Article

Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process

August 2018
Animal Feed Science and Technology 244

DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.018

Authors:

Christian Böttger

Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen

Karl-Heinz Südekum

University of Bonn

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of ethanol production from cereal grains, are used as a protein source for production animals. Like crude protein (CP) content, degradability and digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA) are predetermined by the raw material grain, but also affected by the production process to a considerable degree. This review highlights steps of the production process potentially affecting the protein value of DDGS. Heat influence during drying of DDGS is most discussed. During heating, AA can undergo a series of chemical reactions resulting in reduced digestibility or destruction of AA. To evaluate the heat influence on DDGS protein quality, measuring colour variables, acid detergent insoluble N and AA content have been applied, although all of these methods have some limitations. Besides drying, further processing steps potentially affecting the protein value of DDGS are high temperature application prior to drying or blending of product streams. Yeast protein contributes to DDGS protein but estimations of the actual amount differ considerably. Although the outlined effects and their underlying principles are known, their systematic investigation is impeded by the complex nature of the production process.

Corn Distillers Solubles as a Plant-Based Bioresource for Proteins and Bioactive Peptides: Current Status and Bioprospects- a Critical Review

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The demand for plant-based proteins is increasing at a rapid rate in the modern era. Hence, finding a new source of plant proteins might fulfill such requirements. Corn distilleries generate various protein-containing by-products, for instance, an undervalued and less explored corn distillers solubles (CDS). The CDS was reviewed to assess its potential as a new source of proteins and bioactive peptides. This review summarizes the current understanding of CDS proteins, with an emphasis on their composition, characteristics, quality, and bioactive peptides for cost-effective applications. Finally, several industrial applications of proteins and protein hydrolysates of CDS have been discussed, as well as the destiny of these products in terms of restrictions, barriers, future research paths, and problems. The literature showed that proteins of CDS were glycated to some extent due to the multiple evaporation steps employed in distilleries. To the best of the author’s knowledge, the influence of yeast on the quality and quantity of CDS proteins has not been studied comprehensively. The digestibility of CDS proteins has not been clearly explicated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein concentrate from CDS implied its potential as protein hydrolysates comprising antioxidant capacity, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition as the prime activities.

Corn distillers solubles as a novel bioresource of bioactive peptides with ACE and DPP-IV inhibition activity: characterization, in-silico evaluation, and molecular docking

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

This study aimed to investigate the biological potential of underutilized and low-value corn distillers solubles, containing a unique unexplored blend of heat-treated corn and yeast proteins, from the bioethanol industries, by bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. Protein hydrolysates were produced by applying four commercially accessible proteases, among which alcalase provided the best results in terms of yield, degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight, number of proteins, bioactive peptides, and deactivation against anti-angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and anti-dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). The optimal conditions to produce anti-ACE and anti-DPP IV peptides were using alcalase for 10.82 h and an enzyme : substrate ratio of 7.90 (%w/w), with inhibition values for ACE and DPP IV of 98.76 ± 1.28% and 34.99 ± 1.44%, respectively. Corn (α-zein) and yeast (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) proteins were mainly suitable, upon enzymolysis, for the release of bioactive peptides. The peptides DPANLPWG, FDFFDNIN, WNGPPGVF, and TPPFHLPPP inhibited ACE more effectively as verified with binding energies of -11.3, -11.6, -10.5, and -11.6 kcal mol-1, respectively, as compared to captopril (-6.38 kcal mol-1). Compared with the binding energy of sitagliptin (-8.6 kcal mol-1), WNGPPGVF (-9.6 kcal mol-1), WPLPPFG (-9.8 kcal mol-1), LPPYLPS (-9.7 kcal mol-1), TPPFHLPPP (-10.1 kcal mol-1), and DPANLPWG peptides (-10.1 kcal mol-1) had greater inhibition potential against DPP IV. The peptides impeded ACE and DPP IV majorly via hydrophobic and hydrogen linkage interactions. The key amino acids TYR523, GLU384, and HIS353 were bound to the catalytic sites of ACE and GLN553, GLU206, PHE364, VAL303, and THR304 were bound to the DPP IV enzyme. The PHs can be used as ingredients in the feed or food industries with possible health advantages.

A review on the use of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) in aquaculture feeds

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) to replace fishmeal (FM) or other plant protein sources and its effects on an aquatic animal’s growth performance and health system is rarely discussed. In recent times FM use in aquafeed has been a problem for the aquaculture industry because of the depletion of fish resources in the ocean and the high cost of FM. For that reason, researchers are focusing on reducing the cost of aquafeed production by lowering the inclusion of FM in aquafeed. One of the low-cost alternative protein sources to replace FM is DDGS. The present review discusses the compilation of available literature review and other works on the use of DDGS to replace FM in aquafeed and how it improves the growth performance, immune health system, and disease resistance in an aquatic animal. It focuses on the production of DDGS, the nutritional composition of DDGS, the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS, and the effects of the DDGS inclusion in aquafeed on the aquatic animal. Apart from improving the growth performance of the aquatic animal when included in aquafeed, it also helps improve the immune health system of the animal. It also helps boost the immune system of the aquatic animal to fight diseases and increase disease resistance when included in aquafeed. Furthermore, DDGS also contains some constituents like carotenoids that help improve the meat quality of the animal when included in aquafeed. The current review also discusses the management and use of technology to improve the aquaculture industry, educate farmers on reducing diseases during the culturing periods, and increase productivity and profit in a friendly environment.

Variability in Distillers’ Co-Product Compositions and Their Nutritional Availability for Pigs: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024

This study aimed to examine the nutritional diversity of distillers’ co-products in pigs. Two distinct databases were used in this study. The first was compiled through a systematic review of previous scientific publications that have evaluated the chemical composition and nutritional availability of these ingredients for pigs. The final database included information collected from 49 studies published between 2003 and 2022. Most of the studies focused on distillers’ co-products produced from corn (90%) and assessed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 92%). A wide variety of nutritional compositions was observed in the selected studies, with coefficients of variation of 8% for gross energy and 13% for crude protein in dried distillers grains (DDGs). In the general database, half of the studies were published from 2003 to 2015 and the other half from 2015 to 2022. Greater variability in the net energy content and standardized ileal digestible lysine concentrations from 2015 to 2022 were the main concerns. The second database included information on high-protein dried distillers grains (HP-DDGs) collected directly from several feed mills and was built using the results of chemical analyses. These results suggest that the nutritional matrix of co-products should be assessed for each processing plant. Nevertheless, a coefficient of variation of up to 6% was found for crude protein and up to 20% for ether extract. Variability in nutritional composition is an important challenge of using distillers’ co-products in pig feed.

Brazilian Corn Ethanol Coproducts for Pigs: Feeding Value and Blood Parameters

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Simple Summary The variability in the chemical composition of cereal ethanol coproducts is a limiting factor in the precise use of these ingredients in swine feed. The growth of the corn ethanol industry in Brazil has boosted the availability of diverse coproducts but still lacks proper nutritional characterization, which may differ from other places in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the values of the net, digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility coefficients of corn ethanol coproducts produced in Brazil and their effects on the nitrogen balance and blood parameters of pigs. Pigs fed diets with high-protein distiller’s dried grain and corn bran with solubles showed greater nitrogen retention efficiency than pigs fed distiller’s dried grains with solubles, while pigs fed diets containing corn bran with solubles had lower urea and higher blood triglycerides. Abstract This study aimed to determine the values of net energy (NE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and digestibility coefficients of corn ethanol coproducts produced in Brazil and their effects on the nitrogen balance and blood parameters of pigs. Ten barrows were housed in metabolic study cages for total collection and fed a reference diet (RD) or 800 g/kg RD + 200 g/kg of a coproduct of corn ethanol. Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn bran with solubles (CBS), distiller’s dried grains (DDG) and high-protein distiller’s dried grain (HPDDG) were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three repetitions per period, totaling six repetitions per diet. Diets containing the HPDDG had greater DE and ME than those containing CBS and DDGS and greater DE than those containing the DDG (p < 0.05). HPDDG, DDG, CBS and DDGS showed 4498, 3419, 3029 and 3335 kcal/kg DE; 4366, 3305, 2934 and 3214 kcal/kg ME; and 2515, 1938, 1649 and 1725 kcal/kg NE, respectively. Pigs fed diets containing HPDDG and CBS showed greater nitrogen retention efficiency than pigs fed DDGS (p < 0.05). Pigs fed diets containing HPDDG had higher blood urea levels than pigs fed CBS and RD, while triglyceride levels in animals that received the CBS diet were greater than those in animals that received all other diets. The HPDDG had the highest energy levels and the best digestibility coefficients. The chemical composition of coproducts influences the nitrogen balance and circulating levels of urea and triglycerides in pigs.

Recent Progress in Distiller’s Grains: Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023
MOLECULES

Distiller’s grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products.

Animal performance and meat quality characteristics from feedlot-finished steers fed increasing levels of wet distillers grain

Article

May 2023
MEAT SCI

One hundred forty-four steers were group-housed in 24 pens that were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments defined by the proportion of wet distiller grain plus solubles (WDGS; 0, 15, 30, or 45%) and fed for 84 d pre-slaughter. Animal performance was evaluated using the pen as the experimental unit. Whereas for carcass and meat quality characteristics, meat oxidative stability, and the consumer sensory quality of longissimus thoracis muscle one animal from each pen was randomly selected and used as the experimental unit. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for subcutaneous fat thickness, rib eye area, marbling score or pH, color parameters, proximate composition, sarcomere length, Warner Bratzler shear force, and cooking loss. Feeding WDGS linearly increased total PUFA (P = 0.05), C18:2 n-6 (P = 0.004) proportions, and n-6/n-3 ratio (P < 0.01) but reduced C16:1 to C18:0 ratio (P < 0.01). Lipid oxidation was greater in beef from steers fed 30% and 45% WDGS (P = 0.05). Dietary WDGS linearly improved (P < 0.05) flavor and overall linking score in the consumer sensory panel.

Effect of inclusion levels of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on productivity and egg quality of Hy-Line Brown ® laying hens

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021
CUBAN J AGR SCI

The effect of four levels of inclusion of dry distillery grains with solubles on the productive performance and egg quality of Hy-line Brown® laying hens was evaluated. A total of 140 animals were distributed in four treatments, according to a completely randomized design, for 10 weeks. Seven repetitions per treatment and five birds per repetition were established. The treatments consisted of a control diet and the inclusion of 10, 15 and 20 % of dry distillery grains with solubles. The inclusion of 0 and 10 % promoted (P <0.05) laying intensity and mass conversion with respect to 15 and 20 %. In addition, diets with dry distillery grains with solubles increased (P <0.05) food intake, nutrients and metabolizable energy, as well as shell thickness and yolk color (P <0.05), without notable changes (P> 0.05) for albumen height, Haugh unit and resistance to shell rupture. It is recommended the inclusion of 10 % of dry distillery grains with solubles in partial substitution of corn and soybean meal in diets intended for Hy-line Brown® laying hens.

Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Kafirin‐Enriched Proteins Extracted From Various Grain Sorghums and Their Distillers' Grains

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

Sorghum is a globally significant cereal crop that can be a potential source of innovative plant proteins. Kafirin is the primary storage protein in grain sorghum. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the physicochemical and functional properties of kafirin‐enriched proteins extracted using the glacial acetic acid method from different types of sorghums, as well as their distillers' grains (DGs), and to understand the effect of sorghum type and fermentation process on the protein properties. The protein content of extracted kafirin‐enriched proteins ranged from 75% to 85%. The α‐helix structure was predominant in the extracted proteins. SDS‐PAGE results showed that the proteins from different sorghum raw materials had similar band profiles, except that new bands in the range of 15–20 kDa and 25–37 kDa were observed for the protein samples from flours but not DGs. The surface hydrophobicity of the proteins varied between 51.37 and 59.02 μg SDS/mg protein, and the fermentation process further altered the surface hydrophobicity of the extracted proteins to some extent. The kafirin‐enriched proteins from DGs of black sorghum had slightly lower in vitro protein digestibility (around 74.80%) compared to that from other DGs (75.34%–79.33%), which may be due to the high tannin content in the black sorghum. The functional properties of the proteins varied to some extent. This study provides fundamental knowledge of the protein properties associated with different sorghum types and their DGs, which will aid in the future production and wider applications of sorghum‐derived proteins.

Ruminal Crude Protein Degradation Determined in Sacco and by Co-Incubation of Streptomyces griseus Protease and Carbohydrases

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Simple Summary Ruminal protein degradation of seven feedstuffs was estimated in sacco and in vitro by using a protease assay. In sacco protein degradation data were used as reference. The accuracy of the protease assay is reduced by two methodological aspects. During in vitro incubation, microbial activity induced by microbial colonization of the feedstuff may increase, requiring antibiotic solutions in protease assays. The protease alone cannot sufficiently hydrolyze protein–carbohydrate complexes. Therefore, a carbohydrase of fiber- or starch-hydrolyzing activity was added to the protease assay as a simultaneous incubation. The antibiotic solution reduced protein degradation by protease. The antibiotic solution is recommended to prevent microbial activity and improve standardization of the protease assay. Differences between in sacco and in vitro degradation data were not essentially reduced by additional carbohydrases. Unfavorable incubation conditions and the inhibitory effect of protease on the carbohydrase activity during simultaneous incubation may be responsible for the insufficient hydrolysis of protein–carbohydrate complexes by the carbohydrases. It does not seem promising to incubate protease and carbohydrase simultaneously. Abstract The objectives of the study were to examine the effect of an antibiotic solution applied in the Streptomyces griseus protease method (SGPM) and the effect of carbohydrases in SGPM on the effective crude protein (CP) degradation (ED) with reference to in sacco ED. For this purpose, the ruminal CP degradation of rapeseed meal, dried distillers’ grains with solubles, wheat grain, corn grain, corn silage, grass silage and partial crop field pea silage was determined in sacco using three rumen-fistulated dairy cows and in vitro using SGPM. The impact of the antibiotic solution on CP degradation by S. griseus protease was investigated by supplementing SGPM with Penicillin–Streptomycin solution to reduce microbial mass proliferation during incubation. The carbohydrase α-amylase or Viscozym® L (cell wall-degrading enzyme mixture) was added to the SGPM at four different doses simultaneously as a co-incubation to improve feed protein accessibility. For most feedstuffs, ED was lower when the antibiotic solution was used in SGPM (p < 0.05). The use of an antibiotic solution in the SGPM is recommended to standardize the SGPM. The in sacco ED values were significantly underestimated by the SGPM and by the SGPM with co-incubated carbohydrase (p < 0.05). Co-incubation of S. griseus protease and carbohydrase was not successful in reducing the differences to the in sacco CP degradation.

Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles in aquafeeds -a review

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. ddgs are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. ddgs has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. these valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in aquafeeds.

Evaluation of distillErs driEd grains with solublEs in aquafEEds -a rEviEw

Article

Jan 2024

Evaluation of distillErs driEd grains with solublEs in aquafEEds -a rEviEw

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Utilization of co-products from corn ethanol industry in a biorefinery context: a review on the biotechnological potential of thin stillage

Article

Sep 2023

The two largest producers of ethanol fuel in the world are the United States and Brazil. Albeit Brazil made history with its strong sugarcane-to-ethanol industry, the country is currently expanding corn-to-ethanol facilities, with the additional possibility to adapt sugarcane ethanol plants into sugarcane plus corn ethanol plants. The state-of-art in corn-to-ethanol production relies on the dry-milling process, which has been key to the development of the ethanol industry in the United States in the last decades. Within this process, some co-products are generated, which are mainly marketed as animal feed. An important intermediary coproduct generated is thin stillage, which has been thoroughly evaluated in recent biotechnological processes to produce liquid and gaseous fuels and a variety of bioproducts. In this sense, this review aimed to critically analyze the current research on thin stillage applications, emphasizing the applicability as a platform for the growth of different microorganisms and as a medium for anaerobic digestion. Thus, an outlook for the development of technologies within the Brazilian energy and biotechnological scenarios is provided, giving insights for future research work.

Reconceptualization of the mechanism of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment to enhance the anaerobic conversion of sludge organic nitrogen: Decisive role of organic nitrogen occurrence

Article

Jul 2023
SCI TOTAL ENVIRON

The occurrence state of organic nitrogen (ON) is the key to affect anaerobic biotransformation of sludge. ON in sludge was chemically classified as PA (easily accessible part), PB (moderately accessible) and PC (hardly accessible) according to the modified CNCPS method. The components of them were analyzed by PY-GCMS, and it was identified that PA was extracellular amino acids, peptides and proteins; PB was genetic material, cell wall peptidoglycans and intracellular proteins; PC was ON that cross-linked with complex macromolecules. The conversion characteristics of PA, PB and PC in sludge and their relationship with anaerobic digestion (AD) performance were investigated after thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) at different temperatures (100-180 °C). With the increase of THP temperature, the hydrolysis of PA and the conversion of PB to PA were promoted. At 180-THP, part of PA was converted to PC due to thermochemical reactions. In the fast degradation stage of AD of ON (ON-fast), PA is the main component of degradation; while in the slow degradation stage (ON-slow), the degradation of ON is mainly dominated by PB. Therefore, THP can significantly increase the proportion of ON-fast and reduce the ON fraction in the digestate (ON-hard). Moreover, PA and PB, rather than PC, were identified as dominant in ON-hard with or without THP for the first time, overturning the traditional view (remaining ON after AD was that cross-linked with complex macromolecules). This is due to that PA and PB are the main ON that make up microbial cells. The findings upgraded our perspective on conversion of ON of sludge during AD and inspire the shifted focus from "degrading PC" to "PC accumulation" for later use, through targeted enhanced PA degradation.

Vertical farming and organic farming integration: a review

Chapter

Jan 2023

Conversion of fish processing waste to value-added commodities: a waste to wealth strategies for greening of the environment

Chapter

Jan 2023

Distillery coproduct in fish nutrition: strategies for transforming waste into wealth

Chapter

Jul 2023

Distillery coproduct in fish nutrition: strategies for transforming waste into wealth (In: Organic Farming: Global Perspectives and Method, Second Edition, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Elsevier Publications) (Eds: Sarathchandran, Unni, M.R., Sabu Thomas and D.K.Meena)

Book

Full-text available

Jul 2023

Influence of dietary corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and carcass traits in rabbits

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022
TROP ANIM HEALTH PRO

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the digestibility and growth performance of New Zealand White rabbits fed corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS). For the digestibility trial, 20 rabbits were housed in metabolic cages. The animals were distributed in two treatments, T1 (control diet without inclusion of DDGS) and T2 (control diet + 300 g kg−1 DDGS). For the growth performance trial, 100 rabbits (50 males and 50 females) were assigned in a factorial design 2 × 5 (2 gender × 5 inclusions of DDGS) and five replicates. The treatments were composed of diets with inclusions of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 g kg−1 of DDGS. The rabbits were housed at 35 days old, and the experiment lasted 35 days. The DDGS showed high digestibility for protein (74.10%) and lipids (81.51%) and a high content of digestible energy (2979 kcal kg−1). In the second trial, growth performance and carcass yield and organ relative weights were evaluated. There were no interactions between gender and DDGS inclusions (P > 0.05). A linear decrease was observed for feed intake (FI) for the period from days 35 to 50 (FI, P = 0.001) and FI and FCR from days 35 to 70 (FI, P = 0.004; FCR, P = 0.001) with the increasing levels of DDGS. Rabbits supplemented with 240 g kg−1 had lower (P < 0.05) whole carcass yield (WCY) and carcass without head yield compared with the control rabbits. DDGS is highly digestible in rabbits, and when supplemented up to 240 g kg−1 in diets, it improved FCR but reduced FI and WCY.

Meat Quality and Muscle Tissue Proteome of Crossbred Bulls Finished under Feedlot Using Wet Distiller Grains By-Product

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Wet distiller grains (WDG) are a corn by-product rich in protein and fiber that can be used in feedlot diets. This study evaluated F1 Angus-Nellore bulls fed on a control diet vs. WDG (n = 25/treatment). After a period of 129 days on these feeds, the animals were slaughtered and Longissimus thoracis samples were collected for both a meat quality evaluation and gel-based proteomic analyses. A greater ribeye area (99.47 cm²) and higher carcass weight (333.6 kg) (p < 0.05) were observed in the WDG-finished cattle compared to the control (80.7 cm²; 306.3 kg). Furthermore, there were differences (p < 0.05) in the intramuscular fat between the WDG and control animals (IMF = 2.77 vs. 4.19%), which led to a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in saturated fatty acids (FA). However, no differences (p > 0.10) were observed in terms of tenderness, evaluated using Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF). The proteomic and bioinformatic analyses revealed substantial changes in the biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components of the WDG-finished cattle compared to the control. Proteins related to a myriad of interconnected pathways, such as contractile and structural pathways, energy metabolism, oxidative stress and cell redox homeostasis, and transport and signaling. In this experiment, the use of WDG supplementation influenced the protein expression of several proteins, some of which are known biomarkers of beef quality (tenderness and color), as well as the protein–protein interactions that can act as the origins of increases in muscle growth and reductions in IMF deposition. However, despite the effects on the proteome, the tenderness, evaluated by WBSF, and fatty acid profile were not compromised by WDG supplementation.

Evaluation of dehydrated corn silage as the primary forage for lactating dairy cows

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

The objective was to compare productivity of lactating dairy cows fed dehydrated corn silage with those fed whole-crop barley silage. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows in mid lactation were fed diets containing dehydrated corn silage (DCS) or barley silage with additional grain (BSHG) or without (BSLG) in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 21-d periods, balanced for carryover effects. The dietary starch content was similar for DCS and BSHG diets, and dietary forage content was similar for DCS and BSLG diets. Experimental diets did not affect dry matter intake, but cows fed DCS diet decreased milk yield compared with those fed barley silage regardless of the dietary starch content. Apparent total-tract digestibility of starch and crude protein was also lower for cows fed DCS compared with those fed barley silage, and milk urea N content was lowest for cows fed DCS diet, indicating that DCS likely had less protein degradation in the rumen than barley silage. Milk fat content and yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and feed efficiency were not different between cows fed BSHG and DCS diets, but higher for cows fed BSLG than those fed BSHG or DCS diet, which can be attributed to the difference in dietary starch content. Feeding DCS in place of barley silage did not improve productivity of lactating dairy cows in the current study, and further research is warranted to optimize its utilization in dairy diets.

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition, Bioactive Substance, Gas Production, and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Four Types of Distiller’s Grains

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022
MOLECULES

Distiller’s grain is rich in natural active ingredients and can be used as an excellent antioxidant feed for goats. The current study aimed to assess the feeding value of four different types of distiller’s grains with an in vitro gas production trial. The chemical composition, total phenols, total anthocyanins, dry matter degradability, methane, hydrogen, and rumen fermentation parameters were evaluated. The results indicated that red distiller’s grain and glutinous rice distiller’s grain had higher (p < 0.05) levels of crude protein than the other two types. There were significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of dry matter, ether extract, hemicellulose, and total carbohydrate in corn distiller’s grain than in the other three types of distiller’s grain. In addition, red distiller’s grain showed a higher (p < 0.05) gas production rate constant (c) and ruminal outflow rate, as well as higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of total phenol, total anthocyanins and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, than the other three types of distiller’s grains. In contrast, red distiller’s grain displayed the lowest (p < 0.05) immediately soluble fraction (a) and half the time of maximum gas production relative to the other samples. In particular, the levels of methane (%) in white distiller’s grain and glutinous rice distiller’s grain were greater (p < 0.05) than that in red distiller’s grain. Moreover, the ammonia nitrogen content in red distiller’s grain was greater (p < 0.05) than that in white distiller’s grain and corn distiller’s grain. In contrast, red distiller’s grain exhibited a lower (p < 0.05) level of ruminal fluid acetic acid relative to that found in white distiller’s grain and corn distiller’s grain. Taken together, the results showed that red distiller’s grain and glutinous rice distiller’s grain could be used as protein feed, red distiller’s grain had higher levels of total phenols and total anthocyanins and a high DPPH scavenging activity; corn distiller’s grain might be considered as an alternative energy source feed, and white distiller’s grain exhibited higher total gas production.

Replacing fish meal and fish oil in industrial fish feeds

Chapter

Jan 2022

World food fish production has increased significantly during the past decades and it is expected to continue to increase in the future. This puts enormous pressure on the demand for fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) for inclusion in aquafeeds with the consequent increase in the price of these commodities. Thus reducing aquafeeds dependency on FM and FO is of utmost importance and a priority for the sustainable growth of aquaculture. Feeds low in FM and FO must ensure adequate growth performance and feed utilization and also ensure fish health and a resultant final product that is nutritionally adequate, safe to eat, and well accepted by consumers. Overall, reducing part of the FM and FO in fish diets is relatively simple. However, severe reductions or total replacement by alternative feedstuffs is more complicated without affecting growth performance and fish health. Furthermore, FO is still the primary commercial source of essential fatty acids for marine fish, thus reducing it might risk becoming a bottleneck for the growth of marine fish production. Hence, it is mandatory to pursue efforts to replace FM and FO in fish feeds and develop strategies that minimize the impact of dietary FO reduction on fish fillet quality for human consumption. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of feedstuffs used in fish feeds, indicating potential advantages and inconveniences of their use. Overall, there is potential for significant sparing of FM and FO in fish diets during the grow-out phase without affecting fish performance. However, more research is required to evaluate the effects of simultaneous replacement of FM and FO in the diets, as well as aspects related to the fish inflammatory and immunological status, oxidative status, health, and disease resistance of animals that are fed these alternative feeds.

Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum with dried distillers` grains with solubles enhances the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

We evaluated the impacts of substituting cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain (SG) with dried distillers` grains with solubles (DDGS) in lamb feedlot diets on the dry matter intake (DMI), the growth performance, blood serum analysis, feces phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), wool production and quality, carcass traits, adipose tissue fatty acid profiles, and sensory panel tests. For 72 d, Rambouillet wether lambs (n = 44, initial body weight, BW = 28.8 ± 3.3 kg) were individually fed ad libitum pelleted diets containing DDGS that replaced 0% (0DDGS), 25% (25DDGS), 50% (50DDGS), or 75% (75DDGS) of the CSM and SG in a completely randomized design trial. Linear and quadratic effects of DDGS levels on the response variables were analyzed. Treatment × day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for BW and DMI. As the DDGS level was increased, DMI (from d 21 to d 70), lamb BW (from d 56 to d 70), average daily gain, blood urea nitrogen and P, and fecal P linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05). Fecal N quadratically increased (P = 0.01), but no effects were found for gain:feed, blood insulin-like growth factor-1, or calcium. No differences in wool production or most of the wool quality parameters were detected. Adipose tissue stearic acid linearly increased (P = 0.02), linoleic acid quadratically increased (P = 0.01), and oleic acid tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.08) as the DDGS increased in the diets. Increasing the DDGS level in the diets quadratically increased the hot carcass weight (P = 0.02), backfat thickness (P = 0.04), and body wall thickness (P < 0.001) while having no impact on the longissimus muscle area. As the DDGS increased in the diet, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05), while having no effect on the cook-loss, flavor intensity, or off-flavor detectability. Replacing 50% of CSM and SG with DDGS improved growth performance and enhanced the carcass and meat quality.

Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2021

Kafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly form the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD), self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of β-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggests enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.

Dry matter intake, performance, carcass traits and expression of genes of muscle protein metabolism in cattle fed increasing levels of de-oiled wet distillers grains

Article

Aug 2020
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

The supply of wet distillers grains (WDG) has been growing in Brazil, with the increase in corn ethanol production. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of de-oiled corn WDG in the diet of feedlot cattle on DMI, performance, carcass traits, meat quality and expression of genes involved in the muscle protein metabolism. One hundred non-castrated F1 Angus-Nellore bulls, aged 20–24 months, with average IBW of 369.58 ± 49.17 kg, were used in a randomized complete block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 150, 300 and 450 g/kg de-oiled WDG (4% EE) replacing corn and soybean meal. After 129 days on feed, the animals were slaughtered and LT muscle samples were collected for molecular biology assays. Muscle protein metabolism genes such as eIF4, IGFR1, mTOR, GSK3β and P70S6K were investigated by RTq-PCR. Data were analyzed using polynomial contrasts (linear, quadratic and control versus WDG). The inclusion of by-product improved DMI and FBW (P < 0.05). A tendency (P < 0.10) to a quadratic effect was observed on DMI and FBW, with greater values for animals fed diet with 150 and 300 g/kg of WDG. The animals fed WDG presented greater HCW and CCW (P < 0.05), and there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the REA, with greater values for the animals fed diet with 300 g/kg of WDG. Moreover, no differences were observed in BFT and carcass pH, and the meat quality traits were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments (SF, CL, ILC, MFI, and WHC). However, the inclusion of WDG led to a reduction in the expression of eIF4, mTOR and IGFR1 genes (P < 0.05). Overall, meat quality traits were not affected by nutritional treatments. Although increased levels of de-oiled WDG influenced DMI, FBW, carcass weights and REA (an indicator of muscle deposition) in response to feeding, it did not produce concerted changes in genes of LT related to muscle protein metabolism.

Optimizing the processes of extracting proteins from yellow peas and ethanol production from spent pea residues

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

By considering neutral and alkaline extraction processes, this study aimed to maximize the yield and quality of a protein isolate from yellow peas while minimizing minimum selling price (MSP), then investigate the feasibility of integrating ethanol production from the starch in the spent pea residue from an optimized protein-extraction process. Thus, response surface methodologies were used to optimize experimental measurements and industrially simulated outcomes (Aspen Plus®) from variations in pH, temperature, time and solid loading. Then the energy and stream integration of ethanol production were simulated and costed. Alkaline extractions optimized at pH 10, 20 °C, 100 min and a 5.3% solid loading resulted in a protein yield of 73.6% and MSP of 3.25 US

/kg, at a processing rate of 2000 kg/h. These outcomes were technically and economically superior to water extractions, which only obtained a maximum protein yield of 56.2% and lowest MSP of 3.52 US

/kg. The output of ethanol integration was 8 million litres per annum, but further capital and energy demands of 230% and 126%, respectively, increased the MSP of the pea protein to 4.58 US$/kg. Sensitivity analysis showed that process changes, larger scales and incentives for renewable fuels are needed to favour the integration of ethanol. Graphical abstract

Meat quality traits and feeding distillers grains to cattle: a review

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2020

Livestock management and meat production involve a series of steps that affect meat quality. Animal genetics, nutrition and diets, slaughter procedures and meat-preservation conditions are some of the parameters that should be controlled to maintain meat quality. In regard to animal nutrition and diets, novel ingredients are increasingly used, distillers grains (DG) being an example. DG are obtained as a co-product from bioethanol production and comprise the fat, protein, fibre and micronutrient portion of the grains. Many papers have studied the inclusion of DG in finishing diets and their effect on growth performance and meat characteristics, but a review on the effects on meat quality is needed. Feeding with DG influences beef colour; nevertheless, a relationship between the level of inclusion and colour development has not been established yet. In addition, feeding DG-inclusion diets sometimes increases meat discoloration during retail display. Also, the composition of fatty acids is modified since total polyunsaturated fatty acid content in meat increases with the inclusion of DG in finishing diets. This increment in polyunsaturated fatty acid content is likely to contribute to lipid oxidation processes and might be related to meat discoloration due to myoglobin oxidation. However, meat tenderness has not been modified in most of the cases. This review focused on recent studies on DG inclusion, animal performance and meat quality. Key points that need further research are also identified and discussed.

Prolamins from Cereal By-products: Classification, Extraction, Characterization and its Applications in Micro- and Nanofabrication

Article

Jun 2019
TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH

Purification of Polyphenols from Distiller’s Grains by Macroporous Resin and Analysis of the Polyphenolic Components

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019
MOLECULES

We aimed to purify polyphenols from distiller’s grain extract using macroporous resins and to identify its polyphenolic components. The influence of operational parameters on purification efficiency was investigated. The polyphenolic composition was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and then quantified by UPLC-MS using authenticated standards. The results showed that the optimal purifying conditions were D101 resin with a dosage of 3 g, four hours adsorption, three hours desorption time, and 60% ethanol as the eluent, producing the highest purification rate of 51%. The purified distiller’s grain extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the unpurified extracts, which was assessed using DPPH and ABTS methods (IC50 DPPH = 34.03 and 16.21 μg/mL, respectively; IC50 ABTS = 20.31 and 5.73 μg/mL, respectively). UPLC-MS results indicated that (−)-epicatechin is the major compound found in distiller’s grain extract which was quantified as 562.7 μg/g extract, followed by ferulic acid (518.2 μg/g), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (417.7 μg/g), caffeic acid (217.1 μg/g), syringic acid (158.0 μg/g) and quercetin (147.8 μg/g). Two compounds, vanillic acid (66.5 μg/g) and gallic acid (41.4 μg/g), were found in lower concentrations. The findings of this study suggest that purification of polyphenolic compounds from distiller’s grain by macroporous resins is feasible, providing a new and effective method for the secondary use of distiller’s grain resources.

The impact of feeding corn dried distillers grains with solubles on milk yield and composition in lactating Awassi ewes and digestibility and N partitioning in Awassi ewe lambs

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019
Ital J Anim Sci

The effect of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on milk yield, milk composition and body weight (BW) and digestibility were evaluated by using lactating ewe (Exp. 1) and Awassi ewe lambs (Exp. 2). Dietary treatments were (1) no DDGS (CON), (2) 200 gkg⁻¹ DDGS (DDGS200) or (3) 300 gkg⁻¹ DDGS (DDGS300) of dietary dry matter (DM). In Exp. 1, 30 lactating Awassi ewes were randomly assigned to the corresponding diets. Nutrient intakes were determined daily throughout the experiment which lasted for 8 weeks. Body weights of ewes and lambs were measured on days 0, 28 and 56 of the study whilst milk yield and composition were recorded on days 18, 36 and 54. Ewe BW changes were similar amongst treatments. Ewes consuming the DDGS diet showed increased milk production (p<.045) over those provided the CON diet. Cost of diets and milk production reduced (p=.01) in DDGS-containing diets compared with the CON diet. In Exp. 2, 18 Awassi ewe lambs were randomly assigned into the same dietary treatments and fed their diets for 21 days. Digestibility of DM and ADF was lower (p<.017) for the CON diet than for the DDGS diets. Digestibility of CP and NDF increased (p<.036) in the DDGS200 diet than the CON diet. Results indicate DDGS has the potential to be included up to 300 gkg⁻¹ of dietary DM of DDGS in Awassi ewes’ diets with no negative effects on production parameters whilst being cost effective. • Highlights • Cost of feed and milk production decreased in DDGS diets. • Milk production increased in DDGS diets. • Milk composition was similar among diets.

Feeding probiotics-fermented distiller's grains diets increases rumen enzyme activities and glycerophospholipid levels in finishing cattle by modulating rumen microbiota

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2025

Background Distiller’s grains (DG), a major by-product of the Chinese Baijiu industry, represent an inexpensive yet high-quality protein raw material. Previous studies have shown that probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG) hold the potential to serve as an effective livestock feed resource. However, the impacts of feeding FDG-based diets on rumen enzyme activities, rumen microbial communities and metabolism in finishing cattle, along with their underlying regulatory mechanisms, remain poorly understood. Results After 45 days of feeding FDG diets, rumen enzyme activities increased significantly. Feeding 10% FDG diets increased the relative abundance of the bacterial genus Prevotella_1 and the fungal genera Candida, Mucor, and Scedosporium in the rumen. Conversely, the relative abundances of bacterial genera Veillonellaceae UCG-001 and Candidatus Saccharimonas, as well as fungal genus Talaromyces, were reduced notably in the rumen following FDG diet supplementation. Compared to the FDG-10% group, the FDG-20% group exhibited a higher relative abundance of the beneficial bacterial genus Bifidobacterium and the fungal genus Plectosphaerella. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis indicated that the differential metabolites were primarily categorized as benzenoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic acids and derivatives, which were significantly enriched in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and taste transduction metabolic pathways. Untargeted lipidomic analysis further demonstrated that feeding 20% FDG diets elevated the levels of glycerophospholipids in the rumen. Spearman analysis identified the correlations between specific bacterial and fungal genera and rumen enzyme activities, differential metabolites, and lipids. Conclusions These results suggest that feeding FDG diets potentially improves rumen enzyme activities and up-regulates the levels of glycerophospholipids in the rumen, which may be associated with the alterations in specific rumen microbiota involved in degrading cellulose. Of these, 20% FDG replacement emerges as a better dose within the range of FDG additions in this study. 5dSr_AZjUZngmyDcHFEQW9Video Abstract Graphical Abstract

Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of Brazilian DDGS for broilers

Article

May 2025

Metabolism and digestibility trials were performed on broiler chickens to determine the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values and the standardized ileal amino acids digestibility (SIAAD) coefficients for broiler chickens of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) from three Brazilian processors. The metabolism and digestibility trials were performed on 20-30 day old chickens, with total excreta method used to determine energy values and the ileal digesta collection method used to determine SIAAD coefficients. The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5 % significance. The AMEn values were 2,408.70 kcal/kg for DDGS 1, 1,763.20 kcal/kg for DDGS 2, and 1,873.40 kcal/kg for DDGS 3, on dry matter basis. The DDGS 1 had the highest AMEn value (P < 0.05). Regarding the SIAAD coefficients, DDGS 1 had the highest values for arginine, histidine, leucine, cystine, and proline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there is variation in the nutritional value of DDGS available in Brazil.

Comparative Review on the Production and Purification of Bioethanol from Biomass: A Focus on Corn

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

In the contemporary era, conventional energy sources like oil, coal, and natural gas overwhelmingly contribute 89.6% to global CO2 emissions, intensifying environmental challenges. Recognizing the urgency of addressing climate concerns, a pivotal shift towards renewable energy, encompassing solar, wind, and biofuels, is crucial for bolstering environmental sustainability. Bioethanol, a globally predominant biofuel, offers a versatile solution, replacing gasoline or integrating into gasoline–ethanol blends while serving as a fundamental building block for various valuable compounds. This review investigates the dynamic landscape of biomass generations, drawing insightful comparisons between the first, second, third, and fourth generations. Amid the drive for sustainability, the deliberate focus on the initial generation of biomass, particularly corn, in bioethanol production is grounded in the current dependence on edible crops. The established utilization of first-generation biomass, exemplified by corn, underscores the necessity for a comprehensive examination of its advantages and challenges, allowing for a nuanced exploration of existing infrastructure and practices. To produce bioethanol from corn feedstock, various milling methods can be employed. Thus, this paper delves into a comparative assessment of dry-milling and wet-milling processes scrutinizing their efficiency, environmental impact, and economic feasibility.

Substitution of human edible feeds with integrated use of reduced fat wheat distillers and high-quality forages in a diet for high production lactating dairy cows

Article

Apr 2024
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles in Aquafeeds – A Review

Article

Full-text available

May 2023
ANN ANIM SCI

The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. Furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. DDGS are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. DDGS has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. These valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in Aquafeeds.

Cereal Grains, Cereal By‐products, and Other Energy Sources in Swine Diets

Chapter

Nov 2022

Traditionally, carbohydrates from cereal grains have been the most abundant energy source in swine diets. This chapter describes three categories of dietary energy sources: developments in traditional crops, alternative crops, and coproducts resulting from the biofuel and food industry and crop fractionation. It focuses on new developments within the last decade, with emphasis on the coproducts available for use in the diets of pigs. For energy evaluation, the digestible energy and metabolizable energy systems overestimate the energy contribution to support maintenance and growth, while the net energy system offers a more accurate ranking of feedstuffs. P‐glucans and arabinoxylans that are extracted from cereal grains, can be included in pig diets to improve gut health. For example, the inclusion of arabinoxylan rich fraction from wheat in diets for growing pigs increased fermentation in the hindgut and lowered colonocyte DNA damage.

Grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis na alimentação de tilápias

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

A produção de tilápias encontra-se dentre as atividades da piscicultura que mais crescem mundialmente. A alimentação encontra-se entre os principais fatores que impactam no custo de produção representando cerca de 70 a 80% em sistemas de criação intensivos, sendo a proteína o nutriente mais caro da dieta. Com isso, a aplicação de fontes alternativas que diminuam os custos de produção de ração torna-se relevantes para a cadeia produtiva de peixes. Os grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis, com sigla em inglês DDGS (Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles), são coprodutos obtidos pelo processo fermentativo do etanol e podem ser empregados em dietas de animais. Seu uso na alimentação de tilápias começou a ser explorado como uma fonte alternativa para substituição do farelo de soja ou farinha de peixe na ração, baseado nisso objetivou-se com essa revisão de literatura fazer uma abordagem do uso do DDGS em dietas para tilápias sob o ponto de vista do desempenho produtivo, respostas imunológicas e morfologia intestinal.

Variabilidade da composição nutricional de coprodutos de etanol de milho do Brasil para suínos

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

A indústria de etanol a partir de grãos vem crescendo no Brasil devido a disponibilidade de milho gerando grande diversidade e quantidade de coprodutos para alimentação animal. Esses coprodutos podem ser ingredientes para a indústria suinícola desde que se conheça sua composição. Objetivou-se referenciar a composição química e nutricional para suínos de coprodutos brasileiros. Foram realizadas determinações de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), tamanho de partículas (TP), e energia bruta (EB), digestível (ED), metabolizável (EM), líquida (EL) além de lisina total (LT) e digestível (LD) via equações de predição de nove coprodutos de etanol de milho. Houve expressiva variação na composição química e física dos coprodutos brasileiros analisados o que influenciou em variabilidade nos valores de energia e lisina. As maiores amplitudes de valores foram registrados para MS, MM, EB, LT e LD. Os maiores valores para PB foram registrados no HP-DDGS seguido pelos DDG´s da U2 e da U4, enquanto os menores valores de MS e FDN foram encontrados nos solúveis. Os maiores valores de ED, EM e EL foram registradas no HP-DDGS, WDG e DDGS da usina U1. O HP-DDGS apresentou a melhor composição química, física e nutricional sugerindo maior aptidão para uso em dietas para suínos.

Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Kafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly from the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of β-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggesting enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.

Proteins in dried distillers' grains with solubles: A review of animal feed value and potential non‐food uses

Article

Jul 2021

Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are the main byproduct from bioethanol production and are commonly used as livestock feed. This work aims to provide an overview of animal feed value (protein and amino acid profiles and protein fractionation approaches) and potential non‐food uses of DDGS proteins, particularly those from corn, sorghum, and wheat. Crude protein and amino acids (essential and nonessential) composition vary among different DDGS due to the variation in chemical composition of parent feedstock and processing condition. Extraction or fractionation approaches such as physical/mechanical (sieving and winnowing), chemical (ethanol, acid, and alkaline), and enzymatic (protease) treatments have been explored to isolate specific proteins of corn (zein), sorghum (kafirin), and wheat (gluten protein) from respective DDGS. In addition, valorization of DDGS proteins for biomaterials (biodegradable films and bioadhesives) was evaluated. Due to the heterogeneous nature of DDGS, multi‐stream processes with economic and environmental benefits should be taken into consideration before the commercialization of DDGS proteins. This review will benefit future research and development activities on value‐added and more specific utilizations of DDGS.

Intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern in wethers fed total mixed ration silage containing dry or fresh apple pomace

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021
J ANIM FEED SCI

Kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibratory boiling layer

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2020

The analysis of the influence of the main factors on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibro-boiling layer is presented. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of the main technological parameters on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibrating boiling overflowing layer at atmospheric pressure. The main factors affecting the drying process were selected: the temperature of the drying agent supplied to the dryer, the speed of the drying agent, the vibration amplitude of the gas distribution shelves, the vibration frequency of the gas distribution shelves. The influence of temperature and air velocity on the drying process of raw materials, the influence of the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the gas distribution grid on the kinetics of the drying process of the fermented product, as well as the influence of the specific load of the product on the process of moisture removal are shown An analysis of the curves shows that with an increase in the amplitude of the oscillation, it reduces the drying time, and an increase in the frequency of oscillation of the shelves contributes to a decrease in the drying time. In this case, a uniform increase in the drying intensity is observed over the entire range of the amplitudes considered. An increase in the oscillation frequency of the gas distribution grid also helps to reduce the duration of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials. It should be noted that the amplitude of the oscillations more strongly affects the decrease in the drying time of the raw material than the frequency Thus, we concluded that in the intervals under study the changes in the amplitude and frequency of vibrations of perforated shelves on the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials are more strongly affected by the amplitude of vibrations. In addition, when choosing vibration parameters, the specific load of the material on the grate and its initial humidity should be taken into account..

The use of acid detergent insoluble nitrog to predict digestibility of rumen undergradable protein of heat processed plant proteins'

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1996

The usefulness of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) to predict digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (UDP-D) of heat processed and unprocessed plant proteins was investigated. A series of drum roasted protein sources, sunflower, cottonseed and soybean oilcake meals, in addition to whole soybeans, whole sunflowerseed, whole cottonseed and whole lupinseed, were evaluated in this study to test the relationship between ADIN (% of total N) and UDP-D. Using ADIN as a screening parameter, five samples on average of each protein source together with the unprocessed control were selected for an in situ study using the mobile bag technique (MBT) to determine UDP-D. Digestibility of undegradable protein was not significantly decreased as a result of heat treatment, when ADIN values were below 12-15%, but progressively decreased when ADIN was higher, suggesting substantial heat damage. Ruminal nitrogen digestibility also decreased (p <0.05) with heat treatment. Digestibility of undegradable protein was predicted with a = 0.72 and error of estimate (Sy.x) of 4.78%. The prediction equation (p <0.001) of UDP-D (%) = 91.9 â€“ 0.025 (ADIN, % in DM)2, could therefore be a satisfactory guideline for predicting UDP-D and heat damage of the above-mentioned heat proÂ¬cessed and unprocessed plant protein sources.

The energy and protein value of wheat, maize and blend DDGS for cattle and evaluation of prediction methods

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2014

The chemical composition inclusive amino acids (AAs) and the energy and protein value of three wheat, three maize and seven blend (mainly wheat) dried distillers grains and solubles (DDGS) were determined. The net energy for lactation (NEL) was derived from digestion coefficients obtained with sheep. The digestible protein in the intestines (DVE) and the degraded protein balance (OEB) were determined by nylon bag incubations in the rumen and the intestines of cannulated cows. Additional chemical parameters like acid-detergent insoluble CP (ADICP), protein solubility in water, in borate-phosphate buffer and in pepsin-HCl, in vitro digestibility (cellulase, protease, rumen fluid) and colour scores (L*, a*, b*) were evaluated as potential predictors of the energy and protein value. Compared to wheat DDGS (WDDGS), maize DDGS (MDDGS) had a higher NEL-value (8.49 v. 7.38 MJ/kg DM), a higher DVE-content (216 v. 198 g/kg DM) and a lower OEB-value (14 v. 66 g/kg DM). The higher energy value of MDDGS was mainly due to the higher crude fat (CFA) content (145 v. 76 g/kg DM) and also to better digestible cell-walls, whereas the higher protein value was mainly due to the higher percentage of rumen bypass protein (RBP: 69.8 v. 55.6%). The NEL-value of blend DDGS (BDDGS) was in between that of the pure DDGS-types, whereas its DVE-value was similar to MDDGS. Although lower in CP and total AAs, MDDGS provided a similar amount of essential AAs as the other DDGS-types. Lysine content was most reduced in the production of WDDGS and cysteine in MDDGS. Fat content explained 68.6% of the variation in NEL, with hemicellulose and crude ash as extra explaining variables. The best predictor for RBP as well as for OEB was the protein solubility in pepsin-HCl (R 2=77.3% and 83.5%). Intestinal digestibility of RBP could best be predicted by ADF (R 3=73.6%) and the combination of CFA and NDF could explain 60.2% of the variation in the content of absorbable microbial protein. The availability of AAs could accurately be predicted from the rumen bypass and intestinal digestibility of CP.

Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Four Sources of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Produced from Corn Grown within a Narrow Geographical Area and Fed to Growing Pigs

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2009

Two experiments were conducted to determine energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from corn and fed to growing pigs. The objective was to test the hypothesis that energy and nutrient digestibility in DDGS does not vary if samples are procured from ethanol plants that use similar production technologies and use corn that is grown within a narrow geographical area. The four sources of DDGS that were used were procured from ethanol plants that were less than 10 yr old and located within 250 km of each other. In Exp. 1, five growing barrows (initial BW = 71.4 kg) that were fitted with a T-canula in the distal ileum were allotted to a 55 Latin square design and used to measure apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA in the four sources of DDGS. Results of this experiment showed that the SID of CP and all AA except Cys and Pro were greater (p

Effect of Drying Conditions and Level of Condensed Distillers Solubles on Protein Quality of Wheat Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles

Article

Full-text available

May 2013

Reduced protein quality is one of the concerns currently confronting the supply and utilization of wheat distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) as an animal feed ingredient. This study assessed the protein quality of wheat DDGS, expressed as acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) and lysine content, by blending wet distillers grain (WDG) with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels and drying using forced air convection, microwave, and microwave–convection methods. As the CDS level was increased, the protein content of wheat DDGS generated from the three drying methods increased. Interactions of CDS level with drying air temperature, microwave power, and microwave–convection settings had a significant effect (p Keywords: ADICP; Condensed distillers solubles; Drying; Lysine; Microwave; Protein quality Document Type: Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2013.765446 Affiliations: 1: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 2: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Publication date: May 19, 2013 (document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = (".originaldescription").text().replace(/\\&/g, '&').replace(/\\, '<').replace(/\\>/g, '>').replace(/\\t/g, ' ').replace(/\\n/g, ''); if (shortdescription.length > 350){ shortdescription = "" + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + "... more"; }

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Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with soluble fed to pigs

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Nov 2013

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130°C for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs (initial BW: 53.5 ± 3.9 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly (P < 0.05) from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model (r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively). The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted (r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively) by the Lysine:CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted (r2 = 0.70) by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs

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Jun 2010
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

In recent years, policies encouraging the production of ethanol from cereals have resulted in increased production of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Unlike corn, DDGS nutritional value and its variability for pigs is poorly described for wheat DDGS. Seventeen wheat DDGS samples were obtained from seven plants in Europe. Each sample was analysed for chemical composition and 10 representative samples were analysed for amino acids (AA) concentration and their standardized ileal digestibility (SID) in pigs. Luminance (L) of the DDGS was also measured. Results indicate a rather stable crude protein (CP; N×6.25) concentration (326–389g/kg DM; average: 361g/kg DM) but the AA profile was variable among samples. Lysine (lys) concentration was the most variable with values ranging between 0.83 and 3.01g/100g CP. Only 76% of total lys was available if measured by the fluoro dinitro benzene procedure and 85% was available when measured by the furosine procedure. The SID of lys was also highly variable (0.09–0.83) with the lowest values observed for the three samples that had a low lys concentration in CP. These latter samples had also a high occurrence of Maillard reaction products and low L values (

Dryhouse technologies and DDGS production

Chapter

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Jan 2009

In vivo determination of rumen undegradable protein of dried distillers grains with solubles and evaluation of duodenal microbial crude protein flow

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012
J ANIM SCI

The objectives of this trial were to determine the rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), to compare the estimates of duodenal bacterial crude protein (BCP) flow using diaminopumelic acid (DAPA) or DNA as bacterial markers, and to estimate duodenal protozoal crude protein (PCP) and yeast crude protein (YCP) flow when DDGS are fed. Three crossbred steers fitted with ruminal and double L-shaped duodenal cannulae (average BW 780 ± 137 kg) were used in a 3 treatment, 6 period cross-over design. Animals were housed in individual free stalls and fed twice daily at 0700 and 1900. Diets (DM basis) were 1) CONTROL, 0% DDGS, but with 19.5% corn bran, 20% sorghum silage, 60% brome hay, 0.5% trace minerals and 0.25% urea; 2) LOW DDGS, inclusion of 9.75% DDGS replacing equal percentage of corn bran; 3) HIGH DDGS, inclusion of 19.5% DDGS completely replacing corn bran. Duodenal BCP flow was estimated using DAPA and DNA as bacterial markers. In addition, duodenal PCP and YCP flow were estimated using DNA markers. The value of DDGS RUP as a percent of CP was determined to be 63.0 ± 0.64%. Estimates of duodenal BCP flow using DAPA were 473, 393, 357 ± 78 g/d (P = 0.09) for CONTROL, LOW DDGS and HIGH DDGS, respectively. Estimates of duodenal BCP flow using DNA were 479, 397 and 368 ± 74 g/d (P = 0.14), respectively. Average BCP flow across treatments was unaffected (P = 0.71) by marker type and were 404 and 417 ± 83 g/d for DAPA and DNA markers, respectively. Estimates of duodenal PCP flow were 82, 80 and 78 ± 12 g/d (P = 0.64) for CONTROL, LOW DDGS and HIGH DDGS, respectively. Estimates of duodenal YCP flow were 0.15, 1.94 and 4.80 ± 0.66 g/d (P < 0.01) for CONTROL, LOW DDGS and HIGH DDGS, respectively. Duodenal BCP flow tended to decrease with DDGS inclusion, but estimates were not affected by marker type. In addition, DDGS did not affect duodenal PCP supply and provided small amounts of duodenal YCP. Overall, the value of DDGS RUP determined in this study will contribute to better understand the effect of this byproduct in ruminant nutrition.

Variations in chemical composition and in vitro and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of dried distillers' grains with solubles from European ethanol plants

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2012

The objective of this study was to characterise variations in the composition and nutritive value of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) for ruminants, and to estimate the undegradable crude protein (UDP) in DDGS. Thirteen samples originating from wheat, corn, barley and blends of different substrates were studied. The rumen degradation of crude protein (CP) was determined using the nylon bag technique. Samples were incubated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 72 h, and in situ degradation kinetics were determined. The UDP was estimated using a passage rate of 8%/h. In vitro gas production was measured to estimate the metabolisable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NE(L)) and in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM). Chemical profiles varied among samples [in g/kg dry matter (DM) ± standard deviation]; the values were 310 ± 33 CP, 86 ± 37 ether extract, 89 ± 18 crude fibre, 408 ± 39 neutral detergent fibre, 151 ± 39 acid detergent fibre and 62 ± 31 acid detergent lignin, as well as in protein fractions according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System [in g/kg CP]; the values were for fractions A, 161 ± 82; B1, 24 ± 11; B2, 404 ± 105; B3, 242 ± 61; and C, 170 ± 87. The ME, NE(L) [MJ/kg DM] and IVDOM [%] also varied among samples: 12.1 ± 0.59, 7.3 ± 0.39 and 72.5 ± 4.30, respectively. The in situ rapidly degradable CP fraction (a) varied from 10.2% to 30.6%, and the potentially degradable fraction (b) averaged to 66.8%. The UDP varied from 8.6% to 62.6% of CP. The present study suggests significant variations in composition and nutritive value among different sources of DDGS. The UDP could be predicted on the basis of analysed CP fractions, but the accuracy of UDP prediction improved upon the inclusion of neutral-detergent insoluble nitrogen, explaining 94% of the variation in the UDP values. We conclude that chemical protein fractions may be used to predict the UDP values of DDGS and that the variability in the protein fractions of DDGS should be considered when formulating diets for dairy cows.

Concentrations of analyzed or reactive lysine, but not crude protein, may predict the concentration of digestible lysine in distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

Article

Full-text available

May 2012
J ANIM SCI

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate procedures that may be used to predict the concentration of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs and to evaluate the accuracy of a published equation to predict SID Lys in DDGS. Twenty-one sources of DDGS were analyzed (as-fed basis) for CP (23.8 to 33.6%; CV = 8.3%), Lys (0.69 to 1.17%; CV = 12.4%), and furosine (0.02 to 0.22%; CV = 91.4%). The concentration of reactive Lys (%, as-fed basis) was calculated as: analyzed Lys (%) - furosine (%) ÷ 0.32 × 0.40, and ranged from 0.47 to 1.15% (CV = 20.7%) in the 21 sources of DDGS. Twenty-one diets that each contained 60.0% of one source of DDGS as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. An N-free diet was also formulated and used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Twenty-two barrows with an initial BW of 45.2 kg (SD = 3.1 kg) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a 22 × 10 Youden square design with the 22 diets and 10 periods. The SID of CP and AA were calculated for each source of DDGS. The SID of CP ranged from 69.8 to 79.6%, and the SID of Lys from 45.3 to 74.1%. The concentration of SID Lys in the 21 samples of DDGS was highly related to the concentration of analyzed Lys (P < 0.001; r(2) = 0.849) and with the concentration of reactive Lys in the samples (P < 0.001; r(2) = 0.898). In contrast, the concentration of SID Lys in the 21 sources of DDGS was not related to the concentration of CP in the samples (P = 0.558; r(2) = 0.021). However, values for SID Lys were in good agreement with values predicted using a published prediction equation. In conclusion, analyzed Lys in DDGS, but not CP, may be used to predict the concentration of SID Lys in DDGS fed to pigs. However, analysis of furosine in addition to Lys and subsequent calculation of reactive Lys improves the prediction accuracy of digestible Lys concentration in DDGS.

Forty years of furosine – Forty years of using Maillard reaction products as indicators of the nutritional quality of foods

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2007

The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) most widely used as markers of the nutritional quality of foods are furosine, N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine (CML), hydroxymethylfurfural, pyrraline, pentosidine and pronyl-lysine. One of the MRPs identified first was furosine, which was quantified in foods 40 years ago as a chemical indicator of the Amadori compound N(epsilon)-fructoselysine. Since then, furosine has gained broad attention by food chemists and biomedical researchers, as its formation upon heat treatment is well characterised. Moreover, it represents the Amadori products from early Maillard reactions in which amino acids react with reducing carbohydrates, resulting in a loss of their availability. This is of importance for the essential amino acid lysine, which is also the limiting amino acid in many proteins. In order to evaluate the nutritional quality of a protein, the concomitant analysis of free - and nutritionally available - lysine and the amount of lysine reacted to form the respective MRP is essential, even for mildly processed foods. The other chemical markers of heat treatment such as CML, pyrraline, pentosidine or pronyl-lysine seem to be useful markers of the advanced stages of Maillard reactions. Compared to the conditions in which furosine is formed, these compounds are generated under more severe conditions of heat treatment. However, the concentrations analysed are significantly lower than those of furosine. Therefore, the nutritional evaluation of a food protein should include not only furosine, but also other chemical markers of heat treatment such as, for example, CML, pyrraline and pentosidine.

Effect of phytase and xylanase supplementation or particle size on nutrient digestibility of diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-fermented from wheat and corn in cannulated grower pigs

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011
J ANIM SCI

Nutrient digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is limited by physical constraints such as particle size and by biochemical limitations such as phytate and fiber or nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). To determine the separate effects of these limitations on nutrient digestibility, ground DDGS (383 µm) supplemented with phytase (0 or 250 units/kg of feed) and xylanase (0 or 4,000 units/kg of feed) was evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments together with unground DDGS (517 µm) and an N-free diet in a 6 × 6 Latin square. Cofermented wheat and corn DDGS contained 8.6% moisture, 31.0% CP, 1.04% Lys, 8.0% ether extract, 2.0% starch, 40% NDF, and 0.85% P (as-is basis). Diets contained 43.7% DDGS as the sole source of AA; the digesta from pigs fed the N-free diet served to subtract basal endogenous AA losses and as control for energy digestibility. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (37.1 ± 0.8 kg of BW) were fed 6 diets at 2.8 × maintenance for DE in six 9-d periods. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d each. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and NDF were 2.3, 0.5, and 5.1%-units greater (P < 0.05) for the ground than unground DDGS diet, respectively. Consequently, the ATTD of GE was 1.3%-units greater (P < 0.05) and the DE content was 0.06 Mcal/kg greater (P < 0.05) for ground than unground DDGS, respectively. Grinding of DDGS did not affect (P > 0.05) the ATTD of crude fiber, ADF, P, and Ca in diets. Grinding of DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the AID of most AA in diets including Lys, Met, and Thr by 6.9, 1.1, and 1.7%-units, respectively. Grinding of DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the SID of Lys by 6.2%-units and SID content of Lys and Thr by 0.06 and 0.02%-units, respectively. Phytase and xylanase did not interact (P > 0.05) to affect nutrient digestibility. Phytase increased (P < 0.001) the ATTD of P by 10.5%-units, but did not affect (P > 0.05) AA digestibility. Xylanase did not affect nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, particle size is an important physical characteristic affecting digestibility of energy and AA, but not P in DDGS. Phytate in DDGS limits digestibility of P, but not energy and AA. The substrate for xylanase in DDGS did not hinder energy and AA digestibility.

Evaluation of protein fractionation and ruminal and intestinal digestibility of corn milling co-products

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2010
J DAIRY SCI

Novel corn milling co-products developed from technological advancements in ethanol production vary widely in chemical composition and nutrient availability. The objectives of this study were to characterize feed protein fractions and evaluate differences in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) and its digestible fraction (dRUP), amino acid concentration, and in vitro gas production of 7 corn milling co-products. The crude protein (CP; % of dry matter) of co-products was 12.7 for germ, 26.9 for dried distillers grains plus solubles that had no heat exposure before fermentation (DDGS1), 45.4 for high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG), 12.7 for bran, 30.2 for wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), 23.1 for wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), and 26.0 for dried distillers grains plus solubles that had heat exposure before fermentation (DDGS2). Two ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein steers weighing 663+/-24 kg were used to determine RUP and dRUP with the in situ and mobile bag techniques. Samples of each feed were ruminally incubated for 16 h, and mobile bags were exposed to simulated abomasal digestion before insertion into the duodenum and subsequent collection in the feces. Protein fractions A, B(1), B(2), B(3), and C were characterized as follows (% CP): germ=30.0, 15.0, 38.1, 13.5, 3.4; DDGS1=17.0, 7.0, 67.0, 4.8, 4.2; HPDDG=7.4, 0.6, 82.4, 8.8, 0.8; bran=33.5, 4.0, 54.3, 6.0, 2.2; WDGS=18.6, 2.4, 53.1, 11.0, 14.9; WCGF=36.6, 15.9, 33.2, 10.1, 4.1; and DDGS2=17.9, 2.1, 41.1, 11.1, 27.9. The proportions of RUP and dRUP were different and are reported as follows (% CP): DDGS2=56.3, 91.9; HPDDG=55.2, 97.7; WDGS=44.7, 93.1; DDGS1=33.2, 92.1; bran=20.7, 65.8; germ=16.5, 66.8; and WCGF=11.5, 51.1. The concentrations of Lys and Met in the RUP were different and are listed as follows (% CP): germ=2.9, 2.0; DDGS1=1.9, 2.0; HPDDG=2.0, 3.2; bran=3.2, 1.5; WDGS=1.9, 2.3; WCGF=3.5, 1.6; and DDGS2=1.9, 2.4. In vitro gas production (mL/48h) was highest for germ (52.1) followed by bran (50.1), WDGS (40.7), DDGS2 (40.1), WCGF (39.0), DDGS1 (38.6), and HPDDG (37.5). Comparison of co-products defined differences in chemical composition, protein fractionation, ruminal availability, and microbial fermentation.

Intestinal digestibility of amino acids in rumen-undegraded protein estimated using a precision-fed cecectomized rooster bioassay: II. Distillers dried grains with solubles and fish meal

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009
J DAIRY SCI

The objectives of this experiment were to measure intestinal digestibility of AA in the rumen-undegraded protein fraction (RUP-AA) of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and fish meal (FM) samples and to determine whether these feeds contain a constant protein fraction that is undegradable in the rumen and indigestible in the small intestine, as assumed in the French Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Paris, France) and Scandinavian AAT-PBV (AAT = AA absorbed from small intestine; PBV = protein balance in the rumen) models. Five sources of DDGS and 5 sources of FM were obtained from Feed Analysis Consortium, Inc. (Champaign, IL). To obtain the rumen-undegradable protein fraction, samples were ruminally incubated in situ for 16 h in 4 lactating cows, and the collected rumen-undegraded residues (RUR) were pooled by sample. Subsamples of the intact feeds and RUR were crop-intubated to 4 cecectomized roosters, and total excreta were collected for 48 h. Intact feeds, RUR, and excreta were analyzed for AA. Basal endogenous AA loss estimates were obtained from fasted birds and were used to calculate standardized digestibility of RUP-AA and AA in the intact feeds. Indigestibility coefficients of the intact feeds were calculated as (100 - % standardized AA digestibility), and indigestibility of the RUR was calculated as [(100 - % ruminal degradation of AA) x (100 - % standardized RUP-AA digestibility)/100]. Results indicate that standardized digestibility of feed-AA differs from RUP-AA for DDGS samples but not for FM samples, and that standardized digestibility of individual AA differs within samples. For the DDGS samples, standardized feed-AA and RUP-AA digestibility values were most often lowest for His and Lys and highest for Met and Trp. For FM samples, standardized feed-AA and RUP-AA digestibility values were most often lowest for His and highest for Trp. Results also indicate that DDGS and most FM samples do not contain a constant protein fraction that is both undegradable in the rumen and indigestible in the small intestine. Indigestibility values of RUR were lower than in intact feeds, suggesting that the feed ingredients used in this experiment contain a protein fraction that is indigestible in the intestine but partly degradable in the rumen or digestible in the intestine after rumen incubation, or both.

Evaluation of the furosine and homoarginine methods for determining reactive Lys in rumen-undegraded protein

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009
J DAIRY SCI

Three samples of soybean meal (SBM), 3 samples of expeller SBM (SoyPlus, West Central Cooperative, Ralston, IA), 5 samples of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and 5 samples of fish meal were used to evaluate the furosine and homoarginine procedures to estimate reactive Lys in the rumen-undegraded protein fraction (RUP-Lys). One sample each of SBM, expeller SBM, and DDGS were subjected to additional heat treatment in the lab to ensure there was a wide range in reactive RUP-Lys content among the samples. Furosine is a secondary product of the initial stages of the Maillard reaction and can be used to calculate blocked Lys. Homoarginine is formed via the reaction of reactive Lys with O-methylisourea and can be used to calculate the concentration of reactive Lys. In previous experiments, each sample was ruminally incubated in situ for 16 h, and standardized RUP-Lys digestibility of the samples was determined in cecectomized roosters. All rumen-undegraded residue (RUR) samples were analyzed for furosine and Lys; however, only 9 of the 16 samples contained furosine, and only the 4 unheated DDGS samples contained appreciable amounts of furosine. Blocked RUP-Lys was calculated from the furosine and Lys concentrations of the RUR. Both the intact feed and RUR samples were evaluated using the homoarginine method. All samples were incubated with an O-methylisourea/BaOH solution for 72 h and analyzed for Lys and homoarginine concentrations. Reactive Lys concentrations of the intact feeds and RUR were calculated. Results of the experiment indicate that blocked RUP-Lys determined via the furosine method was negatively correlated with standardized RUP-Lys digestibility, and reactive RUP-Lys determined via the guanidination method was positively correlated with standardized RUP-Lys digestibility. Reactive Lys concentrations of the intact samples were also highly correlated with RUP-Lys digestibility. In conclusion, the furosine assay is useful in predicting RUP-Lys digestibility of DDGS samples, and the guanidination procedure can be used to predict RUP-Lys digestibility of SBM, expeller SBM, DDGS, and fish meal samples.

Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of dried or wet distillers grains with increasing concentrations of condensed distillers solubles

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2009
J ANIM SCI

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect that the amount of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) added back to distillers grains (DG) and its form, wet or dried, have on nutrient digestion. Three Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas were used to evaluate in situ ruminal degradability of DM and CP and in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP. Condensed distillers solubles were added back to wet DG in the following ratios of wet DG to CDS: 100:0, 86.7:13.3, 73.3:26.7, and 60:40. One-half of each mixed feed at each ratio was dried, and the other one-half remained wet, resulting in 8 DG samples. Feeds were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. Intestinal CP digestibility was measured on residue from 12-h ruminal incubation feeds by the pepsin-pancreatin method. The soluble fraction of DM and CP was greater (P < 0.001) for wet compared with dried DG and increased as CDS increased in each blend (P < 0.001). The potentially degradable fraction of DM and CP was greater (P < 0.001) for dried compared with wet DG and decreased as CDS increased in each blend (P < 0.01). The rate of DM and CP degradation was not (P > 0.05) affected by form or inclusion of CDS. Rumen-degraded DM was greater (P < 0.001) for wet compared with dried DG (59.7 vs. 48.6%), and as the percentage of CDS increased, it increased (P < 0.001) from 49.3 to 61.2%. Rumen-degraded protein (RDP) was greater (P < 0.001) for wet DG than dried DG (53.1 vs. 38.0%). In addition, RDP increased (P < 0.001) from 42.0 to 50.5% as the concentration of CDS increased from 0 to 40%. Estimated intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein was greater (P = 0.003) for wet DG compared with dried DG (69.7 vs. 64.0%), but was unaffected (P = 0.11) by the addition of CDS. Intestinal absorbable dietary protein was greater (P < 0.001) for dried DG (39.7%) compared with wet DG (32.7%), and decreased (P < 0.001) from 39.9 to 32.0% with increasing concentrations of CDS. Total digestible protein (TDP) increased (P < 0.001) from 77.7 to 85.8% for dried and wet DG, whereas different ratios of DG to CDS resulted in similar TDP. Based on this study, ruminal DM and CP degradability and intestinal protein digestibility of DG increased when the percentage of CDS increased. Although dried DG can supply more ruminal undegraded protein, wet DG can supply more TDP.

Standardized amino acid digestibility in cecectomized roosters and lysine bioavailability in chicks fed distillers dried grains with solubles

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2009

This study was conducted to compare the concentration of standardized digestible (SDD) Lys and relative bioavailable Lys in 7 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A second objective was to evaluate 2 in vitro methods, reactive Lys and color score, to predict the concentration of SDD Lys and bioavailable Lys in DDGS. Seven sources of DDGS were fed to cecectomized roosters, and digestibility of amino acids was measured using the total excreta collection method. To measure the relative bioavailable Lys in DDGS, a standard curve (r(2) = 0.96, P < 0.01) was constructed from 9-d weight gain of young chicks fed a Lys-deficient basal diet or diets containing increasing concentrations of l-Lys-HCl. Seven additional diets were formulated by adding each of the 7 sources of DDGS to the basal diet, and total weight gain of chicks was measured. Weight gain of chicks fed each DDGS-containing diet was then compared with the standard curve to calculate the bioavailable Lys and bioavailability of Lys in each source of DDGS. All DDGS sources were analyzed for reactive Lys using the guanidination procedure, and a Hunterlab color score was used to measure the degree of lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b). Results showed that the mean SDD Lys values and the mean relative bioavailability of Lys were 61.4 and 69.0%, respectively. Differences between the concentration of SDD Lys and the concentration of bio-available Lys were not observed in 5 of 7 sources of DDGS. The concentration of SDD Lys was correlated (r(2) = 0.84, P < 0.05) with the concentration of reactive Lys in DDGS. Greater Hunterlab L scores were associated with a greater (r(2) = 0.90, P < 0.05) concentration of bioavailable Lys in DDGS. In conclusion, the concentration of SDD Lys in DDGS does not overestimate the concentration of bioavailable Lys for poultry. Values for reactive Lys may be used to estimate the concentration of SDD Lys, whereas Hunterlab L may be used to estimate the concentration of bioavailable Lys in DDGS.

Fermentation of Barley by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Examination of Barley as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production and Value-Added Products

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009
APPL ENVIRON MICROB

The objective of this study was to examine the ethanol yield potential of three barley varieties (Xena, Bold, and Fibar) in comparison to two benchmarks, corn and wheat. Very high gravity (VHG; 30% solids) fermentations using both conventional and Stargen 001 enzymes for starch hydrolysis were carried out as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The grains and their corresponding dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS) were also analyzed for nutritional and value-added characteristics. A VHG traditional fermentation approach utilizing jet-cooking fermentation revealed that both dehulled Bold and Xena barley produced ethanol concentrations higher than that produced by wheat (12.3, 12.2, and 11.9%, respectively) but lower than that produced by corn (13.8%). VHG-modified Stargen-based fermentation of dehulled Bold barley demonstrated comparable performance (14.3% ethanol) relative to that of corn (14.5%) and wheat (13.3%). Several important components were found to survive fermentation and were concentrated in DDGS. The highest yield of phenolics was detected in the DDGS (modified Stargen 001, 20% solids) of Xena (14.6 mg of gallic acid/g) and Bold (15.0 mg of gallic acid/g) when the hull was not removed before fermentation. The highest concentration of sterols in DDGS from barley was found in Xena (3.9 mg/g) when the hull was included. The DDGS recovered from corn had the highest concentration of fatty acids (72.6 and 77.5 mg/g). The DDGS recovered from VHG jet-cooking fermentations of Fibar, dehulled Bold, and corn demonstrated similar levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Corn DDGS was highest in crude fat but was lowest in crude protein and in vitro energy digestibility. Wheat DDGS was highest in crude protein content, similar to previous studies. The barley DDGS was the highest in in vitro energy digestibility.

Application of the Reactive Lysine Procedure To Estimate Lysine Digestibility in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Fed to Growing Pigs

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2008
J AGR FOOD CHEM

Two experiments were conducted to measure the reactive Lys concentration in corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). In expt 1, reactive Lys was measured in 33 sources of DDGS using two procedures: the homoarginine procedure and the furosine procedure. The concentration of reactive Lys in DDGS was then correlated with the concentration of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in DDGS fed to growing pigs. In expt 2, a factorial experiment was conducted using four ratios of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and wet distillers grain (WDG). The ratios (wt/wt) of CDS to WDG were 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, and 100:0, and four subsamples from each combination were freeze-dried or oven-dried at 50, 75, or 100 degrees C. The dried samples were designated DDG, DDGS 20, DDGS 40, and CDS, respectively. All subsamples were analyzed for total Lys and for reactive Lys using the homoarginine procedure. Results of expt 1 showed that only 74.1% of total Lys was reactive if measured by the homoarginine procedure and 83.5% was reactive if measured by the furosine procedure. The concentration of SID Lys in DDGS was correlated with the concentration of reactive Lys measured by the homoarginine procedure ( r (2) = 0.70, P < 0.05) and by the furosine procedure ( r (2) = 0.66, P < 0.05). In expt 2, the concentrations of total Lys and reactive Lys were reduced ( P < 0.05) when addition of CDS or drying temperature of the samples was increased, but the reduction was greater ( P < 0.05) when both CDS addition and drying temperature were increased at the same time. After oven-drying at 100 degrees C, 75.7% of total Lys was reactive in DDG, but only 27.6 and 10.2% were reactive in DDGS 20 and DDGS 40, respectively. In conclusion, reactive Lys is correlated with the concentration of SID Lys in DDGS, and addition of CDS exacerbates the negative effects of heating on the concentration of total Lys and reactive Lys in DDGS.

Barley Distillers Grains as a Protein Supplement for Dairy Cows

Article

Full-text available

May 1989

Dried distillers grains produced from a mix of 65% barley and 35% corn were evaluated in digestion and lactation experiments. Dried barley distillers grains had 56% NDF, 29% CP, 3% amino acid N, 2.5% NDIN (55% of total N), and 1.8% ADIN (39% of total N). Wet barley distillers grains had 38% NDF, 27% CP, 2.7% amino acid N, .5% NDIN (12% of total N), and .8% ADIN (19% of total N). Digestibility of DM and N was similar among lactating dairy cows fed diets containing approximately 25% corn silage DM, 15% alfalfa silage DM, 15% alfalfa hay DM, plus varying amounts of a corn-barley concentrate mix and supplemental CP from soybean meal, barley distillers grains, or from 1:1 mixture of soybean meal and barley distillers grains. Digestibility of ADIN, NDF, and ADF increased with increasing amounts of barley distillers grains in the diet. Similar diets were fed to 60 Holstein cows for 84 d in a lactation experiment. Source of supplemental protein did not affect milk production (22.5 kg/d), FCM (20.4 kg/d), milk fat percent (3.6%), or DM intake (19.0 kg/d). Milk protein percent was decreased by feeding barley distillers grains. It was concluded that barley distillers grains were an acceptable protein source for dairy cows and that ADIN and NDF might not be appropriate measures of the nutritional value of this product.

Manufacturing of fuel ethanol and distillers grains-current and evolving processes

Chapter

Apr 2016

Improved and new enzymes for fuel ethanol production and their effect on DDGS

Chapter

Apr 2016

Milan Hruby

Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: Sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods

Article

Nov 2017
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

Gerald C. Shurson

Numerous yeast products and yeast-containing feed ingredients are commercially produced, marketed, and used extensively in animal feeds around the world. Considerable research has been conducted to evaluate the potential animal growth performance and health benefits of adding yeast, yeast-derivatives, and yeast-containing ingredients into animal feeds. Active dry yeasts are commonly used solely or in combination with beneficial bacteria in probiotic products. Nutritional yeasts are used as supplements in animal feeds due to their relatively high protein and amino acid, energy, and micronutrient content compared with common feed grains and oilseed meals. Other important yeast-based products contain nutraceutical compounds present in yeast cells and cell walls (i.e. β-glucans, mannanoligosaccharides, nucleotides) that have generally been shown to improve animal growth performance and health. Specialty yeast products, such as selenium yeast (highly concentrated and bioavailable source of selenium) and Phaffia rhodozyma yeast (contains pigment that improves flesh color in salmon and trout) have specific applications in some animal feeds. Ethanol co-products such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and new grains distillers dried yeast ingredients, containing more than 40% crude protein, also contain significant amounts of yeast cell and nutraceutical components. Therefore, because these yeast-based products have several nutritional and health benefits, they are becoming alternative supplements in animal feed due to restrictions on antimicrobial growth promoter use in many countries. However, it is difficult for nutritionists to differentiate the characteristics, composition, and optimal feeding applications among the diverse number of yeast-containing products available. Furthermore, most of these products contain combinations of probiotics and nutraceutical compounds with different modes of action, making it difficult to determine which compounds contribute to specific responses observed. Quantification of these nutraceutical compounds is difficult, and except for methods to determine viable yeast in dried active yeast products, there are no standard methods for determining dead yeast concentration or fast, inexpensive, and accurate methods to estimate the proportion of yeast components in various yeast-containing additives and feed ingredients. Due to the increasing popularity of using yeast-based products in animal feeds, development of analytical approaches to estimate yeast and its components in these products is greatly needed. In this review, various categories of commercially available yeast and yeast-containing additives and feed ingredients will be described along with our current knowledge about their role in improving animal growth performance, health, and proposed mechanisms of action, and challenges of quantifying yeast content and their biologically active components.

Within plant variation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from multiple raw materials in varying proportions: Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants

Article

May 2017
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

Chemical composition and feeding value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) differ among types of raw material and ethanol production plants. Possibly more challenging, variation does as well occur between batches from the same plant. Although some comprehensive studies on within plant variation of DDGS exist, they are limited to DDGS produced from maize as the sole raw material. Nevertheless, the use of raw material blends may increase variability, particularly if proportions of raw materials vary over time. In the current study, 28 samples of blend DDGS were obtained from one ethanol plant over 420 days in around 14 day intervals. The raw material blend contained varying proportions of barley, maize, wheat and sugar beet syrup. Samples were analyzed in terms of chemical composition including minerals. Energy and protein values for ruminants were estimated based on chemical composition and in vitro methods Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe within plant variation, which affected DDGS characteristics to different extents. Coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from approximately 3% for crude protein and metabolizable energy to >25% for starch, sugar and Na. Regarding protein value, predicted ruminally undegraded feed crude protein (RUP) varied considerably (CV approximately 13%), whilst in vitro results for intestinal digestibility of RUP and utilizable crude protein at the duodenum displayed consistency (CV < 5%). Differing methodology impeded comparison with previous research, but results indicate that varying proportions of raw materials did not result in increased variability compared with DDGS produced from a single raw material. In addition, regression analysis was performed to examine correlations between raw material proportions and DDGS characteristics. Resulting equations have to be considered specific for the current set of samples and ethanol plant. However, equations generally reflected the proportions and ascribed quality of the raw materials. Particularly, reasonable correlations were found for proximate constituents, energy concentrations and minerals K and Mn. In contrast, other macro and trace elements either could not be predicted by raw material proportions or equations were difficult to interpret. Similarly, characteristics of the protein value displayed very limited correlation to raw material proportions. These findings were likely because minerals as well as composition, degradability and digestibility of crude protein are more prone to be affected by processing details. Thus, results suggest a limited potential to predict chemical composition of blend DDGS from raw material proportions and, on the other hand, indicate the considerable impact of processing on DDGS characteristics.

European distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS): Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of feeding value for ruminants

Article

Feb 2017
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

In Europe, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are based on a variety of raw materials, including wheat and cereal blends. Differences in raw materials affect DDGS characteristics. This study comprised 36 European DDGS from different raw materials. Chemical, protein, and mineral composition, as well as feeding value for ruminants were evaluated. Particularly, ruminally undegraded feed crude protein (RUP), intestinal digestibility of RUP, and utilizable crude protein at the duodenum were estimated by means of in vitro methods. Raw material significantly influenced chemical composition and feeding value. Maize DDGS was more consistent compared to DDGS from blends and wheat. However, variation was high among all samples and within DDGS types for most characteristics. This study confirms previous findings on chemical composition and feeding value of European DDGS. In general, results indicate that information on DDGS raw materials can be an indicator of chemical composition and feeding value, but high variability impairs its validity. Ideally, each batch of DDGS should be analyzed for most important characteristics. Regarding protein value, different in vitro methods and their combination show promising results to identify differences within types of feedstuff.

Manufacturing of fuel ethanol and distillers grains-current and evolving processes

Article

Jan 2012

Nutrient composition, digestibility and energy value of distillers dried grains with solubles and condensed distillers solubles fed to growing pigs and evaluation of prediction methods

Article

Oct 2015
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

This study had two objectives: (1) to determine the nutritional value of 13 batches of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 5 batches of condensed distillers solubles (CDS), and (2) to evaluate the prediction of the nutritional value of DDGS by using either mean values per DDGS type or lab measurements as potential predictors of nutrient content. The DDGS batches were derived from either wheat (n=3), corn (n=3) or a mixture of grains (n=7). The CDS batches were mainly wheat-based. The batches were collected from 11 European ethanol plants. Six barrows per dietary treatment were placed in individual metabolism cages and fed either a basic diet or a diet in which 30% of the basic diet was replaced by DDGS or CDS. Chromium oxide (4g/kg) was included in the feed as an external marker. Fecal and ileal samples were collected and the apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of the diets were calculated using the indicator method. Consequently, AFD and AID values for DDGS and CDS were calculated through difference. Nutrient components, color measurements and in vitro protein values were evaluated as variables to predict the AFD, AID and net energy (NE) value of DDGS by means of multiple regression analysis. The DDGS corn samples had a higher gross energy and crude fat (CFAT) content (P<0.001) and were more red (a*; P=0.002) and yellow (b*; P=0.003) than the DDGS wheat and DDGS mix samples. The NE value was also higher for DDGS corn (P<0.001). Large variation existed between DDGS samples in amino acid digestibility (particularly of Lysine), even when DDGS was produced from the same type of grain. Hence, the use of mean values for each DDGS type did not result in a good estimation of the nutritional value. The NE value of DDGS could be predicted by the color parameter b* (R2=71.1; P<0.001) and CFAT (R2=76.2; P<0.001), or by combining CFAT and acid detergent fiber (R2=94.0; P<0.001). No good prediction equations could be established for the amino acid digestibility. The CDS samples also showed high variation in nutrient and amino acid composition and digestibility, which limits their usability in practical pig feed formulation.

Use of the guanidination reaction for determining reactive lysine, bioavailable lysine and gut endogenous lysine

Article

Jun 2015
AMINO ACIDS

Shane Rutherfurd

Determining the bioavailability of lysine in foods and feedstuffs is important since lysine is often the first limiting indispensable amino acid in diets for intensively farmed livestock (pigs and poultry) and also in many cereal-based diets consumed by humans. When foods or feedstuffs are heat processed, lysine can undergo Maillard reactions to produce nutritionally unavailable products. The guanidination reaction, the reaction of O-methylisourea with the side chain amino group of lysine that produces homoarginine, has been used to determine the unmodified lysine (reactive lysine) in processed foods and feedstuffs and also true ileal digestible reactive lysine (bioavailable lysine). The advantages of the guanidination method in comparison with other reactive lysine methods such as the fluorodinitrobenzene, trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid and dye-binding methods are that it is very specific for reactive lysine and also that the method is relatively straightforward to conduct. The specificity of the guanidination reaction for the lysine side chain amino group is particularly important, since ileal digesta will contain N-terminal groups in the form of free amino acids and peptides. The main disadvantage is that complete conversion of lysine to homoarginine is required, yet it is not straightforward to test for complete guanidination in processed foods and feedstuffs. Another disadvantage is that the guanidination reaction conditions may vary for different food types and sometimes within the same food type. Consequently, food-specific guanidination reaction conditions may be required and more work is needed to optimise the reaction conditions across different foods and feedstuffs.

A brief review on the emerging technology of ethanol production by cold hydrolysis of raw starch

Article

Jun 2015
FUEL

Ethanol is one of the main biobased molecule produced worldwide, mainly from corn and other starchy crops. In the past few years, one promising technology that has been claimed to reduce capital and operational costs of industrial plants and increase overall yields for ethanol is named ‘cold starch hydrolysis’. The saccharification is carried out at low temperatures (under starch gelatinization point) but require the use of accessory enzymes to achieve high conversions. The best result achieved so far is 98.6% of starch conversion into glucose. This review briefly states the main concepts of this technology, discussing recent literature data for ethanol production and finally presenting future trends in the field of ethanol production from starchy raw materials.

Utilization of co-products of the biofuel industry as livestock feeds – a synthesis

Chapter

Jul 2012

The chapter can be downloaded from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3009e/i3009e.pdf

Protease increases fermentation rate and ethanol yield in dry-grind ethanol production

Article

Nov 2013

The effects of acid protease and urea addition during the fermentation step were evaluated. The fermentations were also tested with and without the addition of urea to determine if protease altered the nitrogen requirements of the yeast. Results show that the addition of the protease had a statistically significant effect on the fermentation rate and yield. Fermentation rates and yields were improved with the addition of the protease over the corresponding controls without protease. Protease addition either with or with added urea resulted in a higher final ethanol yield than without the protease addition. Urea addition levels >1200ppm of supplemental nitrogen inhibited ethanol production. The economic effects of the protease addition were evaluated by using process engineering and economic models developed at the Eastern Regional Research Center. The decrease in overall processing costs from protease addition was as high as $0.01/L (4¢/gal) of denatured ethanol produced.

Characterization and nutrient evaluation of wet and dried wheat distillers’ grain for growing pigs

Article

Nov 2013
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

This study comprised one wet wheat distillers’ grain with solubles (WDGS) from an ethanol company and one dried wheat distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS) from a biofuel ethanol company. The WDGS was microbially and biochemically characterized, and the digestibility of dietary components, energy, amino acids, calcium and phosphorus (P) in WDGS and DDGS was determined. The pH was 3.9 in the WDGS and the acetic and lactic acid level was 6.9 and 1.5 g/l, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria remained at Log 8 colony forming units (Cfu)/g WDGS throughout the study, whereas yeast increased from Log 5 to Log 6 Cfu/g WDGS. Lactobacillus amylolyticus was the dominant lactic acid bacteria species, followed by Lactobacillus panis and Lactobacillus buchneri. The yeast flora was completely dominated by Candida ethanolica. The experimental diets contained on dry matter (DM) basis 50% WDGS + 50% basal diet (diet W) and 50% DDGS + 50% basal diet (diet D). The basal diet consisted of maize starch, sucrose, vitamins and minerals (except P). Seven castrated male pigs with post valve t-caecum cannulas were fed the experimental diets according to a change-over design during two periods. In a pre- and post-period, casein was given as only protein source with the basal diet to estimate endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids, and thereby the standardized ileal digestibility (SID). The coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of organic matter (OM) did not differ between diets, but the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of OM was higher (P<0.05) for diet W. The CAID, CATTD and SID of crude protein was higher (P<0.05) in diet W. The SID for lysine and methionine was higher (P<0.01) in WDGS than in DDGS. The digestibility of P was higher (P<0.01) in diet D. The results indicate that a dried wheat distillers’ grain product can have a lower ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine than a wet wheat distillers’ grain product, although a higher digestibility of P. There seem to be little difference in energy value of the wet and dry products studied.

Composition and amino acids ileal digestibility of wheat distillers dried grains and solubles in pigs: Sources of variability

Article

Sep 2010
LIVEST SCI

In recent years, policies encouraging the production of ethanol from corn or wheat have stimulated an increased production of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) whose nutritional value for pigs is little described. Seventeen wheat DDGS samples were obtained from 7 different plants in Europe from July to September 2007. Each sample was analyzed and 10 representative samples were measured for amino acids (AA) content and their standardized ileal digestibility (SID) in pigs. Lightness score (L) of each DDGS was also measured. Our results indicate a rather stable crude protein content (32.6 to 38.9% DM basis; average: 36.1% DM basis) whereas lysine was the most affected AA with contents ranging between 0.82 and 3.00% of crude protein (CP; N*6.25). In addition, lysine SID was also variable (9 to 82%) with the lowest values observed in DDGS with low lysine level in CP. In fact, samples with low lysine content in CP and low SID of lysine had low lightness values (L

Problems associated with estimating the digestibility of undegraded dietary nitrogen from acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen

Article

Nov 1992
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

In the Metabolisable Protein System proposed as the UK standard for ruminant nutrition, the true digestibility of undegraded dietary nitrogen is estimated from the concentration of acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) on the assumption that ADIN is both completely undegradable and indigestible. However, this conclusion was reached without reference to materials containing ‘added’ ADIN due to Maillard reactions during processing. This paper presents the results of 37 digestibility trials with wether sheep to characterise dietary N in raw materials used in compound feeds in terms of quickly degradable, slowly degradable and undegradable N (UDN), apparent digestibility of total N and ADIN. Five of these diets were distillers' products containing ‘added’ ADIN and five were ‘high tannin’ feeds. The rest were described as conventional feeds. Mean values for apparent digestibility of total nitrogen and ADIN were 0.72 and 0.02 in conventional feeds, 0.37 and 0.62 in distillers' products, and in 0.57 and −0.89 high tannin feeds, respectively. Regression of apparent digestibilities on ADIN concentration indicated that ADIN protects approximately four times its own mass of protein from digestion. The results support the conclusion that ADIN in conventional feeds is both undegradable and indigestible. High tannin feeds bind protein in the gut which appears as ADIN in faeces. It is not possible to calculate directly the digestibility of ADIN in UDN from these results but indirect estimates and preliminary results from more recent experiments suggest that it is extremely low and not undervalued by the conventions of the Metabolisable Protein System.

The influence of the Maillard reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds

Article

Jan 1991
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

Heating forages and feeds will generate Maillard products of low digestibility which are signalled by a rise in the nitrogen (N) content of acid-detergent fibre (ADIN). Two sets of data from digestion trials with sheep were mathematically examined by the methods of Lucas. The first set, taken from studies of distillers grains, exhibited some digestibility of ADIN, but showed a high positive correlation between fecal N and ADIN and a negative one with nitrogen digestibility and ADIN. Earlier conclusions as to the ineffectiveness of ADIN as a method of evaluation are refuted. The second set of data referred to ammoniated forages with their untreated controls. The treated forages are shown to contain soluble indigestible organic matter and nitrogen in the ratio of 8.83:1 ± 0.11, agreeing with the expected composition of Maillard polymers. With these forages the fecal N loss considerably exceeds the ADIN estimate, in contrast to the distillers grains. The excess is due in part to the presence of indigestible soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) that is associated with a soluble indigestible organic fraction. The existence of indigestible soluble N and organic matter constitutes the basis for severe criticism of gravimetric laboratory procedures, including nylon bags, used in evaluating treated forages and feeds, as these procedures will fail to recover the soluble indigestible components and thus over-value treated forages. The use of ADIN as a marker for heat damage and the Maillard reaction is validated, but in treated forages an additional examination for absorbances at 280 and 320 nm, and SNAN is recommended.

Ruminal Nitrogen Degradability and Escape of Wet and Dry Distillers Grains and Wet and Dry Corn Gluten Feeds

Article

Sep 1984

Solubility and rate and extent of rumi- nal digestion of nitrogen in wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains, wet corn glu- ten feed, and dry corn gluten feed were evaluated in the laboratory, in situ, and in vivo. Distillers grains protein was the most insoluble in modified Burrough's mineral mix, corn gluten feed protein the least insoluble, and soybean meal protein intermediate. In the in situ trial (trial 1), nitrogen of wet and dry distillers grains and nitrogen of wet and dry corn gluten feed disappeared at similar rates, respec- tively. However, nitrogen disappearance rates were greater for wet and dry distil- lers grains. In the rumen escape trial (trial 2), wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains, wet corn gluten feed, and dry corn gluten feed were fed as supplemental pro- tein sources and a urea control served to estimate endogenous nitrogen flow. Non- ammonia-nonbacteriat nitrogen reaching the duodenum was lowest for steers fed the urea treatment (20.9 g/day). Rates were higher for wet distillers grains (64.1 g/day) and dried distillers grains (74.7 g/day) treatments compared to wet corn gluten feed (41.3 g/day) and dry corn gluten feed (32.7 g/day) treatments. Percentage protein apparently escaping rumen fermentation was greater for steers fed wet distillers grains (47%) or dried distillers grains (54%) than for those fed wet corn gluten feed (26%) or dry corn gluten feed (14%).

Standarization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feed

Article

Mar 1996
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein Model (Chalupa et al., 1991; Sniffen et al., 1992) has developed the need for uniform procedures to partition feed nitrogen into A, B, and C fractions (Pichard and Van Soest, 1977). While carbohydrate fractions are relatively standardized (based on NDF, ADF with corrections for ash, protein, and lignin), the fractionation of plant nitrogen has been open to considerable variation in procedures. This has led to non-uniformity among reported values for nitrogen fractions. This paper recommends reliable procedures for nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and buffer-soluble protein. These procedures have been examined for reproducibility and relevance to biological expectations. Procedures for acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), and neutral-detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) are also included as they are required for the model. Some alternatives in certain procedures are offered.

The ruminal degradation of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids in wheat-based distillers' dried grains in sacco

Article

Jul 1994
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

The ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and individual amino acids in distillers' dried grains (DDG) with solubles, differing in concentration of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and the type of grain from which the DDG was prepared, were determined in sacco. The three groups of DDG were prepared with wheat grain and maize grain as fermentative substrates: (1) DG1, 70% wheat, 30% maize; (2) DG2, 75% wheat, 25% maize; (3) DG3, 100% wheat. ADIN was 16.7%, 8.9% and 9.7% of the total N in DG1, DG2 and DG3, respectively. The soluble and potentially degradable fractions, as well as the rates of degradation and lag times for digestion of DM, N and individual amino acids were determined. Effective degradability values were estimated at rumen particulate outflow rates (k) of 0.08, 0.05 and 0.02 h−1. A high ADIN concentration in DG1 compared with DG2 was responsible for the lower (P < 0.01) effective degradability for N and amino acids. Except for lysine, these lower values were due to a smaller (P < 0.10) soluble fraction and a slower (P < 0.01) rate of degradation of a larger (P < 0.10) potentially degradable fraction. Only for lysine was the sum of soluble and potentially degradable fractions markedly less than 100%, with that sum smaller for DG1 than for DG2. A DDG prepared from 100% wheat, DG3, had a higher (P < 0.05) effective degradability for N and some amino acids than a DDG prepared from a blend of maize and wheat, DG2; these differences were not as large as those due to a difference in concentration of ADIN. Since the sum of soluble and potentially degradable fractions for DM was approximately 90%, a limit to the degradability of DM was indicated. A difference in ADIN concentration, DG1 versus DG2, resulted in a 12% higher estimated escape of amino acids, other than lysine, from ruminal degradation at the rumen outflow rate of 0.05 h−1; the concentration of lysine in DG1 was 11% lower than that in DG2. A DDG with a higher concentration of ADIN had a lower ruminal degradability and a higher weight of N and amino acids, other than lysine in the DM that escaped ruminal degradation.

Nutrient availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants

Article

Aug 2009
J SCI FOOD AGR

BACKGROUND: The dramatic increase in bioethanol production in Canada has resulted in millions of tonnes of different types of new co‐products: wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), corn DDGS and blend DDGS (e.g. wheat:corn=70:30). There is an urgent need to systematically evaluate the nutritive value of different types of DDGS. Little research has been conducted to determine the magnitude of the differences in nutritive value among wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS and between different bioethanol plants. The objectives of this study were to compare different types of DDGS and different bioethanol plants in terms of: (1) chemical profiles; (2) mineral concentrations of sulfur (S), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P); (3) protein and carbohydrate subfractions associated with different degradation rates; (4) digestible component nutrients and energy values; and (5) in situ rumen availability of each DDGS component. RESULTS: The results showed that chemical profiles differed among wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS. Mineral profiles were different among the three types of DDGS with wheat DDGS lower in S (3.9 vs. 7.2 g kg ⁻¹ DM), higher in Ca (1.8 vs. 0.5 g kg ⁻¹ DM) and P (9.1 vs. 7.7 g kg ⁻¹ DM) than corn DDGS, but similar to blend DDGS. Wheat DDGS had the lowest and corn DDGS had the highest energy values (TDN, DE 3X , ME 3X , NEL 3X for dairy; NE m and NE g beef cattle) while blend DDGS was in between. Wheat DDGS was lower in the intermediately degradable CP fraction (PB2: 277 vs. 542 g kg ⁻¹ CP) and higher in the rapidly non‐protein degradable fraction (163 vs. 114 g kg ⁻¹ CP) and slowly degradable CP fraction (PB3: 512 vs. 279 g kg ⁻¹ CP) than corn DDGS, but similar to blend DDGS. For carbohydrate subfractions, wheat DDGS was higher in non‐structural carbohydrate fraction (NSC: 483 vs. 184 g kg ⁻¹ CHO), higher in highly degradable free sugars fraction (CA: 359 vs. 91 g kg ⁻¹ CHO), higher in unavailable CHO (CC: 204 vs. 142 g kg ⁻¹ CHO), similar in rapidly degradable CHO fraction (average 108 g kg ⁻¹ CHO), lower in intermediately degradable CHO (CB2: 313 vs. 674 g kg ⁻¹ CHO) than corn DDGS. Wheat DDGS had higher in situ CP degradability and lower NDF degradability than corn DDGS, but similar degradability to blend DDGS. CONCLUSION: Among the three types of DDGS, they differed in chemical characterisation, mineral concentration (S, Ca, P), estimated energy values for both beef and dairy cattle, protein and carbohydrate subfractions, in situ degradability. Bioethanol plants also had significant impact on nutritive value of DDGS. The energy values (DE 3X , ME 3X , NEL 3X , NE m and NE g ) in wheat DDGS were similar to wheat and corn suggesting wheat DDGS as an alternative to wheat and corn in dairy and beef diets. The energy values (DE 3X , ME 3X , NEL 3X , NE m and NE g ) in corn DDGS were significantly higher than in corn, indicating that corn DDGS is superior to corn in dairy and beef diets. The energy values (DE 3X , ME 3X , NEL 3X , NE m and NE g ) in the blend DDGS were higher than that in wheat DDGS but similar to corn DDGS, suggesting blend DDGS as an alternative to corn and superior to wheat and wheat DDGS in dairy and beef diets. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Chemical Composition of Distillers Grains, a Review

Article

Feb 2011
J AGR FOOD CHEM

Keshun Liu

In recent years, increasing demand for ethanol as a fuel additive and decreasing dependency on fossil fuels have resulted in a dramatic increase in the amount of grains used for ethanol production. Dry-grind is the major process, resulting in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a major coproduct. Like fuel ethanol, DDGS has quickly become a global commodity. However, high compositional variation has been the main problem hindering its use as a feed ingredient. This review provides updated information on the chemical composition of distillers grains in terms of nutrient levels, changes during dry-grind processing, and causes for large variation. The occurrence in grain feedstock and the fate of mycotoxins during processing are also covered. During processing, starch is converted to glucose and then to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Most other components are relatively unchanged but concentrated in DDGS about 3-fold over the original feedstock. Mycotoxins, if present in the original feedstock, are also concentrated. Higher fold of increases in S, Na, and Ca are mostly due to exogenous addition during processing, whereas unusual changes in inorganic phosphorus (P) and phytate P indicate phytate hydrolysis by yeast phytase. Fermentation causes major changes, but other processing steps are also responsible. The causes for varying DDGS composition are multiple, including differences in feedstock species and composition, process methods and parameters, the amount of condensed solubles added to distiller wet grains, the effect of fermentation yeast, and analytical methodology. Most of them can be attributed to the complexity of the dry-grind process itself. It is hoped that information provided in this review will improve the understanding of the dry-grind process and aid in the development of strategies to control the compositional variation in DDGS.

Sources of variation in composition of DDGS

Article

Aug 2010
ANIM FEED SCI TECH

High protein and high energy content make distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) a unique ingredient for ruminant diets, but variation in composition reduces nutritional quality and market value. There is little published information that addresses the specific causes of variation. Samples of DDGS from dry grind processing (ethanol) plants in the upper Midwest were analyzed for nutrient concentrations and sources of variation were evaluated. Significant plant×period (time) interactions indicated that variation was associated with specific fermentation batches, rather than plants or time (periods) per se. Differences in maize characteristics and in processing conditions probably were responsible for batch to batch effects. Fat content of DDGS samples was relatively uniform, but there was considerable variation in protein concentration (260-380g/kg DM). Low lysine (8.9g/kg DM) and elevated pepsin insoluble (bound) protein concentrations were additional concerns. Published values for ruminally undegradable protein content were as accurate as estimates using specific plant data.

Changes in Composition and Amino Acid Profile during Dry Grind Ethanol Processing from Corn and Estimation of Yeast Contribution toward DDGS Proteins

Article

Feb 2010
J AGR FOOD CHEM

Three sets of samples, consisting of ground corn, yeast, intermediate products, and DDGS, were provided by three commercial dry grind ethanol plants in Iowa and freeze dried before chemical analysis. On average, ground corn contained 70.23% starch, 7.65% protein, 3.26% oil, 1.29% ash, 87.79% total carbohydrate (CHO), and 17.57% total nonstarch CHO, dry matter basis. Results from Plant 1 samples showed that compared to ground corn, there was a slight but significant increase in the contents of protein, amino acids (AA), oil, and ash before fermentation, although starch/dextrin decreased sharply upon saccharification. After fermentation, starch content further decreased to about 6.0%, while protein, oil, and ash contents increased over 3-fold. AA increased 2.0-3.5-fold. Total CHO content decreased by 40%, and the content of total nonstarch CHO increased over 2.5-fold. Concentrations of these attributes fluctuated slightly in the remaining downstream products, but oil and ash were concentrated in thin stillage, while protein was concentrated in distiller grains upon centrifugation. When AA composition is expressed in relative % (protein basis), its changes did not follow that of protein concentration, but the influence of yeast AA profiles on those of downstream products became apparent. Accordingly, a multiple linear regression model for the AA profile of a downstream product as a function of AA profiles of ground corn and yeast was proposed. Regression results indicated that, with an r(2) = 0.95, yeast contributed about 20% toward DDGS proteins, and the rest came from corn. Data from Plants 2 and 3 confirmed those found with Plant 1 samples.

Changes and evolution of corn coproducts for beef cattle

Article

Nov 2009
J ANIM SCI

The number and nutrient composition of corn-based coproducts will expand as ethanol producers seek to optimize the efficiency of ethanol production and the value of the coproducts they produce. For example, modified wet distillers grains plus solubles are produced by adding the condensed solubles to partially dried distillers grains so that the resulting product contains approximately 50% DM. Other innovative technologies have been developed to fractionate corn or distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or both, for recovering additional coproducts and improving nutritional composition of DDGS. Two (i.e., wet and dry) corn-fractionation technologies have been developed to remove the germ, pericarp fiber, or endosperm fiber before fermentation, resulting in a significant reduction in the amount of DDGS produced and a corresponding increase in its protein content. Other fractionation technologies include removal of oil by centrifugation after fermentation but before DDGS production or removal of oil by solvent extraction from DDGS. Technology to recover pericarp fiber by sieving and aspiration after DDGS production has also been developed. Germ, pericarp fiber, endosperm fiber, or oil can be used as feedstocks for producing other marketable coproducts or can be used as ingredients in animal diets. One example of a new corn coproduct available to the beef industry is bran cake. This product results from combining corn bran (i.e., pericarp fiber) and distillers solubles produced from a corn dry fractionation process. When bran cake replaced a mixture of high-moisture and dry-rolled corn at up to 45% of a finishing diet, BW gains and feed efficiency were improved. In high-forage diets, the corn bran had approximately 85% the energy value of distillers grains. How rapidly these technologies are adopted will be driven by the economic advantages achieved over the traditional dry and wet milling processes.

The effect of process variables during drying on the physical and chemical characteristics of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) - Plant scale experiments

Article

Aug 2009

Corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) are highly valued as an animal feed for its nutrient content. The amount of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) blended together during drying affects nutritive value and physical characteristics of DDGS. Effect of changing the ratio of WDG and CDS, and recycled DDGS during drying on particle size, particle size distribution, particle and bulk densities, color, chemical composition, and amino acid content was studied. Moisture content and particle size of DDGS decreased with decreasing amount of CDS added. About 80% of the particles were within a narrow size range (<1500 microm). Bulk density and tapped density of samples produced with different CDS content ranged from 420.5 to 458.1 and 498.8 to 544.3 kg/m(3), respectively. True density decreased with reduction in CDS added. As the CDS content reduced, DDGS became lighter in color. Insoluble fiber contents (protein and insoluble fiber) and amino acids increased while fat, total soluble sugars and glycerol decreased as the CDS content added to WDG reduced. The correlation coefficient of individual chemical components with CDS was above 0.90. Results from this study will be helpful in predicting the physical and nutritive property changes due to variable ratios of blending CDS to WDG during the drying process.

Availability and Utilization of Amino Acids for Growing Pigs

Article

Feb 1992

E S Batterham

Influence of Processing on Protein Quality

Article

Feb 1985

Jean MAURON

In the first part the reactions and interactions of protein with macroconstituents of our food during processing are exposed from the chemical point of view. The reactions involving only protein (formation of isopeptides, of lysinoalanine, racemization) and the interactions with carbohydrates (Maillard reaction), oxidized lipids and polyphenols are briefly presented. Emphasis is put on the Maillard reaction since it is the most frequent reaction occurring during food processing and storage. The key compound rendering lysine unavailable in processed and stored foodstuffs in N epsilon-fructoselysine (FL). Its oxidative degradation product, N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is found in variable but significant amounts in heat processed proteins. An interesting newer finding is that tryptophan can participate in a Maillard reaction with its indole-NH-group. In the second part an overview is given on the impact these reactions have on the two components of protein nutritive value, namely digestibility and biological value. Again, most examples will be related to the Maillard reaction. Protein digestibility may be reduced by the modification of the protein molecule (blocking of active amino acid side-chains, establishment of crosslinks) or by the formation of compounds that inhibit digestive enzymes. (Inhibition of aminopeptidase by an advanced Maillard derivative of lysine). Biological value may be diminished by the loss of essential amino acids and/or their reduced specific availability. Ion-exchange chromatography of the protein hydrolyzate is the method of choice to determine amino acid losses. It also provides some clues for the type of processing damage by the presence of unusual amino acids in the chromatogramme (e.g. furosine, lysinoalanine). Global amino acid bioavailability is defined. It is of a complex nature and can only be truely determined in a bioassay in the animal. Specific availability of an amino acid is linked to particular structural features. Thus, specific lysine availability is determined by the presence of a free or "reactive" epsilon-amino group. This is the basis for the analytical methods for available lysine. In the third part, the practical application of this knowledge to processed foods is shown using milk and vegetable protein as examples. Figures for the reduction in available lysine (blocked lysine) in different milk products processed according to conventional procedures are given and discussed. More subtile effects of milk processing on milk digestibility and stomach emptying are mentioned. The effects on protein nutritional value of extrusion-cooking of legume seeds and cereal flours are, then, presented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Wet Corn Distillers Byproducts Compared with Dried Corn Distillers Grains with Solubles as a Source of Protein and Energy for Ruminants

Article

Dec 1994

Five trials investigated the feeding value of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as a source of protein and energy for growing and finishing cattle and investigated the effect of heat damage on the feeding value of dried distillers byproducts. In a calf growth trial, no differences in rate of gain or protein efficiency were observed among calves fed wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains + thin stillage; WDB) or one of three composites of dried distillers grain + solubles (DDGS) having a low, medium, or high concentration of ADIN. A finishing trial compared the energy value of dry-rolled corn (DRC) with WDB or the three DDGS composites, fed at 40% of the diet DM replacing DRC. Cattle consuming WDB or DDGS gained faster (P < .05) and more efficiently (P < .05) than cattle fed DRC. Although gains were similar, cattle fed WDB consumed less feed (P < .10) and were more efficient (P < .10) than cattle fed DDGS. Level of ADIN in DDGS did not affect efficiency of gain (P > .10). In a lamb finishing trial, the addition of 5 or 10% ethanol did not affect (P > .10) daily gain, DMI, or feed efficiency. In two metabolism trials with steers, grain byproducts (wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains plus solubles, wet corn gluten feed, dry corn gluten feed, hominy feed) and DRC had similar effects on ruminal pH and total VFA. Feeding thin stillage or condensed solubles reduced (P < .10) ruminal pH and tended to reduce acetate:propionate. Wet corn distillers byproducts, fed at 40% of the diet DM, contain more NEg than did DRC and drying WDB reduces its NEg content. Acid detergent insoluble N is a poor indicator of protein and energy value in distillers grains.

Evaluation of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen as an indicator of protein quality in nonforage proteins

Article

Apr 1994

Two trials were conducted to determine the adequacy of ADIN as an indicator of N digestibility. In Trial 1, eight nonforage plant protein sources were heated at 150 degrees C for 90 min in the presence of xylose (12.8% of CP, DM basis) to produce heat damage. Thirty-four wethers (average BW 40 kg +/- 9.9) were used to determine the effect of heat on N digestibility. Differences in ADIN were evident among the protein sources, and no significant heat x protein source interaction was observed for N digestibility. Apparent N digestibilities were reduced (P < .001) for all protein sources by heat treatment. Acid detergent insoluble N and N digestibility were correlated (r2 = .66). However, the assumption that ADIN was completely indigestible led to underestimation of N digestibility: approximately 58% of the ADIN was digestible in these feeds. In Trial 2, seven dried distillers grains from different distilling plants were tested for N digestibility using 24 wethers (average BW 35 kg +/- 3.6). Visual differences in color indicated possible differences in degree of heating in these feeds. The ADIN contents were quite variable among these feeds; however, there were no differences in N digestibility. The correlation between ADIN and N digestibility was weak (r2 = .24). These results indicate that ADIN values in nonforage protein sources predicted more protein damage than that estimated by in vivo N digestibility values.

Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs

Article

Mar 1993

The physical characteristics, chemical composition, and nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from seven beverage alcohol and two fuel alcohol manufacturers were evaluated in studies with chicks and pigs. Color scores of the DDGS ranged from very light to very dark and odor scores ranged from normal to burnt or smoky. The DDGS ranged from 23.4 to 28.7% CP, 2.9 to 12.8% fat, 8.8 to 36.9% ADIN, 28.8 to 40.3% NDF, 10.3 to 18.1% ADF, and 3.4 to 7.3% ash. Lysine concentrations of the DDGS ranged from .43 to .89%. In the first experiment, 12 corn-based diets were fed to 1-d-old chicks for 21 d to assess the nutritional value of the DDGS sources. A low-protein basal diet was supplemented with soybean meal to provide 13.6, 16.5, or 19.0% CP or supplemented with 20% DDGS, which supplied approximately the same amount of CP as the highest level of soybean meal. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain were influenced (P < .01) by source of DDGS. The weight gain of chicks fed the DDGS sources ranged from 85% of that chicks fed the highest level of soybean meal to less than that of chicks fed the low-protein basal diet. Blends of the three best sources of DDGS and the three poorest sources of DDGS were evaluated in a subsequent chick trial. The relative nutritional values of the two blends were similar to the average of the sources that made up the blends. Performance responses to various blends of DDGS in the pig experiment paralleled those of the chick trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67:19@#x00E2;@#x20AC;@#x201C;25

Article

May 2005

Ethanol has been utilized as a fuel source in the United States since the turn of the century. However, it has repeatedly faced significant commercial viability obstacles relative to petroleum. Renewed interest exists in ethanol as a fuel source today owing to its positive impact on rural America, the environment and United States energy security. Today, most fuel ethanol is produced by either the dry grind or the wet mill process. Current technologies allow for 2.5 gallons (wet mill process) to 2.8 gallons (dry grind process) of ethanol (1 gallon = 3.785 l) per bushel of corn. Valuable co-products, distillers dried grains with solubles (dry grind) and corn gluten meal and feed (wet mill), are also generated in the production of ethanol. While current supplies are generated from both processes, the majority of the growth in the industry is from dry grind plant construction in rural communities across the corn belt. While fuel ethanol production is an energy-efficient process today, additional research is occurring to improve its long-term economic viability. Three of the most significant areas of research are in the production of hybrids with a higher starch content or a higher extractable starch content, in the conversion of the corn kernel fiber fraction to ethanol, and in the identification and development of new and higher-value co-products.

Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process

Abstract

No full-text available

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