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A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil ( Ocimum sanctum L.)
Abstract
Ocimum sanctum Linn. commonly known as Holy Basil or Tulsi is an Ayurvedic herb of Southeast Asia with a long history of traditional use. The culinary, medicinal and industrial importance of this plant led to explore its chemical and pharmacological properties. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on scientific findings of O. sanctum chemical constituents and their related anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antistress, γ-irradiation protection, antidiabetic and antileishmanicidal activities. More than 60 chemical compounds have been reported from O. sanctum, including phenolics, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, essential oil, fixed oil, and steroids. The pharmacological activities of O. sanctum compounds reflect their medicinal importance and in the standardization of medicinal products. This compilation will be helpful in the development of new active principle and nutraceuticals in the area of drug resistance and emerging chronic disease vectors.
... Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) is an annual herbaceous plant in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America (Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Its slightly hairy, pale green leaves are commonly used in Southeast Asia cuisine, particularly Thai stir-fries as a flavouring enhancer. ...
... Its slightly hairy, pale green leaves are commonly used in Southeast Asia cuisine, particularly Thai stir-fries as a flavouring enhancer. Holy basil leaves have a spicy and citrusy flavour with a camphoraceous aroma (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007) as well as a high nutritional content (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007;Vidhani et al., 2016;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Asians have used it for asthma, headaches, cramps, diarrhoea, and gastrointestinal disorders in traditional medicine (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007;Cohen, 2014;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). ...
... Holy basil leaves have a spicy and citrusy flavour with a camphoraceous aroma (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007) as well as a high nutritional content (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007;Vidhani et al., 2016;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Asians have used it for asthma, headaches, cramps, diarrhoea, and gastrointestinal disorders in traditional medicine (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007;Cohen, 2014;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Holy basil, on the other hand, has been shown to have therapeutic application in modern medicine, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal systems, immune system, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity (Wangcharoen and Morasuk, 2007;Vidhani et al., 2016;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). ...
Cookies are one of the most popular food products in the world. The demand for healthy and quality food products has encouraged interest in innovative food ingredients. With wheat flour as the main ingredient in cookies, they generally contain a low number of phytochemical compounds. To reduce wheat flour usage in cookies, innovative ingredients such as chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) derived from holy basil leaves can be used as an alternative to increase the nutritional value. This research aimed to compare the nutritional components of the whole leaf (WL) and CRF from holy basil leaves. The variations of holy basil WL and CRF were 0% (control), 3% WL, 6% WL, 3% CRF and 6% CRF. The water activity, colour, spread ratio, texture, chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenolic compound, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in these butter cookies. The results showed that CRF derived from holy basil leaves had a higher amount of macro and micronutrients than WL, except for fibre and carbohydrates. The cookies substituted with 6% CRF had the darkest green colour. The cookies substituted with 6% WL containing higher fibre led to a decreased spread ratio and increased hardness of cookies. In addition, the replacement of wheat flour with holy basil WL and CRF can enhance nutritional and antioxidant values in bakery products. The butter cookies substituted with 6% WL showed the highest concentration of phenolic; the cookies substituted with 6% CRF had the highest contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and antioxidant activity.
... Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi, a Lamiaceae family) is one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity and several reviews summarized the various therapeutics role of tulsi and considerable progress achieved on pharmacological potential and medicinal application of tulsi in the last five decades [5][6][7] . Based on traditional healers make use of tulsi leaves to treat diabetes, the leaf extracts of tulsi have been shown to have antihyperglycaemic effects by increasing the insulin secretion from isolated islets, perfused pancreas and clonal pancreatic β-cells [8][9] . ...
... Preceding experimental studies demonstrated that LTLP revealed as a good natural antioxidant source by means of protecting the liver from CCl4-induced hepatic damage 16 and appears to be possible different mechanisms like free radical scavenging as well as immune modulation to bring about the wound healing effects in rats 17 . It is suggested that such responses could be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents as aqueous extracts of tulsi leaves (dried or fresh) identified chemical compositions containing indicated ursolic acid flavonoids such as apigenin, polyphenols, anthocyanins and luteolin, eugenol, thymol, sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, glycosides, steroids, sterols 6 . Therapeutic potential of all or some of these bioactive compounds may be responsible for hypoglycemic, antidyslipidemic and known to possess potent lipid lowering and antioxidant activities 7 . ...
... In contrast, non-toxic nature as evident, oral administration of graded doses of LTLP showed significant increase in body weight gain from day 21 suggesting that LTLP substantially improved their general health status and metabolic mechanisms by effective glycaemic control or a reversal of gluconeogenesis 12,14 .However, LTLP administration decreased the levels blood glucose to normal range probably by improving insulin sensitivity in agreement with above reference studies revealed that increase in blood glucose level and the same has been brought back to control level in diabetic induced rats suggesting that LTLP has antidiabetic potential. Nevertheless, the actual mechanism of action that brings up on the action of hypoglycaemia is not understood but these actions are supposed to be exhibited due to cumulative effect of various phytoconstituents present in the tulsi leaves extracts as reported in review of literature [5][6][7] . ...
... Similar to this, it was demonstrated that treating a human lung cancer cell line with eugenol decreased the expression of MMP-2 and phosphate-Akt, hence reducing cell survival and compromising cell motility and infiltration. The NF-κB signaling system can be markedly modified by eugenol, which may have implications for cancer treatment and prevention strategies (Singh, & Chaudhuri 2018). ...
... The chlorophyll derivative "Pheophytin-a" from Ocimum sanctum has the potential to be an anti-HIV agent by targeting HIV-1 protease. It was reported that "Phy-a" inhibited HIV replication (Singh, & Chaudhuri 2018). ...
Ocimum sanctum traditionally known as "Holy basil" in India is worshipped in almost every Hindu household. Ocimum sanctum which is also famous as sacred Tulsi is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. There are many types of tulsi but Rama tulsi and Krishna tulsi are the predominant ones. The phytochemical constituents of tulsi like eugenol, carvacrol, neolignans, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolics and phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and steroids are used for various pharmacological purposes. Ocimum sanctum is reported to have been used for many Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine systems in the treatment of colds, coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. Advanced analytical techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromatography and Spectrometric studies have proved to identify and quantify these bioactive compounds. This current review discusses the chemical composition and the various pharmacological activities of tulsi such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant making it highly relevant in modern medicine. The essential oils contained in Ocimum sanctum find applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and leaves and extracts are studied for their potential for medicinal use. Ocimum Sanctum holds great importance in developing novel therapeutic agents and complementary treatments in contemporary healthcare. Recent studies are exploring its role in drug formulation and nano-medicine. 120 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Fig. 1. Graphical Abstract of Ocimum sanctum, or "tulsi"
... [8], [9] This plant is rich in various phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which confer diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. [10], [11] The high antioxidant value is particularly noteworthy, as it is crucial in neutralizing free radicals. [12], [13], [14], [15] Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and contributing to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. ...
... [29], [30], [31], [32] DPPH (7.886 g) was dissolved in 100 mL methanol to prepare a 0.2 mM solution. Various concentrations (10,30,50,70,90, and 100 μg/mL) of methanol extract, OCE-AgNPs, and ascorbic acid (positive control) were tested. Each concentration (2 mL) was mixed with 2 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH solution, and absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV professional double beam) after 30 minutes. ...
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained considerable attention due to their unique properties and wide-ranging applications. This study focuses on the synthesis of AgNPs utilizing the methanol extract of aerial parts of Ocimum sanctum Linn., commonly known as holy basil or Tulsi. The synthesis process is environmentally friendly and offers a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. Characterization of the synthesized AgNPs is performed using various techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate the successful synthesis of AgNPs with distinct morphologies and crystalline structures. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the AgNPs is evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with ascorbic acid as a reference standard. The synthesized OCE-AgNPs exhibit an IC50 value of 49.71 μg/mL, which is close to that of the standard ascorbic acid (41.34 μg/mL). The results of this study highlight the potential applications of OCE-AgNPs in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
... In Ayurvedic treatments for malaria, poisoning, gastrointestinal issues, colds and gastric problems, O. sanctum L. extracts have been utilized [18]. Tulsi, with its numerous secondary metabolites, essential oils and therapeutic properties, has influenced numerous facets of human existence, including dietary customs [19]. Bioactive compounds such as camphor, eucalyptol, eugenol, alpha-bisabolene, beta-bisabolene and beta-caryophyllene are abundant in Tulsi essential oil [20,21]. ...
... O. sanctum L. leaves are a viable option for dietary supplementation and serve as a natural antioxidant due to their significant content of ascorbic acid 8.21 mg in 100 g, thiamine 0.3 mg in 100 g and riboflavin 0.06 mg in 100g. Moreover, they offer an economical alternative source of vitamins, making them beneficial for overall health and well-being [19]. Recent research continues to unveil the diverse therapeutic potential of Tulsi, consolidating its position as a valuable nutraceutical agent in contemporary health care practices (Table 3). ...
Ocimum sanctum Linn (O. sanctum L.), commonly known as Holy Basil or Tulsi, is a fragrant herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This plant is widely cultivated and found in north-central parts of India, several Arab countries, West Africa and tropical regions of the Eastern World. Tulsi is known to be an adaptogen, aiding the body in adapting to stress by harmonizing various bodily systems. Revered in Ayurveda as the “Elixir of Life”, Tulsi is believed to enhance lifespan and foster longevity. Eugenol, the active ingredient present in Tulsi, is a l-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene compound with diverse therapeutic applications. As concerns over the adverse effects of conventional antibacterial agents continue to grow, alternative therapies have gained prominence. Essential oils (EOs) containing antioxidants have a long history of utilization in traditional medicine and have gained increasing popularity over time. Numerous in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have provided compelling evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of antioxidant EOs derived from medicinal plants for promoting health. This comprehensive review aims to highlight the scientific knowledge regarding the therapeutic properties of O. sanctum, focusing on its antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neurogenesis, anti-depressant and other beneficial characteristics. Also, the extracts of O. sanctum L. have the ability to reduce chronic inflammation linked to neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The information presented in this review shed light on the multifaceted potential of Tulsi and its derivatives in maintaining and promoting health. This knowledge may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions and natural remedies that harness the immense therapeutic potential of Tulsi in combating various health conditions, while also providing valuable insights for further research and exploration in this field.
... O. tenuiflorum or O. sanctum (Lamiaceae) is native to Indian subcontinent and it can be easily found all over the India [48]. It is basically found in two variant that are Rama Tulsi or Sri Tulsi (green coloured leaves) and Krishna Tulsi (Purple coloured leaves) [49]. ...
... It considered as sacred plant by Hindus and it is commonly known as Tulsi or Holy basil. It contains more than 60 phytochemicals including steroids, phenols, phenyl propanoids, essential oils etc. and it is scientifically proven that it is used as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antistress and anti-inflammatory etc. [48]. Numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have been carried out to check O. sanctum's antidiabetic efficacy. ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which is commonly found life-threatening disease and it continuously reducing the life expectancy. It is characterized by hyperglycaemia (raised blood sugar level) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Since thousands of years, medicinal plants are being used by our ancestors for the prevention, treatment or even cure the diabetes mellitus. Utilization of these herbal plants is increasing rapidly last two to three decades due to their lesser toxicity and cost effectiveness property as compared to synthetic drugs. In this review, approximately 30 medicinal plants were described which are native to India and traditionally used by the people living in shivalik range of Himalaya in Uttarakhand (specially Dehradun & Haridwar) for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The data about these plants was collected from science direct, PubMed, web of science, scopus, mdpi, google scholar and different other search engines and websites. This review was conferred in a systematic way as it includes botanical name, family, vernacular name, parts used and pharmacological uses of plants in a tabulated form. There are various scientific evidences behind the uses of some medicinal plants which have been mentioned along with the summary of individual medicinal plant. In this review, all the plants and herbs are easily available in these regions of Uttarakhand and local people traditionally uses these plants as vegetable, seasoning, flavouring and usually consume as a part of their diet. There are some limitations of phytotherapy which limit it to completely replace the allopathic therapy as less bioavailability, less rate of absorption and slow rate of dissolution. But by using various advanced dosage forms (phytosomes, neosomes, liposomes, nanoparticles, nanobubbles, nano diamonds, nanosphere etc.) and method of delivery (various invasive and non-invasive methods) which can bypass these all problems associated with the potency and efficacy of phytochemicals.
... Vitamin C (83 μg), carotene (2.5 μg), Ca (3.15%), P (0.34%), Cr (2.9 μg), Cu (0.4 μg), Zn (0.15 μg), V (0.54 μg), Fe (2.32 μg), and Ni (0.73 μg) are all present in every 100 g of leaf. (Singh & Chaudhuri, 2018) [15] Mentha, a genus of plants in the botanical family Lamiaceae (the mint family), is also referred to as peppermint. Strong scolicidal and antioxidant properties in Mentha species point to the potential for Mentha-derived anti-parasitic medication development. ...
... Vitamin C (83 μg), carotene (2.5 μg), Ca (3.15%), P (0.34%), Cr (2.9 μg), Cu (0.4 μg), Zn (0.15 μg), V (0.54 μg), Fe (2.32 μg), and Ni (0.73 μg) are all present in every 100 g of leaf. (Singh & Chaudhuri, 2018) [15] Mentha, a genus of plants in the botanical family Lamiaceae (the mint family), is also referred to as peppermint. Strong scolicidal and antioxidant properties in Mentha species point to the potential for Mentha-derived anti-parasitic medication development. ...
... Conversely, the Ocimum sanctum (OS) is popularly known as Holy basil or Tulsi. It is indigenous to the Indo-pacific region, with a significant concentration in the Himalayas up to an altitude of 6000 ft (7). The name 'Holy basil' is possibly given to the plant due to the belief in the Himalayas mountain's sacredness where the plant thrives. ...
... Several natural products are currently used as alternative therapy for preventing, managing, and treating. Interestingly, EO from basils has been implicated with numerous bioactivities with potential therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, food spoilage microbes, and even plant pathogens (5,7,32). Moreover, their EO is a rich source of antioxidants to subvert human metabolic diseases such as cancers, diabetes, and proinflammatory conditions (32). ...
Ocimum species, including African basil (Ocimum gratissimum) and Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum),are valued for their diverse therapeutic properties particularly in the form of essential oils (EOs).This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the health and therapeutic potentials of Ocimumessential oils, specifically focusing on African and Holy basil. It encompasses various aspects, suchas isolation methods, phytochemical characterization, bioactivities, bioavailability, and futuredirections. Various studies have highlighted the bioactive compounds within these EOs, such aseugenol, camphor, and α-pinene, attributing to their wide-ranging health benefits. Notably,Ocimum EOs exhibit potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antic-ancer properties, making them promising candidates for alternative medicine and pharmaceuticalapplications. However, the rapid absorption and poor bioavailability of EOs pose challenges,mitigated through nanoencapsulation techniques enhancing their efficacy. Future research direc-tions include mechanistic studies utilizing specialized cell cultures and animal models, alongsideclinical trials to validate reported bioactivities. Optimization of delivery systems and exploration ofnovel nano-formulations are also essential for optimizing the complete therapeutic potential ofOcimum essential oils. Lastly, efforts to enhance EO yield and augment bioactivity through geneticstrategies and elicitation techniques have been suggested
... Shyama Tulsi has more antioxidant properties than Rama Tulsi (Parajuli- Bara, 2023). Mondal et al. (2009) reported that chemical constituents of both varieties are similar, whereas Upadhyay et al. (2015) and Singh et al. (2018) documented some other metabolites with higher gene expression and concentration in Shyama Tulsi. These metabolites are attributed to higher antioxidant, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antiseptic, analgesic, antidiabetics, radioprotective and anti-stress properties (Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018;Kumar et al., 2022;Priya and Peddha, 2023) The leaves of Ocimum contain various compounds such as eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvacerol, eugenol methyl ether, rosmarinic acid and apigenin (Gupta et al., 2002). ...
... Mondal et al. (2009) reported that chemical constituents of both varieties are similar, whereas Upadhyay et al. (2015) and Singh et al. (2018) documented some other metabolites with higher gene expression and concentration in Shyama Tulsi. These metabolites are attributed to higher antioxidant, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antiseptic, analgesic, antidiabetics, radioprotective and anti-stress properties (Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018;Kumar et al., 2022;Priya and Peddha, 2023) The leaves of Ocimum contain various compounds such as eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvacerol, eugenol methyl ether, rosmarinic acid and apigenin (Gupta et al., 2002). The extraction of phytochemicals is a challenging process as the polarity of solvents affects the antioxidant potential and its compounds. ...
Ocimum tenuiflorum considered the queen of herbs, is a clinically proven medicinal plant. O.tenuiflorum has two varients: Shyama Tulsi and Rama Tulsi. Yet, no clear record of polyphenols in Shyama Tulsi is available in the literature. So, the present study aimed to analyse the antioxidant potential and polyphenolic content of O.tenuiflorum (Shyama Tulsi). The leaves were procured from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University (CCS HAU), Hisar, India and extracted with 50 % methanol (OtM) and sequentially fractionated with n-hexane (OtH), ethyl acetate (OtE) and n-butanol (OtB). Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu Colorimetric method; and the aluminum chloride using the Colorimetric method. The antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, using ascorbic acid as a positive control. The study revealed that total phenolic and flavonoid content were highest in methanol extract, i.e. 863.63±0.17 mg GAE/g, 310.16±0.25 mg QE /g, followed by n-butanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The antioxidant potential was highest in the n-butanol fraction compared to all other fractions. HR-LCMS profiling of OtB and OtE showed the presence of different polyphenols like 6-C-Galactosylluteolin, quercitrin, apigenin 4’-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, myricitrin, kaempferol and their derivatives. The presence of different polyphenols and the higher antioxidant activity of this medicinal herb make it an alternative source for treating various ailments and human health problems.
... Tulsi leaf extracts include plant-based constituents such as eugenol, flavonoids, and phenols, encapsulated on manufactured CHNPs. Proteins can attach to chitosan salts via free amine groups or cysteine residues, stabilizing produced chitosan nanoparticles(Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018).The XRD pattern of produced CHNPs from O. sanctum leaf extracts is demonstrated inFig.4The XRD evaluations revealed chitosan colloids in the reaction mixture. ...
The present study investigated the Chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) synthesized from Azardiracta indica leaf against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans for antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. O. sanctum leaf extracts synthesized chitosan nanoparticles sustainably. Synthesized chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. Then, chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) were tested for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against dental caries-causing organisms such S. mutans and E. faecalis(Deepika et al. 2022). The characterization of the nanoparticles (NPs) indicated that the biosynthesized NPs were spherical in shape.
... Previous studies have shown that Ocimum sanctum L. leaf extracts improved serum and hepatic lipid profile, lowered hepatic lipid peroxide content, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet [14]. Our preliminary screening revealed that OSLY may contain flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, fatty amides, benzenes, and organic aromatic compounds (unpublished data) that have been commonly found in Ocimum species [12]. In this study, both OSLY and fenofibrate reduced serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats fed HFD. ...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is linked to choline metabolism. The present study investigated the effect of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) flower water extract (OSLY) on MASLD with choline metabolism as an underlying mechanism. Rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MASLD received 250–1000 mg/kg bw of OSLY, fenofibrate, or fenofibrate + 1000 mg/kg OSLY combination. Biochemical parameters, choline metabolites, and one-carbon gene transcription were analyzed. OSLY and fenofibrate independently reduced serum LDL cholesterol (p < 0.02), liver cholesterol (p < 0.001), and liver triglyceride levels (p < 0.001) in HFD-fed rats. Only OSLY reduced signs of liver injury and increased serum HDL. Fenofibrate influenced choline metabolism by decreasing liver glycerophosphocholine (GPC; p = 0.04), as well as increasing betaine (p < 0.001) and the betaine:choline ratio (p = 0.02) in HFD-fed rats. Fenofibrate (vs. HFD) increased the expression of one-carbon metabolism genes Mthfd1l, Pemt, Smpd3, and Chka (p < 0.04). The OSLY treatment decreased liver GPC (500 mg dose; p = 0.03) and increased Smpd3 expression (1000 mg dose; p = 0.04). OSLY and fenofibrate showed weak synergistic effects on lipid and choline metabolism. Collectively, OSLY and fenofibrate independently improve lipid profiles in MASLD rats. The benefits of fenofibrate are partially mediated by choline/one-carbon metabolism, while those of OSLY are not mediated by this pathway. Holy basil flower extract merits further development as an alternative medicine for MASLD.
... It has been reported that Tulsi plant have different properties like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antifertility, wound healing, antistress and anticancer (Prakash and Gupta, 2000;Suanarunsawat et al., 2010;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Many researchers have attempted synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tulsi extract against different phytopathogens (Singh et al., 2019;Chauhan and Tapwal, 2023). ...
In the present study, antifungal effect of different concentrations of aqueous Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract and Tulsi-AgNO 3 mix was tested in vitro against Alternaria, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia. The study was conducted from February to November in the year 2020. Overall results suggested that Tulsi extract significantly inhibited (above 70%) the mycelial growth of soil borne fungi. Highest concentration of Tulsi extract resulted in 77.43% growth inhibition against Alternaria solani and 76.75% inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani. Tulsi-AgNO 3 showed less inhibition of pathogenic fungi compared to the treatments where only Tulsi extract was used. Results show a dose-dependent inhibition of radial growth across all fungi, with Alternaria spp. displaying the highest sensitivity, achieving over 58% inhibition at 1000 ppm. In contrast, Rhizoctonia solani exhibited the lowest sensitivity, with inhibition percentages peaking at 29.64% at 1000 ppm. These findings suggest that the Tulsi extract is a promising antifungal agent, although its efficacy varies by fungal species, indicating the potential need for targeted or combination treatments for effective pathogen control.
... eugenol). These compounds have antioxidant properties and can effectively participate in reducing metal ions during synthesis processes (25,26). ...
This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a green synthesis approach for TiO2, utilizing basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaf extract as a reducing agent. This method eliminated the need for additional precipitating agents and calcination in the preparation process. TiO2 was synthesized through traditional precipitation (TiO2–P) and biosynthesis with Holy Basil extract (TiO2–B), both resulting in anatase-phase TiO2 as the primary phase. FESEM images revealed that TiO2–P particles (200–250 nm) showed significant agglomeration, while TiO2–B particles were smaller. BET analysis indicated a higher specific surface area for TiO2–B (245.51 m²/g) compared to TiO2–P (19.55 m²/g), enhancing its suitability for photocatalytic applications. The band gap energies were determined to be 3.28 eV for TiO2–B and 3.35 eV for TiO2–P, with both exhibiting similar UV light responses. Photocatalytic testing revealed that TiO2–B achieved 90.4% degradation of tetracycline (TC) within 120 min, outperforming TiO2–P, which achieved 73.0% under the same conditions. Kinetic analysis indicated that the reaction rate constant for TiO2–B (0.015 min⁻¹) was twice that of TiO2–P (0.0075 min⁻¹). Hydroxyl radical generation was also confirmed, and TiO2–B showed reusability over three cycles, highlighting its sustainability and effectiveness for environmental use.
... Holy basil (Ocimum Sanctum L.), locally known as tulsi in the Indian sub-continent, belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Ocimum sanctum is a synonym for Ocimum tenuiflorum cultivated in different regions of the world due to their medicinal, food, insect repellent, and perfumery importance [83]. Holy basil is an aromatic, sweetscented perennial shrub with hairy stems and leaves up to a height of 30-60 cm [84]. ...
Textile played a significant part in developing human culture due to its prominent position in both technological and cultural innovations. A fabric’s performance is enhanced by finishing, offering it unique practical qualities and the finishing touch. Textiles treated with insect repellents defend against insects that spread diseases, like mosquitoes, flies, bugs, and ticks. Most plants have active components that they use to protect themselves from phytophagous insects. Developing mosquito-repellent materials is one of the most innovative ways to advance the textile industry, especially in tropical locations. It shields people from mosquito bites, ensuring protection from mosquito-borne illnesses like malaria, dengue fever, etc. In this chapter, we discussed an effort where information on natural insect repellent was gathered, and standards were established. The chapters also discussed different parts of herbal plants (basil, betel, eucalyptus, lavender, lemon grass, marigold, peppermint, and rosemary) extracts like roots, leaves, flowers, and rind for insect repellency.
... The chemical composition and structure are listed in Table 9. Table 9. Phytochemicals present in O. sanctum (Chaudhary et al., 2020;Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018;Jacob et al., 2016) 4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,2,6a,6b,9,9,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,2,6a,6b,9,9,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13, (Yamani et al., 2016). Due to its vibrancy in the efficacy of both types of bacteria, it is considered the efficient drug of antimicrobial properties. ...
The medicinal plants are a distinguished source of our earth, which cannot be replaced even though many developments in science and technology have been. Plants are very rich in bio-medicinal properties, as well as fabrication applications. Natural product materials play a vital role in curing many diseases without having many side effects; that’s why many researchers were working on phytochemistry. Plant organo-compounds such as quinine, alkaloids, polypeptides, lectins, coumarin, terpenoids, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, fatty acids, tannins, and essential oils are metabolites for biological activities. In this review, plant materials and plants part, which are responsible for antimicrobial activity, have been discussed.
... It is a volatile oil that contains caryophyllene, methyl eugenol, and eugenol to a degree of around 70%. Other substances discovered in O. sanctum include rosmarinic acid, alkaloids, ursolic acid, saponins, phenylpropane glucosides, tannins, and flavonoids (including apigenin and luteolin and their glycosides) (Singh & Chaudhuri, 2018). Five fatty acids can be found in the fixed oil of O. sanctum seeds, including about 17% linolenic acid and slightly more than 50% linoleic acid. ...
Traditional herbal medicine can aid in the treatment of neurological disorders. Herbal medicine or medicine prepared from these herbs is often used in the world for the treatment of neurological diseases. In this context, we present an overview of herbal therapy's impact on neurological diseases such as epilepsy,
... were identified, its highlighting the presence of a variety of phytochemicals Ocimum sanctum also showed secondary metabolies [34,35]. The quantitative analysis of T. populnea bark aqueous extract revealed that the high concentration of polyphenols (30.1%), flavonoids and terpenoids are lower concentrations (2% and 4%). the methanol extract of T. populnea seeds contained 4.5% polyphenols and 2.0% alkaloids were noticed [36]. ...
This study focuses on enhancing the biological activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through environmentally friendly methods. It emphasizes the importance of such approaches in nanoparticle synthesis, particularly for their potential antimicrobial applications. The research specifically investigates AgNPs synthesized from Pedalium murex ethanolic leaf extract. Extensive characterization techniques are employed to analyze the properties of the synthesized (AgNPs). The results reveal high physicochemical parameters of the ethanolic extract, with significant total phenol content (TPC) observed. GC‒MS analysis identifies 20 bioactive compounds, including phenol and 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl), which exhibit biological activity against antibacterial agents. These techniques include Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV‒Vis). The synthesis of PM-AgNPs is confirmed through UV absorption, displaying a distinct band at 437 nm indicative of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) identifies active functional groups present in active compounds, such as alcohol or polysaccharide O-H at 3394 cm^-1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) demonstrates nanoscale dimensions of the AgNPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows spherical nanoparticles synthesized at 11 nm, while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveals both spherical and rectangular shapes (20–50 nm). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of the synthesized AgNPs. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis indicates thermally stable and pure crystallites. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis underscores a well-defined nanostructure. In antimicrobial testing, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibit significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus (18.0 ± 0.05 mm) and antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum (11.0 ± 0.01 mm) at a concentration of 80 µg/mL. This research highlights the potential of PM-AgNPs as potent antimicrobial agents with promising applications in pharmaceuticals.
... Ocimum tenuiflorum L., commonly known as holy basil or tulsi, is a highly venerated herbaceous plant in the Lamiaceae family that flourishes in the warm, humid climates of tropical countries [1]. Holy Basil is renowned for its therapeutic properties, which can be attributed to its richness of phytochemical components including phenolics, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids [2,3]. Several studies have shown its potential anti-inflammatory activities [4][5][6], antioxidant activities [5,7], and antimicrobial activities [8,9]. ...
Hyperspectral imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for the non-destructive assessment of plant properties, including the quantification of phytochemical contents. Traditional methods for antioxidant analysis in holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) are time-consuming, while hyperspectral imaging has the potential to rapidly observe holy basil. In this study, we employed hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning techniques to determine the levels of total phenolic contents in Thai holy basil. Spectral data were acquired from 26 holy basil cultivars at different growth stages, and the total phenolic contents of the samples were measured. To extract the characteristics of the spectral data, we used 22 statistical features in both time and frequency domains. Relevant features were selected and combined with the corresponding total phenolic content values to develop a neural network model for classifying the phenolic content levels into ‘low’ and ‘normal-to-high’ categories. The neural network model demonstrated high performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.8113, highlighting its effectiveness in predicting phenolic content levels based on the spectral data. Comparative analysis with other machine learning techniques confirmed the superior performance of the neural network approach. Further investigation revealed that the model exhibited increased confidence in predicting the phenolic content levels of older holy basil samples. This study exhibits the potential of integrating hyperspectral imaging, feature extraction, and machine learning techniques for the rapid and non-destructive assessment of phenolic content levels in holy basil. The demonstrated effectiveness of this approach opens new possibilities for screening antioxidant properties in plants, facilitating efficient decision-making processes for researchers based on comprehensive spectral data.
... [Zingiberaceae]), ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. [Zingiberaceae]), and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L. [Lamiaceae]) have been used to treat a variety of conditions including digestive disorders, respiratory problems, and skin infections (Viyoch et al. 2006;Singh and Chaudhuri 2018;Sharifi-Rad et al. 2020;Akaberi et al. 2021;Ahmed et al. 2022;Hussain et al. 2022;Singh et al. 2022). The citrus fruits (Citrus aurantifolia Christm., C. limon (L.) Burm. ...
Context
Plant peptides garner attention for their potential antimicrobial properties amid the rising concern over antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Objective
This study investigates the antibacterial potential of crude peptide extracts from 27 Thai plants collected locally.
Materials and methods
Peptide extracts from 34 plant parts, derived from 27 Thai plants, were tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against four highly resistant bacterial strains: Streptococcus aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli. The stability of these peptide extracts was examined at different temperatures, and the synergistic effects of two selected plant peptide extracts were investigated. Additionally, the time-kill kinetics of the individual extracts and their combination were determined against the tested pathogens.
Results
Peptides from Allium sativum L. and Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch (Amaryllidaceae) were particularly potent, inhibiting bacterial growth with MICs ranging from 1.43 to 86.50 µg/mL. The consistent MICs and MBCs of these extracts across various extraction time points highlight their reliability. Stability tests reveal that these peptides maintain their antimicrobial activity at −20 °C for over a month, emphasizing their durability for future exploration and potential applications in addressing antibiotic resistance. Time-kill assays elucidate the time and concentration-dependent nature of these antimicrobial effects, underscoring their potent initial activity and sustained efficacy over time.
Discussion and conclusions
This study highlights the antimicrobial potential of Allium-derived peptides, endorsing them for combating antibiotic resistance and prompting further investigation into their mechanisms.
... Flavonoids including orientin and vicenin were screened against bacterial strains causing UTIs in humans such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cohni (gram-positive), Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumonia (gram-negative). The synergistic effect of orientin and vicenin on antibacterial activity showed better results in all the strains than individual flavonoids with maximum concentrations against E. coli, Proteus, S. aureus, S. cohni and K. pneumonia, respectively [5]. Few reports declare that the methanol extract of A. lanata gives rise to a significant number of medicinally beneficial phytochemicals including kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and flavanone are dominant phytochemicals that belong to flavonoid and contain trace of apigenin, ferulic acid, syringic acid, narcissin, and vanillic acid. ...
Background In recent years, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a global health concern in bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most frequent organism responsible for both simple and complex UTIs. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently associated with complicated UTIs. Sri Lanka has significant resources of medicinal plants used to cure UTIs in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine. Methods Agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of ten medicinal plants against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, S.aureus ATCC25923, E.coli ATCC25922 and their UTI positive strains extracted from positive culture plates. As a preliminary toxicity assay, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was used to determine its cytotoxicity. Results The methanolic fruits extract of P. emblica demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against both E. coli ATCC25922 and E. coli UTI-positive strains. B. diffusa roots extract exhibited the highest activity against S. aureus ATCC25923, while T. chebula fruits extract showed the highest activity against the S. aureus UTI-positive strain. T. involucrata roots extract displayed the highest activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Z. officinale rhizomes extract showed the highest activity against the P. aeruginosa UTI-positive strain. Moreover, the plant mixture showed the most substantial antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853. However, the methanolic seed extract of C. melo did not exhibit any antimicrobial effects against the selected organisms. All plant material, including the plant mixture, showed cytotoxicity according to the BSLA. In vitro-antibacterial properties of ten medicinal plants against common uropathogenic organisms and toxicity determination using brine shrimp lethality assay
... Flavonoids including orientin and vicenin were screened against bacterial strains causing UTIs in humans such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cohni (gram-positive), Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumonia (gram-negative). The synergistic effect of orientin and vicenin on antibacterial activity showed better results in all the strains than individual flavonoids with maximum concentrations against E. coli, Proteus, S. aureus, S. cohni and K. pneumonia, respectively [5]. Few reports declare that the methanol extract of A. lanata gives rise to a significant number of medicinally beneficial phytochemicals including kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and flavanone are dominant phytochemicals that belong to flavonoid and contain trace of apigenin, ferulic acid, syringic acid, narcissin, and vanillic acid. ...
Background
In recent years, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a global health concern in bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the most frequent organism responsible for both simple and complex UTIs. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently associated with complicated UTIs. Sri Lanka has significant resources of medicinal plants used to cure UTIs in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine.
Methods
Agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of ten medicinal plants against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, S.aureus ATCC25923, E.coli ATCC25922 and their UTI positive strains extracted from positive culture plates. As a preliminary toxicity assay, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was used to determine its cytotoxicity.
Results
The methanolic fruits extract of P. emblica demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against both E. coli ATCC25922 and E. coli UTI-positive strains. B. diffusa roots extract exhibited the highest activity against S. aureus ATCC25923, while T. chebula fruits extract showed the highest activity against the S. aureus UTI-positive strain. T. involucrata roots extract displayed the highest activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Z. officinale rhizomes extract showed the highest activity against the P. aeruginosa UTI-positive strain. Moreover, the plant mixture showed the most substantial antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853. However, the methanolic seed extract of C. melo did not exhibit any antimicrobial effects against the selected organisms. All plant material, including the plant mixture, showed cytotoxicity according to the BSLA.
Conclusion
All the methanolic extracts including P. emblica fruits, O. tenuiflorum whole plant, T. chebula fruits, Z. officinale rhizome, T. terrestris roots, T. involucrata roots, A. lanata whole plant. B. diffusa roots and A. falcatus roots showed antimicrobial effects against selected strains except C. melo seed extract. The results of the present study evidently supports the traditional and ayurvedic use of these plants for the treatment of UTIs. This paves the way for another praise for new plant-based therapeutic product development for the treatment of UTIs. However, further toxicity studies are needed for medicinal dose determination.
... (Berman et al. 2000) [4] . The list of ligands was compiled through literature review (Chaudhary et al 2020; Singh and Chaudhuri 2018) [10,26] . Accordingly, six ligands were selected, Apigenin, Carvacrol, Cirsimaritin, Eugenol, Linalool and Ocimarin (Fig 2). ...
... In India, it is also grown for religious and some ceremonial occasions. O. sanctum is also reported to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antistress, anticancer and wound healing activities (Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). ...
... The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of linalool may help reduce acne-prone skin and fight bacteria. Ocimene: Ocimene's antibacterial properties might help combat bacteria on the skin, which might prevent acne [50,51]. [54] Morphology: Witch hazel usually spreads similarly and reaches a height of 15 to 20 feet (4.5 to 6 meters). ...
Acne, a common skin condition affecting millions globally, is characterized by the presence of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. It is great challenge for the the dermatologist for its complexity, prevalence and also huge range of clinical expression. Due to hormonal changes 99.5% of teenage boys and 83% of teenage girls are affected by acne which may continue throughout adolescence. While conventional treatments such as topical creams, antibiotics, and oral medications exist, an increasing number of individuals seek natural remedies due to concerns about side effects and long-term sustainability. So, to give relief from acne problems and also minimize side effects it is better to use herbal plants. This review provides a comprehensive of acne and explores various natural remedies that have gained popularity in managing this skin condition. This review highlights the information about plants such as Eastern purple coneflower, green tea, German chamomile, calendula, liquorice, aloe vera, neem, turmeric, tulasi and witch hazel.Also, this review emphasis on the brief history of acne, taxonomical classification of plants, morphology of the plants, chemical constituents of plants which are responsible for various activities such as anti-acne, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, moisturizing and cleaning. This review includes the different methods of application of plant by using home remedies.
... This might be because they possess hydroxyl group and methoxy group in their structure. [105] Epicatechin (Figure 4), quercetin, kaempferol, and quercitrinare are the flavonoids extracted from Napoleona imperialis, produces radical scavenging activity to reduce inflammation, and inhibit the oxidative stress by stimulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes. [100] Acorus calamus leads to the proliferation of fibroblast cells and angiogenic cells. ...
Wound healing is a critical process in tissue repair following injury, and traditional herbal therapies have long been utilized to facilitate this process. This review delves into the mechanistic understanding of the significant contribution of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing. Natural products, often perceived as complex yet safely consumed compared to synthetic chemicals, play a crucial role in enhancing the wound-healing process. Drawing upon a comprehensive search strategy utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, this review synthesizes evidence on the role of natural products in wound healing. While the exact pharmacological mechanisms of secondary metabolites in wound healing remain to be fully elucidated, compounds from alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, and other sources are explored here to delineate their specific roles in wound repair. Each phytochemical group exerts distinct actions in tissue repair, with some displaying multifaceted roles in various pathways, potentially enhancing their therapeutic value, supported by reported safety profiles. Additionally, these compounds exhibit promise in the prevention of keloids and scars. Their potential alongside economic feasibility may propel them towards pharmaceutical product development. Several isolated compounds, including chlorogenic acid, thymol, and eugenol from natural sources, are undergoing investigation in clinical trials, with many reaching advanced stages. This review provides mechanistic insights into the significant role of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing processes.
... Flavonoids are phenolic phytochemicals with potential to have strong pharmacological effects as modulators of numerous signal transduction pathways (Castellano et al., 2012;Yu et al., 2021). Thousands of phytochemicals have been extracted and identified from plants, making phytochemicals a huge and varied category of compounds (Cao et al., 2017;Singh & Chaudhuri, 2018). Phenolic compounds are reducing agents, and they all operate as potent antioxidants, playing essential roles through many mechanisms such as the control of antioxidant enzyme activity, chelation of metal ions (Fe, Cu, and others), and anti-inflammatory effects Nicod et al., 2014). ...
Vitiligo is a common skin disorder resulting from the breakdown of functional epidermal melanocytes. The global prevalence of vitiligo ranges from 0.5% to 2%, with higher rates reported in certain populations. Melanocytes, responsible for skin color, are destroyed in vitiligo condition leading to the appearance of smooth, white patches on the skin. The progression of vitiligo is influenced by various factors, including genetics, autoimmunity, psychosis, melanocyte self-destruction, trace element deficiency, oxidative stress, and other biochemical and environmental variables. Recent research has identified herbal plant extractions as potential agents for re-pigmentation and regeneration of normal skin color. Specific components of these herbal plants, such as furocoumarin, thymoquinone, flavonoids, curcuminoids, and glycyrrhizin, play crucial roles in promoting re-pigmentation. Combination therapies involving these herbal compounds have shown promise in increasing tyrosinase activity and reducing oxidative stress, which are two important aspects of vitiligo treatment. The review aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of herbal plant therapies for melanocyte re-pigmentation in vitiligo patients. By analyzing the effectiveness of various herbal extracts and their active components, this study seeks to advance the understanding and potential application of herbal treatments for vitiligo. The findings from this review may contribute to the current knowledge on therapeutic options available for vitiligo patients.
... Anxiolytics are substances or treatments that are primarily used to reduce symptoms of anxiety. They can be categorized into various classes, including benzodiazepines, SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors), SNRIs (Serotonin-Nor epinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors), and others [5][6][7][8][9] . Treatment of depression entirely depends on clinically available synthetic antidepressants (that based on serendipitous, act via monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and noradrenalin). ...
... Tulsi, or Ocimum tenuiflorum L., is useful in treating a variety of illnesses, including rheumatism, ulcers, helminthiasis, bronchitis, and inflammation (Cohen 2014, Pandey et al. 2014, Singh and Chaudhuri 2018. The other bioactive components of O. tenuiflorum that have positive effects on a range of medical conditions are gallic acid and rosmarinic acid. ...
Areas of the body accessible to gastric secretions, such as the stomach and duodenum, are most commonly damaged by circumscribed lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease is the term for this illness (PUD). About 80% of peptic ulcers are duodenal ulcers, with stomach ulcers accounting for the remaining 20%. Duodenal ulcers are linked to the two primary results about Helicobacter pylori infection and COX inhibitor users. Additional causes might include drinking, smoking, stress, and coffee consumption. The indications and symptoms of a duodenal ulcer depend on the patient's age and the lesion's location. For duodenal ulcers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the usual course of treatment. This comprehensive study included an in-depth literature search in the literature and methods section using electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search method included publications published from the inception of the relevant database to the present. Inclusion criteria included studies investigating different treatment options for duodenal ulcer disease, including traditional pharmacotherapy and naturopathic treatments. Data mining includes information on treatment techniques, treatment outcomes, and possible synergies between conventional and herbal treatments. In addition, this review critically examines the available information on the effectiveness, safety, and possible side effects of different treatments. The inclusion of conventional and herbal treatments is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the many treatment options available for duodenal ulcer disease. A more comprehensive and personalized treatment plan can be achieved by incorporating dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and, if necessary, herbal therapies to complement other treatments normally.
Graphical Abstract
... Holy basil is obtained from two varieties of O. sanctum, the first one with green leaves is known as Rama Tulsi, and the second one with purple leaves is called Krishna Tulsi. Basil is used as a spice in foodstuff, and it is also used traditionally for the treatment of colds, coughs, fever, malaria, liver disorders, and digestive problems (Singh and Chaudhuri, 2018). Basil mainly contains essential oil, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds such as apigenin, luteolin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids (Skaltsa et al., 1999). ...
Alkaloids are considered major secondary plant metabolites and are found mostly in plants. Some alkaloids are used as a spice in foodstuffs such as fenugreek, black pepper, and long pepper. These spices have large quantities of alkaloidal compounds. Trigonelline is a major alkaloidal compound present in fenugreek seeds, and piperine is present in peppers. Black pepper has a long history of usage in traditional medicines all throughout the world as well as food and condiments (Kaltner et al., 2020). In the Piperaceae, or pepper family, there are about 2,000 species in the Piper genus (Durant-Archibold et al., 2018). Only a few spices from the genus Piper include alkaloids, the biggest class of nitrogenous natural chemical substances. The two species that are most well-known are Piper longum and Piper nigrum, also known as pippali and black pepper, respectively. This genus contains piperidine-type alkaloids (Martha Perez Gutierrez et al., 2013). Numerous traditional medical systems, including traditional Chinese medicine, the Indian Ayurvedic system, and folkloric medicines of Latin America and the West Indies, have used plants from the genus Piper as a cure (Zaveri et al., 2010). Another alkaloid-containing species we have included in this chapter is a short-living and annual medicinal herb Trigonella foenum-graecum belonging to the Fabaceae family. Its major alkaloids are Trigonelline and 4-hydroxy-isoleucine (Nagulapalli Venkata et al., 2017).
This chapter provides an overview of food spices containing alkaloids as major chemical compounds. The major focus is on the sources, traditional uses, and phyto-pharmacological properties of food spices containing alkaloids.
... Ocimum sanctum, an aromatic, perennial plant particularly known as "holy basil" has been placed in the laminaceae family (Sravanthi et al. 2018). Tulsi leaves are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites molecules such as flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids fatty acid, etc. and fixed oil of which these phytoactive constituents may act as capping/reducing agent for stabilising Zn 2+ ions (Singh & Chaudhuri 2018). More often but not always it has been observed that concentration value of NPs below 100 mg/L tends to have a pragmatic impact on crop growth while raising the concentration above 100 mg/L shows a restraint growth (Sturikova et al. 2018), hence the concentration dependent usage of ZnO NPs were recorded for comparative effect of germination and seedling growth of Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L. via sand culture methodology. ...
The current work emphasizes green synthesis of nano-crystals of zinc oxide by treating zinc acetate dihydrate with aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum L. and study its effect on growth and metabolism of Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L. vegetable crop plants. The presence of secondary metabolites in leaf extract, acting as a reducing agent for synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was revealed by FT-IR spectral analysis. XRD-analysis was done to confirm the crystal nature of NPs. DLS particle size analyser was used to determine the size of zinc nano crystal and morphology was determined using SEM and TEM. Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L. seedlings were treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) at concentrations of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, and 500 mg/L in a sand culture medium. The biophysical and biochemical parameters estimation was done by reporting the effects of nano-treatments on both seedlings. Exposure of nano-treatments in a dose-dependent manner on both seedlings shows the remarkable increase in plant enzyme protection. In an attempt to determine the safe and effective concentration of ZnO NPs with the least impact, it was found that the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seedlings were improved with lower doses as compared to higher doses. ZnO NPs significantly improved seed germination and seedling growth of Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L. by improving the metabolism of plants.
... The therapeutic effect is associated with the content of eugenol, which is a phenolic compound and a principal constituent in the essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L leaves. Additionally, it is also associated with the content of ursolic acid, which is also a principal constituent in the Ocimum sanctum L. [17]- [20] The results of the collagen density examinations showed that there were significant Potency of Ocimum Sanctum L Extract Ointment on the Management Partial-Thickness Palpebral Laceration, Is it A Novelty to be Considered as An Alternative Therapy?: ...
Introduction and Objective: Ocimum sanctum extract (OSE) has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties which are responsible for wound healing. This study aims to analyze the effect of 5%, 10%, and 15% OSE ointment on changes in collagen density and fibroblast count in Wistar rats with partial-thickness palpebral laceration. Methods: Laboratory experimental study with randomized post-test only control group design. The subjects were 30 rats divided into 5 groups: The placebo; Gentamicin 0.3%; OSE 5%; OSE 10% and OSE 15% group. The intervention was administered 2 times/day for 4 days. On the fifth day, the palpebral tissue was obtained to make histopathological preparations and to observe the collagen density and fibroblast count. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Tamhane test. A p-value <0.05 was assigned to the statistically significant. Results: The placebo group revealed loose collagen tissue and OSE 15% and gentamicin group revealed dense collagen tissue. The low fibroblast count was in the gentamicin and OSE 15% group and the highest fibroblast count was in the placebo group with a mean of 19.77±3.29; 22,67±0,73 and 60.9±10.66 cells, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) in the collagen density and the fibroblast count based on the treatment groups. Posthoc tests revealed differences in the collagen density level and the fibroblast count between the placebo and the whole group. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between placebo and all groups of collagen density changes and fibroblast count. There was no difference between OSE 15% and gentamicin both microscopically and statistically. Keywords: Ocimum sanctum L, Extract of Ocimum sanctum L, partial-thickness palpebral laceration, fibroblast cell count, collagen density
... Albahaca Antidiabético Cicatrización de heridas Antioxidante Antiinflamatorio Actividades antiestrés y anticancerígenas Para agregar un sabor distintivo en la comida. (Singh et al., 2018). ...
Las plantas tienen una historia de uso tradicional por su efecto culinario, así como su capacidad para prevenir y tratar enfermedades, contienen una gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios comúnmente etiquetados como fitoquímicos, que pueden funcionar para reducir el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. El presente trabajo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y se analiza a las especies Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng (Oreganón): Eryngium foetidum L (Perejil): Coriandrum sativum L (Cilantro): Mentha spicata L. (Hierba buena): Ocimum basilicum L (Albaca) provenientes de huertos familiares de una comunidad indígena de Olcuatitán del municipio de Nacajuca, Tabasco, utilizando el método de difracción de rayos X (DRX) siendo un método exacto y completo para determinar la identidad y estructura de compuestos nuevos o conocidos, y por lo tanto vital para la investigación en química. Usando micro-protones de emisión de rayos X inducida para determinar la composición de las hojas de estas plantas, se detectaron compuestos no reportados previamente como el pirazol y n Poli (trimetilcelulosa) entre otros en las especies estudiadas, estos compuestos pueden ser utilizados para un amplio espectro de fármacos ya que contienen propiedades medicinales y desempeñan un papel importante en las personas, ya que cuentan con una gran fuente de compuestos químicos y bioactivos que favorecen a la nutrición humana.
... It is referred to as the 'King of Herbs' has been used tremendously as traditional medicine for many ailments [6]. Several species of the Ocimum genus possess multiple biological activities such as, in vitro antimicrobial, antiviral, antimalarial activities and in vivo analgesic, anti inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetic, anticancer, radiation protective, antihyperlipidemic activities, etc. [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Essential oils extracted from fresh parts of the plants can be used as aromatic additives in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and to improve shelf life of food products [14]. ...
Ocimum basilicum L. belonging to the Lamiaceae family known as the ‘King of Herbs has been used as traditional medicine for various ailments. The aim of the present study is to provide new properties for the identification and description of this species. The morphological and anatomical patterns were investigated by light microscope. The features of floral morphology such as verticillaster number, bract, calyx, corolla and stamens are important characters to distinguish this species. The stomata are present in both epidermises, being of diacytic and anisocytic types. Vascular supply of stem consists of four arcs while in leaves and petiole are continuous bundles. Mesophyll dorsiventral of one row of rectangular palsiade tissue adaxially followed rows of spongy tissue. We observe morphologically different types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in all the studied organs. The different morphological characters in the trichomes have very important taxonomic values.
Phytochemicals included in functional meals play a significant role in boosting nutritional value and delivering health benefits. Functional foods are natural or artificial foods that contain bioactive components that impart additional health advantages beyond basic nutrition. These products can be whole, fortified, enriched, or enhanced to provide additional benefits beyond basic nutrients. Phytochemicals and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play important roles in the health benefits of functional foods. These bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and glucosinolates, exhibit various physiological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research underlines the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and other phytochemicals in sustaining gut health and overall well-being. By interacting with cellular mechanisms and metabolic pathways, phytochemicals contribute significantly to human health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Furthermore, phytochemicals may prevent the development of cancer by preventing DNA damage, repairing mutated genes, slowing cancer growth, and promoting the death of abnormal cells. In addition, these compounds reduce inflammation, improve cholesterol absorption, prevent oxidative stress, and reduce blood pressure to maintain heart health. Integration of functional foods such as broccoli, grapes, soybeans, garlic, and tea contributes to its nutritional importance. These plant-based functional foods are known for their potential to improve human health by harnessing the medicinal properties of phytochemicals. The idea that diet can promote health through more than just its nutritional content is gaining public acceptance, highlighting the importance of phytochemicals and functional foods in improving overall well-being.
The article presents the results of study of the fatty acid composition of seed lipids of two basil species du ring the period of 2020‒2023. Species specificity and variability in the content of oleic and α-linolenic acids were noted. The predominant fatty acids in the seed lipids of holy basil ( Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) are α-linolenic (more than 56 %) and linoleic (more than 20 %) acids, and in the seed lipids of common basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) ‒ α-linolenic (about 47 %), oleic (about 21 %) and linoleic (about 20 %) acids. It was found that in 2022 (the lowest amount of precipitation for the period from May to August compared to 2020, 2021 and 2023), the content of linoleic acid increased: the coefficient of variation (CV) was 9.40 % for holy basil and 7.34 % for common basil, and the content of α-linolenic acid decreased: CV was 4.34 and 6.39 %, respectively, for holy and common basil. In 2023 (the smallest temperature deviations for the period from May to August from the climatic norm), an increase in the content of palmitic and stearic acids and a decrease in the content of linoleic acid were observed for holy basil, and an increase in the content of α-linolenic acid for common basil was seen. The both types of basil have the lowest oleic acid content in 2023.
Metabolites of Medicinal Plants: Insightful Approaches provides a comprehensive exploration of the bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants and their pharmacological significance. The book covers key topics such as the economics of medicinal and anticancer plants, phytochemistry, therapeutic potential, and advanced applications like nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and CRISPR-Cas techniques. It also examines the role of these plants in combating diseases like diabetes and metabolic syndrome and their role in traditional medicine systems. This resource is essential for students, researchers, and professionals in phytochemistry, pharmacology, drug discovery, and healthcare practices. Key Features: 1. Wide range of topics from medicinal plant economics to pharmacological applications. 2. Latest discoveries in plant bioactive compounds and their therapeutic uses. 3. Novel drug delivery methods to enhance efficacy. 4. Linking genes to metabolites through advanced omics approaches.
Since antiquity, the medicinal herbs have been a vital source to heal a broad range of human ailments. In the past decades, the upturn of interest in natural drugs has originated due to the beliefs that the natural source of medicine is provisionally healthier than the synthetic products owing to its lesser side effects and availability at affordable prices. As per the WHO, about 4 billion people (75–85%) around the globe depend on folk medicines to cure various ailments. The benefit of medicinal herbs in human healthcare is definitely indisputable as even now numerous curative folk herbs are being utilized globally. It is of uttermost necessity to assess the wealthy legacy of traditional system of medicines. As the ethnomedicinal plants holds remarkable importance, they are widely used by the numerous heritages for their traditional curing properties. The study of ethnomedicinal plants enlightens the cultural practice, ecological knowledge, and the potential for the modern medicinal research. In this regard some ethnomedicinal plants such as Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum cassia, Crataeva nurvala, Tinospora cordifolia, Uraria picta, and Solanum xanthocarpum are investigated in this study to highlight their iatric importance in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical disciplines.
Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), also known as Tulsi, is revered both in traditional Indian medicine and spiritual practices for its extensive therapeutic properties. This article explores the historical and cultural significance of Holy Basil across different cultures with a particular emphasis on its role in Ayurveda and Hindu rituals. We detail the various types of Holy Basil-Rama Tulsi, Krishna Tulsi, and Vana Tulsi-highlighting their distinct medicinal benefits, from stress relief and antioxidant properties to their use in treating serious ailments like diabetes and respiratory disorders. A comparative analysis with other significant medicinal herbs such as Ashwagandha and Ginseng is also provided, underscoring Holy Basil's unique position in herbal medicine. The nutritional profile, along with a discussion on the modern applications and ongoing research into its health benefits, forms a comprehensive overview of this sacred herb.
Numerous drugs on the market today have their roots in natural compounds, which also provide as an extensive database of diverse chemical leads for potential new drug candidates. Since ancient times, herbal medicine has been used in therapies that aim to treat a variety of illnesses. In India, the Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, and other indigenous ethnic systems of herbal treatment are used by roughly 65–70% of the rural population. It is crucial to find biologically active substances in natural extracts, such as those from plants, fungus, fruits or microorganisms, not only for the development of new drugs but also to unravel the molecular mechanisms associated with the medicinal properties of phyto-preparations. With their impact on numerous domains of scientific knowledge, technological development, and economic activity, natural products and their chemistry are experiencing an extraordinary resurgence in popularity. The traditional herbals’ prominence in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology has given chemists new possibilities as well as obstacles in their exploration for drugs and other health-related products. The introduction of specifically designed chemoinformatic methodologies, the advancement of isolation and characterization techniques, and the rise in computational tools, all contributed to the smooth evolution from traditional ethnopharmacology to drug discovery. An overview of bioactive compounds derived from natural products, their pharmacological activities, and several online databases relating to natural products’ availability and characteristics have been covered in this chapter.
Plant species of the genus Ocimum are among the most popular medicinal plants and are used for various medicinal purposes. The genus Ocimum belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is one of the most famous culinary herbs. In the present study, an attempt has been made to summarize the various ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological applications of various Ocimum species that have long been employed in traditional medicine for a range of therapeutic applications, encompassing antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and various other medicinal properties. Medicinal plants used in various ailments and diseases are the richest biological reservoirs of various phytochemicals. The various species of Ocimum exhibit variations in morphological characters, pharmacological activities, and natural bioactive compounds.
Dementia is a devitalising decline in neurological acuity, which burdens both high- and lowincome countries due to poor diagnostic systems and high healthcare costs. A growing population and rises in deleterious environmental and genetic anomalies aggravate new and aggressive cases of dementia and neurodegenerative disorders. The unparalleled capability of medicinal plants is constantly explored in treating neurological disorders, and some of these phytocompounds are used for treating diseases. However, some of these metabolites are neurotoxic and disrupt DNA polymerase functions. They possess lifethreatening side effects and are unable to prevent disease progression. Therefore, it is important to focus on discovering novel compounds from new medicinal plants. Our review encompasses some medicinal plant metabolites recently explored in treating this disease. We also summarized the molecular mechanism of action as determined in in-vitro: the toxic dose, nootropic and neuroprotective effects on neurophysiology and neurotransmitter levels, and the antioxidant effects.
In this study, essential oils and waste hydrosols of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum in four different geographical locations were extracted by hydrodistillation method and using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for chemical composition analysis. All four essential oil samples contained the main components (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (27.8‐49.0%), trans‐β‐elemene (20.3‐37.1%) and eugenol (9.0‐44.0%). Three of the four hydrosol samples had eugenol in absolute content (94.5‐98.6%), while the remaining hydrosol sample had two main components, elemicin (77.8%) and eugenol (14.2%). Essential oils and hydrosols demonstrated larvicidal activities against four important disease‐transmitting mosquito species including Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex fuscocephala with 24‐h LC50 values in the range 15.42‐56.01 µg/mL and 53.88‐97.80 µg/mL for the essential oils and the hydrosols, respectively. Essential oils and hydrosols strongly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme of electric eels with IC50 values in the range of 25.35‐107.19 µg/mL. Microemulsion (ME) can be considered as a sustainable pesticide formulation over 300 days and has improved larvicidal activity compared to free essential oil. The O. tenuiflorum in Vietnam can be considered a low‐cost source of eugenol, botanical pesticides that control disease‐transmitting mosquitoes, as well as having therapeutic potential to be further investigated.
The hepatic regulatory role in metabolism involves exposure to a diverse array of xenobiotic compounds leading to the potential accumulation of harmful toxins and subsequent manifestation of hepatic conditions such as steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Herbs as part of culinary and traditional uses have demonstrated therapeutic effects against such conditions. Predominant among the dietary constituents are polyphenols and terpenoids, which are known for their liver-protective efficacies. Evident from their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and modulation of antioxidant enzymes this class of phytochemicals regulates pivotal liver biomarkers. Ocimum species, notably Tulsi, are recognized for their abundant repertoire of terpenoids and polyphenols. From time immemorial, owing to its diverse biological properties, the Ocimum species has made its way into our culinary habits and traditions. Clinical findings have indicated the beneficial effects of Ocimum sanctum on the biochemical parameters of the liver in young overweight/obese subjects. However, despite several pre-clinical, and clinical studies elucidating the hepatoprotective potential of Ocimum species, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the actions of phenolic and terpenoid phytoconstituents is lacking till date. Consequently, targeted molecular therapies involving Ocimum species are yet to be developed. Thus, this mechanistic review was aimed at elucidating the intricate molecular pathways through which polyphenols and terpenoids derived from Ocimum species exert their hepatoprotective effects. By correlating these molecular mechanisms, insights into the hepatoprotective abilities of polyphenols and terpenoids found in Ocimum species were provided, which may pave the way for potential targeted therapeutic interventions.
Graphical abstract
Background- Mammals' hair has a purpose beyond its physiological function. Culturally, hair is a
blank canvas on which one can express oneself and evoke previous and present fads. Today, significant
hair loss might be caused by hormonal changes, genetics, a skin problem, or old age. Between 0.2 and
4% of the world's population has this disease, which often worsens physical and mental health. Recent
research has focused on herbal hair growth remedies. Natural and alternative medicines are gaining
popularity. Methods- Natural therapies, such as plants with therapeutic properties, are being studied to
reduce hair loss and grow hair. A comprehensive analysis of plant species researched for hair loss and
growth is provided. Result- The review uses traditional knowledge and scientific studies to describe
how these plants work, their active components, and their advantages. To determine the efficacy and
safety of these plant-based interventions, standardized research protocols, and clinical trials are needed
due to differences in study methods, plant preparations, and individual responses. Conclusion- As
interest in natural hair care grows, understanding the pros and cons of different plant species is crucial
for establishing evidence-based hair fall prevention and growth solutions
Background
Glucosinolates are the most controversial yet ignored class of phytochemicals. These are the middleman phytochemicals which have low bioactivity. But once there is any injury in the plant—manmade, insect caused, or natural—a magic happens. The compound is broken down into smaller phytochemicals referred to as glucosinolate hydrolytic products (nitriles, isothiocyanates, and thiocyanates). These hydrolytic products are like show stopper of fashion industry. These compounds have one of the highest bioactivity in the nature. These have been associated with a varied range of bioactivities (anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal, weedicide, etc) by researchers across the globe.
Objective
The objective of the current article is to provide a critical review to highlight some of the important bioactivities of these ignored compounds and for promoting researchers to atleast give these compounds a chance—to glow in the dark.
Methods
This review has been written from analysis of accessible literature mostly from the last 5 years (2018–2023), with some critically essential exceptions.
Results
The review highlighted brief background of glucosinolates and its hydrolysis. Effort were made to include most of the biological properties of the compound. Special emphasis has been given to the anticancer activities of the compound with details of involved mechanism.
Conclusion
Considering the wide array of bioactivities of glucosinolate hydrolytic products, it is essential to consider it as a prospective medicinal compound. More glucosinolate hydrolytic products—in similar manner as sulforaphane—can be proceeded to phase trials.
Highlights
The mechanistic pathway for production of glucosinolate hydrolytic products and related biological activities have been discussed in details. The bioactivities have been further explained using the involved mechanism.
Diabetes mellitus, an epidemic of the 21st century, is listed as one of the top ten causes of death around the world by the World Health Organization and is a complicated disease to deal with. Medically, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and altered metabolism of biological macromolecules, mainly carbohydrates. Diabetes mellitus has a worldwide prevalence, and populations of all high, middle, as well as low-income countries, are affected by it. More than 400 million persons are currently living with diabetes. Many risk factors, such as lack of exercise, irregular diet, drinking, and smoking habits, as well as genetic factors, also contribute to the increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in the modern era. The conventional therapies for diabetes are based on insulin, insulin analogues, peptides, and oral hypoglycemics. The primary objective is to lower the elevated blood glucose levels and manage the distress to enhance the quality of life of the patient. The management of diabetes is very crucial to avoid complications having serious consequences such as the extra economic burden due to these complications. Conventional drug therapy has its own adverse effects, and its timely availability and cost are still an issue in many low and middle-income countries. Diabetes mellitus has been reported in various ancient kinds of literature along with various natural remedies (plants/herbals) useful in it. These plant-based remedies offer the benefits of lesser or no adverse effects, easy availability due to natural abundance, and low cost. Therefore, extensive research work is carried out in the past few decades to identify and understand the underlying principles of plant-based/herbal medicines to develop new potential lead molecules and a relatively safer, easily available and more economical alternative treatment therapy for diabetes mellitus.
The plant world is a significant source of remedies for various illnesses, with 80% of developing nations using herbal medicine. Research is focused on the discovery of safer and more effective medicinal drugs, particularly in the screening of herbs for pharmacological activity and phytochemical ingredients. Ocimum basilicum, a common plant known for its beauty and medicinal properties, is a key focus. Its leaves are used as expectorants, demulcents, emmenagogues, and exhilarants, and its leaves are often aromatic, fragrant, and antibacterial. Basil seeds are also used as a plant seedling growth agent and an edible film that decomposes naturally. This study on basil seeds' chemical composition, nutritional value, and medicinal properties will help identify research gaps and provide an overview for future opportunities.
The Journal of Mountain Science (JMS) is devoted to mountains and their surrounding lowlands _ ecoregions of particular global importance, with a particular emphasis on the important highlands/ mountains in the world, such as the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, the Rockies and the many other mountain ranges of our planet. JMS mainly publishes academic and technical papers concerning environmental changes and sustainable development in mountain areas under natural conditions or / and with the influence of human activities. And it also accepts book reviews and reports on mountain research and introductions to mountain research organizations. This journal pays particular attention to the relationships between mountain environment changes and human activities, including the processes, characteristics and restoration of mountain ecosystem degradation; dynamic processes, and the theory and methods of controlling mountain hazards, such as debris, landslides and soil erosion; the protection and development of special mountain resources; culture diversity and local economic development in mountain regions; and ethnic issues and social welfare in mountain areas. Academic papers should display universal, strategic and innovative characteristics in both theory and practice. Technical papers should report on development programmes, project planning and community actions. We especially welcome papers which emphasize the application of new technologies, such as GIS and remote sensing, in mountain research and development, and the papers on new concepts and new methods deriving from disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research General guideline JMS only accepts papers that have never been published in English in any form. Manuscript should be written in good and easily-understood English with a definite theme and concise contents. Authors of each paper are suggested to recommend two reviewers at least. Manuscript should be prepared in electronic format (in Microsoft Word), and submitted online. Manuscript is required with single spacing and 10-point type in A4 papers. The metric system should be applied for all the measures. Numerical values should be identical with the international system of units. The names of places should be transliterated into the phonetic alphabet form that is officially regulated by the country where the research has been conducted.
Tulsi is a Sanskrit word that means “matchless one”. Ocimum sanctum is a plant of family Lamiaceae, is commonly known as Holy Basil. Characteristically, the plant imparts a pungent, bitter, hot, light and dry effect. Holy Basil is extensively famous and has been used since centuries in Ayurvedic and Greek medicines owing to its beneficially diverse properties. O. sanctum (Tulsi in Hindi) has a significant place in Hindu culture, being used in an array of traditional medicaments and as a condiment. Online published articles, journals, internet sites, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar were explored for data collection. Since Ayurveda times, various parts such as leaves, roots, seeds and whole plant has been recommended for treatment of a spectrum of diseases including bronchitis, dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, eye ailments, dermatological issues, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Scientifically, it has been proven that O. sanctum possesses anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardio protective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antipyretic, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and anti-arthritis activities. Its biologically active constituent is known as Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) which is responsible for the mediation of therapeutic characteristics. This review is an attempt to summarize the botanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, ethno medicinal, and toxicological information. This is an effort to help researchers and clinicians to be aware of the magical properties and the effectiveness of Tulsi.
In recent year, limited choice of excipients with all the good qualities attributes and presently available in the market can make formulation design and Excipients selection challenging. Thus the aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate Pharmaceutical Excipient from the seed of Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basillicum which can be useful for designing new formulations. The coarse powder of both Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basillicum was defatted by using Petroleum ether and that defatted seeds were activated in hot air oven. The activated seeds are soaked in 6 th part of chloroform water and filtered. To the filtrate an equal volume of alcohol (95%) was added to precipitate the excipient. The resultant excipients were evaluated for physicochemical properties, water absorption capacity, phytochemical test etc. The isolated excipients having neutral p H with slight solubility in water which produces a stable suspension. The concentration of excipient was increased with decrease in the specific gravity of solution. The study shown that, the parameters evaluated for excipients was within the permissible limits. This information can be useful for designing new formulations or for modification of the conventional formulations.
The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Olax subscorpioidea are known in Nigerian traditional medical practices for the treatment of different
ailments according to folklore. This study was undertaken to compare and appraise the phytochemical constituents from ethanol extracts, antimicrobial resistance, proximate and mineral analysis. Data obtained revealed that alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were detected in the Ocimum sanctum leaf samples
whereas, flavanoids, phenol, steriods, saponins, tannins and terpenoids appeared in the
Olax subscorpioidea ethanol extracts. Resistance to a selected range of infectious disease
Original Research Article
Wisdom et al.; BJPR, 12(4): 1-9, 2016; Article no.BJPR.27804
2
pathogens, using chloramphenicol (0.2 mg/mL) and fluconazole (0.5 mg/mL) as controls revealed
that the leaf extract of O. subscorpioidea exhibited higher activity with zone of inhibition values of
18±0.50, 20±0.50, 15±2.00, 16±0.50, 18±0.50, 19±1.50 and 22±0.50 mm whereas that of
O. sanctum was 15±1.0, 19±1.40, 15±1.20, 22±1.30, 15±1.10, 16±0.90, 16±1.10 mm. The
proximate and mineral analysis of both leaves revealed that Olax subscorpioidea contain crude
protein (10.15%), crude fiber (10.20%), moisture (5.70%), total ash (15.40%), total carbohydrate
(58.55%), while that of Ocimum sanctum was crude protein (2.38%), crude fiber (11.45%),
moisture (6.20%), total ash (10.42%), total carbohydrate (66.35%). The leaves indicated the
presence of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium and copper at
different concentrations. The results obtained suggested that the leaves of both studied plant
possess anti-microbial activities with the major activity tailored to the phyto-constituents from the
ethanol extracts.
The holy Tulsi, also known as the “queen of herbs” is the most sacred of all the herbs found in India. This sacred plant was found in almost every Indian household. The proximate, minerals and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ocimum sanctum leaves were studied. The nutritional analysis of Ocimum sanctum shown high level of ascorbic acid and total carbohydrate i.e., 65.41 mg/100g and 39.58% in their leaves, Whereas the total phenol was found to be maximum (1.88 mg/g) in leaves. Leaves in present investigation, contains major nutrient like N (3.30 %), P (1.10%), K (6.62 %), S (1.55 %) and Na (0.74%). Dry weight basis contains 20.64% total protein and 3.60% total fat. The oil of leaves also contains comparable amount of antioxidant as ascorbic acid, flavonoid and total phenol as well as linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid which was very good for health. According to our results, most of the identified compounds were biologically important. Further the Oscimum sanctum leaf possesses certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation . Antimicrobial activity of Tulsi leaves extract was evaluated and the results shown that E. coli , E. faecalis were mostly susceptible to methanol extract than S. aureus and A. hydrophila . It can be suggested that S. aureus was the most resistant organisms to the concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/ml of the methanol extract of Ocimum. The results of this study indicated the possibility of using the leave extract of Tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum ) as a source of antibacterial compounds for treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens.
The present study investigated anti-stress potential of Ocimum sanctum in chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm. Further, the possible mechanism of anti-stress was explored in vitro using cell and cell-free assays. Rats were administered O. sanctum followed by CVS regimen for a period of 16 days. On days 4, 8, 12, and 16, body weight and immobility time in forced swim test were measured. In addition, the possible inhibitory effect of O. sanctum and ursolic acid on cortisol release and CRHR1 receptor activity were studied in cell-based assays, while inhibitory effects on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in cell-free assays. CVS group demonstrated less body weight gain and higher immobility time than O. sanctum administered groups, while oral administration of O. sanctum significantly increased body weight gain and decreased the immobility time. Further, O. sanctum and its constituents inhibited cortisol release and exhibited a significant CRHR1 receptor antagonist activity. Also, they had specific inhibitory activity towards 11β-HSD1 and COMT activity. Thus, O. sanctum was found to be effective in the management of stress effects, and anti-stress activity could be due to inhibition of cortisol release, blocking CRHR1 receptor, and inhibiting 11β-HSD1 and COMT activities. Copyright
Ocimum sanctum L. (OS) leaves have been shown to exert diverse potential benefits in a variety of stress conditions. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of the fixed oil extracted from OS leaves on the blood glucose levels and serum lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In addition, the anti-oxidative activity of OS leaves to protect various organs including the liver, kidney and heart was investigated. The fixed oil of the OS leaves was extracted using hexane, and the various fatty acid contents of the oil were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Male Wistar rats were allocated into three groups (n=7 per group): Normal control rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats fed daily with the fixed oil for three weeks. The results showed that a-linolenic acid was the primary fatty acid contained in the fixed oil of OS. After 3 weeks of diabetic induction, the rats exhibited increased blood glucose levels and serum lipid profile, in addition to elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB subunit (CK-MB), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The fixed oil significantly decreased the elevated levels of blood glucose, the serum lipid profile and the levels of serum creatinine and BUN (P<0.001), without exerting significant effects on the elevated serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH and CK-MB. Furthermore, the fixed oil increased the diabetically-reduced levels of serum insulin and decreased the rat kidney weight. Fixed oil suppressed the elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level and increased the activity of various antioxidative enzymes in the rat renal tissue. By contrast, the fixed oil had no effect on the elevated TBARS level and the inhibited activity of the antioxidative enzymes in the rat liver and cardiac tissues. Histopathological results indicated that the fixed oil preserved the renal tissue against oxidative stress in diabetes. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that the fixed oil extracted from OS leaves exerted anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and free radical scavenging effects in diabetic rats, thus providing renal protection against diabetes. The a-linolenic acid contained in the fixed oil may be responsible for these effects.
Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of leaves and stem of three lamiaceae members i.e. Ocimum sanctum L. Hyptis suaveolens Poit. and Plectranthus mollis L. was carried out. The preliminary phytochemistry reveals that, these plants are rich in phytochemical constituents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and cynogenic glycosides. The proximate analysis showed significant nutritional composition with high level of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate and fibers. Thus, apart from the ethnomedicinal uses, these plants can be use as source of dietary components.
Phytochemical screening of extracts of Ocimum Sanctum revealed the presence of fatty acids, steroids, triterpenoid, phenolic compound, flavonoid, glycoside, quinines, and carotenoids. β-sitosterol and Ursolic acid were isolated from leaves of the plant by using column chromatography and identification of these compounds were performed with the help of melting points, Co-TLC and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1HNMR and 13 CMR. GC-MS of hexane fraction showed presence of pentanal, sotolone, hexane-3-one, hexane-2-ol, caryphyllene, benzene 1,2 di-carbolylic acids, isoeugenol, cavracrol and eugenol compounds. The brine shrimp bio assay showed LC50 value 213.7, 97.72 and 21.87 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves respectively, where as LC50 value 169.84, 141.25 and 151.35 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of stem respectively. All extracts are pharmacologically active.
Essential Oils (EOs) possess antibacterial properties and represent a natural source to treat infections and prevent food spoilage. Their chemical composition might be affected by the environmental condition and the developmental growth stages of the plant.
The current study aimed to determine the variations in chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of the EOs of Ocimum sanctum L. at different stages of harvesting.
The oils constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The effects of three different harvest stages of O. sanctum EOs against most common causes of food-borne were evaluated by broth micro-dilution method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
The analysis of the EOs indicated that eugenol was the major compound of the EOs at all developmental stages which reached its maximum level at the second stage. The results showed that the tested EOs exhibited antimicrobial activities against all of the examined pathogens at concentrations of 0.125-32 µL/mL, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was only inhibited by high concentrations of the floral budding and full flowering EOs. EO distilled from the second developmental growth stage (floral budding) of O. sanctum exhibited the strongest antibacterial activities against the food borne bacteria.
Considering the wide range of antimicrobial activities of the examined EOs, they might have the potential to be used to manage infectious diseases or extend the shelf life of food products.
Nalbari district is situated in between 26°N and 27 o N latitude and 92 o E and 97 o E longitude. It lies between Kamrup and Barpeta district of lower Assam. Nalbari has a population of 1138184 (2001 census). An ethnobotanical Survey was conducted in 2010 in selected villages to explore the medicinal plant used by the villagers to cure Diabetes. This villages are inhabited by Boros, Koch, Muslim communities. The indigenous knowledge of local traditional healers and native plants used by the villagers to cure Diabetes were collected using a questionnaire and personal interviews. Total 30 villagers in the age group of 30-68 years were interviewed out of which 3 were local healers. The investigation reveals 35 species of plants belonging to 28 families which are used to cure Diabetes. It is found that the whole plant is used for curing the ailment but mostly fresh juice, powder, fresh leaves, paste or decoction in water remains the most preferred method of preparation. Most plants are very effective remedy when used in a combination or singly. The present study throws light on the traditional knowledge of the villagers regarding medicinal plant which can be used against Diabetes which is largely unexplored. INTRODUCTION: The North east region of India comprising of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim can be physiologically categorised into the Eastern Himalayas, Northeast hills and the Brahmaputra and Barak Valley plains.
Essential oils of different species of the genus Ocimum are natural flavouring materials of
commercial importance. The data given in current literature are pertaining to the chemical
composition of essential oils of different Ocimum species viz., Ocimum basilicum Linn. (alt.
Ocimum basilicum var. minimum, Ocimum basilicum var. purpurience), Ocimum campechianum
Mill., Ocimum canum Sims. (Ocimum americanum), Ocimum citriodorum, Ocimum gratissimum Linn., Ocimum kilimandscharicum Linn., Ocimum micranthum Willd., Ocimum sanctum Linn., (alt. Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn.), Ocimum selloi Benth., Ocimum trichodon, Ocimum utricifolium from different geographical regions. A considerable difference in chemical composition of a particular species is found, which may be due to their occurrence in different eco-climatic
zones and changes in edaphic factors. Attention is also focused on the biological properties of Ocimum oils which are related to their various interesting applications as antimicrobial, antioxidant, repellent, insecticidal, larvicidal, nematicidal and therapeutic (anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiulcer, analgesic, anthelmintic, anticarcinogenic, skin permeation
enhancer, immunomodulatory, cardio-protective, antilipidemic) agents
Traditional medical practitioners (Kavirajes) administer primary health care to most of the rural population in Bangladesh.
They use medicinal plants for various formulations to treat ailments. The medicinal plants used by the traditional medical
practitioners vary considerably from region to region. The objectives of this study were to identify native medicinal plants
and their ethno-medicinal use among the traditional medical practitioners of Chuadanga district, Bangladesh. After obtaining
informed consent, interviews were conducted with the Kavirajes with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. Plant
specimens, as pointed out by respondents, were collected and identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. The results
show 119 plant species belonging to 64 families were used by the traditional medical practitioners for treatment of various
ailments. The most frequently used families were Asteracea with six species followed by Moraceae, Solanaceae and
Apocynaceae with five species. Among the selected species the maximum contribution was recorded for herbs with 38%
species followed by trees (32%), shrubs (21%), climbers (7%) and palm (2%). Assessments of reported ethno-medicinal
activity indicate that these plant species can potentially be of pharmacological interest as well as for conservation of
biodiversity.
Keywords: medicinal plants; Kavirajes; ethno-medicinal; cultivation; conservation biodiversity
Ethnomedicinal importance of native medicinal plants in Kushtia sadar and Mirpur upazilas in the Kushtia district in Bangladesh were identified. Data collected from the beneficiary's local people and Kavirajes through direct interview documented the use of 111 medicinal plants belonging to 62 families in the study area. Plant parts including whole plants, leaves, stems, roots, barks, flowers, fruits, cloves, gum, and rhizomes as well as combinations of two or more parts were used for treatment of ailments. Assessments of reported ethnomedicinal activity indicated that these plant species can potentially lead to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmacological interest.
A new tricyclic sesquiterpenoid 2-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,9-trimethyltricyclo[7.2.0.03,6]undecan-2-ol (1), was identified from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum, and its structure was elucidated by extensive NMR and ESI-MS analyses. Compound 1 was found to have potent antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 cell line.
The present study was aimed to study the acute and subacute toxicity studies with orally administered 50% ethanolic leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn (OSE). In acute toxicity tests, four groups of mice (íµí± = 6/group/sex) were orally treated with doses of 200, 600, and 2000 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, rats received OSE by gavage at the doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day (íµí± = 6/group/sex) for 28 days, and biochemical, hematological, and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and testis/ovary) were determined. OSE did not produce any hazardous symptoms or death and CNS and ANS toxicities in the acute toxicity test. Subacute treatment with OSE did not show any change in body weight, food and water consumption, and hematological and biochemical profiles. In addition, no change was observed both in macroscopic and microscopic aspects of vital organs in rats. Our result showed that Ocimum sanctum extract could be safe for human use.
Objective
To evaluate the antibacterial activity of flavanoids, Orientin and Vicenin, obtained from leaves of Ocimum sanctum, have also been compared by their combine sample.Methods
Aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Ocimum sanctum was assessed for the isolation and purification of different flavanoids. The antibacterial activity of Orientin, Vicenin and Combine sample of both these flavanoids was evaluated according to well diffusion method against some bacteria causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in human.ResultsThe result indicated that the combined sample or synergistic activity of both individual flavanoids showed positive result against Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cohni and Klebsialla pneumonia with zone of inhibition 20.12, 20.75, 20.95, 19.55 and 20.1 mm at concentration of 400 mg/ml respectively. But the individual flavanoids showed the positive result against only limited microorganism.Conclusions
The finding of the present study provides the evidence that this flavanoid sample is used as an antibacterial agent. This is also beneficial to use this combine sample of different flavanoids of Ocimum sanctum for medication and other purposes.
A study was conducted to examine the distribution pattern of four rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAPs) viz., Angelica glauca, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Rheum emodi and Arne-bia benthamii in different forest stands in Central Himalaya. Results show that A. glauca and P. angelicoides had a higher (50%) frequency at Chipkoan, Garpak and Phagati forest, R. emodi had a higher (60%) fre-quency at Rishikund, Suki and Himtoli, and A. benthamii had a higher (70%) frequency at Suki and Khambdhar The densities of A. glauca (0.6 plants·m-2) and P. angelicoides (0.5 plants·m-2) were higher at Chipkoan and Garpak sites than at other micro-sites, while densities of R. emodi (0.8 plants·m-2) and A. benthamii (1.0 plants·m-2) were higher at Suki and Khambdhar sites. A. glauca had highest total basal covers (TBC) (1.2 cm2·m-2) at Chipkoan, P. angelicoides had highest TBC (0.92 cm2·m-2) at Lati kharak site, A. benthamii had the highest TBC (6.48 cm2·m-2)at Khambdhar, and R. emodi had highest TBC (4.53 cm2·m-2) at Rishikund. For the four studied species, A. glauca showed a contagious distribution, P. angelicoides and R. emodi showed the random and A. benthamii showed the regular type of distribution.
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257704670_Ethnobotanical_study_towards_conservation_of_medicinal_and_aromatic_plants_in_upper_catchments_of_Dhauli_Ganga_in_the_central_Himalaya [accessed Apr 11 2019].
An intensive enthopharmaoclogical survey was conducted among siddha, ayurveda, traditional practitioners, and local people along the coastal areas of Cape Comorin to evaluate the potential of flora in the coastal lands to treat diseases and illness. A total of 40 informants, ranging in age from 60 to 90 years of age, were interviewed using an informal questionnaire. Responses to the survey reported 129 medicinal genera in 56 families used for medicinal purposes in the coastal region. Of these plants, 19 were reported as being used for the treatment or control of livestock ailments. The remaining plants were reported as used to treat human ailments, such as skin diseases (8 species), leukorrhea (6 species), inflammation (15 species), diabetes (5 species), jaundice (4 species), rheumatism (9 species), kidney stones (5 species), and wound healing (6 species). The remaining plants were used to treat other ailments, including migraines, intestinal cancer, scabies, body pain, venereal disease, premature ejaculation, liver disease, malarial fever, cough, worms, chicken pox, dandruff, hydrocele, rabies, abscesses, and teeth and gums. A single plant Marsilea quadrifolia L. was reported as a pteridophytic member.
Apigenin, luteolin, apigenin-7- O -ß-D-rutinopyranoside, luteolin-7- O -ß-D-glucopyranoside, vicenin-2, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin, aesculetin, aesculin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid have been isolated from the aerial parts of O. sanctum L.
A simple, sensitive, and accurate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) method for the determination of rosmarinic acid (RA) and ursolic acid (UA) in the leaves of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) Linn. (Holy Basil, an Indian traditional herb) has been developed for the first time and validated. The LC separation was carried out on a Phenomenex C18 (150 × 4 mm i.d., 5 µ) with single quadrupole MS analyzer. The mobile phase consisting of 0.5% formic acid–acetonitrile (75:25%) and ammonium acetate–acetonitrile (70:30%) were used for RA and UA, respectively, and delivered at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 100–1000 ng/mL (r 0.9997 and 0.9999 for RA and UA, respectively). The LOD and LOQ for RA and UA were found to be 1 and 3 ng/mL, and 2 and 6 ng/mL, respectively. The method was shown to be reproducible and reliable with intraday precision below 0.14% and 0.11% and interday precision below 0.71% and 0.46% and mean recovery excess of 94.38% and 92.92% for RA and UA, respectively. Using the optimized conditions, the quantity of RA and UA in EEOS was found to be 0.27 and 0.40% w/w, respectively. The method is simple, sensitive, reproducible, and ideally suited for rapid routine analysis.
Sample of three species belonging to genus Ocimum of family Lamiaceae viz., Ocimum, basilicum Linn., Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and Ocimum sanctum Linn. were analyzed for their Phytochemical composition, Vitamins and Minerals Constituents. The result revealed the presence of bioactive chemical constituents comprising; flavonoids (0.98 to 1.16 mg/100g), Phenols (0.30 to 1.12 mg /100g), Saponin (0.42 to 1.12 mg/100g), tannins (0.24 to 0.42 mg/100g), Alkaloids (0.4 to 4.7 mg/100g), Volatile oil (0.1 to 3.3 mg/100g), Carbohydrates (2.2 to 4.5 mg/100g). The medicinal plants contained Vitamins like thiamine (0.20 to 0.36 mg/100g) and riboflavin (0.22 to 0.37 mg/100g). The plants are good source of minerals such as major mineral elements comprising calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Magnessium and trace elements (Iron, Zinc, Copper). These substances may be responsible for the health related properties of the plants which are based on antioxidant, anthelmentic, antipyrectic, antiaphoretic, antielexitenc, anti-inflamation, antiheamatisum, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. This supports the popular use of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum sanctum in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulations for human welfare.
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn O. sanctum L.) (Labiatae) is an ayurvedic medicinal plant from India that was introduced in Northeastern Brazil in 1970. Oils produced by steam distillation and microwave distillation from leaves and inflorescences were analyzed by GC/MS and retention indices. The leaf oil contained eugenol (79.0–82.7%) and β-caryophyllene (7.9–9.8%) as major constituents, whereas the inflorescence oil was rich in eugenol (17.6–60.0%), β-caryophyllene (24.5–40.7%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.9–18.5%).
"This kind of systematic work is exactly what is needed for people to help bridge traditional Ayurvedic practice with modern science." -Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Nobel laureate, current president of the Royal Society and group leader at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Plant Drugs: Expanded Therapeutics is the first review of all the therapeutic sections of 456 plant drugs in the first six volumes of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Itcovers pharmacognosy of classical Ayurvedic herbs, their chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and doses on the basis of contemporary scientific literature. The book reviews the classical attributes, compounds, and textual references of Ayurvedic plant drugs and updates the pharmacopoeial attributes of Ayurvedic herbs and formulations to make them more industry-oriented and facilitate their implementation. Sanskrit terminology has been converted into English equivalents, and botanical names assigned to Ayurvedic herbs in the text have been reviewed in historical as well as contemporary contexts. This will assist those who are not conversant with Sanskrit or have found multiple names of the same herb in Ayurvedic reference works and in different regions of India. With these salient features, this book provides an added scientific edge to the new generation of Ayurvedic students, faculty members, researchers, and enterprising phytopharmaceutical scientists. In addition, the scientific temper of this resource will help unravel many of the intricacies of classical Ayurveda.
Rasayana is one of the eight clinical specialities of classical Ayurveda. Rasayana replenish the vital fluids of our body, thus keeping us away from diseases. The rasayana therapy enhance the qualities of rasa, enriches it with nutrients so one can attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorder, youthfulness, excellence of luster, complexion and voice, optimum development of physique and sense organs, mastery over phonetics and brilliance. Taking rasayana is helpful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from disease and also reverses the disease process and prevents the re-occurrence. The Rasayanas are rejuvenators, nutritional supplements and possess strong antioxidant activity. They also have antagonistic actions on the oxidative stressors, which give rise to the formation of different free radicals. Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora cordifolia, Emblica officinalis, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monniera, Withania somnifera, Triphala rasayana, Chyawanprash, Brahma rasayana are very important rasayanas which are described in ayurveda and proved by new researches.
Two new fatty acid derivatives characterized as dotriacont-20-en-14-ol-1- oic acid (sanctumoic acid) and 4′-benzoylglucopyranosyl octadec-9-enoate (benzoyl gluco-oleate) were isolated from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) together with five known compounds, vanillic acid, ocimumnapthanoic acid, β-sitosterol glucoside, oleiyl glucoside and diglucosyl oleate. The structures of isolated compounds have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
The present study is aimed to investigate the micro- and macro-element distribution in the leaves of four Ocimum species viz. Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum americanum. For this, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICAP-AES) were used. LIBS spectra of different Ocimum leaves (in the form of pellets) were recorded in the spectral range of 200–900 nm, which shows the atomic lines of potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si) along with lighter elements like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). Similarly, ICAP-AES also confirmed the presence of above mentioned elements as well as their patterns (except the lighter elements due to its identification limits). Results of both the techniques clearly revealed that Ca is the most abundant element in all the species followed by K, Mg and Na. Results further suggested that O. sanctum is a highly mineral rich species followed by the O. basilicum, O. gratissimum and O. americanum. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also used on data set of LIBS spectra of Ocimum species which revealed PC1 (72%) and PC2 (26%) data matrix explaining 100% variance in the data set. The PCA plots clearly classified the cultivated and wild species and separated them in the two clusters. Conclusively, the present work demonstrated the suitability of LIBS technique due to its rapid, nondestructive and eco-friendly approach and gives the comparative account of mineral availability in Ocimum spp.
Compositional characteristics of the essential oils of four Ocimum spp., namely Ocimum adscendens
Willd., Ocimum gratissimum L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Ocimum americanum L. were examined
using GC-FID, GC-MS, and hierarchical cluster analyses from peninsular India. The essential oil
content varied from 1.0% to 2.0% in different Ocimum spp. Altogether eighty-four constituents,
corresponding to 89.9−96.5% of the total oil compositions were identified. Major constituents
of O. adscendens oil were eugenol (47.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%) and β-elemene (11.3%).
O. gratissimum oil was characterized by the presence of higher amounts of eugenol (52.9%),
caryophyllene oxide (7.2%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (3.5%). Major constituents of O. tenuiflorum oil were
methyl eugenol (50.9%), caryophyllene oxide (7.5%) and (E)-caryophyllene (5.5%). Moreover, the
oil of O. americanum was dominated by camphor (41.8%), limonene (7.1%), α-pinene (6.2%), β-
selinene (5.6%) and camphene (5.0%). To the best of our knowledge, a detailed essential oil profile of
O. adscendens is being reported for the first time.
aBstract Two new fatty acid derivatives characterized as dotriacont-20-en-14-ol-1-oic acid (sanctumoic acid) and 4′-benzoylglucopyranosyl octadec-9-enoate (benzoyl gluco-oleate) were isolated from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) together with five known compounds, vanillic acid, ocimumnapthanoic acid, β-sitosterol glucoside, oleiyl glucoside and diglucosyl oleate. The structures of isolated compounds have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
There are distinct varieties of basil types in the genus Ocimum which makes them very special. Genus Ocimum is widespread over Asia, Africa and Central & Southern America. All basils are member of the Lamiaceae family. The colors of the leaves vary from bright green to purple-green and sometimes almost black. Fresh basil leaves have a strong and characteristic aroma, not comparable to any other spice, although there is a hint of clove traceable. Ocimum Sanctum, also addressed as Ocimum Tenuiflorum is a sacred plant in the Hindu culture and known as Tulasi in Tamil or Holy Basil in English. Meanwhile Ocimum Basilicum, known as Common or Sweet Basil has very dark green leaves. The genus Ocimum is cultivated for its remarkable essential oil which exhibits many usages such as in medicinal application, herbs, culinary, perfume for herbal toiletries, aromatherapy treatment and as flavoring agent. Due to varying essential oil profiles even within the same species, plants may often be classified as a different species as a result of different scents. In the present study, volatile constituents of Ocimum Sanctum and Ocimum Basilicum were extracted using various solvents and their chemical constituents were identified and quantified by using GC-MS in optimized conditions. The profiles of extract from both species were compared in an effort to investigate effects of seasonal variation on their chemical compositions. The predominant species in Ocimum Sanctum and Ocimum Basilicum was found to be methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol, respectively, during different months of analysis.
In view of alleged antidiabetic potential, effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) roots on fasting blood sugar levels and serum biochemical analysis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. The resulted extract had shown significant protection and lowered the blood glucose levels to normal in glucose tolerance test. In long term treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the degree of protection was determined by measuring blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and serum insulin levels. Phytochemical investigation of the roots resulted in the isolation of three new active constituents characterized as urs-12-en-3β,6β,20β-triol-28-oic acid (2), 1´´-menthyl-2glucopyranosyloxybenzoate (4) and n-decanoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(2b→1c)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2c→1d)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2d-2΄-hydroxybenzoate (5), along with known compounds of ursolic acid (1) and palmityl glucoside (3). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-13 NMR ( 13 C NMR), fast atom
The use herbal medicines for combating with several kinds of health hazards has been traditionally practiced by different human societies since long past. Among the plants known for their therapeutic value, the genus Ocimum, commonly known as ‘Basil’ is very important for its curative potential. In traditional Ayurvedic system mainly the leaves and the seeds of different species of ‘Basil’ were recommended for household remedies from several diseases. Three different species of Ocimum (Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum canum Sims.) were grown under laboratory condition for analyzing some of their antioxidative constituents using standard methods. The results revealed that the leaf extract of Ocimum canum had the highest amount of carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoid content than the other two species. Riboflavin and thiamine content also much higher in Ocimum canum, whereas Ocimum sanctum contained highest amount of ascorbic acid. The results obtained in this effort clearly indicate that, the leaves of these three species of ‘Basil’ have strong antioxidative potential, and surely can be used as a cheap source of natural antioxidants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i5.11858
Ocimum sanctum is an annual plant, 30-60 cm high, much branched; stem and branches usually purplish, sub-quadrangular; leaves 2.5-5 by 1.6-3.2cm, elliptic oblong-obtuse, pubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted. Flowers are in racemes. It is commonly found in India and used in many traditional medicines. Acute toxicity studies of leaves powder of this plant material were carried out as per OECD guideline in Swiss mice weighing 25 to 35 gm by administering a dose 3, 5 and 7gm/kg body weight orally in the form of aqueous slurry. The groups were almost continuously observed for mortality and behavioral changes during first 24 hr and then daily for a fortnight. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. There was no abnormality observed in any of these three groups. The whole plant powder was found to be nontoxic.
The proximate, minerals and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ocimum sanctum leaves in comparison with stem were studied. The nutritional analysis of Ocimum sanctum showed very low level of
acidity 0.06% and protein i.e., 1.10% and 0.80% in their leaves and stems. Whereas the crude fiber was found
to be maximum (12.20 and 9.80%) in stem and leaves. Results also showed that sugar contents were found to be low i.e. 1.20%. The stem of Ocimum sanctum was nutritionally enriched in all respect as compare to leaves. The minerals analysis showed no remarkable change in the results. Although the quantities of Fe2+, Na+, K+ were higher in stems than leaves. The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis were same for both the samples and confirm the presence of various phytochemicals viz., alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. Quantitative analysis revealed maximum amount of saponins i.e., 2.58mg/g in stem in comparison to 2.30mg/g in leaves. These phytochemicals in Ocimum sanctum have an important role in traditional medicinal system. Present paper deals with the significant difference between the stem and leaves
Basil (Ocimum spp.) has been used for many years in foods as a flavoring agent, in perfumery, and in medicine. The antioxidant capacity as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and total phenolic contents, based on Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, in different Ocimum species were quantitated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantify rosmarinic acid, the predominant nonvolatile polyphenol in each Ocimum species. Among seven Ocimum spp. there was a wide range of antioxidant activity. A high linear correlation between total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content was observed (r(2) = 0.8822), and a positive relationship also existed between antioxidant activity and rosmarinic acid (r(2) = 0.8393). Antioxidant capacity was associated with the plants' phenolic components and with rosmarinic acid. Our results demonstrated that those species rich in phenolic constituents demonstrated high antioxidant activity, and that rosmarinic acid is a major contributor to this activity in the species and chemotypes evaluated. Basil is an important source of naturally occurring antioxidants, and elite species could be incorporated in breeding programs.
A study on the traditional phytotherapy in Makawanpur district, Central Nepal revealed that it is still the method of choice to treat the majority of frequently occuring ailments. Information on 86 plant species with 120 empirically accepted prescriptions for therapeutic doses are presented, along with medicinal applications of each species.
The herb essential oil of Ocimum sanctum from Nigeria was investigated for mosquito larvicidal activity and its composition studied by gas chromatography and gas chromato-graphy-mass spectrometry for the first time. A good larvicidal action (LD50 85.11 ppm) against fourth instar Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which was far less than that of a positive control, endosulphan (LC50, 0.96 ppm) was observed for the oil. Seventeen components representing 88.4 % of total oil were fully identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes (51.1 %) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (27.5 %) formed the main chemical groups in the oil. The major constituents of the oil were methyleugenol (44.7 %) and isocaryophyllene (16.8 %), which categorise the oil into a different chemical variety.
Two cultivars of Ocimum sanctum Shyama and Ocimum sanctum Rama on hydrodistillation resulted in the isolation of 0.41% & 0.43% of oils (w/v) on fresh weight basis respectively. GC and GC-MS Analysis of Ocimum sanctum Shyama resulted in the identification of 34 constituents comprising 98.3% of the oil, of which the major ones were methyl eugenol (67.8%) and (E)-ca ryoph yll en e (17.1%). On th e oth er ha nd GC an d G C- MS an alysis of Ocimum sanctum Rama resulted in the identification of 39 constituents comprising 98% of the oil, where eugenol (46.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (27.6%) and β-elemene (16.3%) were the major constituents of the oils
To protect holy basil essential oil (HBEO) from volatilisation and oxidation, microencapsulation by simple coacervation of gelatin was developed. An optimal encapsulating condition obtained from response surface methodology (RSM) was a gelatin concentration of 11.75% (w/v) and an HBEO amount of 31ml, which provided the greatest yield, oil content, and encapsulation efficiency of 98.80%, 66.50%, and 95.41%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the internal surface of the microcapsule was honeycomb-like networks containing nonhomogeneous distributions of HBEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that there was no significant interaction between the HBEO and gelatin. Under storage conditions at 60°C for 49days equivalent to 25°C for 18months, small decreases in the HBEO retention rate and the antioxidant activity were observed. Thus, the microencapsulated formulation has potential to be applied to other volatile compounds.
Leaves of different development stages of Ocimum sanctum L. (young, premature, mature and senescing) were characterized with regard to the levels of chlorophyll and protein. The activity of catalase and the changes in essential oil and its major components were gas chromatographically analysed in these leaves. Free phenol and essential oil decreased on dry weight basis but polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities increased with the progress of leaf development. 3 major components of the essential oil were identified, of which eugenol and methyleugenol gradually decreased but caryophyllene increased with progress of development stage of the leaf.
In the hilly areas of Indian Himalaya, the inhabitants largely depend on plants for curing various diseases. The indigenous
knowledge and traditional practices of medicinal plants are vanishing fast. Therefore, we aimed to document indigenous
uses of some important medicinal plants of Kullu district; analyze distribution pattern, nativity and endemism of these
medicinal plants; and suggest conservation strategies. We recorded information on 75 species of medicinal plants. The
recorded species represent trees (12 spp.), shrubs (15), herbs (47), and fungi (1). Of these, 29 medicinal plants were native,
1 endemic, 11 near-endemic, and 46 non-native. Of all species, various plant parts such as leaves (32 spp.), roots (29), tubers
(2), seeds (8), fruits (10), flowers (8), fruiting body (1), bark (8), stem (3), and wood (2) were used in curing various diseases.
We recommend further studies on habitat ecology of the species, mass multiplication of commercially viable species through
conventional and in vitro methods, and their establishment in the in situ and ex situ conditions. Furthermore, it is important
to develop farming techniques of commercially viable species and disseminate knowledge among stakeholders through
education and awareness raising.
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) (Lamiaceae) is an indigenous ayurvedic medicinal plant of India and is popularly known as holy basil/sacred basil. Oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves, stems, inflorescence and whole herb were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and retention indices. Methyl eugenol was the major constituent of all the oils (72.5%, 75.3%, 83.7% and 65.2% in oils from whole herb, leaf, stem and inflorescence, respectively). β-Caryophyllene was the second most dominant constituent and the respective concentration in each oil (5.5%, 6.4%, 2.7% and 12.0%).
Content, fatty acid composition, and glyceride profile of oil from seeds of seven basil (Ocimum sp.) chemotypes were determined. The species studied includedO. basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, andO. sanctum. The oil content ranged from 18 to 26%, with triglycerides comprising between 94 and 98% of extracted neutral lipids. The
major acylated fatty acids were linolenic (43.8–64.8%), linoleic (17.8–31.3%), oleic (8.5–13.3%), and palmitic acid (6.1–11.0%).
Linolenic acid was similar among the fourO. basilicum chemotypes (57–62%), highest inO. canum (65%), and lowest inO. sanctum (44%). Basil seed oil appears suitable as an edible oil or can be used for industrial purposes, and could be processed in
the same way as linseed oil. Preliminary calculations estimate that a hectare of basil could produce from 300 to 400 kg of
seed oil.
Thirty-one accessions of nine species belonging to three subgenera of Ocimum (basil, family Lamiaceae) were surveyed for flavonoid glycosides. Substantial infraspecific differences in flavonoid profiles of the leaves were found only in O. americanum, where var. pilosum accumulated the flavone C-glycoside, vicenin-2, which only occurred in trace amounts in var. americanum and was not detected in cv. Sacred. The major flavonoids in var. americanum and cv. Sacred, and also in all other species investigated for subgenus Ocimum, were flavonol 3-O-glucosides and 3-O-rutinosides. Many species in subgenus Ocimum also produced the more unusual compound, quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside, and small amounts of flavone O-glycosides. The level of flavonol glycosides produced was reduced significantly in glasshouse-grown plants, but levels of flavone glycosides were unaffected. A single species investigated from subgenus Nautochilus, O. lamiifolium, had a different flavonoid glycoside profile, although the major compound was also a flavonol O-glycoside. This was identified as quercetin 3-O-xylosyl(1‴→2″)galactoside, using NMR spectroscopy. The species investigated from subgenus Gymnocimum, O. tenuiflorum (=O. sanctum), was characterised by the accumulation of flavone O-glycosides. These were isolated, and identified as the 7-O-glucuronides of luteolin and apigenin. Luteolin 5-O-glucoside was found in all nine species of Ocimum studied, and is considered to be a key character for the genus.
Ocimum sanctum L. or Ocimum tenuiflorum L, commonly known as the Holy Basil in English or Tulsi in the various Indian languages, is a important medicinal plant in the various traditional and folk systems of medicine in Southeast Asia. Scientific studies have shown it to possess antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antistress, and immunomodulatory activities. Preclinical studies have also shown that Tulsi and some of its phytochemicals eugenol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, myretenal, luteolin, β-sitosterol, and carnosic acid prevented chemical-induced skin, liver, oral, and lung cancers and to mediate these effects by increasing the antioxidant activity, altering the gene expressions, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis. The aqueous extract of Tulsi and its flavanoids, orintin, and vicenin are shown to protect mice against γ-radiation-induced sickness and mortality and to selectively protect the normal tissues against the tumoricidal effects of radiation. The other important phytochemicals like eugenol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and carnosic acid are also shown to prevent radiation-induced DNA damage. This review summarizes the results related to the chemopreventive and radioprotective properties of Tulsi and also emphasizes aspects that warrant future research to establish its activity and utility in cancer prevention and treatment.
The genus Ocimum is an important source of
many essential oils and aromatic chemicals used principally
in the food and cosmetic industries. The aromas
(compositions) of essential oils of genus Ocimum are
characterized by a great chemical variability affecting the
commercial value of this genus. This study was conducted
to evaluate the ontogenic variations in aroma profiles of 11
Indian Ocimum taxa belonging to 5 Ocimum species, viz.
O. basilicum L., O. americanum L., O. gratissimum L.,
O. tenuiflorum L., and O. kilimandscharicum Guerke,
grown in foot hills of Uttarakhand, India during rainautumn
cropping season. Essential oil yield was found to
vary significantly during different phenophases: from 0.34
to 0.87 % in four landraces of O. basilicum, 0.16 to 0.38 %
in ‘Green and Purple’ of O. tenuiflorum, 0.23 to 0.43 % in
O. americanum, 0.34 to 0.78 % in O. kilimandscharicum
and 0.48 to 0.68 % in O. gratissimum. The variation in
composition of the essential oils was analyzed by gas
chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas
chromatography with mass spectrometry. Analyses of the
essential oils led to the identification of 95 constituents
forming 93.8–99.7 % of the total essential oil compositions,
with phenyl propanoids (B0.1–90.0 %) and monoterpenoids
(2.8–95.5 %) as the prevalent components.
Substantial variations in essential oil yield, and qualitative
and quantitative compositions due to different stages of
plants growth were noticed. These results indicated that the
knowledge of appropriate growth stage is very important to
obtain higher essential oil yield and desired active constituents
of Ocimum, which were used extensively in food,
cosmetics and allied industries.
Analysis of the volatiles isolated from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum L., Lamiaceae, by capillary GC and GC/MS resulted in the identification of 25 components comprising 98.7% of the total oil. Eugenol (53.4%), β-caryophyllene (31.7%) and β-elemene (6.2%) were the major components found.