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In vitro antioxidant and antihypertensive compounds from camu-camu ( Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) seed coat: A multivariate structure-activity study

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Abstract

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) pulp, seeds, and skin are widely known because of their nutritional properties. However, the seed coat has never been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. Herein, we characterized the phenolic composition, the antioxidant activity, and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) of three different extracts (water, propanone, and ethanol) from this residue and assessed the structure-activity using bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), inhibition of lipid peroxidation using egg yolk and Wistar rat brain, scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) radical, Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCRC), and the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by the extracts were also analyzed. t-Resveratrol was found in camu-camu seed coat for the first time. The aqueous extract had the highest total phenolic content, FRAP, DPPH*, FCRC, and inhibition of lipid oxidation using both chemical and biological assays, while the propanone extract showed the opposite behavior but it presented higher in vitro antihypertensive activity. The ethanolic extract exhibited intermediate values for the responses. The association between chemical composition and the functional properties of the camu-camu seed coat extracts were revealed using correlation analysis and principal component analysis.

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... [32,47,48] The fruit's nutritional, technological, and nutraceutical potential has gained attention in local and international markets. [49][50][51] Due to its high Vitamin C content, Camu-Camu has garnered interest for its potential health benefits. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient with antioxidant properties that can support the immune system, promote collagen synthesis, and act as a scavenger of free radicals. ...
... [32] The fruit M. dubia is rounded, with 2.5 cm in diameter, red or purple, with a pink mesocarp around four seeds representing 40% of the fruit. [32,50] The species propagation occurs sexually through the seeds but can also occur asexually. [52] The fruits are harvested between March and September, with 50% -70% of their maturation. ...
... It can be either red or purple, with a pink mesocarp surrounding four seeds that makeup approximately 40% of the fruit. [32,50] The species primarily reproduces sexually through seeds but can also propagate asexually. [46] The fruits are typically harvested between March and September, at approximately 50% to 70% of their maturation stage. ...
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Aging is a complex process resulting from internal and external changes, culminating in a decreased efficacy of cognitive and other biological functions. Studies report that oxidative stress, immunosenescence, inflammaging, and cell senescence are involved in aging. Continuous research is performed seeking treatments delaying such processes to achieve healthy aging, including nutrition and nutraceuticals. In this article, we review the potential of some plants from the Amazon rainforest that have been gaining attention in healthspan, namely Euterpe oleraceae (Açaí), Myrciaria dubia (Camu-camu), and Bixa orellana (Annatto).
... These healthpromoting phytochemicals possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. All these health-beneficial activities were verified by various in vitro and in vivo studies and evidence from human clinical trials [18,[20][21][22]. Today, we know that these activities are attributed to the high content of vitamin C and a range of secondary metabolites such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and various undiscovered bioactive phytochemicals synthesized in camu-camu [12,[23][24][25][26][27]. ...
... The fruits contain 1-4 flat kidney-shaped and exalbuminous seeds. The seed coats are villous with brown coloration, as they are rich in condensed tannins and other phenolic compounds [20,34,35]. ...
... For example, high levels of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with the progression of numerous human diseases and cancer [48,49]. Various studies have demonstrated that camu-camu is a rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals [20,22,50]. These molecules have a key role in preventing and repairing damage caused by oxidative stress [51,52]. ...
... In one of their studies, Fidelis et al. (2020b) found in camu-camu seed extracts 34.4% inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme I and 33.90% inhibition with the use of 3.5 mg/mL of extract, showed in another work (Fidelis et al., 2020a). As for the seed coat, it also showed antihypertensive activity with 28 to 40% ACE inhibition (Fidelis et al., 2018). ...
... In the evaluation of Fidelis et al. (2018), the camu-camu seed coat obtained 7425 mg AAE/100 g FRAP, 2838 mg AAE/100 g DPPH elimination, and 8522 mg GAE/100 g for phenolic compounds. ...
... Carmo et al. (2019) observed that, when extracting the camu-camu seed flour with ultrapure water at 45 • C, the aqueous extract had a total phenolic content (385.63 mg/100 g), methyl vescalagin (327.32 mg/100 g), proanthocyanidin A2 (14.81 mg/100 g), gallic acid (18.48 mg/100 g), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (4.03 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity in vitro (DPPH, FRAP and FC), as well as inhibition of the viability of cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HepG2, A549 and HCT8). Fidelis et al. (2018), by evaluating the seed coat of camu-camu, observed that the extracts obtained only with water (45 • C to 45 min) had the highest levels of total phenolics, gallic acid, 2.5 dihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, FC), and inhibition of lipid oxidation, compared to other extractions. ...
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This review aims to evaluate the production and processing chain of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), giving suggestions to maximize the valorization of raw materials, demonstrating new product possibilities from processing to distribution and highlighting the suggested contributions. It is clear that despite the camu-camu pulp has important properties, a large part of its raw material, considered waste (around 50%) and formed by important bioactive compounds, can give rise to new products, such as bioactive extracts to be used by pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries, ingredients for bakery products, dairy and several others sectors, which constitutes opportunities, in addition to contributing to the reduction of agro-industrial waste and the preservation of the environment.
... Among them, the ultrasoundassisted WAEW extraction was more suitable for STE, indicating the extracts obtained by appropriate ultrasound combined with a strong polar solvent had strong inhibitory activity on ACE. Some studies found that flavonoids and phenolic acids from teas had a strong inhibitory activity on ACE (Fidelis et al. 2018;Dong et al. 2011), and it was speculated that uSTE-W may extract more flavonoids and phenolic acids which were conducive to inhibit ACE activity. ...
... Studies had indicated that the ACE inhibition of phenolic acids and flavonoids was mainly related to their interaction with the zinc ion presenting in the active site of the enzyme. Flavonoids can be a potential source of antihypertensive activity because hydroxyl and/or methoxyl positions in the ring associated with double bonds were responsible for increasing the activity of ACE inhibition (Fidelis et al. 2018). In uSTE-W, the contents of salicylic acid and astragalin were significantly higher than those of the other three STEs (p < 0.05, Table 1), which explained uSTE-W had higher ACE inhibitory activity (Fig. 3B) mainly due to the influence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. ...
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Sweet tea, the leaves of Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun, is rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, and polyphenolic ingredients and can be used as a potential source of valuable plant extracts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the combination of ultrasound and alkaline electrolyzed water on the efficiency and bioactivity of extracts from sweet tea. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized according to the chemical profiles and bioactivity of sweet tea extracts. The optimal condition was as follows. The weakly alkaline electrolyzed water (WAE) was use as solvent, solid–liquid ratio was 1:30 g/mL, extraction time was 40 min, temperature was 60 °C, and extraction was two cycles. The results showed the yields of total flavonoids, total phenols, total sugars, and total terpenoids which were 132.04 mg/g, 58.73 mg/g, 302.34 mg/g, and 226.76 mg/g, respectively. The extracts obtained from the optimized condition exhibited outstanding antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) activities. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 39 bioactive compounds in STE, including 9 phenolic acids, 28 flavonoids, and 2 terpenoids. The correlation analysis revealed that the extraction process significantly influenced the bioactive components of extracts and their bioactivities. This study indicated that the combination of ultrasound and WAE was an efficient method for obtaining biocomponents from sweet tea. The findings lay the groundwork for further processing and utilizing sweet tea extracts.
... The nutritional qualities of camu camu have been linked to a range of positive effects on human health. These include the demonstrated ability to neutralize reactive species, which is associated with antioxidant, antiobesity, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects, as evidenced by the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments, as well as human trials (Azevêdo et al., 2015;Camere-Colarossi et al., 2016;da Silva et al., 2012;de Souza Schmidt Gonçalves et al., 2014;De Oliveira, et al., 2020a,2020b;Fidelis et al., 2018;Miyashita et al., 2018). It has been also observed that both fresh and dried camu-camu pulp exhibit inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a range of concentrations varying from 299 μg/mL to 11,568 μg/mL and from 2.98 μg/mL to 26.88 μg/mL, respectively (Fujita et al., 2015). ...
... In the study conducted by Fujita, Sarkar, et al., (2017), it was observed that camu-camu powders can also be incorporated into soymilk using the lactic fermentation technique, which enhances their probiotic potential and provides health benefits. The use of camu-camu co-products has also been studied in the production of juices (Myoda et al., 2010) and infusions (do Carmo et al., 2020;Fidelis et al., 2018). The freeze-dried pulp has been used in the manufacture of tablets and capsules as a natural source of vitamin C. It has also been used in the production of nutraceutical concentrates that are mixed with other fruits, honey or resinous substances such as copaiba and propolis (Castro et al., 2018). ...
... Camu camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) is a fruit that is distributed along Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, and it is emerging as a standout due to its remarkable nutritional prospects [4,5]. The composition of camu camu has garnered considerable interest owing to its elevated levels of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic and citric acid and phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins [6][7][8], being reported for its purported bioactivities encompassing antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and 2 antimicrobial, among others [9][10][11]. In this sense, investigations have demonstrated that camu camu exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, surpassing those observed in vitamin C tablets when tested in human subjects [12]. ...
... Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) of EAPG dried CCX.11 ...
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This study explores the impact on the stability of drying and encapsulation of a camu camu extract (CCX) using the non-thermal, high-throughput electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) technique. The dried and encapsulated products by the EAPG processing techniques were compared in terms of total soluble phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and storage stability. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and zein (ZN) were selected as the protective excipients for encapsulation. Dried and encapsulated products were obtained in the form of microparticles, which were smaller and more spherical in the case of the encapsulates. No significant differences were observed in the total polyphenolic content (TSP), and only relatively small differences in the antioxidant capacity were measured among samples. The generated products were subjected to various storage conditions to assess their stability and the preservation of the TSP and the antioxidant properties, i.e. 0% relative humidity (RH) and 4°C; 0% RH and 21°C; 23% RH and 21°C; 56% RH and 21°C; and UV light exposure. The results indicated that ZN encapsulation notably enhanced the retention of total soluble polyphenols and antioxidant activity compared to WPC and dried CCX, especially in the ratio 2:1 (encapsulating polymer: dried CCX). This study demonstrates the potential of protein-based encapsulation, particularly using ZN, for stabilizing bioactive compounds against degradation mechanisms induced by humidity, temperature, or ultraviolet radiation exposure.
... Total condensed tannins were estimated using the vanillin-H 2 SO 4 method according to Horszwald and Andlauer (2011), with the values expressed as mg of (+)-catechin equivalent per 100 g (mg CTE/100 g). Phenolic compounds of different classes (phenolic acids, flavonoids, ellagic acid, and stilbene) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Shimadzu LC-20 T, equipped with DAD (diode detector array) and fluorescence detectors, a degasser system, auto sampler, and oven column, following the method described by Fidelis et al. (2018). ...
... The average total phenolic content of MDLE was found to be 176 mg GAE/100 g, which includes rosmarinic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, methylvescalagin, trans-resveratrol, and quercetin. Similarly, Fidelis et al. (2018) analyzed the bioactive compounds of Myrciaria dubia seed coat and identified the presence of these same compounds. Regarding the condensed tannins content, a concentration of 264 mg CTE/100 g was observed. ...
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The current investigation aimed to explore the effects of Myrciaria dubia liquid extract (MDLE) as the primary component of an extender for breeder rooster semen over different periods at room temperature. Fifteen breeder roosters (40 weeks of age, average body weight of 2.05±0.12) with confirmed fertility were used. Employing a factorial design (3x4), the treatments consisted of semen in natura and two semen extenders (an experimental based on MDLE and a commercial) subjected to four periods at room temperature post-collection (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) with four replicates (tubes) each. All variables evaluated in this study yielding significant results (p<0.05). Analyzed individually, the experimental extender based on MDLE exhibited a linear reduction (p<0.05) in motility and vigor results, while it caused an increase in pH values and percentages of sperm defects evaluated. When compared with semen in natura and commercial extender, the efficiency of MDLE as a semen extender was inferior to that observed with the commercial extender and similar to the results observed with semen in natura. Nonetheless, the experimental extender based on MDLE yielded satisfactory results for up to 15 minutes of storage time. In conclusion, MDLE can be considered as an alternative for composing a roosters’ semen extender, maintaining sperm characteristics within acceptable limits for up to 15 minutes at room temperature. However, this experimental extender demonstrated lower efficiency than the commercial extender in maintaining the sperm quality at room temperature across all periods tested.
... Según los estudios de Zanatta et al. (2005), el compuesto cianidina-3-glucósido se determinó como el pigmento con mayor contenidos de antocianos totales en los frutos de camu camu, con valores entre 30,3 ± 6,8 mg/100 -54,0 ± 25,9, los cuales son menores al rango reportados en esta investigación. Asímismo, Fidelis et al. (2018) indicaron que los residuos (semillas y cáscaras) de M. dubia representan el 40% del total de fruta, cantidad que generalmente se desecha sin aprovechar sus componentes químicos. Por otro lado, Özkan et al. (2002), indica que color rojo brillante en las frutas como la granada, cereza y fresa se relacionan con su riqueza en antocianos. ...
... Estos valores concuerdan con los reportados por Fidelis et al. (2018). La diferencia con los datos iniciales se debe también a que el encapsulado va a poseer una cantidad considerable de maltodextrina y que, la alta temperatura del atomizado pudo afectar también el contenido de polifenoles. ...
Article
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Camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) is a fruit from the Peruvian Amazon, highly valued for its high content of vitamin C, which is concentrated in its pulp. Due to this nutritional characteristic, it is processed into juices and extracts. However, its industrialization generates a considerable amount of waste. Therefore, its utilization is vital to reduce environmental pollution. The content of phenolic compounds in the peel and seed of camu camu has been studied, indicating that factors such as drying temperature and the method of stabilizing the concentrated powder are key to preserving its antioxidant activity. The objective of the study was to evaluate two drying temperatures (50 and 65°C) on camu camu seeds and peels, analyzing their effect on the total phenol content and the efficacy of atomization encapsulation and molecular inclusion of the concentrated extract at the optimal temperature. Extraction was conducted out with food-grade ethanol solvent at a ratio of 1:40 (g/g), at 55°C for 30 minutes, then concentrated to 60% in a rotary evaporator. At 50°C, a lower of phenolics (4979.99 ± 94.24 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g of sample) was found in the peel and seed mixture, and total anthocyanins in the peel (47.82 ± 3.93 mg cyanidin/100 g sample).. Atomization and molecular inclusion of the concentrated extract showed efficacy in in retaining the encapsulated total phenols. In conclusion, using a temperature of 50°C for drying has a lesser impact on the content of polyphenols. Additionally, two alternatives for stabilizing the extract are presented: with maltodextrin and molecular inclusion with cyclodextrin, both equally effectives.
... Total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and gallic acid equivalent (GAE) as a standard (R 2 = 0.998), and the results were expressed as mg of GAE per 100 g of BPC (mg GAE/100 g). Anthocyanins and caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid) were determined in their native forms by highperformance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu LC-20T, Kyoto, Japan), using a diode detector array (DAD), and fluorescence detectors, degasser system, autosampler, and oven column, according to the method validated by Fidelis et al. (2018). The thiolytic degradation method followed by UHPLC-DAD-FLD was applied to determine condensed tannins (proanthocyanins). ...
... Different assays were used to characterize the antioxidant capacity of the BPC extract, assessed according to Fidelis et al. (2018): free-radical scavenging activity in relation to the DPPH radical and ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were quantified, and the values were expressed as mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per 100 g (mg AAE/ 100 g, dw). ...
... One of the main objectives of LCA is to compare the contributions of process parameters and conditions for the environmental impact and identify hotspots [72]. Results show that the UAES protocol had the best performance regarding time, water and electricity requirements for both acerola and jambolan pomaces. ...
... Even though methanol, ethanol and other organic solvents can be successfully applied to polyphenol extraction, their use might incur in higher environmental impact and may require an additional solvent elimination step [71]. Besides being a food-grade, accessible and low-cost solvent, water was chosen for its good performance [72] and suitability to food processing operations [70,73]. ...
Article
In this study, tropical acerola and jambolan pomaces were submitted to four water-based polyphenol extraction methods: conventional solid-liquid extraction CSLE; heated conventional solid-liquid extraction HCSLE; static ultrasound-assisted extraction SUAE; and ultrasound-assisted extraction and mechanical stirring UAES. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the extraction protocols regarding their performance, extraction kinetics, mathematical modelling, and environmental viability using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The highest total polyphenol content was obtained by UAES after 90 min (1,606.8 mg GAE/100g for acerola and 1,580.7 mg GAE/100g for jambolan). These results are significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to CSLE (1,296.4 mg GAE/100g for acerola, 644.1 mg GAE/100g for jambolan). The Power Law model showed the best experimental fit compared to Peleg's and second-order models. Regarding the environmental viability, the LCA tool revealed that UAES had the lowest environmental impact among all extraction protocols, mainly due to its lower energy consumption. Overall, the combination of mechanical stirring and ultrasound improved water-based polyphenol extraction rates with reduced energy consumption. This study shows UAES as an environmentally friendly strategy to achieve efficient extraction of naturally occurring polyphenols from tropical fruit pomaces.
... Total phenolic content, flavonoids, ortho-diphenols, and condensed tannins were assessed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry according to the methods described by Fidelis et al. (2018) and Santos et al. (2018). Total ellagitannin content was determined after acid hydrolysis according to the method described by Mattila and Kumpulainen (2002). ...
... The antioxidant activity of LJE was assessed using scavenging of DPPH radical, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total reducing capacity, according to Santos et al. (2018) and Fidelis et al. (2018). The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of LJE was monitored using the method proposed by Mukhopadhyay et al. (2016) with some modifications. ...
Article
Since dietary factors are thought to be responsible for high colon cancer risk, we investigated the chemopreventive effect of jabuticaba seed extract (LJE) by administering yogurt with or without LJE against 1,2 dimethyl hydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Results showed that LJE contained a total phenolic content of 57.16 g/100 of seed extract in which 7.67 and 10.09 g/100 g represented total flavonoids and ellagitannins. LJE protected DNA and human LDL against induced in vitro oxidation, which was associated with the ellagitannin content and with the free-radical scavenging and reducing capacities. LJE alone had a non-clastogenicity/aneugenicity property, but in combination with cisplatin, it enhanced the chromosome aberrations in cancer cells. In colon cancer-induced rats, yogurt with or without LJE caused a reduction in pro-inflammatory parameters, decreased the RNA expression of antiapoptotic cytokines and increased the expression of proapoptotic cytokines. Moreover, LJE attenuated colon cancer initiation and progression by decreasing aberrant crypt foci and LJE recovered the gut microbiome. Together, this evidence suggests that LJE provides chemopreventive protection against colon cancer development by reducing inflammation and increasing proapoptotic pathways.
... The inhibition of lipid oxidation (ILP) of Wistar rat's brain homogenate was assessed using the protocol described by Fidelis et al. (2018), in which 7-month old male wild-type Wistar rats (Envigo Venray, the Netherlands) were used in the experiment. Different concentrations of freeze-dried extracts obtained via maceration were tested (500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg/L) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) were measured at 532 nm using a spectrophotometer. ...
... with TPC (r = -0.830). These results are in line with those obtained by Fidelis et al. (2018), who analyzed an industrial by-product from the juice industry (camu-camu seed coat), rich in ellagitannins. Kim et al. (2011) studied different aqueous and organic extracts of SB and found that quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin glucosides are responsible for the antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-glucosidase. ...
Article
Aqueous extracts from blackcurrant press cake (BC), Norway spruce bark (NS), Scots pine bark (SP), and sea buckthorn leaves (SB) were obtained using maceration and pressurized hot water and tested for their bioactivities. Maceration provided the extraction of higher dry matter contents, including total phenolics (TPC), anthocyanins, and condensed tannins, which also impacted higher antioxidant activity. NS and SB extracts presented the highest mean values of TPC and antioxidant activity. Individually, NS extract presented high contents of proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and some phenolic acids. In contrast, SB contained a high concentration of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and quercetin, explaining the antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects. SP and BC extracts had the lowest TPC and antioxidant activity. However, BC had strong antiviral efficacy, whereas SP can be considered a potential ingredient to inhibit α-amylase. Except for BC, the other extracts decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HCT8 and A549 cells. Extracts did not inhibit the production of TNF-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages but inhibited the ROS generation during the THP-1 cell respiratory burst. The recovery of antioxidant compounds from these by-products is incentivized for high value-added applications.
... 94 Furthermore, MRPs derived from fish protein hydrolysates and ribose exhibited hepatoprotective properties. 95 ...
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The Maillard reaction, also known as the ‘non-enzymatic browning reaction’, involves a reaction between reducing sugars and amino compounds, including amino acids and proteins. The Maillard reaction has been increasingly used in the production of traditional Chinese medicine and food. This study thoroughly examines the mechanism of the reaction, the factors that influence it and the techniques used for extracting, separating and purifying Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in food and Chinese medicine processing. Additionally, the article explores the physiological functions of MRPs, highlighting their antioxidant, hepato-protective, antibacterial, immune-boosting, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, health-promoting, detoxifying and antiviral effects. MRPs have diverse outcomes because of various influencing factors; they can contain trace amounts of potentially harmful constituents, such as acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and advanced glycosylation products. The study also includes a comparative analysis of common methods used for the separation and purification of concentrated MRPs. These methods consist of ultrafiltration, macroporous resin, gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and dialysis. Results indicate that each method has advantages and disadvantages, and thus careful consideration should be placed on specific applications. Furthermore, a future outlook for the research and development of Maillard reaction and its products is proposed. Given that the physiological activities of MRPs are diverse, thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reaction mechanisms, influencing factors and pharmacologically active ingredients is needed. This study offers valuable insights into the advancement of MRPs for industries involved in food and traditional Chinese medicinal material processing. These insights can be effectively utilised in healthcare and clinical practice, offering innovative ideas for scientific and technological professionals involved in research and development.
... The samples' Folin-Ciocalteau reduction capacity (FCRC) was evaluated using a colorimetric method based on the procedure described by Fidelis et al. (2018). The results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per liter (mg GAE/L). ...
Article
Traditional antioxidant screening relies on chemical assays to assess compounds' potential in combating oxidative processes. However, translating chemical antioxidant activity to complex biological systems poses challenges. In this study, the antioxidant potential of fruit-derived phenolic compounds, hyperoside (HP), epicatechin (EC), and phlorizin (PZ), and their combinations in a specific ratio were investigated using a simplex centroid design of experiments. The research included in vitro antioxidant assays, plasma protection against oxidation tests, and cytotoxicity assessments in human cell lines. The results revealed the complex relationship between chemical antioxidant activity and its relevance to cellular oxidative and antioxidative processes. HP and EC exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with HP outperforming EC in multiple assessments. Cytotoxicity as say confirmed that these compounds did not induce cell death or hinder proliferation, even at higher concentrations (>100 μmol/mL). In the cell antioxidant activity (CAA) test, HP and EC exhibited higher CAA, while PZ displayed lower antioxidant activity. In conclusion, a synergistic effect emerged when HP, EC, and PZ were combined, particularly in plasma protection, suggesting protective effects and potential health benefits. This research emphasized the need for a nuanced understanding of the interplay between chemical assays and cellular behavior in comprehending the relationship between chemical-based, human plasma oxidation, and CAA.
... Myrciaria dubia (Kunt) McVaugh, popularly known as camu camu, is native to the Amazon region of Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia [1], and its most prominent natural population is located in the eastern Peruvian Amazon [2]. It is a shrub species found naturally in flooded environments near streams or rivers in the Amazon region [3][4][5]. However, it is cultivated in agricultural areas (nonflooded lands) in association with other crops [6], demonstrating good adaptive capacity [7]. ...
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Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (camu-camu) is a shrub native to the Amazon region that produces fruits with a high content of vitamin C and various bioactive compounds, making it a functional food with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, it is unknown which microorganisms are associated with its root system and can influence its growth and productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are associated with most plants and are essential for their establishment, survival, and productivity since they facilitate their nutrition, increase water absorption, and improve soil structure. Although the AMF association is already known in some species of Myrciaria, no report is available on its association in M. dubia. This study presents, for the first time, the symbiotic association between AMF and M. dubia from the INIA San Roque experimental station located in the Amazon region, Peru. For the morphological and molecular analyses of the AMF, samples of rhizospheric soil and roots from two native accessions of the National Germplasm Bank of M. dubia were collected. Eighteen AMF morphospecies were identified in rhizospheric soil, belonging to nine genera Acaulospora, Ambispora, Entrophospora, Diversispora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Paraglomus, Funneliformis, and Sclerocystis, being the first one the most frequent. The roots of M. dubia showed high colonization by AMF (mean = 91%), and characteristic structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae, such as vesicles, hyphae, and arbuscules, could be observed. Likewise, the molecular analysis detected the presence of genetic material (rDNA) corresponding to AMF in the roots of both accessions. Our results evidenced the symbiotic association between AMF and M. dubia, which encourages further investigation of the functional potential of these microorganisms in this economically crucial agricultural plant in Peru.
... The lipoperoxidation was correlated (p ≤ 0.05) to TPC (r = − 0.951), CUPRAC (r = − 0.9514), and hydroxyl radical scavenging (r = − 0.949) ( Table 1). Fidelis et al. (2018) showed that the ex vivo inhibition of Wistar rat brain lipoperoxidation was correlated to the levels of some phenolic compounds in camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) seed coat extracts, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and (− )-epicatechin. Results also showed a correlation between lipoperoxidation and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant potential, FRAP, and antiradical activity (DPPH). ...
... Consumption of the fruit has been related to healthpromoting benefits due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols), and malic acid, as well as its high vitamin C content (Neves et al., 2015;Cunha-Santos et al., 2019). Specific biological activities of the fruit associated with the prevention of metabolic syndrome diseases include antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic activities by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme-I (ACE-I) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (responsible for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides in the human intestine) have been respectively reported (Fidelis et al., 2018;García-Chacón et al., 2022). In fact, as part of traditional medicine, Amazonian indigenous communities consumed camu-camu fruit for the treatment of some diseases such as diabetes, influenza, hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, migraine, and cancer, in addition to using the fruit as a phytomedicine to counter secondary effects from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (Castro et al., 2020). ...
Article
The Amazonian fruit known as camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) has recently attracted attention due to its sensory and biofunctional properties. A sensomics methodology was used to identify the odour-active volatiles of the whole fruit (pulp and peel) by using solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE), analysis by gas chromatogra- phy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and sensory evaluation (aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA)) techniques. Four odour-active volatile compounds were reported at concentra- tions above the odour-activity values: isoamyl acetate, α-pinene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene. Recombination aroma testing further verified that the compounds contributed to the fruity, herbal, citrus, and woody notes of the M. dubia fruit. Furthermore, the fruit in vitro ACE-I inhibition activity was 39.48 ± 12.09 % (at 50 μg/mL, using lisinopril as positive control), showing a potential use as a functional food.
... According to Kang et al. [32], the main flavonoids found in açaí are dihydrokaempferol, isovitexin, and velutin. As for M. dubia, Fidelis et al. [33] reported quercetin concentrations of 0.007 mg/g in the aqueous extract and 0.0085 mg/g in the hydroethanolic extract, as well as rutin concentrations of 0.035 mg/g in the aqueous extract and 0.14 mg/g in the hydroethanolic extract. Given that our product contains 2.4 mg/g of quercetin-equivalent flavonoids, the concentration in the extracts is expected to be high. ...
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Angiogenesis is a process whereby new blood vessels are born from preexistent ones, which has a role in transporting oxygen and nutrients. On the other hand, inhibiting this process is a strategy used to treat some diseases, including cancers, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigates the effect of a new nutraceutical (Terasen®) on angiogenesis. Terasen® is made from a standardized extract of Euterpe oleraceae (Açaí), Myrciaria dubia (Camu-Camu), and purified oil of Bixa orellana (Annatto) and Astrocaryum aculeatum (Tucumã). The in vivo angiogenesis model used was the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) from chicken embryos. The embryos were divided into seven groups: a vehicle control treated with ethanol solution (ETH), a naïve control treated only with saline solution (SOR), a positive control treated with dexamethasone (DEX), and four groups treated with Terasen® at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/ml). The parameters assessed were the vessels’ area, length, and amount. The results show a statistically significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of angiogenesis caused by Terasen®. Our results suggest the nutraceutical has a high antiangiogenesis potential, possibly due to its bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, quercetin, and tocotrienols.
... 6,16 Phenolic compounds and carotenoids are non-nutritive compounds present in fruits and vegetables related to important benefits for health due to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic activities, and neuroprotective effects. [24][25][26] The important antioxidant potential, in addition, may increase industrial interest in food formulations to replace preservatives, additives, and even artificial colorants, since ca- 2 De Paulo Farias et al, 3 Santos et al, 7 Schmidt et al, 17 Lisbôa et al 19 and Pereira et al 20 . rotenoids are fat-soluble pigments responsible for the orange, yellow, and red coloration. ...
Article
Guabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg) is a native Brazilian fruit with an important nutritional value and a great economic potential for processing. This fruit is a source of fibers, carbohydrates, potassium, and bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and Vitamin C. The phytochemicals of guabiroba are elucidated regarding their high antioxidant activity, which is related to human health benefits when introduced into a dietary routine. In addition, the antioxidant property of this native fruit can act as a natural preservative against oxidative and enzymatic reactions, and microbiological spoilage, extending the shelf-life of food. Thus, the addition of guabiroba in the development of new products, in addition to improving the functionality of the food, can reduce the use of chemical additives. Studies related to encouraging the use of guabiroba in food formulation, as well as the use of emerging technologies in the processing of this native fruit, become the basis of this review that aims to expand the knowledge of this Brazilian fruit and enhance its application in the food industry.
... El camu camu (M.dubia) es un fruto originario de la región amazónica entre Perú y Brasil (Akter et al., 2011;Fidelis et al., 2018), considerada como un alimento funcional (Granato et al., 2017) por su perfil polifenólico (Bataglion et al., 2015), actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria (Langley et al., 2015). Entre sus principales compuestos destaca el alto contenido de Vitamina C (2780 mg/100g de pulpa fresca), aproximadamente 60 veces más alto que el jugo de naranja (Fracassetti et al., 2013;Reyes et al., 2017), y la presencia de compuestos fenólicos favorables para la salud como el ácido elágico (44 mg/100g fruto seco), elagitaninos (450 mg/100g fruto seco) y proantocianidinas (1854,97±6.53 ...
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The main objective of this research study is to preserve the pulp of camu camu (M.dubia) by lyophilization and assess weight loss, drying speed, color variation, and vitamin C content loss. A completely randomized experimental design is applied by using Arabic gum (0.5 and 1.5%), pulp thickness (0.5 and 1.5 cm), and lyophilization pressure (0.002 and 1.650 mbar) as 2x2x2 arrangement factors. The results show that the lyophilization applied to the treatment with 0.5% Arabic gum, 0.5 cm thick, and 0.002 mbar, is the most suitable since it displayed a value of 0.0574 g H2O/g of dry solid, a diffusivity of 1.2303 x 10-9 m2/s, a vitamin C loss of 8.73%, and ideal color parameters. It is concluded that the lyophilization process conducted here results in a product with organoleptic characteristics similar to the original characteristics.
... Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) fruit is a berry in Myraceae family rich in vitamins, minerals, fibers [1,2], and bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds [3][4][5]. In camucamu extracts, phenolic compounds are associated with health-promoting effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hyperglycemic properties [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
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Phenolic compounds in camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) have received interest due to their health-promoting effects. However, these compounds have been poorly investigated in the different parts of the camu-camu fruit (pulp, peel, and seeds). This study aimed to optimize the solvent composition for extraction of phenolic compounds from pulp, peels, and seeds of camu-camu through a simplex-centroid mixture design. Then, the profile of phenolic compounds in samples of camu-camu pulp, peels, and seeds from different regions in Brazil and South America was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) yielded the highest extraction for the pulp and peel, while aqueous methanol (50%, v/v) was selected for the seed. Camu-camu parts had p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, luteolin, rutin, and quercetin, with catechin as the major compound in the pulp, peels, and seeds of all the evaluated samples. The peel showed lower concentrations of these compounds compared with the pulp and the seed; the content of phenolic compounds also differed according to the geographic region. These results broaden the knowledge on phytochemical extraction and composition of camu-camu pulp, peel, and seed and may guide future applications of their extracts in the food industry.
... Important to mention this was the first study to report the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of camu-camu seed extracts in an in vivo biological assay with Wistar rat's brain homogenate as oxidation target. Interestingly, the same group previously identified trans-resveratrol in M. dubia seed coat and its content was about ten times higher than that found in red wine (Fidelis et al. 2018). ...
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Brazilian Amazon contains over 30,000 plant species and foods rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenes, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, of potential health benefits (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, gastroprotection, prebiotic effects, among others). The existence of residues from non-edible parts of plants (leaves, roots, stems, branches, barks) or fruit wastes (peel, bagasse, seeds) in the agri-food industry and its supply chain is an important challenge in food loss and waste management. In this critical review several Amazon species, focusing on extracts/essential oils from nonedible parts or wastes, were analyzed in terms of phytochemicals, biological activity, and underlying mechanisms. We hope this review emphasizes the importance of Amazon’s sustainability initiatives on population health due to the potential shown against cancer, infectious diseases, and prevention of oral diseases. It is urgent to think about the conversion of amazon food wastes and co-products into high-added-value raw materials to develop novel drugs, food packaging systems, or nutraceutical foods. For free reading, please access our print link of 50 free online copies : https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/PUP8YV6UIDXSX5XIFKMQ/full?target=10.1080/10408398.2022.2101983
... The utilization of Chinese chives is most common in far-east (Poojary et al., 2017), particularly in China due to its protective human health effects (Putnika et al., 2019); in humans, its utilization reduces the risk of breast cancer (Pourzand et al., 2016) and cardiovascular diseases (Saljoughian et al., 2018); it is antiviral, antimicrobial, (Bisen andEmerald, 2016), antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic (Nile et al., 2017);antiprotozoal protozoal, antispasmodic, anticarcinogenic, anti-amnesic, antiinflammatory (Prakash et al., 2007;Santas et al., 2008); neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, urease/xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and prebiotic properties (Wang et al., 2013). The mentioned properties are primarily associated with the significant contents of organosulfur compounds (Putnik and Bursać Kovačevć , 2017;Fidelis et al., 2018;Zhu et al., 2018); and many of them are tainted during processing (Giacometti et al., 2018). The extract recovery particularly for food and pharmaceutical use are broadly encouraged (Poojary et al., 2017). ...
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Objectives The Chive chives cultivars Han Yu Zi Gen, Fu Jiu Bao F1, Shouguang Du Gen Hong, Xue Jiu, Jiu Xing 22, and Ma Lian Da Ye Bai Gen are recently evolved cultivars, and this would be the first study to characterize for agronomy, quality, volatile profile and E-Nose for aromatic and textural quality. Methods These cultivars were selected based on their suitability for aromatic and textural qualities that are desirable for food processing. The cultivars Han were analyzed for agronomy and quality indices by methods in general use in modern laboratories, while their volatile profile was studied by HS-SPME/GC-MS and E-nose analyses. Results The cultivars varied for agronomy and quality indices (P<0.05). The volatile profile showed that Esters, Heterocyclic polymers, Acids, Aldehydes, Hydrocarbons, Sulfides, Ketones, Ethers, Furfuryl derivatives, and Phenols were dominating compound groups. High total volatile contents (17.75 and 17.54 µg/g) were determined in Xue Jiu and Han Yu Zi Gen, respectively, more significant than Fu Jiu Bao F1, Ma Lian Da Ye Bai Gen, Jiu Xing 22, and Shouguang Du Gen Hong (12.22, 11.70, 10.19 and 9.53 µg/g), respectively. PCA showed that W5S and W2W were the farthest points of the first and second principal components, respectively, while W5S, W1S, W3C, W1C and W2W were main sensors classifying cultivars; where sensor W5S had larger contribution rate. Conclusions In this study, HS-SPME/GC-MS and E-nose methods accurately detected flavor differences among cultivars. These analyses further suggested that Xue Jiu and Han Yu Zi Gen possessed strong overall flavor characteristics; while Shouguang Du Gen Hong was the lightest in flavor characteristics. Hence it is for the general recommendation that Chinese chive cultivars Xue Jiu and Han Yu Zi Gen may be a choice of the food industry for appropriate utilization.
... They also have wide importance for their other innumerable biological properties, such as being spasmolytic, antimutation, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, nerve protecting, hypertension relieving, hypo-glycemic urease/xanthine oxidase inhibitory action, and for prebiotic properties (Bisen and Emerald, 2016;Nile et al., 2017;Prakash et al., 2007;Santas et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2013). All these health benefits are majorly attributed to the high amounts of bioactive compounds that are also found in other crops (Fidelis et al., 2018;Putnik et al., 2019;Putnik, 2011;Rosello et al., 2018;Zhu et al., 2018), majority of which are likely to get degraded during processing Bursac et al., 2018;Giacometti et al., 2018;Putnik et al., 2018) (Table 4). ...
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Onion (Allium.cepa L.) and garlic (Allium.sativum) are highly valued vegetable crops for their use in culinary purposes as well as traditional and modern medicine. Both of these crops are grown abundantly across the latitudes and longitudes of the world leading to a surplus produce, however, because of unruly post-harvest practices, there is an equally abundant loss of the produce, therefore, it is imperative to define the methods that can help in reducing the losses. Curing is one the most important and unavoidable post-harvest practice that tends to be a deciding factor for a safe longevity of the produce by removing excess moisture resulting in dried neck and appealing tunic color of bulb crops. Reportedly, if bulb crops are cured for 10 days at temperatures above 35 ⁰C, there is a significant increase up to 65% in marketable crops, while there is a reduction in moisture and number of sprouted bulbs by 35% and 24%, respectively and considerable decrease in overall loss. Traditionally, curing is practiced in fields by employing economically effective method of windrow system however, due to erratic climatic conditions, improper curing leads to decline in the storage life of the crops. So, In order to have a proper and complete curing, various artificial methods have been developed, that are safe, quick and accurate. This review focuses mainly on the traditional as well as the modern practices of curing and its effects on physical, chemical, and biochemical quality of the produce.
... To correlate the bioactivity with the chemical composition of the non-polar seed extracts, the correlation coefficients were calculated. This analysis helps to understand which phenolic compound is responsible for the functional property in vitro [34]. ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the influence of the extraction method, chemical composition, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity on human cells of the non-polar extracts of grape (Vitis labrusca) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) seeds. The Soxhlet (Sox), Bligh–Dyer (BD), and ultrasound (US) methods were used for extractions. For blackberry non-polar seed extract, extraction via the BD method showed the highest mean values of total phenolic content (TPC), expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 mL of non-polar seed extracts (102.37 mg GAE/100 mL), and higher antioxidant activity in relation to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 mL of non-polar seed extracts (11.50 mg AAE/100 mL), if compared with the Sox and US extractions. Similar results were obtained for the non-polar grape seed extracts, where BD extraction obtained the highest values for TPC (28.61 mg GAE/100 mL) and DPPH (35.36 mg AAE/100 mL). The type of extraction method had an impact on the composition of fatty acids. Only the non-polar blackberry and grape seed extracts obtained via the Sox method showed some in vitro inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli (IAL 2064) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565). Regardless of the extraction method used, the non-polar blackberry and grape seed extracts did not decrease the cell viability (IC50 >1000 µg/mL) of cancer and normal cell lines, thus indicating the relative safety of the extracts. All the seed extracts decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell lines. Blackberry and grape seed lipid fractions can be utilized as antioxidants, and the extraction methods used cause significant changes in relation to their bioactivity and chemical composition.
... The free-radical scavenging activity of 1 and 2 in relation to the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was measured using the colorimetric method described by Brand-Williams (1995), and the results are expressed in mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per 100 g of material (AAE/100 g) [26]. To evaluate the capacity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) of the isolated compounds, male Wistar rat brain homogenate was used as substrate for the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) produced by Fe 2+induced oxidation undertaken at 37 • C, following the experimental conditions described elsewhere [27]. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was expressed as % of inhibition. ...
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The sesquiterpenes selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one and oxidoselina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one were isolated from the essential oil of Eugenia uniflora L. leaves. The structures were elucidated using spectrometric methods (UV, GC–MS, NMR, and specific optical rotation). The relationship between antioxidant activity, as determined by DPPH assay, and the cytotoxic effect was evaluated using tumor cells, namely lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and human hepatoma carcinoma cells (HepG2), as well as a model of normal human lung fibroblast cells (IMR90). Both compounds did not show prominent free-radical scavenging activity according to DPPH assay, and did not inhibit lipid peroxidation in Wistar rat brain homogenate. The isolated compounds showed pro-oxidative effects and cytotoxicity in relation to the IMR90 cell line.
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This study explores the impact on the stability of drying and the encapsulation of a camu camu extract (CCX) using the non-thermal, high-throughput electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) technique. The dried and encapsulated products by the EAPG processing techniques were compared in terms of total soluble phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and storage stability. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and zein (ZN) were selected as the protective excipients for encapsulation. Dried and encapsulated products were obtained in the form of microparticles, which were smaller and more spherical in the case of the encapsulates. No significant differences were observed in the total polyphenolic content (TSP), and only relatively small differences in the antioxidant capacity were measured among samples. The generated products were subjected to various storage conditions to assess their stability and the preservation of the TSP and the antioxidant properties, i.e., 0% relative humidity (RH) and 4 °C; 0% RH and 21 °C; 23% RH and 21 °C; 56% RH and 21 °C; and UV light exposure. The results indicated that ZN encapsulation notably enhanced the retention of total soluble polyphenols and the antioxidant activity compared to WPC and dried CCX, especially in the ratio of 2:1 (encapsulating polymer: dried CCX). This study demonstrates the potential of protein-based encapsulation, particularly using ZN, for stabilizing bioactive compounds against degradation mechanisms induced by humidity, temperature, or ultraviolet radiation exposure.
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Saraca asoca is a traditional medicinal plant whose all plant parts are exceptionally effective in terms of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, free radical scavenging,anti-arthritic, and hypolipidemic properties. As cardio-vascular problems occur for many reasons, antioxidants with free radical scavenging properties of plants and herbs are highly effective in treating cardio-related disorders. Though Saraca asoca has been preferred as a tonic and medicinal supplement for women's health, because of the huge variety of bioactive compounds, Saraca asoca needs to be explored for its cardio-protective properties. This review aims to summarize the in vivo and in vitro studies done on Saraca asoca along with the exploration of bioactive compounds in various parts of the plant which will display its cardio-protective potential with its rich bioactive compounds as ACE inhibitors. All relevant information on Saraca asoca in treating and preventing cardio-related disorders has been collected from electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Various parts of Saraca asoca were studied to assess its pharmacological and cardioprotective properties. The bioactive compounds of Saraca asoca have been assessed to explore its role as anti-hypertensive, antioxidant, ACE inhibitors, and cardio-protective with the help of in-vivo, in-vitro studies and other research studies. This thorough review focuses on the potent natural bioactive compounds in various parts of Saraca asoca exhibiting its potential as a cardioprotective agent while incorporating historical, chemical, and therapeutic views.
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The genus Myrciaria belongs to the Myrtaceae family with 33 species currently accepted, many of which are research targets aimed at elucidating their bioactive compounds and biological activities. Most species of the Myrciaria genus have terpenes in their composition, mainly mono and sesquiterpenes, and phenolic compounds such as tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Other secondary metabolites are also observed, such as alkaloids, steroids, coumarins, saponins, and naphthoquinones. These bioactive compounds are closely related to these species' most diverse biological activities: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, insecticide, metabolic, protective, and nutraceutical. This work aims to provide a review of secondary metabolites and medicinal properties related to the genus Myrciaria , thus stimulating further studies on the species of this genus.
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The effects of commercial enzymes (pectinases, cellulases, beta-1-3-glucanases, and pectin lyases) on the recovery of anthocyanins and polyphenols from blackcurrant press cake were studied considering two solid:solvent ratios (1:10 and 1:4 w/v). β-glucanase enabled the recovery of the highest total phenolic content – 1142 mg/100 g, and the extraction of anthocyanins was similar using all enzymes (∼400 mg/100 g). The use of cellulases and pectinases enhanced the extraction of antioxidants (DPPH - 1080 mg/100 g; CUPRAC – 3697 mg/100 g). The freeze-dried extracts presented antioxidant potential (CUPRAC, DPPH), which was associated with their biological effects in different systems: antiviral activity against both non-enveloped viruses (enterovirus coxsackievirus A-9) and enveloped coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43), and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells (A549 and HCT8). No cytotoxic effects on normal human lung fibroblast (IMR90) were observed, and no anti-inflammatory activity was detected in lipopolysaccharides-treated murine immortalised microglial cells.
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Background Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases are being increased, researchers are trying to explore effective preventive and treatment options. Antioxidant effects and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors demonstrated cardioprotective effects. Many herbs and plants have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and ACE inhibition properties in preventing and treating cardiac-related disorders. Therefore, the exploration of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, isoflavones, and catechin needs to be explored as potential ACE inhibitors and antioxidants in preventing and treating cardiac-related diseases. Objective The present study is designed to investigate the cardio-protective potential of important bioactive compounds from plants and herbs. Method Articles were collected from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the keywords antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, ACE inhibition and antihypertensive properties of plants and herbs. In vitro and in vivo studies on animal models have been included in the current study. Articles published in languages other than English language were excluded and finally 100 manuscripts were included in this study. Results Plants and herbs chosen for this study with abundant natural bioactive compounds have demonstrated ACE inhibition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties and can be an effective cardioprotective. Hence, it could pave a way for the development of new therapeutics that could be beneficial in treating cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion The current review focuses on herbs and plants possessing ACE inhibition, antioxidant, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, hyperaccumulating and antihypertensive properties with its ability to prevent the breakdown of ACE I enzyme into ACE enzyme II acting as ACE inhibitors and showing its strong potential as a cardio-protective agent. Also, it could support the development of new therapeutic agents to address cardiovascular problems.
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Stilbenes are some of the important phenolic compounds originating from plant families like Vitaceae, Leguminaceae, Gnetaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae. Structurally, they have a C6–C2–C6 skeleton, usually with two isomeric forms. Stilbenes are biosynthesized due to biotic and abiotic stresses such as microbial infections, high temperatures, and oxidation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of stilbenes’ botanical sources, chemistry, biosynthetic pathways, pharmacology, and clinical applications and challenges based on up-to-date data. All included studies were collected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CNKI, and the presented data from these indexed studies were analyzed and summarized. A total of 459 natural stilbene compounds from 45 plant families and 196 plant species were identified. Pharmacological studies also show that stilbenes have various activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-degenerative diseases, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-aging, and cardioprotective effects. Stilbene synthase (STS) is the key enzyme involved in stilbene biosynthetic pathways. Studies on the therapeutic application of stilbenes pinpoint that challenges such as low bioavailability and isomerization are the major bottlenecks for their development as therapeutic drugs. Although the medicinal uses of several stilbenes have been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, studies on the development of stilbenes deserve more attention in the future.
Chapter
Fruits and other vegetables are sources of bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. With the focus on sustainability, these compounds' recovery has become a research trend in the last 20 years. However, the correct use of solvents and the steps required to assess the extracts' suitability to be added in food models have been poorly described. Thus, in this review, we attempt to show the pathways and provide guidance on the tailored-made use of solvents for recovering bioactive polyphenolic compounds from food matrices. Special attention is given to the toxicological safety of polyphenol-rich extracts and also their impacts on bioactivity and sensory acceptance of foods and beverages. Practical examples are described and commented on the applications of polyphenol-rich extracts in non-dairy foods and beverages. In summary, the alliance among food science, food technologies, biochemistry, and pharmacology are required to make the development of non-dairy polyphenol-rich foods feasible.
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Tropical and subtropical fruits are recognized as a source of a high content of bioactive compounds and health promoting properties due to their nutritional composition. These beneficial health effects are related to the content of several of these bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics. Many of these compounds are common in different tropical fruits, such as epicatechin in mango, pineapple, and banana, or catechin in pineapple, cocoa or avocado. Many studies of tropical fruits had been carried out, but in this work an examination is made in the current literature of the flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics content of some tropical fruits and their coproducts, comparing the content in the same units, as well as examining the role that these compounds play in health benefits.
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Studies have revealed more positive effects of berries' components over the years, representing a growing trend in their consumption. Phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids occur in different concentrations depending on the berry type. Significant trends to exploit the beneficial compounds were collected, with mostly novel and environmentally friendly techniques, such as ultrasound, microwave, and high-pressure technologies. Abundant phenolic compounds present in different berries (raspberry, blueberry, goji berry, blackcurrant, strawberry, cranberry, and blackberry) were summarized based on up-to-date information and their beneficial health effects. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activities in vitro and in vivo were comprehensively reviewed. Recent studies allied to in vivo results and positive findings to reduce oxidative stress, for example, support that berries and their functional products represent a prominent economic potential to maintain human health and function.
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Nutraceuticals have been the focus of numerous research in recent years and accumulating data support their use for promoting some health benefits. Several nutraceuticals have been widely studied as supplements due to their functional properties ameliorating symptoms associated with neurological disorders, such as oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory states. This seems to be the case of some fruits and seeds from the Amazon Biome consumed since the Pre-Columbian period that could have potential beneficial impact on the human nervous system. The beneficial activities of these food sources are possibly related to a large number of bioactive molecules including polyphenols, carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and trace elements. In this context, this review compiled the research on six Amazonian fruits and seeds species and some of the major nutraceuticals found in their composition presenting brief mechanisms related to their protagonist action in improving inflammatory responses and neuroinflammation.
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Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) is a non-conventional food plant common in Brazil. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from ora-pro-nobis leaves by employing solvent mixtures. Ten extracts were obtained with water, ethanol, acetone, and their binary and ternary mixtures, evaluating the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and bioactivities in vitro. The response surface methodology was applied to model the results and calculate the optimal solvent composition, which is 60% water, 40% ethanol and 0% acetone. The optimized extract is rich in phenolic compounds (64 mg GAE/g) and proteins (823 mg/g) and presents antioxidant activity (in intracellular media as well) and inhibits lipid peroxidation (32%) along with h ypotonic hemolysis (H50 = 0.339%), it does not present toxicity in vitro against cancer and normal cells. This is the first report of chicoric, caffeoyl-hexaric and coumaroyl-hexaric acids and some glycosylate derivatives of flavonols in ora-pro-nobis leaves.
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Abstract Obesity can contribute to inflammatory processes increasing the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. However, there is a consensus among researchers that fruit and vegetable intake is effective in treating obesity and its comorbidities due to their vast content of phytochemicals and active ingredients. Camu camu, (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh) a natural fruit from the Amazon, has attracted the attention of experts due to its high content of vitamin C and polyphenols. Therefore, different bioactive compounds present in camu-camu fruit could be used to delay or prevent various diseases among them obesity. Keywords: Oxidative stress, camu camu, natural products, Amazon fruits, obesity.
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Obesity can contribute to inflammatory processes increasing the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. However, there is a consensus among researchers that fruit and vegetable intake is effective in treating obesity and its comorbidities due to their vast content of phytochemicals and active ingredients. Camu camu, (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh) a natural fruit from the Amazon, has attracted the attention of experts due to its high content of vitamin C and polyphenols. Therefore, different bioactive compounds present in camu-camu fruit could be used to delay or prevent various diseases among them obesity.
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Phenolic acids have recently gained substantial attention due to their various practical, biological and pharmacological effects. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA, 3-CQA) is a most abundant isomer among caffeoylquinic acid isomers (3-, 4-, and 5-CQA), that currently known as 5-CQA as per guidelines of IUPAC. It is one of the most available acids among phenolic acid compounds which can be naturally found in green coffee extracts and tea. CGA is an important and biologically active dietary polyphenol, playing several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension, free radicals scavenger and a central nervous system (CNS) stimulator. In addition, it has been found that CGA could modulate lipid metabolism and glucose in both genetically and healthy metabolic related disorders. It is speculated that CGA can perform crucial roles in lipid and glucose metabolism regulation and thus help to treat many disorders such as hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity as well. Furthermore, this phenolic acid (CGA) causes hepatoprotective effects by protecting animals from chemical or lipopolysaccharide-induced injuries. The hypocholesterolemic influence of CGA can result from the altered metabolism of nutrients, including amino acids, glucose and fatty acids (FA). The purpose of this review was to broaden the scope of knowledge of researchers to conduct more studies on this subject to both unveil and optimize its biological and pharmacological effects. As a result, CGA may be practically used as a natural safeguard food additive to replace the synthetic antibiotics and thereby reduce the medicinal cost.
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Our objective in this work was to evaluate the contents of the major bioactive compounds in the peel of three genotypes of camu camu at different maturity stages. The genotypes had high concentration of ascorbic acid in the peel ranging from 13.73% to 24.02%. In the ripe maturity stage the genotypes 17 and 44 presented the highest concentration of phenolics (3,299.97 mg GAE.100 g-1) and anthocyanins (165.91 g.100 g-1). Flavonols and carotenoids showed a distinct and statistically different behavior in each genotype. Genotype 44 in the ripe stage had the highest content of carotenoids (105.88 mg.100 g-1). The high contents of vitamin C and phenolic compounds make the residue of camu camu fruit processing a rich source of antioxidants to the food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
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Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.
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Berries and berry production are an important economic factor. Berries contain nutritive components but also pertinent non-nutritive bioactives like phenolic-type phytochemicals. It is well accepted that consumption of bioactives from berries prevent or delay chronic and degenerative diseases. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of bioactive compounds is of utmost interest to assess berry quality. The most accepted photometric methods for the determination of bioactive compounds are presented for conventional cuvette and modern microplate applications. All methods are precisely described and advantages of the microplate methods are discussed. Cuvette and microplate methods show slightly different sensitivity and limits of detection depending on concentrations used for reagents and standard compounds. In general, with microplate methods reagents can be saved up to 12-fold and less time to perform the analyses is needed (up to factor 33). Applicability of all the methods has been shown with selected berry juices. Among all analysed commercial juices, blueberry juice had the highest content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, while the lowest content was observed in pomegranate juice. Blueberry juice had also the highest antioxidant capacity measured by TEAC by ABTS, FRAP and ORAC method when compared to the cranberry, açai, goji and pomegranate juice.
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Total phenolic contents, antioxidant- and antimicrobial-activities of residual by-products of camu-camu fruit juice production were investigated in order to clarify the potential as functional resources for food industry. The seed and peel of camu-camu juice residue contain significantly more abundant phenols, than other tropical fruits do. The phenol content was higher in the seed extracts than in those of the peel. The radical scavenging activity, reducing power and antimicrobial activity were assayed to investigate its functional properties. The fractionated seed and peel extracts, which contained high total phenolic contents, showed potent antioxidant activity. Especially, those of 25-75% MeOH fractions of the seed exerted stronger antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid. Moreover, the extracts of the seed and peel showed antimicrobial activity to S. aureus, which revealed that the lipophilic constituents were responsible for antimicrobial activities. From these results, the seed and peel of camu-camu juice residue are shown to be promising multi-functional resources.
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Agricultural residues like sugarcane bagasse (SCB), corn husk (CH), peanut husk (PNH), coffee cherry husk (CCH), rice bran (RB) and wheat bran (WB) are low-value byproducts of agriculture. They have been shown to contain significant levels of phenolic compounds with demonstrated antioxidant properties. In this study, the effects of two types of solvent extraction methods: solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and hot water extraction on the recovery of phenolic compounds from agricultural residues were investigated to optimize the extraction conditions based on total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total flavonoids content (TFC). Methanol (50 %) was found to be the most efficient solvent for the extraction of phenolics with higher DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging and reducing power activity, followed by ethanol and water. The phenolic compounds of methanolic extracts (50 %) were determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography; in addition gallic acid became the major phenolic acid present in all the agricultural residues whereas ferulic acid, epicatechin, catechin, quercitin and kampferol present in lesser amounts. The present investigation suggested that agricultural residues are potent antioxidants. The overall results of this research demonstrated the potential of agricultural residues to be an abundant source of natural antioxidants suitable for further development into dietary supplements and various food additives.
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Copper is an essential trace element involved in plenty of redox reactions in living systems, however, unbound copper ions cause damage to various biomolecules via excessive generation of reactive oxygen species. Flavonoids, ubiquitous plant secondary metabolites, possess complex effects on human health and chelation of transient metal ions is one of their proposed mechanisms of action. In this in vitro study, 26 flavonoids from various subclasses were screened for their interactions with both copper oxidation states at four (patho)physiologically relevant pH conditions (4.5, 5.5, 6.8 and 7.5) by two spectrophotometric approaches and compared with the clinically used copper chelator trientine. In a slightly competitive environment, the majority of flavonoids were able to chelate cupric ions, however, under more competitive conditions, only flavones and flavonols were able to chelate both cupric and cuprous ions. Apparently, the 2,3-double bond was essential for stable copper chelation. The most efficient copper chelation sites were the 3-hydroxy-4-keto group in flavonols and the 5,6,7-trihydroxyl group in flavones. On the other hand, the 3′,4′-dihydroxyl group was associated only with a weak activity. 3-Hydroxyflavone, kaempferol and partly baicalein were even more potent than trientine in the acidic environment, however, none of the tested flavonoids was able to surpass it at physiological pH or slightly acidic conditions. In conclusion, flavonoids possessing appropriate structural characteristics were efficient copper chelators and some of them were even more potent than trientine under acidic conditions.
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Lipid oxidation by oxygen is one of the important reactions in food, cosmetics, and biology, which occurs both in homogeneous and mainly in micro-heterogeneous media. The main features of lipid oxidation in the presence of free radical initiators, inhibitors, and surfactants and their pro-and antioxidant roles are considered. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation for three model lipid substrates-methyl linoleate, limonene, egg phosphatidylcholine, and antioxidant properties of various natural and synthetic inhibitors (tocopherols and flavonoids, derivatives of benzoic and coumaric acids, chalcones, simple and bis-coumarins, xanthene-and neo-lignans) are presented in quantitative level. Formation of mixed micelles {surfactant…hydroperoxide} and the behavior of hydroperoxides in the mixed micelles, which determines the influence of the surfactants on oxidation, discussed in detail. The effects of the structuring of phospholipids in water and organic solutions on the kinetics of its oxidation are considered as well.
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The antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of 28 fruits commonly consumed in China were determined using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP assay). The contribution of vitamin C to the antioxidant activity of fruit pulps was also calculated. The results showed that hawthorn pulp had the highest FRAP value among all fruit pulps and followed by date, guava, kiwifruit, purple mulberry, strawberry, white pomegranate, lukan and honey tangerine pulps and etc. Most of fruit peel and seed fractions were stronger than the pulp fractions in antioxidant activity based on their FRAP values. The contribution of vitamin C to the FRAP value of fruit pulps varied greatly from fruit to fruit as calculated. We concluded that peel and seed fractions of some fruits, such as pomegranate peel, grape seed, hawthorn peel, longan and lychee seeds possessed relatively high antioxidant activity and might be rich sources of natural antioxidants.
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Previous studies have demonstrated that certain flavonoids can have an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, which plays a key role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. In the present study, 17 flavonoids belonging to five structural subtypes were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit ACE in order to establish the structural basis of their bioactivity. The ACE inhibitory (ACEI) activity of these 17 flavonoids was determined by fluorimetric method at two concentrations (500 µM and 100 µM). Their inhibitory potencies ranged from 17 to 95% at 500 µM and from 0 to 57% at 100 µM. In both cases, the highest ACEI activity was obtained for luteolin. Following the determination of ACEI activity, the flavonoids with higher ACEI activity (i.e., ACEI >60% at 500 µM) were selected for further IC(50) determination. The IC(50) values for luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, rhoifolin and apigenin K were 23, 43, 64, 178, 183 and 196 µM, respectively. Our results suggest that flavonoids are an excellent source of functional antihypertensive products. Furthermore, our structure-activity relationship studies show that the combination of sub-structures on the flavonoid skeleton that increase ACEI activity is made up of the following elements: (a) the catechol group in the B-ring, (b) the double bond between C2 and C3 at the C-ring, and (c) the cetone group in C4 at the C-ring. Protein-ligand docking studies are used to understand the molecular basis for these results.
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The plant. The camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc. Vaugh] is a shrub from the Myrtaceae family. It grows naturally in floodable and swampy areas of the Amazonian basin. This plant is cultivated in Peru and Brazil with fruit yields ranging from (12 to 20) t × ha-1 × year-1. The fruit. The fruit, from (1 to 3) cm in diameter, is pink to dark purple; it is the highest known source of natural vitamin C, providing (850 to 5,000) mg mg × 100 g-1 edible portion. The market. In the last few years, both national and international demand for the camu-camu fruit has drastically increased for the production of health food or of natural vitamin C. The current fruit production is not sufficient to satisfy the market. Conclusion. M. dubia stands out amongst other Amazonian fruit species as having a high economic and social potential. Little information is available on its processing, showing the need for research in this area. Résumé La plante. Le camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc. Vaugh] appartient à la famille des myrtacées. Cet arbuste pousse naturellement dans les zones inondables et marécageuses du bassin amazonien. Il est actuellement cultivé au Pérou et au Brésil avec des rendements compris entre (12 et 20) t × ha-1 × an-1. Le fruit. Le fruit du camu-camu est une baie de couleur rose à violet et de 1 à 3 cm de diamètre ; il présente des teneurs en vitamine C extrêmement élevées, comprises entre (850 et 5000) mg × 100 g-1 de partie comestible. Le marché. La demande internationale pour le camu-camu a considérablement augmenté au cours de ces dernières années. Le fruit est essentiellement utilisé comme source naturelle de vitamine C et pour la formulation d'aliments diététiques. Néanmoins, la production ne parvient pas à faire face à la demande. Conclusion. Parmi les fruits secondaires amazoniens, le camu-camu présente un potentiel socio-économique considérable. L'étude de voies de transformation du fruit respectueuses de sa qualité nutritionnelle est aujourd'hui nécessaire.
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Acer truncatum seed coat is generally abandoned as waste during the process of manufacturing seed oil due to a lack of knowledge of the phytochemical composition of this byproduct. It is well known that brown-colored seed coat is rich in polyphenols; therefore, we investigated the bioactive phenolic composition of A. truncatum seed coat in this study. To obtain an extract containing most bioactive phenolic compounds, extractions in six solutions (water, 40% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 70% acetone, and 100% acetone) were compared for their yields, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanol extract, which had the highest yield at 76.38 g extract/100 g dry matter, showed the highest levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, total tannins, and condensed tannins, as well as the highest DPPH and ABTS⁺ scavenging activities. UPLC-QTOF-MS analyses resulted in identification of 13 phenolic compounds in the 70% ethanol extract, among which five compounds, gentisic acid, naringenin, epicatechin, procyanidin tetramer, and procyanidin pentamer, were identified for the first time in A. truncatum. Five flavonoids and four procyanidin oligomers were the dominant phenolic components, comprising 63.27% and 31.02% of the 13 phenolic compounds, respectively. Correlation analyses revealed that flavonoids and tannins were the major factors responsible for the high antioxidant activities, suggesting that these two components of A. truncatum seed coat could be developed as alternative antioxidants. This is the first known report on the phenolic composition of seed coats in the genus Acer.
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This paper reviews the potential of stilbenoids as nutraceuticals. Stilbenoid compounds in wine are considered key factors in health‐promoting benefits. Resveratrol and resveratrol‐related compounds are found in a large diversity of vegetal products. The stilbene composition varies from wine to wine and from one season to another. Therefore, the article also reviews how food science and technology and wine industry may help in providing wines and/or food supplements with efficacious concentrations of stilbenes. The review also presents results from clinical trials and those derived from genomic/transcriptomic studies. The most studied stilbenoid, resveratrol, is a very safe compound. On the other hand, the potential benefits of stilbene intake are multiple and are apparently due to downregulation more than upregulation of gene expression. The field may take advantage from identifying the mechanism of action(s) and from providing useful data to show evidence for specific health benefits in a given tissue or for combating a given disease.
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This study aims at identifying the composition of polyphenols present in Amygdalus pedunculata Pall seed coat (APSC), and characterizing their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. The polyphenols from APSC were composed of 32 compounds. The compounds with important biological activities included apigenin 7-O-glucoside (the main component; 34.53 mg/100 g), quercitrin (23.43 mg/100 g), kaempferol (10.28 mg/100 g), naringenin (6.27 mg/100 g), cyanidin 3-rutinoside (5.76 mg/100 g), cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (5.19 mg/100 g), and quercetin (2.50 mg/100 g), as well as a variety of phenolic acids (gentisic acid, 23.13 mg/100 g; salicylic acid, 18.79 mg/100 g; gallic acid, 2.55 mg/100 g; etc.). Characterization of the identified polyphenols indicated that APSC possessed high antioxidant activity, due to its ability to reduce Fe³⁺ and scavenge ABTS, DPPH, OH[rad], O2[rad]−, and H2O2 free radicals. The ability of APSC to reduce Fe³⁺ and scavenge ABTS radical, and H2O2 was stronger than that of control group ascorbic acid (Vc). The data from bacteriostatic test showed that polyphenols from APSC had good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis, but showed no activity against Aspergillus niger. Cell viability assays using HepG2 cell illustrated that polyphenols from APSC significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. The findings demonstrate that polyphenols from APSC may be utilized as is or further developed into natural antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. This work also provides a basis for the development and utilization of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.
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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is rich with flavonols which perceived benefits to human health. Flavonols like quercetin and quercetin glycosides from onion solid waste (OSW) have been extracted and tested against enzymes of clinical importance in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes and be shown to have cytotoxic and antioxidant effects. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column was developed to separate quercetin-3, 4'-O-diglucoside, quercetin-4'-O-monoglucoside, and quercetin from OSW. These compounds were identified using infrared, ultra-violet,1H, and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The OSW solvent fractions and flavonols showed significant antioxidant activities using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assays. The samples exhibited significant in vitro anti-cholinesterase activity with strong antidiabetic effects. OSW extracted with methanol and ethanol showed greater in vitro anti-cholinesterase and hypoglycemic effects than QDG, QMG, and Q possibly due to interactions between multiple compounds and/or complex multivariate interactions with other factors in OSW. In addition, cytotoxicity assays showed that OSW and QDG, QMG, and Q could inhibit the proliferation of selected cancer cell lines. Results indicate that OSW and flavonol glycosides are potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and sedative agents.
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Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) berries are emphasized as healthy food or are used widely as dietary supplements. In the present study, the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of berries extracts from two selected Romanian cultivars (cv. Erma and cv. Biglifeberry) have been evaluated. UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis results revealed the presence of vitamin C and related compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids (oxylipins), and spermidine derivatives. In particular, cv. Erma showed a strong tyrosinase-inhibitory effect, whereas cv. Biglifeberry had a superior antioxidant capacity. Particularly, results provided by the CUPRAC assay showed the highest antioxidant capacity values (26.91 mgTE/g and 35.41 mgTE/g, for ‘Erma’ and ‘Biglifeberry’, respectively). Toxicological properties of the extracts were evaluated with human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) using the cytotoxicity analysis platform iCELLigence, realtime and label-free impedance technology. No cytotoxic effects were observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Overall, Goji berries are a rich source of bioactive compounds with functional properties that need further risk/benefit evaluation when used in foods or healthpromoting formulations.
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Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.
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Background The development of statistical software has enabled food scientists to perform a wide variety of mathematical/statistical analyses and solve problems. Therefore, not only sophisticated analytical methods but also the application of multivariate statistical methods have increased considerably. Herein, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are the most widely used tools to explore similarities and hidden patterns among samples where relationship on data and grouping are until unclear. Usually, larger chemical data sets, bioactive compounds and functional properties are the target of these methodologies. Scope and approach In this article, we criticize these methods when correlation analysis should be calculated and results analyzed. Key findings and conclusions The use of PCA and HCA in food chemistry studies has increased because the results are easy to interpret and discuss. However, their indiscriminate use to assess the association between bioactive compounds and in vitro functional properties is criticized as they provide a qualitative view of the data. When appropriate, one should bear in mind that the correlation between the content of chemical compounds and bioactivity could be duly discussed using correlation coefficients.
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The effect of the Lactobacillus casei 01 and inulin addition on sheep milk ice cream during storage (−18 °C, 150 days) was investigated. Control, probiotic and synbiotic ice cream (10% w/w sheep milk cream; 10% w/w sheep milk cream, L. casei 01, 6 log CFU/mL; 10% w/w inulin, L. casei 01, 6 log CFU/mL, respectively) were manufactured. Microbiological counts (probiotic count, survival after in vitro gastrointestinal resistance, Caco-2 cell adhesion), bioactivity and microstructure were analysed. Physical and textural characteristics, colour parameters, thermal analysis and organic acids/volatile compounds were also evaluated. All formulations supported L. casei 01 viability and maintained above the minimum therapeutic level (>6 log CFU/mL) during storage. Inulin did not affect L. casei 01 survival after the passage through simulated gastrointestinal tract and adhesion to Caco-2 cells while improved the ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activity. L. casei 01 addition produced several volatile compounds, such as carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Also, scanning electron microscopy showed an interaction between probiotic bacteria and inulin fibre on synbiotic ice cream and the adhesion of L. casei to Caco-2 cells was observed.
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Avocado seed and seed coat are important by-products from avocado industrialization, with important functional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile and other polar compounds of avocado seed and seed coat using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and liquid chromatography coupled to Ultra-High-Definition Accurate-Mass Q-TOF. In this research 84 compounds were identified, within eight subclass group, among these 45 phenolic compounds were identified for first time in avocado seed. Condensed tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids were the most representative groups in both samples. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that avocado seed coat has been studied regarding its phenolic compounds using such a powerful instrumental technique. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities were analysed in order to estimate the antioxidant potential of extracts. These results point out that avocado seed and seed coat constitute a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.
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Many factors can influence antioxidative and antimicrobial characteristics of plant materials. The quality of cocoa as functional food ingredient is influenced through its processing. The main aim of this study was to test if there is difference in polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity between nonalkalized and alkalized cocoa powders. To estimate polyphenol and flavonoid content in cocoa samples the spectrophotometric microassays were used. Flavan-3ols were determined with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Antimicrobial activity against 3 Gram positive bacteria, 4 Gram negative bacteria and 1 strain of yeast was determined using broth microdilution method. Total polyphenol content was 1.8 times lower in alkalized cocoa samples than in natural ones. Epicatechin/catechin ratio was changed due to the process of alkalization in favor of catechin (2.21 in natural and 1.45 in alkalized cocoa powders). Combined results of 3 antioxidative tests (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS) were used for calculation of RACI (Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index) and GAS (Global Antioxidant Score) values that were consistently higher in natural than in alkalized cocoa extracts. Obtained results have shown significant correlations between these values and phenolic content (0.929 ≤ r ≤ 0.957, P < 0.01). Antimicrobial activity varied from 5.0 to 25.0 mg/ml (MICs), while Candida albicans was the most sensitive tested microorganism. Cocoa powders subjected to alkalization had significantly reduced content of total and specific phenolic compounds and reduced antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05), but their antimicrobial activity was equal for Gram-positive bacteria or even significantly enhanced for Gram-negative bacteria.
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Aiming to standardize the experimental protocols to assess the ability to chelate Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ using 96-well microplates, we analyzed Brazilian coffees (n = 20) as a study-case in relation to their antioxidant activity using conventional methods (DPPH and FRAP assays) and correlated the results with the total phenolic content (TPC) using bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches. Complementarily, we assessed the repeatability, reproducibility, recovery, and linearity of both methods. Data showed that the proposed assays presented a good repeatability and reproducibility (<7% RSD) and mean recovery values of 96.66% and 98.91% for the iron and copper assays, respectively. Both methods were linear in the range of 0–100 mg EDTA equivalents/L. Cu²⁺-chelating ability was significantly correlated to FRAP, DPPH, and TPC, while sparse (p < 0.05) correlations were obtained with Fe²⁺-chelating ability. Overall, both micro assays can be used to assess the ability of plant-based extracts to chelate Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ in vitro.
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In the current study, we screened 7 clonal lines from single seed phenotypes of Lamiaceae family for the inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Water extracts of oregano had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity (93.7%), followed by chocolate mint (85.9%) and lemon balm (83.9%). Sage (78.4%), and three different clonal lines of rosemary: rosemary LA (71.4 %), rosemary 6 (68.4%) and rosemary K-2 (67.8%) also showed significant cc-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was compared to selected specific phenolics detected in the extracts using HPLC. Catechin had the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitiory activity (99.6%) followed by caffeic acid (91.3%), rosmarinic acid (85.1%) and resveratrol (71.1%). Catechol (64.4%), protocatechuic acid (55.7%) and quercetin (36.9%) also exhibited significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the clonal extracts correlated to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of the extracts. The clonal extracts of the herbs and standard phenolics tested in this study did not have any effect on the alpha-amylase activity. We also investigated the ability of the clonal extracts to inhibit rabbit lung angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The water extracts of rosemary, rosemary LA had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (90.5%), followed by lemon balm (81.9%) and oregano (37.4%). Lower levels of ACE inhibition were observed with ethanol extracts of oregano (18.5%) and lemon balm (0.5%). Among the standard phenolics only resveratrol (24.1%), hydroxybenzoic acid (19.3%) and coumaric acid (2.3%) had ACE inhibitory activity.
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The effects of farming system, geographical origin, and grape variety on the in vitro antioxidant capacity, some physicochemical properties and chemical composition were investigated. Major and minor phenolic compounds, reducing and antioxidant assays using chemical and biological systems were determined in n = 62 100% purple grape Brazilian juices (Vitis labrusca L.) from organic and conventional systems from the three largest producing regions. Results were subjected to ANOVA, MANOVA, and principal component analysis. No distinction was observed between organic and conventional grape juices regarding the in vitro antioxidant/reducing capacities, but only through the analysis of individual phenolic acids. The geographical origin and grape variety played a more important role in distinguishing Brazilian grape juices according to the antioxidant activity and some chemical markers. MANOVA was applied and the combined effect of farming system and geographical origin was only significant for tonality (p = 0.044) and protocatechuic acid content (p = 0.030). Correlation analysis was performed and results showed that total phenolic content, total flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins were statistically associated (p < 0.05) with FRAP, ABTS, and reducing potential of the hydrophilic phenolic compounds (RPHPC). Ascorbic acid did not seem to be involved in the antioxidant potential of the selected purple grape juices. Protocatechuic acid was statistically correlated to FRAP (r = 0.4636, p &