autoconcepto físico, el cuestionario PAQ-A para evaluar la AF, el test KIDMED para la adherencia a la DM y la escala TMMS-24 para la inteligencia emocional. Los resultados reflejaron que existe asociación entre las dimensiones del autoconcepto físico, con mayor fortaleza para la condición y habilidad física en ambos sexos. Se observó una relación positiva entre la AF y las dimensiones condición física, fuerza y habilidad física del autoconcepto físico, en especial para los chicos, siendo la calidad en la alimentación más relevante para la condición física en el caso de las chicas. A su vez, la IE y los hábitos saludables estuvieron positivamente relacionados, sin encontrar hallazgos entre IE y rendimiento académico de forma específica. Por último, se determinó una relación positiva y leve entre hábitos saludables y rendimiento académico, reflejando algunas de las bondades de estos hábitos para la función cognitiva. special para los chicos, siendo la calidad en la alimentación más relevante para la condición física en el caso de las chicas. A su vez, la IE y los hábitos saludables estuvieron positivamente relacionados, sin encontrar hallazgos entre IE y rendimiento académico de forma específica. Por último, se determinó una relación positiva y leve entre hábitos saludables y rendimiento académico, reflejando algunas de las bondades de estos hábitos para la función cognitiva.
... Dibanding individu dewasa, remaja lebih sering mengalami emosi positif maupun negatif dengan intensitas tinggi. Ketidakstabilan emosi pada remaja cenderung lebih tinggi (Bailen et al., 2019). Emosi negatif seperti kesedihan dan kecemasan yang sering muncul dan kurangnya afek positif menjadi prediktor bagi kesehatan mental remaja (Reitsema et al., 2022). ...
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Untreated anxiety may cause various problems in teenagers, such as difficulty in daily activities, social relationship problems, lack of academic performance, and other more complex problems. This research was a quasi-experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design that aims to examine the effect of emotion regulation training based on Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in reducing adolescent anxiety levels. The participants consisted of 5 female adolescents (13-14 years) who had moderate to severe anxiety and emotion dysregulation problems. Training is carried out in 5 sessions of 1-1.5 hours. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21) were used to measure the level of emotion dysregulation and anxiety before, after, and 3 weeks after the training. The results showed decreased emotion dysregulation (26.9%-30.5%) and anxiety (17.1%-42.8%) among participants. Emotion regulation training based on CBT was effective in increasing the ability to manage emotions and reducing anxiety levels in adolescents. This training can be considered as a group intervention method to overcome anxiety problems in adolescents. Masalah kecemasan yang tidak ditangani berpotensi menimbulkan berbagai hambatan pada remaja, seperti kesulitan melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari, masalah dalam relasi sosial, kurangnya performa akademik dan berbagai persoalan lain yang lebih kompleks. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan one-group pretest-posttest design yang bertujuan menguji efektivitas pelatihan regulasi emosi berbasis Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) dalam menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada remaja. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 5 orang remaja perempuan (13-14 tahun) yang memiliki masalah kecemasan dan disregulasi emosi tingkat sedang hingga berat. Pelatihan dilakukan dalam 5 sesi dengan durasi 1-1,5 jam pada tiap pertemuan. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF) dan Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21) untuk mengetahui perubahan tingkat disregulasi emosi dan kecemasan sebelum, setelah dan 3 pekan setelah pelatihan dilaksanakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan disregulasi emosi (26,9%-30,5%) dan kecemasan (17,1%-42,8%) pada partisipan. Pelatihan regulasi emosi berbasis CBT efektif meningkatkan kemampuan mengelola emosi dan menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada remaja. Pelatihan ini dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai salah satu metode intervensi kelompok guna mengatasi masalah kecemasan pada remaja.
... Growing evidence shows that emotional abilities are associated with prosocial behaviors such as stress management and physical health [4]. Teaching adolescents about pubertal changes can help them experience greater selfesteem and better emotional regulation [5]. High self-esteem in individuals, especially adolescents, creates a sense of self-confidence that enables them to adapt to difficult situations in life [6]. ...
... Some of them grapples with feelings of abandonment and loss, requiring additional support to cope with their parents' absence. The children emotional spectrum is presented in figure 1. Figure 1 presents that, LBC, often facing emotional turmoil, experience a range of emotions due to parental absence (Bailen et al., 2019). Emotional instability can affect their companionship compatibility and rapport with peers (Wikle et al., 2019). ...
... As adolescents enter puberty, they face various physiological, psychological, and social adaptation changes [1]. Confronted with these transformations, adolescents often exhibit heightened sensitivity to emotions [2][3][4], due in part to the incomplete development of brain structures responsible for emotional regulation [2,4,5]. Consequently, the activation of brain regions during emotional processing is intensified [4], which, coupled with their limited capacity for emotion regulation, frequently results in the experience of negative affect such as anxiety [6,7]. ...
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Objective This study aims to discuss anxiety in mediating role between bullying victimization and adolescent internet addiction, and the moderating role of family support between bullying victimization and adolescent anxiety. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 provinces of China by convenience sampling from February to March 2024. A total of 1395 participants (599 boys and 796 girls) with an average age of 15.86 ± 0.74 years were included in the final analysis. Subjective data on bullying victimization, internet addiction, anxiety, and family support were collected and analyzed. A moderated mediation model was constructed. Results After controlling for age and gender, bullying victimization was found to be a significant predictor of internet addiction (β = 0.130, p < 0.001). Anxiety has a complete mediating effect between bullying victimization and adolescent internet addiction. Specifically, bullying victimization significantly predicted adolescent anxiety (β = 0.264, p < 0.001). anxiety significantly predicted adolescent internet addiction (β = 0.417, p < 0.001). Family support alleviated the relationship between bullying victimization and anxiety (β= -0.032, p < 0.05). Conclusions Bullying victimization can predict internet addiction through anxiety in adolescents, and family support can alleviate the predictive relationship between bullying victimization and adolescent anxiety. It is suggested that guardians should provide adequate support to adolescent bullying victimization in order to reduce the negative impact of bullying victimization on adolescents and prevent the occurrence of internet addiction.
... Strategies for regulating emotions continue to evolve during childhood and adolescence. Adolescence is a transitional period in life with many biological, emotional, and cognitive processes developing simultaneously, together with changes in the social environment, family and peer relationships (20,21). Developmental changes occur in the brain during this period and executive control processes, such as inhibitory control systems, are still maturing (22). ...
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Introduction Difficulties with emotion regulation are associated with the development and maintenance of psychiatric symptoms. Focusing on emotion regulation can be beneficial when treating symptoms and behavioral problems. Here we describe a seven-session transdiagnostic approach to regulating emotions, delivered jointly to adolescents and parents in a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient setting, and we explore the perceptions and acceptability of the methodological aspects of the intervention. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. Participants (n = 117) were adolescents and parents. Results Participants reported positive attitudes toward the skills training and would recommend it to others. Three overarching themes were developed. “Treatment components” relates to the content of the skills training. Participants appreciated focusing on ER skills but had different perceptions of the content. “The learning climate” contains process-related experiences, such as the skills trainers’ approach and the timing of the intervention. Participants preferred when skills trainers used self-disclosure. “Pedagogical aspects”, describes the structure of the training with perceptions of group constellations, length of sessions and homework. Adolescents particularly requested variety in the pedagogy and found long sessions to be challenging. Discussion Recommendations for therapeutic practices are discussed.
... Un análisis sistemático realizado en una universidad inglesa afirma que el confinamiento, distanciamiento social y el cierre de las escuelas, puede "aumentar los problemas de salud mental en niños/as y adolescentes, que ya tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar problemas de salud mental en comparación con los adultos" 4 . Sumado a lo anterior, esto se vuelve importante ya que, en comparación a los adultos, los adolescentes son quienes experimentan emociones positivas y negativas más intensas 5 . ...
Article
Introducción: La pandemia de Covid-19 representa un evento estresante actual en la vida de niños/as y adolescentes tanto en Chile como alrededor del mundo, debido principalmente a las medidas restrictivas que debieron ser implementadas. Como consecuencia, los niños/as y adolescentes han experimentado un aislamiento social que a menudo desencadena angustia psicológica y estados depresivos. Objetivo: Describir la evidencia respecto a las principales manifestaciones en la salud mental de los niños/as y adolescentes como efecto de la pandemia de Covid-19. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en tres bases de datos, seleccionando 20 artículos. Se utilizaron palabras claves relacionadas con la temática elegida, se implementaron cuatro estrategias de búsqueda y se utilizaron filtros para acotar la información que se deseaba obtener. Desarrollo: La mayoría de los autores presentan como hallazgos la existencia de alteraciones en la salud mental de niños/as y adolescentes a raíz de las restricciones gubernamentales diseñadas para contener la propagación del virus, lo que provocó una disrupción de los procesos normales dentro de su etapa de ciclo vital. Conclusión: La pandemia ha tenido repercusiones negativas en la salud mental de la población pediátrica, lo que se ve reflejado a través de la agudización de los trastornos alimenticios, patrones del sueño, y aparición/aumento de la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Los hallazgos tienen implicancias importantes para futuros profesionales, sobre la importancia de abordar el estrés relacionado con la pandemia y poder desarrollar intervenciones para esta población en particular.
... Thus, young people would be one of the most vulnerable and susceptible populations to mental illness, a fact that has been associated with the fact that, at this stage of development (emerging adulthood), they would be more exposed to sources of stress and high emotional demand because of the constant and diverse changes in cognitive, biological, social and family functioning [11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
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The high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in youngsters has resulted in two thirds of mental health problems emerging before the age of 25. In this context, various studies have indicated that attachment styles and emotional regulation are relevant factors for the health of this population. Likewise, a close relationship has been established between both constructs, associating secure attachment with greater regulatory skills and a lower risk of mental health problems. However, in Chile there are no studies that specifically analyze the influence of anxiety and attachment avoidance on emotional regulation, nor the influence of other factors such as biological sex. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to analyze how these variables interact with each other. For this purpose, the Experience in Close Relationships Scale (ECR-R) and the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS-E) were applied to a sample of 557 Chilean university students. The analysis of results, based on the construction of a moderated mediation model, revealed that anxiety and avoidance are predictors of emotional regulation difficulties. However, the influence of anxiety on emotional regulation would be greater than that of avoidance and would be moderated by biological sex, showing the need to design differentiated interventions for men and women.
... We examined these hypotheses using two distinct groups of adolescent girls. Although this framework is applicable to adolescents in general, we focused on adolescent girls because relative to boys, adolescent girls show particularly high levels of emotional intensity and instability [47]. Girls also demonstrate a heightened need to belong, which more strongly predicts self-esteem and internalizing symptoms in girls than in boys [48,49]. ...
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The goal of this research was to expand theoretical models of adolescent suicide by exploring whether individual differences in adolescent girls’ need for approval (NFAavoid and NFAapproach) contribute to risk for, or protection against, self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs). We examined these novel hypotheses in a series of concurrent and longitudinal analyses in two samples of adolescent girls (Study 1: N = 89, Mage = 16.31 years, SD = 0.84, 67.4% White; Study 2: N = 229, Mage = 11.80, SD = 1.80, 49.8% White). Hierarchical linear and logistic regressions revealed that NFAavoid was generally associated with higher risk for SITBs, whereas NFAapproach generally had a protective effect against SITBs; moreover, the strength of these associations depended on the extent to which girls engaged in rumination. Together, these results suggest that encouraging girls to develop diverse foundations for their sense of self-worth beyond peer judgements may protect against SITBs.
... While experience sampling studies support the associations between higher negative weight-related experiences, higher weight bias internalization, and less positive and more negative emotions at between and within-person levels Vartanian et al., 2014), they have included adult samples and captured general as opposed to body emotions. Since adolescents experience greater frequency and variability in emotions compared to adults (Bailen et al., 2019), and may be particularly vulnerable to negative psychological responses to social rejection (Harter, 2012;Hunger et al., 2015), investigation into the acute emotional responses to negative weight-related experiences and weight bias internalization specifically within this developmental period is needed. ...
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Introduction The present study examined the between‐ and within‐person associations among negative weight‐related experiences, weight bias internalization, and body shame, embarrassment, and pride in adolescents. Methods Participants were 93 Canadian students (Mage = 15.54, 59.10% girls, 40.86% white) who completed a 5‐day daily diary study in 2021. Multilevel models were estimated to examine the between‐ and within‐person associations, as well as the cross‐level interactions. Results Fifty‐nine negative weight‐related experiences were reported from 22 participants (23.66%) over the 5‐day study period. Adolescents with higher average negative weight‐related experiences (OR = 19.60, 95% CI = 1.90–202.67) and weight bias internalization (OR = 3.66, CI = 2.07–6.46) had greater odds of reporting shame. Similarly, higher average negative weight‐related experiences (OR = 16.29, CI = 3.65–72.75) and weight bias internalization (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.53–2.82) was associated with greater odds of embarrassment. No within‐person effects were noted, such that reporting more negative weight‐related experiences or weight bias internalization than one's own average was not related to body emotions. Conclusions This distinction underscores that the persistent, rather than episodic, aspects of negative weight‐related experiences and weight bias internalization are most impactful on adolescents’ body image. These findings have implications for recruitment and screening for individual‐level interventions for internalized weight bias and body image, and highlight the need for system‐level policies and changes that prohibit negative weight‐related experiences and messages to reduce likelihood of internalizing weight bias among adolescents.
... Emotional or mental health problems are common in adolescents, as they are in a transitional period, which makes them more vulnerable to maltreatment [8,9]. One study reported that 450 million people worldwide have mental health problems, with the proportion of children and adolescents reaching 10-20% [10,11]. ...
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Maltreatment affects emotional development in adolescents and inhibits social adjustment. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between maltreatment and mental health among adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents in the first and second grades of middle school (12–14 years old) and high school (15–17 years old) in eight cities and municipalities in the province, selected through several stages of simple random sampling (N = 1837). The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C) questionnaire for detecting maltreatment was translated, simplified, and validated by an expert based on a theoretical framework that involved pediatricians, public health, and medicolegal perspectives. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess emotional states. ICAST-C and SDQ scores were transformed to logit values using Rasch model analysis. Distribution frequency and linear regression were used for data analysis. The results indicated that 85.6% of adolescents aged 12–14 and 83% of those aged 15–17 experienced physical maltreatment, while 89.4% of the 12–14 age group and 82.9% of the 15–17 age group experienced psychological maltreatment. The emotional states of the two groups were 52.8% and 59.2%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the experience of physical maltreatment and emotions among 12–14 (r1 = 0.148 (0.190–0.257)) and 15–17 years old (r1 = 0.047 (0.084–0.156)). There was a significant correlation between the experience of psychological maltreatment and emotions among 12–14 years old ’(r2 = 0.191 (0.270–0.350)) and 15 to 17 years old (r2 = 0.097 (0.167–0.252)). In conclusion, physical and psychological maltreatment were correlated with mental health states among adolescent students in West Java, Indonesia.
... Apart from that, teenagers also experience cognitive changes and begin to be able to think abstractly like adults (Zuhri, 2023). During this period, teenagers emotionally detach themselves from their parents to carry out their new adult social roles (Bailen et al., 2019) as an individual problem that needs identification . In this phase, clashes often occur, which cause problems for teenagers, such as mental and spiritual weaknesses, sometimes manifested in deviant actions (Lucchetti et al., 2021). ...
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The aim of developing the hiking game technique group guidance module is to increase personal resilience and determine the quality of the hiking game technique group guidance module as an innovation in guidance and counseling services. The method used in this research is Borg & Gall's research and development. Sukmadinata's modification consists of three stages: preliminary study, model development, and model testing. The research results are a group guidance module on climbing game techniques to increase self-resilience. Validation tests are used to determine the feasibility of the product being developed. Validation was carried out by three experts, namely material experts, media experts and service experts. The results of expert validation obtained data that stated that the Hiking game technique group guidance module was in the "Appropriate" category. Based on these results, the Hiking game technique group guidance module can be used by guidance and counseling teachers when providing services to students, to increase personal resilience.
... Changes in empathic responses during adolescence have been attributed in part to ongoing development of the prefrontal cortex (Blakemore and Choudhury 2006), which impacts their understanding of complex emotions, such as those involving moral reasoning or social norms. Adolescents report experiencing more intense and unstable emotions than adults and can be more emotionally reactive (Bailen et al. 2018). Together, these findings suggest that affective empathy follows an extended period of development through adolescence and young adulthood (i.e. that empathy responses increase from adolescence to adulthood), and that adolescents may be especially variable in their empathy responses. ...
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Empathy is a critical component of social interaction that enables individuals to understand and share the emotions of others. We report a pre-registered experiment in which 240 participants, including adolescents, young adults and older adults, viewed images depicting hands and feet in physically or socially painful situations (vs. non-painful). Empathy was measured using imagined pain ratings and EEG mu suppression. Imagined pain was greater for physical vs. social pain, with young adults showing particular sensitivity to social pain events compared to adolescents and older adults. Mu desynchronisation was greater to pain vs. no-pain situations, but the physical/social context did not modulate pain responses. Brain responses to painful situations increased linearly from adolescence to young and older adulthood. These findings highlight shared activity across the core empathy network for both physical and social pain contexts, and an empathic response that develops over the lifespan with accumulating social experience.
... Notwithstanding the importance of this specific developmental stage, important milestones in social development also take place during adolescence. Adolescence is characterized by heightened emotional intensity and variability (Bailen et al., 2019). Such dynamics manifest in both parent-adolescent and peer relationships. ...
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People spontaneously adjust their emotions to others when they interact. This temporal coupling of emotions is an adaptive process facilitating social bonding. The present study examined differences in coupling patterns during parent–child versus peer interactions in adolescence, a developmental period marked by evolving parent–child dynamics and bond formation with peers. Because adolescents prioritize peer bonding while gradually asserting their autonomy from parental influence, we hypothesized that peer dyads showed stronger coupling than parent–adolescent dyads. Adolescents (age 16) with diverse ethnic backgrounds (N = 615; 50.2% female; 46.8% European American, 31.2% African American, 5.0% Hispanic, 3.0% Asian or Pacific Islander, 2.0% Native American, and 12.0% multiple ethnic backgrounds) participated in two videotaped interaction tasks: one with a parent and one with a self-nominated peer. Parent and peer interactions included discussions on positive and negative topics. Both dyad members’ emotions were coded in real time. Cross-recurrence quantification analyses and growth-curve modeling revealed concurrent emotion coupling patterns, with peer dyads showing stronger coupling than parent–adolescent dyads. Moreover, peer dyads showed the most pronounced coupling patterns when they discussed personal problems, while parent–adolescent dyads showed the most pronounced coupling patterns when they discussed the planning of a fun activity. Our findings emphasize the importance of microlevel emotion dynamics in understanding larger scale developmental shifts in relationships during adolescence.
... With this process of transformation, it is evident that the person has many questions about his future and himself. Adolescence is a time when people are most susceptible to the allure and complexity of social environments, which can lead to many risky behaviors for their health [64]. ...
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In recent years, Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) has become a major mental health concern among adolescents, with detrimental effects on social relationships, academic performance, and emotional wellbeing. The focus of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on improving self-awareness, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility has drawn interest in MBIs as possible therapeutic approaches for treating IAD. The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate how mindfulness interventions affect teenagers who are experiencing IAD. The review summarizes research findings from multiple studies that look at how well MBIs work to promote healthier online behavior, improve mental health outcomes, and cut down on excessive internet use. According to recent research, adolescents who engage in mindfulness practices are better able to control their compulsive internet usage habits, resist impulsive impulses, and spend less time on the internet. Furthermore, mindfulness practices like breathing exercises, body scanning, and meditation may help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, which are the common comorbidities linked to IAD. The review ends by emphasizing the necessity of more research on the long-term impacts of MBIs on IAD, the incorporation of mindfulness into school-based initiatives, and the significance of developing interventions that are specific to the developmental needs of teenagers. All things considered, mindfulness intervention seems like a promising strategy for reducing Internet addiction disorder, but more thorough research is needed to determine its effectiveness and suitability for use in a range of adolescent populations.
... Both items were modified for ESM by adding "at the time of the beep," and changing the sentence structure to past tense. Both items have been administered in ESM research (Bailen et al., 2019;Thompson et al., 2011). Together, these items showed good withinperson (ω = .73, ...
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Growing evidence suggests that social contexts may prompt qualitatively distinct experiences of emotions than nonsocial contexts. In this study of people’s naturalistic daily emotional experiences, we examined in adults with and without major depressive disorder (MDD) whether experiencing emotions in a social context (with others) versus nonsocial context (without others) was associated with greater emotional clarity and attention to one’s emotional experience (i.e., emotional awareness). Based on evidence that social stimuli are highly salient to social species, we predicted that interactions with social others—and especially close social others—would be associated with greater emotional awareness. We furthermore expected that individuals with MDD, who tend to have diminished emotional clarity and social deficits, might experience less emotional awareness in social settings than healthy controls. Across a 2-week experience sampling study that concluded in 2019, we assessed emotional awareness when people were interacting with others (vs. not) and interacting with close (vs. nonclose) others among adults with current MDD (n = 53), remitted MDD (n = 80), and healthy controls (n = 87). As expected, attention to emotion and emotional clarity were higher in social versus nonsocial contexts and when interacting with close versus nonclose others. Contrary to expectations that these effects would be weaker among those with current MDD, the current MDD group showed enhanced emotional clarity in social versus nonsocial settings compared to the other two groups. Insofar as emotional clarity is beneficial to well-being, these findings suggest those with MDD may especially benefit from social contexts.
... During this stage, girls often encounter significant challenges in their relationships at a time when they become particularly sensitive to interpersonal stressors (Rudolph, 2002). Perhaps in response to such challenges, adolescent girls show particularly high levels of emotional intensity and instability (Bailen et al., 2018). Cultivating emotional resilience in adolescent girls may be facilitated by encouraging a shift toward growth emotion mindsets. ...
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To address the widespread mental health crisis facing adolescent girls, this study examined whether a growth emotion mindset lesson can enhance emotional competence. During 2018–2022, adolescent girls ( M age = 15.68 years; 66.3% White) were randomized to a growth mindset (E‐MIND; N = 81) or brain education (control; N = 82) lesson, completed the Trier Social Stressor Test, and reported on various aspects of emotional competence. Compared with the control group, the E‐MIND group reported more adaptive emotion mindsets, higher emotion regulation self‐efficacy, and more proactive in vivo and daily efforts to regulate emotions (effect sizes = small‐to‐medium to medium), with several differences remaining 4‐month later. Findings provide novel insight into one promising approach for cultivating emotional resilience among adolescent girls.
... Also, Chinese culture is more likely to emphasize a social theme for emotional events, attributing a character's emotions to interpersonal interactions (e.g., being visited by a friend), whereas Euro-American culture is more likely to emphasize a personal theme, linking emotions to specific objects or events (e.g., winning a prize; Fivush & Wang, 2005). During adolescence, individuals encounter substantial social transitions, such as evolving parent-child dynamics, peer influences, and the adoption of new social roles (Bailen et al., 2019). These changes require adolescents to significantly enhance their interpersonal emotional processing, including emotional awareness, communication skills, and management abilities across diverse social contexts (Booker & Dunsmore, 2017). ...
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This research proposes a new framework called interpersonally oriented parental emotion socialization (inter-PES) practices to address parental socialization of adolescents’ interpersonal emotional processing. This framework captures parents’ interpersonal perspectives when their adolescent children experience negative emotions resulting from social interactions. In Study 1, parents (n = 925; 84.54% females; Mage = 39.86 years, SD = 4.37) recalled their PES practices. Content analysis of parents’ narratives showed four components of inter-PES: perspective-taking, positive attributions to others, negative attributions to others, and concern for others. In Study 2, parents (n = 536; 57.98% females; Mage = 42.84 years, SD = 4.01) evaluated their own parenting behaviors on a newly developed scale to measure the four components mentioned above. Factor analysis supported the four-factor structure. Moreover, the four subscales demonstrated good reliabilities. In Study 3, adolescents (n = 864; 45.97% females; Mage = 14.50 years, SD = 0.77) reported their perceived maternal inter-PES using the same scale, and factor analysis again confirmed the four-factor structure. Study 3 also showed that the four components of inter-PES reported by adolescents were related to their perceptions of other commonly assessed maternal parenting variables and self-reported socioemotional development. Overall, this research develops a new tool for studying inter-PES and reveals new avenues for future research on how parents’ interpersonal perspectives during emotional socialization may relate to adolescents’ socioemotional outcomes.
... The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic could directly arouse these 2 psychological dimensions and make people feel threatened and stressed and respond to it emotionally or behaviorally [16]. Considering that adolescents experience more intense feelings and inner influences with higher frequency and greater volatility than adults [17,18], the widely increased negative emotions and strains perceived from the epidemic may end up engaging in cyberbullying behaviors. However, at present, a part of studies has explored the relationship between psychological distress and adolescent cyberbullying, but these studies mainly emphasize the impact of the epidemic on mental health, without exploring the direct perception of the epidemic. ...
Article
Background In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the government initiated measures for social distancing, leading to a gradual transition of adolescents’ social interactions toward web-based platforms. Consequently, web-based behaviors, particularly cyberbullying, have become a prominent concern. Considering that adolescents experience more intense feelings, the widely increased negative emotions and strains perceived from the COVID-19 pandemic may end up engaging in cyberbullying behaviors. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents experiencing insomnia and negative affect are more prone to diminished self-control, which is associated with cyberbullying behaviors. Objective This study aims to investigate the relationship between epidemic perception and cyberbullying behaviors, while also examining the serial mediating roles of insomnia and negative affect on the relationship between epidemic perception and cyberbullying behaviors. Methods This study presents a large-scale web-based survey conducted during the period of concentrated COVID-19 outbreaks, encompassing 20,000 Chinese adolescents. A total of 274 submitted questionnaires were discarded because of high levels of missing data or their answers were clearly fictitious or inconsistent. The final count of valid participants amounted to 19,726 (10,371 boys, age range: 12‐18 years; mean 14.80, SD 1.63 years). The Perceptions of COVID-19 Scale, Negative Affect Scale, Insomnia Scale, and Cyberbullying Behavior Scale were used to assess participants’ responses on the Questionnaire Star platform. Results The results show that epidemic perception is positively correlated with cyberbullying behaviors ( r =0.13; P <.001), insomnia ( r =0.19; P <.001), and negative affect ( r =0.25; P <.001). Insomnia is positively correlated with negative affect ( r =0.44; P <.001) and cyberbullying behaviors ( r =0.30; P <.001). Negative affect is positively correlated with cyberbullying behaviors ( r =0.25; P <.001). And insomnia and negative affect play independent mediating and serial mediating roles in epidemic perception and cyberbullying behaviors. Conclusions This study provides additional empirical evidence on the relationship between the perception of COVID-19 pandemic and cyberbullying in adolescents. In addition, the study offers recommendations for implementing interventions targeted at mitigating cyberbullying in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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In the penitentiary system, criminal risk assessment aids in tailoring the resocialization process and informs decisions about detention conditions and eligibility for conditional release. Risk assessment instruments such as START:AV facilitate both the identification of the risk level and the planning of targeted interventions. The final judgment about the risk is based on the analysis of risk and protective factors, which differ by age, leading to the implementation of separate assessment instruments for adolescents and adults. The transition from adolescence to adulthood does not occur with the 18th birthday; therefore, there is an increasing emphasis on extending correctional measures applied to adolescents up to the age of 24. The aim of the study is to examine the psychometric characteristics and convergent validity of START:AV, designed for adolescents, in a sample of male offenders aged 18 to 23. The study involved 99 young individuals incarcerated in four prisons in Lithuania. Negative correlations found between START:AV strengths and vulnerabilities align with the findings of other studies and support the assumption that although they are related, yet, they remain distinct constructs. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Adult Self-Report (ASR) was used to assess the convergent validity of START:AV. The results confirmed that START:AV may be applicable for assessing the risk of adverse outcomes in incarcerated adults aged 18–23. Further studies on its predictive validity in the sample of emerging adults would be necessary to substantiate the practical utility of this instrument.
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Introduction Given the high incidence of depression among adolescents and its serious consequences, investigating its influencing factors and mechanisms is of great theoretical and practical significance. This study aims to explore the mediating effects of a sense of alienation and life satisfaction on the relationship between the presence of meaning in life and depression among Chinese high school seniors. Methods Six hundred and twenty-one senior high school students (17.09 ± 0.45 years, 266 boys) were recruited from Shandong, China, to participate in the study. Participants completed the Adolescent Students’ Sense of Alienation (ASAS), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results Our findings revealed that (1) the sense of alienation and life satisfaction play a chain mediating role between the presence of meaning in life and depression among Chinese high school seniors; (2) the sense of alienation plays a mediating role between the presence of meaning in life and depression; (3) there are gender differences in the chain mediation model of the influence of the presence of meaning in life on depression. Conclusion This study reveals potential pathways through which the presence of meaning in life affects depression among Chinese high school seniors, offering support and a basis for future mental health interventions for this population.
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The current study examined how parents’ perceptions of their family’s communication is associated with their expressions of affection, reactions to their child’s negative emotions, and their child’s social self-efficacy. Parents (N = 146), whose eldest child was between 10 and 15 years old, were recruited from Prolific and completed an online survey. Structural equation modeling indicated higher family conversation predicted higher perceptions of affection, adolescent social self-efficacy, more positive responses to negative emotions, and less negative responses to negative emotions. Furthermore, the model indicated that higher reports of conformity predicted more negative responses to negative emotions and fewer positive responses to negative emotions. Examining the impacts of family dynamics on young adolescents adds to the literature and provides further insight for family therapists about the impact of family dynamics.
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This study examined economic risk preferences using a multidimensional approach in adolescents and young adults ( N = 444, ages 13–27). Despite the two major theoretical approaches in adolescent economic risk‐taking—socioemotional theories and fuzzy‐trace theory—comparatively little is known about the role of incidental affective factors in economic risk‐taking. We tested six demographic and psychological determinants (age, gender, positive/negative affect, state anxiety, and indecision) on two economic risk decision tasks (loss aversion and skewness). Adolescents reported higher positive affect and lower negative affect than adults, but anxiety and indecision were age‐invariant. Women showed lower positive affect and higher negative affect, state anxiety, and indecision compared to men. We found women to be more loss‐averse; all other factors were not related to loss aversion. Adolescents were equally likely to accept symmetric and skewed gambles, whereas adults had more nuanced preferences. Adolescents also demonstrated a reduced bias toward negatively skewed risks compared to young adults, but both groups showed similar preferences for positively skewed and symmetric risks. These results support fuzzy‐trace theory's prediction of age‐related shifts from verbatim to gist representations: More verbatim processing during adolescence facilitated risk‐taking in negatively skewed risks, diverging from prospect theory. Positive affect shifted risk preference for adolescents and young adults in divergent directions—adolescents favored symmetrical risks more, while adults favored negatively skewed risks more. These patterns illustrate that adolescents and young adults in positive moods demonstrate risk preferences that are rare for their developmental stage, with potentially detrimental consequences depending on the choice at hand.
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The Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995) is a well-established measure of perceived emotional intelligence, an aspect of emotional intelligence that includes people's beliefs and attitudes about their own emotional experience. Although the TMMS has been widely used in adult populations, until now no data have been reported on its validity in the adolescent population. In the present work we analyzed the psychometric properties of the TMMS in a sample of 1,497 adolescents aged 12 to 17. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the 3-factor structure of the original scale (attention to feelings, clarity of feelings, and mood repair); moreover, these dimensions showed adequate reliability and correlated among themselves in the expected fashion. We also found evidence of discriminant validity with the Big Five personality factors and analyzed differences in the TMMS dimensions according to participants' age and sex. We discuss both the implications of these results and the utility of this scale in research on the emotional intelligence construct.
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This indispensable sourcebook covers conceptual and practical issues in research design in the field of social and personality psychology. Key experts address specific methods and areas of research, contributing to a comprehensive overview of contemporary practice. This updated and expanded second edition offers current commentary on social and personality psychology, reflecting the rapid development of this dynamic area of research over the past decade. With the help of this up-to-date text, both seasoned and beginning social psychologists will be able to explore the various tools and methods available to them in their research as they craft experiments and imagine new methodological possibilities.
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