Pink quartz - a new, meteorite impact-related origin? Part 1: Observations and first hypothesis of formation

Abstract

Pink quartz, not to be confused with rose quartz, is an extremely rare color variety, which is completely transparent and is only known from a few occurrences worldwide. It is believed that the pink color is due to small amounts of aluminum and phosphorus that substitute silicon, and exposure of the quartz to natural gamma radiation. Sands with a dominating proportion of pink quartz excavated from the soil and extracted from a breccia layer in the crater strewn field of the Chiemgau meteorite impact suggest that normally colorless quartz sand was irradiated during the impact event and may possibly be found at other impact sites.

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Pink!quartz!-!a!new,!meteorite!impact-related!origin?!
Part!1:!Observations!and!first!hypothesis!of!formation!
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Kord!Ernstson*!(2018)!
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Abstract.!-!Pink!quartz,!not!to!be!confused!with!rose!quartz,!is!an!extremely!rare!color!
variety,!which!is!completely!transparent!and!is!only!known!from!a!few!occurrences!
worldwide.!It!is!believed!that!the!pink!color!is!due!to!small!amounts!of!aluminum!and!
phosphorus!that!substitute!silicon,!and!exposure!of!the!quartz!to!natural!gamma!
radiation.!Sands!with!a!dominating!proportion!of!pink!quartz!excavated!from!the!soil!
and!extracted!from!a!breccia!layer!in!the!crater!strewn!field!of!the!Chiemgau!meteorite!
impact!suggest!that!normally!colorless!quartz!sand!was!irradiated!during!the!impact!
event!and!may!possibly!be!found!at!other!impact!sites.!
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Key+words:!Pink!and!rose!quartz,!Chiemgau!meteorite!impact,!neutron-gamma!radiation!!
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*Faculty!of!Philosophy!I,!University!of!Würzburg,!Germany,!kernstson@ernstson.de!
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1!Introduction!
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Colors!from!ionizing!radiation!is!an!effect!that!occurs!in!many!minerals!as!a!result!of!
natural!and!artificial!exposure.!Well!known!colored!quartz!transparent!crystal!varieties!
are!amethyst,!citrine!and!smoky!quartz.!
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Pink!quartz!crystals!were!first!discovered!in!the!1930's!in!Maine,!USA,!and!later!in!1959!
in!Minas!Gerais!in!Brazil!(Dake,!et!al.!1938,!Akhavan!2005-2013).!In!both!cases!the!pink!
quartz!was!considered!as!common!rose!quartz!that!formed!crystals.!Only!recently!pink!
quartz!crystals!have!been!found!also!in!the!Himalayan!Mountains,!and!pink!quartz!in!
general!!goes!round!in!esoteric!circles!as!so-called!"healing!stones".!
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This!"crystalline!rose!quartz"!raised!the!interest!of!mineralogists!who!found!distinct!
differences!between!pink!quartz!and!common!rose!quartz,!which!is!now!generally!
accepted!(Balitsky!et!al.!1998,!Hori!2001,!Maschmeyer!and!Lehmann!1983,!Rykart!
1995).!In!their!opinion!the!pink!quartz!forms!in!phosphorous-rich!pegmatites!where!
few!silicon!is!replaced!by!phosphorous!and!aluminum,!and!the!color!is!the!result!of!
gamma!ray!radiation!from!uranium,!thorium!and!potassium-40!decay!in!the!rock,!which!
may!affect!existing!trapped-hole!centers.!Exposure!to!sunlight!(UV)!and!heating!above!
200°C!leads!to!discoloration.!
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Here!I!report!on!the!discovery!of!quartz!sands!composed!of!a!dominating!fraction!of!
pink!quartz!grains!that!are!suggested!to!be!related!with!the!meanwhile!established!
Chiemgau!meteorite!impact!in!Bavaria,!Southeast!Germany.!!
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2!!The!Chiemgau!impact!event!
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The!Chiemgau!impact!strewn'field'(Schüssler'et'al.'2005;'Rappenglück'et'al.'2009;'
Ernstson!et!al.!2010,!2012;!B.!Rappenglück!et!al.!2010;!Liritzis!et!al.!2010;!Hiltl!et!al.!
2011)!discovered!in!the!early!new!millennium!and!dated!to!the!Bronze!Age/Celtic!era!
comprises!about!100!rimmed!craters!scattered!in!a!region!of!about!60!km!length!and!ca.!
30!km!width!in!the!very!South-East!of!Germany!(Fig.!1).!The!crater!diameters!range!
between!a!few!meters!and!a!few!hundred!meters,!among!them!Lake!Tüttensee!with!a!
rim-to-rim!diameter!of!about!600!m!and!an!extensive!ejecta!blanket.!SONAR!echo-
sounder!measurements!show!a!striking!structure!at!the!bottom!of!Lake!Chiemsee,!which!
is!completely!untypical!for!the!bottom!of!an!ice-age!lake.!The!structure!measuring!about!
800!m!x!400!m!is!a!doublet!crater!with!a!ring!wall.!Since!the!crater!strewn!field!extends!
beyond!Lake!Chiemsee,!it!is!plausible!that!fragments!of!the!large!meteorite!have!also!
fallen!into!Lake!Chiemsee!and!created!craters!on!the!ground!(Fig.!1).!The!height!of!the!
resulting!tsunami!could!exceed!several!decameters.!Clear!indications!of!such!a!tsunami!
are!provided!by!diamictites!with!pronounced!block!layers!and!cross!bedding,!as!they!can!
be!found!in!various!gravel!pits!on!the!eastern!side!of!Lake!Chiemsee!(Ernstson!2016).!
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Geologically,!the!craters!occur!in!Pleistocene!moraine!and!fluvio-glacial!sediments.!The!
craters!and!surrounding!areas!are!featuring!heavy!deformations!of!the!Quaternary!
cobbles!and!boulders,!abundant!fused!rock!material!such!as!impact!melt!rocks!and!
various!glasses,!strong!shock!metamorphism!(planar!deformation!features![PDFs]!in!
quartz!and!feldspar,!diaplectic!glass!from!quartz!and!feldspar),!geophysical!(gravity,!
geomagnetic,!ground!penetrating!radar)!anomalies!(Ernstson!et!al.!2010;!Neumair!and!
Ernstson!2011,!Rappenglück!et!al.!2017)!and!widespread!impact-induced!rock!
liquefaction!features!(Ernstson!et!al.!2011,!Ernstson!and!Neumair!2011,!Ernstson!and!
Poßekel!2017).!Impact!ejecta!deposits!in!a!catastrophic!mixture!contain!polymictic!
breccias,!shocked!rocks,!melt!rocks,!and!artifacts!from!Neolithic!and!Bronze!Age/Iron!
Age!people!The!impact!is!substantiated!by!the!abundant!occurrence!of!metallic,!glass!

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and!carbonaceous!spherules,!accrecionary!lapilli!and!microtektites!(Ernstson!et!al.!2012,!
2014).!Strange,!probably!meteoritic!matter!in!the!form!of!iron!silicides!like!gupeiite,!
xifengite,!hapkeite,!naquite!and!linzhite,!various!carbides!like,!e.g.,!moissanite!SiC!and!
khamrabaevite!(Ti,V,Fe)C,!and!calcium-aluminum-rich!inclusions!(CAI),!minerals!krotite!
and!dicalcium!dialuminate!(Hiltl!et!al.!2011;!Rappenglück!et!al.!2014)!add!to!the!finds.!
Carbonaceous!spherules!contain!fullerene-like!structures!and!nanodiamonds!that!point!
to!an!impact-related!origin!(Yang!et!al.!2008).$Such$spherules$were$found$embedded$in$
the$fusion$crust$of$cobbles$from$a$crater$as$well$as$a$possible$outfall$in$soils$widespread$
over%Europe%(Rösler%et%al.%2005;%Hoffmann%et%al.%2006;%Yang%et%al.,%2008).%Abundant!finds!
of!glass-like!carbon!fragments!with!pumice!texture,!which!has!been!given!the!name!
chiemite,!contain!the!carbon!allotropes!diamond!and!carbyne!in!a!largely!amorphous!
matrix!of!more!than!90!%!carbon!(Shumilova!et!al.!2018).!A!formation!of!a!direct!
airburst!shock!transformation!of!the!target!vegetation!(wood,!peat)!to!carbon!melt!and!
vapor!in!the!impact!event!is!suggested.!
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Physical)and)archeological)dating)confines)the)impact)event)to)have)happened)most)
!"#$%$&'($)*+)),(-.-//(%,0(1//(2343(56%!!),7&89:()*(%&3(-/;/<(=>">*?>@()*(%&3(-/;/A3(Bhe!
impactor!is!suggested!to!have!been!a!roughly!1,000!m!sized!low-density!disintegrated,!
loosely!bound!asteroid!or!a!disintegrated!comet!in!order!to!account!for!the!extensive!
strewn!field!(Ernstson!et!al.!2010,!Rappenglück!et!al.!2017).!
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Fig.!1.!Location!map!for!the!two!pink!quartz!occurrences!within!the!roughly!elliptically!
encircled!Chiemgau!meteorite!impact!strewn!field.!
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3!The!pink!quartz!places!of!discovery!
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The!pink!quartz!sands!were!discovered!when!soil!and!rock!samples!from!interesting!
impact!locations!were!systematically!examined!for!potentially!impact-related!micro-
particles!like!glass,!metallic!and!carbon!spherules.!Experienced!observers!could!not!
overlook!the!concentration!of!so!many!pink!quartz!grains!(Fig.!2),!especially!when!they!
used!a!strong!magnet!to!separate!the!magnetic!fraction!and!found!that!the!pink!quartz!
grains!could!also!be!separated!by!an!obviously!slightly!enhanced!susceptibility!of!the!
basically!diamagnetic!quartz.!
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The!first!sample!was!excavated!near!the!village!of!Marwang!north!of!the!Lake!Tüttensee!
crater!(Fig.!1)!during!a!campaign!of!recording!magnetic!susceptibility!profiles!of!the!
upper!50!cm!to!!map!a!known!distinct!peak!of!enhanced!magnetic!susceptibility!(Fig.!3),!
which!was!first!measured!in!the!northern!part!of!the!impact!strewn!ellipse!(Hoffmann!et!
al.!2004).!The!Marwang!magnetic!peak!is!connected!to!a!horizon!enriched!with!fractured!
pebbles,!cindery!glass!and!carbonaceous!spherules,!which!is!considered!to!represent!the!
original!directly!impact-affected!Earth!surface.!Here,!an!accumulation!of!pink!quartz!
grains!attracted!attention.!
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Fig.!2.!Typical!magnetic!sand!fraction!with!an!enrichment!of!pink!quartz!grains.!The!dark!
fraction!is!mostly!composed!of!ore!and!amphibolite.!Field!of!view!4!mm.!

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Fig.!3.!Soil!magnetic!susceptibility!profile!with!the!suggested!impact!peak!and!sampling!of!
the!pink!quartz!grains.!
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The second sample comes from the diamictic layer found during the Stöttham archeological
excavation a few hundred meters apart from the shoreline of Lake Chiemsee (Fig. 1). The
several decimeters thick diamictite (Fig. 4) is embedded in colluvium layers and contains
brecciated and heavily corroded clasts, abundant organic material like wood, charcoal,
fractured animal bones and teeth, and intermixed archeological artifacts. High-temperature
signature is characterized by partly melted silica limestone, a typical rock from the Alps, and
sandstone clasts with sporadically interspersed glass. Moderate shock is indicated by an
abundant and strong kink banding of micas in gneiss clasts from the diamictite, and most
recently the author has established strong shock metamorphism in quartz in polymictic
breccias from the horizon. Millimeter-sized glass and tiny carbonaceous spherules were
extracted from the diamictite mud, the pink quartz grains being an important side effect. The
outcrop has in detail been described in Ernstson et al. (2012), and there is no doubt about the
connection with the Chiemgau impact event. The early description as a tsunami deposit (D.
Sudhaus, pers. report) has meanwhile received full support (Ernstson 2016).
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Fig.!4.!The!Stöttham!impact!catastrophic!layer!hosting!pink!quartz!grains.!
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4!Formation!hypothesis!!
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The!hypothesis!of!the!formation!of!pink!quartz!in!the!Chiemgau!impact!strewn!field!is!
based!on!the!original!explanation!of!pink!coloration!by!gamma!irradiation!in!pegmatites,!
in!which!little!quartz!silicon!was!substituted!by!phosphorous!and!aluminum!(see!1!
Introduction).!The!following!sequence!of!processes!could!have!taken!place!in!the!
Chiemgau!impact!event!(Fig.!5):!A!huge!plasma!cloud!in!the!airburst!of!the!comet!or!
asteroid!approaches!the!Earth.!-!Fast!neutrons!from!the!plasma!bombard!the!Earth's!
surface!and!hit!exposed!water-bearing!quartz!sands.!-!!The!fast!neutrons!are!captured!by!
collision!with!hydrogen!nuclei!and!lose!most!of!their!energy!due!to!the!same!mass,!to!
become!slow!or!thermal!neutrons.!-!The!capture!process!is!accompanied!by!the!emission!
of!a!strong!gamma!radiation.!-!The!gamma!radiation!hits!mineralogically!"well!
prepared"!quartz!grains!to!now!obtain!their!pink!color.!-!Immediate!post-impact!
sedimentation!by!probably!enormous!precipitations!prevents!exposure!to!sunlight!and!
discoloration.!!
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So!much!for!a!physical!scenario!of!a!possible!formation!of!the!pink!quartz!grains!in!the!
Chiemgau!impact!strewn!field,!the!significance!of!which!is!discussed!below.!

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Fig.!5.!Model!of!pink!quartz!formation!in!the!Chiemgau!meteorite!impact!event.!See!text.!
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5!Discussion!and!Conclusions!
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The!following!observations!are!fulfilled:!In!the!Chiemgau!impact!crater!strewn!field!
quartz!sands!were!excavated!that!contain!a!certain!amount!of!pink!quartz.!The!grains!
are!as!clear!as!rock!crystal!quartz.!The!pink!grains!are!slightly!enhanced!paramagnetic,!
as!they!can!be!separated!from!normal!grains!with!a!strong!magnet.!This!property!has!
not!yet!been!reported!for!other!pink!quartz.!Originally!surprising!for!the!author,!but!
now!understood!was!the!observation!that!the!pink!color!disappeared!after!the!grains!
were!exposed!to!daylight!for!some!time,!which!has!also!been!reported!for!other!pink!
quartz!(see!1!Introduction).!!

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A!chemical!analysis!of!the!pink!quartz!grains!by!e.g.!SEM!EDS!has!not!been!done!so!far!
and!will!be!performed!when!new!samples!are!available.!The!general!context!with!earlier!
discovered!pink!quartz!(see!above)!is!given,!taking!into!account!the!delivery!area!for!the!
quartz!sands!that!are!the!nearby!Alpine!mountains!where!quartz!pegmatites!and!
phosphorous!mineralization!are!common.!Direct!observations!of!pink!quartz!in!the!Alps!
are!unknown,!and!in!view!of!the!herds!of!mineral!collectors,!the!discovery!of!this!rare!
variety!would!have!been!reported.!On!the!other!hand,!it!cannot!be!ruled!out!that!other!
rare!chemical!elements!that!replace!silicon!may!also!be!susceptible!to!irradiation!pink!
coloring,!which!must!be!checked.!This!also!applies!to!the!slightly!enhanced!magnetic!
susceptibility!of!the!Chiemgau!pink!quartz,!and!a!superparamagnetic!behavior!of!the!in!
principle!diamagnetic!quartz!cannot!be!excluded.!!
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This!reminds!of!an!unusual!observation!in!the!Chiemgau!impact!strewn!field,!namely!the!
occurrence!of!strongly!magnetized!Quaternary!limestone!cobbles!and!boulders!from!the!
Alps,!which!were!excavated,!for!example,!from!the!smaller!Kaltenbach!and!
Mauerkirchen!impact!craters!showing!much!evidence!of!impact!overprint!(Neumair!and!
Ernstson!2011,!Procházka!and!Trojek!2017.!Moreover,!the!limestones,!which!are!
normally!magnetic!sterile,!have!demonstrably!acquired!considerable!ferrimagnetism!
and!associated!superparamagnetism!(Neumair!and!Ernstson!2011,!!Procházka!and!
Kletetschka!2016).!As!the!limestone!cobbles!and!boulders!are!completely!untouched!at!
the!outside,!shock!magnetization!is!considered.!It!can!currently!be!speculated!whether!
superparamagnetism!was!shock-generated!not!only!in!the!otherwise!"nonmagnetic"!
limestones,!but!also!in!the!pink!quartz!grains!with!a!slightly!different!chemistry!than!
"normal"!quartz.!!
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This!does!not!affect!the!irradiation!hypothesis!for!the!pink!coloring!as!related!to!an!
impact!!neutron!bombardment!of!water-bearing!quartz!sands!and!a!secondary!gamma!
radiation!(Fig.!5)!postulated!for!the!other!pink!quartz!occurrences.!!
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A!heavy!neutron!bombardment!during!the!Chiemgau!impact!event!has!been!discussed!
by!us!earlier!when!several!radiocarbon!(14C)!ages!for!deep-seated!(2!-!3!m)!organic!
matter!(bones,!wood)!in!impact!catastrophe!layers!(Lake!Tüttensee!ejecta!layer;!
Ernstson!et!al.!2010)!gave!far!too!high!14C!values!corresponding!to!impossible!medieval!
and!even!today's!ages.!Inconclusive!radiocarbon!ages!are!not!unknown!for!dating!of!
young!impacts!(e.g.,!Rasmussen!et!al.!2000).!In!our!case!an!impact!plasma!neutron!
bombardment!could!have!initiated!what!normally!happens!in!the!atmosphere!to!
produce!the!more!or!less!constant!14C!level!as!the!known!basis!for!the!radiocarbon!
dating.!In!the!atmosphere,!spallation!neutrons!collide!with!nitrogen!14N!nuclei,!which!
leads!to!a!nuclear!reaction!and!production!of!the!radioactive!14C.!Neutrons!that!
bombard!the!Earth's!surface!in!an!impact!event!could!collide!with!14N!isotopes!in!
organic!matter,!and!the!same!reaction!as!in!the!atmosphere!could!occur,!which!produces!
excess!14C!and!today's!too!young!ages.!!
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In!conclusion:!There!is!much!evidence!from!earlier!investigations!in!the!Chiemgau!
impact!strewn!field!that!huge!airbursts!could!have!played!a!major!role!(Ernstson!et!al!
2010,!!Rappenglück!et!al.!2017,!Shumilova!et!al.!2018).!Plasma!formation!has!inevitably!
bombarded!the!earth's!surface!with!strong!neutron!showers.!Fast!neutron!collisions!
with!hydrogen!nuclei!from!water-bearing!quartz!sands!produced!the!gamma!radiation!
for!pink!quartz!coloring,!which!is!considered!to!be!the!cause!for!the!previously!known!
sites!of!pink!quartz.!
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The!next!steps!in!the!investigation!of!the!Chiemgau!pink!quartz!will!be!reported!in!an!
article's!Part!2.!A!systematic!search!for!more!occurrences!is!planned!and,!with!a!positive!
result,!a!documentation!of!their!distribution!in!relation!to!other!impact!features!in!the!
crater!strewn!field!and!possibly!at!places!definitely!outside!the!crater!field.!Pink!quartz!
grain!sizes!will!be!measured,!whereby!a!preferred!sorting!is!checked.!SEM!EDS!analyses!
for!phosphorous,!aluminum!or!other!elements!will!be!performed.!A!test!of!magnetic!
behavior!and!rock-magnetic!properties,!e.g.!for!superparamagnetism,!are!planned.!A!
controlled!observation!of!a!possible!discoloring!in!daylight!may!follow.!
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If!these!or!other!data!are!available,!it!may!be!possible!to!confirm!or!question!the!impact!
neutron-gamma!radiation!hypothesis,!and!a!search!for!pink!quartz!in!other!impact!
structures!may!be!promising.!!
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References!
!
! Akhavan,!A.C.!!http://www.quartzpage.de/pink.html!©!2005-2013!(accessed!July!
31,!2018).! !
! Balitsky,!V.S.,!Makhina,!I.B.,!Prygov,!V.I.,!Mar'in,!A.A.,!Emel'henko,!A.G.,!Fritsch,!E.,!
McClure,!S.F.,!Taijing,!L.,!DeGhionno,!D.,!Koivula,!J.I.,!Shigley,!J.E.!(1998).!Russian!
Synthetic!Pink!Quartz.!Gems!and!Gemology:!34:!34-43.! !
!Bauer,'F.,'Hiltl,'M.,'Rappenglück,'M.A.,'Neumair,'A.,'&'Ernstson,'K.'(2013).'Fe2Si'
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!Dake,!H.C.,!Fleener,!F.L.,!Wilson,!B.H.!(1938).!Quartz!Family!Minerals:!A!Handbook!
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origin.!45th!Lunar!and!Planetary!Science!Conference,!Abstract!#1200.!!
! Ernstson,!K.!&!Neumair,!A.!(2011),!Geoelectric!Complex!Resistivity!Measurements!
of!Soil!Liquefaction!Features!in!Quaternary!Sediments!of!the!Alpine!Foreland,!Germany,!
Abstract!NS23A-1555!presented!at!2011!Fall!Meeting,!AGU,!San!Francisco,!Calif.,!5-9!
Dec.!
! Ernstson,!K.,!&!Poßekel,!J.!(2017).!Meteorite!impact!„earthquake“!features!(Rock!
liquefaction,!surface!wave!deformations,!seismites)!from!ground!penetrating!radar!
(GPR)!and!geoelectric!complex!resistivity/induced!polarization!(IP)!measurements,!
Chiemgau!(Alpine!Foreland,!Southeast!Germany).!Abstract!(EP53B-1700)!presented!at!
2017!Fall!Meeting,!AGU,!New!Orleans,!LA.!
! Hiltl,!M.,!Bauer,!F.,!Ernstson,!K.,!Mayer,!W.,!Neumair,!A.,!&!!"##$%&'()*+,-./.,
(2011).!SEM!and!TEM!analyses!of!minerals!xifengite,!gupeiite,!Fe2Si!(hapkeite?),!
titanium!Carbide!(TiC)!and!cubic!moissanite!(SiC)!from!the!subsoil!in!the!Alpine!
Foreland:!Are!they!cosmochemical?!42nd!Lunar!and!Planetary!Science!Conference,!
Abstract!#1391.!
! Hoffmann,!V.,!Rösler,!W.,!and!Schibler,!I.,!(2004).!Anomalous!magnetic!signature!
of!top!soils!in!Burghausen!area,!SE!Germany.!Geophysical!Research!Abstracts,!6:!05041.!
! Hoffmann,!V.,!Tori,!M.,!Funaki,!M.!(2006).!Peculiar!magnetic!signature*of*Fe-
Silicide'phases'and'dia-!mond/fullerene+containing+carbon+spherules.+Travaux+
Géophysiques,XXVII,-!Abstracts!of!the!10th!„Castle!Meeting“!–!New!Trends!in!
Geomagnetism,!Paleo,!Rock!and!Environmental!Magnetism,!52–53.!
!Hori,!H.!(2001).!Nomenclature!of!Quartz!Color!Variation:!Pink!and!Rose.!
Mineralogical!Record:!32(1).!
!Isaenko,)S.)I.,)Shumilova,)T.)G.,)Ernstson,)K.,)Shevchuk,)S.,)Neumair,)A.,)&)
!"##$%&'()*+,-.,/01203.,4"rbynes!and!DLC!in!naturally!occurring!carbon!matter!from!
the!Alpine!Foreland,!South-East!Germany:!Evidence!of!a!probable!new!impactite.!
European!Mineralogical!Conference,!1,!EMC!2012–217.!!
!Liritzis,(I.,(Zacharias,(N.,(Polymeris,(G.S.,(Kitis,(G.,(Ernstson,(K.,(Sudhaus,(D.,(
Neumair,)A.,)Mayer,)W.,)Rappenglück,)M.A.,)&)Rappenglück,!B.!(2010).!The!Chiemgau!
meteorite!impact!and!tsunami!event!(Southeast!Germany):!First!osl!dating.!
Mediterranean!Archaeology!and!Archaeometry!10/4,!17–33.!
! Maschmeyer,!G.!Lehmann!(1983).!A!trapped-hole!center!causing!rose!coloration!
of!natural!quartz.!Zeitschrift!für!Kristallographie,!163,!181-196.!

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! Neumair,!A.!&!Ernstson,!K.!(2011),!Geomagnetic!and!morphological!signature!of!
small!crateriform!structures!in!the!Alpine!Foreland,!Southeast!Germany,!Abstract!
GP11A-1023!presented!at!2011!Fall!Meeting,!AGU,!San!Francisco,!Calif.,!5-9!Dec.!
!Procházka,!V.,!&!Trojek,!T.!(2017).!XRF-!and!EMP-!investigation!of!glass!coatings!
and!melted!domains!of!pebbles!from!craters!in!Chiemgau,!Germany.!48th!Lunar!and!
Planetary!Science!Conference,!Abstract!#2401.!!
!Procházka,!V.!&!Kletetschk,!G.!(2016).!Evidence!for!superaparamagnetic!
nanoparticles!in!limestones!from!Chiemgau!crater!field,!SE!Germany.!47th!Lunar!and!
Planetary!Science!Conference!(2016);!Abstract!#2763.pdf.!
!!"##$%&'()*+,-.+,!"##$%&'()*+,/.+,01%2324%+,5.+,/"6$1+,W.,!Neumair,!A.,!Sudhaus,!
D.,!&!Liritzis,!I.!(2010).!The!fall!of!Phaeton:!a!Greco-Roman!geomyth!preserves!the!
memory!of!a!meteorite!impact!in!Bavaria!(south-east!Germany).!Antiquity,!84,!428–439.!
!!"##$%&'()*+,-.+,/)0(11'$2+,3.+,-"4$2+,5.+,6,72%1819%.,:.!(2005).!Sind!die!
Eisensilizide!aus!dem!Impakt-Kraterstreufeld!im!Chiemgau!kosmisch?!European!Journal!
of!Mineralogy,!17(1),!108.!
!!"##$%&'()*+,-.,/.+,0"1$2+,3.+,45'6'+,-+,7$18"52+,/.+,9,:.,;2%<6<=%+,:.,>?@ABC.,
Calcium-aluminium-rich!inclusions!in!iron!silicide!(xifengite,!gupeiite,!hapkeite)!matter:!
Evidence!of!a!cosmic!origin.!Meteoritics!&!Planetary!Science,!48(S1),!(76th!Annual!
Meeting!of!the!Meteoritical!Society),!Abstract!#5055.!!
!!"##$%&'()*+,-.,/.+,0"1$2+,3.+,42%5657%+,8.+,9,:;'6'+,-.,<=>?@A.,-$6$7rite!impact!on!
a!micrometer!scale:!Iron!silicide,!carbide!and!CAI!minerals!from!the!Chiemgau!impact!
event!(Germany).!Proceedings!of!Problems!and!Perspectives!of!Modern!Mineralogy!
(Yushkin!Memorial!Seminar!–!2014),!Syktyvkar,!106–107.!
! Rappenglück,!M.A,.,!Rappenglück,!B.!&!Ernstson.!K.!!(2017).!Kosmische)Kollision)
in#der#Frühgeschichte.!Der!Chiemgau-Impakt:!Die!Erforschung!eines!bayerischen!
Meteoritenkrater-Streufelds.!Zeitschrift!für!Anomalistik,!17,!235-260.!
! Rasmussen,!K.L.,!AAby,!B.,!Gwozdz,!R.!(2000).!The!age!of!the!Kaalijärvi!meteorite!
craters.!Meteoritics!&!Planetary!Science,!35,!1067-1071.!
!!"#$%&'()*'(+,--./00'(1*'(!/%2./%3%&#'(4*'(567&28%&#'(9*'(:(;,<<'(=*(>?@05).!Carbon!
spherules!with!diamonds!in!soils.!Paneth!Kolloquium,!Abstract!PC2005!#026.!!
!Rykart,!R.!(1995).!Quarz-Monographie!-!Die!Eigenheiten!von!Bergkristall,!
Rauchquarz,!Amethyst,!Chalcedon,!Achat,!Opal!und!anderen!Varietäten.!413!p.,!Ott,!
Thun.!
! Schryvers,!D.,!&!Raeymaekers,!B.!(2005).!EM!characterisation!of!a!potential!
meteorite!sample.!Proceedings!of!EMC,!Antwerp,!vol.!II,!859–860.!
!Schüssler,*U.,*Rappenglück,*M.*A.,*Ernstson,*K.,*Mayer,*W.,*Rappenglück,*B.*(2005).!
Das!Impakt-Kraterstreufeld!im!Chiemgau.!European!Journal!of!Mineralogy,!17(1),!124.!
! Shumilova,!T.G.,!Isaenko,!S.I.,!Makeev,'B.A.,'Ernstson,'K.,'Neumair,'A.,'&'
!"##$%&'()*+,-./.,012314.,5%6&7"86),#99:';,<8:=)8=:$>,)":?9%,<=?<8"%)$<,@:97,8A$,
Alpine!Foreland,!Southeast!Germany:!Evidence!of!a!cosmic!relation.!43rd!Lunar!and!
Planetary!Science!Conference,!Abstract!&!Poster!#1430.!!
! Shumilova,!T.G.,!Isaenko,!S.I,!Ulyashev,!V.V.,!Makeev,!B.A.,!Rappenglück,!M.A.,!
Veligzhanin,!A.A.,!&!Ernstson,!K.!(2018).!Enigmatic!glass-like!carbon!from!the!Alpine!

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Foreland!(Southeast!Germany):!Formation!by!a!natural!carbonization!process.!Acta!
Geologica!Sinica!-!English!Edition,!in!press.!
!!"#$%&'(&)(%&*+,-++./%&0(%&1.2,34+,5%&6(%&7",.+"%&8(%&9:;;%&0(%&<&=>5?+,%&@.!(2008).!
TEM!and!Raman!characterisation!of!diamond!micro-!and!nanostructures!in!carbon!
spherules!from!upper!soils.!Diamond!&!Related!Materials,!17,!937–943.!
!
!