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Evaluación del efecto de la fertilización química y orgánica en la composición bromatológica de semillas de quinua (chenopodium quinoa willd) en Boyacá – Colombia
Abstract
El consumo de semillas de quinua en el mundo, tiene importancia por su composición nutricional, que se encuentra influenciada por las condiciones edafoclimáticas. Se realizó un experimento con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la fertilización en el contenido de nitrógeno orgánico, carbohidratos, extracto etéreo y lignina detergente ácida en semillas de quinua variedad Soracá, desarrollando prácticas agronómicas propias del departamento de Boyacá. El experimento se desarrolló en el municipio de Oicatá durante el transcurso del año 2017, utilizando un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el contenido de extracto etéreo y lignina detergente ácida, mientras que el contenido de nitrógeno orgánico, no se presentó diferencias, al igual que en el contenido de carbohidratos. Concluyendo que el tratamiento con mejores resultados de calidad de grano se presentó en el tratamiento T2, mientras que el tratamiento T1 y T3 desempeñaron el mejor rendimiento por hectárea.
Palabras claves: Clima, Extracto etéreo, Lignina, Nitrógeno orgánico
... Organic matter also acts as water retaining agent, facilitates the dissolution and the absorption of other applied minerals and thus enhances the quality of the seeds (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats content) (Garcia-Parra et al., 2018). The application of organic fertilizers (4 q ha -1 ) along with mineral fertilizers (45-45-45 kg ha -1 NPK) resulted in the highest yield (2280 kg ha -1 ) (Garcıá-Parra et al., 2017). ...
Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ) is a drought and salinity-tolerant crop that originated in the Andes over 7000 years ago. It is adapted to different agroecological areas and can be grown from sea level to an altitude of 4000 m. The outstanding nutritional status of quinoa, with its high content of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, makes it a promising crop able to combat hunger and malnutrition in different countries in the 21st century. Quinoa cultivation has expanded from South America to Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Reviewing quinoa cropping practices will provide farmers with adequate recommendations for improving the agronomic and environmental sustainability of quinoa cultivation worldwide. For this reason, we conducted a systematic review of agronomic management practices in 148 field experiments conducted worldwide from 2000 to 2022. The collected data from the literature were analyzed and presented by location to determine high-performing genotypes, optimal planting dates, and other adequate cropping practices affecting quinoa performance and yield. Results showed that quinoa could be successfully cultivated in the new farming areas. Quinoa yields were higher than those reported in its place of origin, ranging from 108 kg ha ⁻¹ , obtained by KU-2 in Washington State, to 9667 kg ha ⁻¹ , obtained by Longli in China. Although quinoa is considered a crop with low input requirements, positive grain yield response was observed following increasing fertilization rates. Quinoa needs 2 to 4.6 kg of nitrogen to produce 1q of grain yield. In terms of phosphorus and potassium, quinoa needs 3.7 kg P 2 O 5 and 4.3 kg K 2 O to produce 1 ton of total biomass. Quinoa has low water requirements (300-400 mm). However, a positive response was recorded with water quantities up to 866 mm. During our investigation, weed control in quinoa crop is still undeveloped and usually done manually. Research addressing this issue can increase quinoa yields and decrease the production cost. Downey mildew and birds’ attack are the major phytosanitary problems affecting quinoa grain yield. Other pests such as miners and aphids can also affect the health of quinoa, but their injury is not a serious problem. After the harvest, saponins found in the out layer of the seed can be removed through washing and mechanical pearling process, but the latter technic was found to be efficient and cost effective to reduce the saponin content. Our results constitute the first recommendation base for the adequate worldwide agronomic practices of quinoa crop.
... Several studies have reported the Soracá cultivar with a longer-cycle genotype that varies between 171 and 202 days (Garcia et al., 2018;García-Parra et al., 2020), which is higher than the one evaluated in this research. In Pasankalla's case, it has a longer phenological cycle (175 days) under open field conditions in Pavia, Italy (Melo, 2016), which differs significantly from the cycle shown in this research under controlled conditions. ...
The great diversity of quinoa allows variations in physiological, production, and compositional performance. This study aimed to evaluate six quinoa cultivars through the physiological and nutritional responses of their seeds. Different dynamics were identified in the plant height, and the number of leaves was adjusted to sigmoidal models with R2 greater than 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. The chlorophyll concentration varied through the phenological phases, as did the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II. Differences in the quinoa grains were found between CIEL*a*b* colorimetric coordinates and protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents. In this sense, quinoa cultivars manifest different biological behaviors associated with their genetic nature. Besides, a relationship between cultivars and seed composition was recognized. These results will allow researchers to study other significant differences between the precocity expressed by the Puno, Nariño, and Titicaca cultivars and those with a longer phenological cycle such as the Soracá cultivar.
... En los últimos años el consumo de quinua ha incrementado debido a su gran valor nutritivo y su alto contenido de proteínas 12-21 % [1], fibra 8,8-14,1 % [2], ácidos grasos 2,9-5 % [3] y almidones, además de la ausencia de gluten y presencia de aminoácidos esenciales [4]; considerándola como un producto estrella por sus propiedades nutricionales y su alto potencial biológico [5]. Los principales productores de quinua son aquellos países que conforman la Cordillera de los Andes: Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia y Chile [6]. ...
Abstract This study is a quantitative analysis of the obtained percentages of saponin from the quinoa peel (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) at different concentrations of ethanol and water. The process was also evaluated to be promoted at an industrial level. The main method used to chemically treat the quinoa peel for the production of crystalized saponin were soaking, maceration, cooling, sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, and drying. Nine tests were conducted with ethanol at 5%, 15%, and 25% for the extraction and maceration of saponin. The refrigeration time oscillated at 24, 36, and 48 hr while the sedimentation process took place. In the latter stage of this process, the starches and other insoluble compounds precipitated. The evaporation and drying stages were the key points for obtaining the crystallized saponin. Quantitative analysis by UV-visible spectrometry was performed to obtain the reference values of purified saponin. The results showed that the finest process to obtain saponin from ethanol was at a concentration of 15% and a cooling time of 24 hr, where the production of saponin was about 25.01%. Based on the results obtained, the process was scaled up at an industrial level under the most viable operating parameters showing that treating around 300 quintals of quinoa peel could annually produce 70 quintals of crystallized saponin.
... In this country, there have been morphoagronomic characterization studies on quinoa materials cultivated on the Bogotá savanna and in Nariño (Veloza et al., 2016;García et al., 2018). In Boyacá, Infante et al. (2018) carried out a morphological characterization of quinoa varieties grown in that department; Morillo et al. (2020) evaluated 19 quinoa materials in the Department of Boyacá with 27 morphological descriptors. ...
... La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) es un cultivo nativo andino, originario del Andes Sudamericano (Graf et al., 2015;Nuñez, 2015;Vidueiros et al., 2015), fue domesticada hace aproximadamente más de 7 000 años (Bazile et al., 2016) y en la última década adquirió importancia nutricional y económica (Conde et al., 2017;Garcia-Parra et al., 2018), incrementando la demanda internacional (Orsag et al., 2013), ocasionado que los agricultores cultiven en aéreas extensas destinadas tradicionalmente al pastoreo de llamas y ovejas (Flores, 2015). Esta expansión, causa problemas ambientales graves como erosión y pérdida de la capacidad productiva de sus suelos (Risi et al., 2015); además, de la práctica del monocultivo, la disminución del tiempo de descanso del suelo y el cambio climático hicieron que la quinua sea muy susceptible y débil a las plagas y enfermedades; en consecuencia, disminuye el rendimiento de la producción (Risi et al., 2015). ...
El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue evaluar el efecto del Guano de las Islas en el rendimiento de dos variedades de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en suelo en proceso de degradación y suelo de alta fertilidad natural, para ambas condiciones de suelo se empleó el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, con seis tratamientos y tres repeticiones, la dosis de abonamiento para cada tipo de suelo se homogenizó de acuerdo a los resultados de análisis de suelos. Se evaluaron siete variables (altura de la planta, longitud de panoja, diámetro de panoja, diámetro de tallo, diámetro de grano, peso de mil granos y granos por planta). Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de guano de isla (2110 kg*ha-1), 75% a la siembra y 25% al aporque (etapa de ramificación), en suelo en proceso de degradación, obtuvo los mayores valores, la variedad INIA-433, en cuanto a altura de planta (157 cm), peso de mil granos (2,39 g) y rendimiento (4 232,14 kg/ha), estos valores están muy por encima de los obtenidos por los tratamientos que no fueron fertilizados con guano de isla. Se concluye que el abono orgánico (guano de isla) influye positivamente en el rendimiento.
... The statistics generate concerns for professionals, academics and producers, given the productive gap compared to Bolivia and Peru. Similarly, agroindustry potential is threatening by low protein and fat content of quinoa materials that exist in central region of the country (Garcia-Parra et al., 2018). For this reason, different governmental and private agencies are currently carrying out ex situ research, which aim is the evaluation of cultivars and varieties from other countries (Torres et al., 2000;Delgado et al., 2009), in order to generate competitiveness in properties such as precocity and productivity. ...
A diversity of crops of agri-food interest are produced in the Colombian highlands, including quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an annual herbaceous plant with white, yellow, red or black seeds, containing between 12% and 21% protein. It is an important source of lysine and methionine. Historically, this plant has played a fundamental role in human nutrition, due to its multiple benefits for disease prevention and treatment. Salinity is the abiotic stress most studied in quinoa; however, the development of this crop on all continents has led to the study of other factors, such as cold and heat, resulted by the increase in weather patterns. This review describes the progress in the temperature effects, photoperiod, atmospheric CO2 concentration and agronomic aspects on the growth and development of quinoa, as well as compositional characteristics of the seeds and their prospective related to the agroclimatic diversity of Colombia.
Currently, the demand for healthy consumption and the use of alternatives to dairy proteins for the development of foods with good nutritional value are growing. Quinoa has received much attention because it contains a high content of proteins, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, and bio-active compounds. Nevertheless, this content and the bioavailability of specific compounds of interest are related to the genotype, the agri-environmental conditions, and management practices where quinoa is grown and postharvest management. This article aimed to analyze the research trends for three knowledge areas: quinoa plant breeding for nutraceutical properties, plant-soil relations focused on abiotic stresses, and postharvest and value-added transformation activities. To this end, a specific methodological design based on bibliometrics and scientometrics methods was used. Through these analyses based on publications' keywords, titles, abstracts, and conclusions sections, for each knowledge area, the key research trends (scope and main topics), the classification of trends based on their development and relevance degree, and the core of knowledge were established. The trends comprise the current state of research. Finally, analyzing the conclusions, recommendations, and future research sections of key publications, a strong correlation among plant breeding research to obtain varieties with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutritional and functional compounds of interest for food safety, and the development of products with higher added value established interest in further research on the potential bioactivity of quinoa and the verification of health benefits to humans. K E Y W O R D S andean grains, functional foods, plant-based proteins, productive chains, quinoa, scientometrics, trend analyses 2 | FLÓREZ-MARTÍNEZ et al.
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. it is an Andean cereal of great importance for human consumption due to its high nutritional value. In Colombia there is a high phenotypic and genotypic variability within quinoa crops, which has not been studied and has been maintained by the same farmers cycle after production cycle. The objective of this study was to carry out an interpopulation characterization of quinoa cultivated in different producing municipalities of the department of Boyacá, in Colombia, for which 19 morphological descriptors were used, which were evaluated in situ in nine municipalities and analyzed through descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, correlation and conglomerates. In the evaluation of the quantitative traits for all the populations, it was observed that the most variable descriptors were Number of teeth lower leaf (DHI), Lower leaf length (LHI), Width upper leaf (AHI) and Number of teeth upper leaf (DHS). Great segregation between and within individuals of Blanca de Jericó and Piartal was observed for panicle and leaf color and shape, stem color, presence of teeth, and axils on upper and lower leaves. A classification key is proposed that allows in the field to be able to morphologically differentiate the genotypes of Piartal and Blanca de Jericó. This research shows that among the most cultivated genotypes in the department of Boyacá, there is still an important phenotypic diversity given at the inter and intra-individual level, due to the phenological state and the agroclimatological conditions of the different producing regions.
The research was carried out in two Sites of Andean soils in the province of Pichincha at an altitude of 2800 masl. Two factors were used under a divided plot design in a DBCA arrangement with four repetitions, the main plot was the cultivation system (monoculture and association) and the subplot the N levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha−1). Quinoa was continuously seeded, while the bean was interspersed 20 cm from the quinoa row and separated by site at 25 cm. Plant production varied according to the growth stage and cultivation system. The extraction of N was low in the initial stage of the crop (70 kg N) and was increasing to 206 and 479 kg N ha−1 in the panicle-flowering and beginning of the grain, respectively. The processes of rhizodeposition and fixation of N in an ecosystem: quinoa-bean, have a sustainable impact on crop nutrition, microbial activity and soil fertility, as demonstrated by the results cited by research carried out with traditional and isotopic techniques of N. Another verified impact is that there was no need to carry out phytosanitary controls. Quinoa productivity was significant (p < 0.01) for interactions between factors: culture, N levels, locality and between trials. The coefficient of variation was 14%. The highest grain productivity was obtained with the doses of 100 and 150 kg ha−1 of N and the content of N varied between 2.8 to 3.0% by effect of the bean on the levels of N.KeywordsBiological N fixationNitrogen fertilization levelsNutrient recyclingQuinoa-bean cultivationSoil
Quinoa (Amaranthaceae) is a native pseudo-cereal produced throughout the South American zone, where it is used in the preparation of food and as a promising alternative for the colonization of edaphoclimatic areas affected by anthropic and natural factors. Among the main problems that affect crop production, we can include those related to growth, development and production, generated by limitations of adaptability of new cultivars in specific areas. For this reason, this research intended to analyze the growth and morphphysiological behavior of the cultivars of quinoa Blanca Soracá (BS), Blanca Jericó (BT), and Tunkahuan (T). The study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Cauca University (Colombia) located at 1880 m a.s.l. The analysis, allowed to recognize that the three cultivars of quinoa, show different times of phenological development, until harvest (138.25 ± 2.3 and 161 ± 1.1 days). The number of leaves, the height of plants, and the number of branches show adjustment of sigmoidal regression equations (R2 0.99 - 0.98) for the cultivars BJ and T, while total chlorophyll content was adjusted to cubic behavior (R2 0.90 - 0.89). The cultivars of quinoa express productive behaviors that are associated with early and late cycles, showing differences in the production and weight of seeds.
Uno de los cultivos andinos que en la última década adquirió importancia económica y nutricional es la quinua; cultivada en países de sud América. Bolivia es centro de origen y uno de los mayores productores a nivel internacional, esto ha ocasionado un aumento en su producción con prácticas de monocultivo, y disminución de los años de descanso del suelo, que incidieron en que el cultivo sea débil, susceptible a plagas, enfermedades, dando como resultado baja producción. La quinua no requiere grandes cantidades de agua, pero dentro de sus fases fenológicas hay etapas críticas que deben ser cubiertas para un buen desarrollo, el uso de la solución de humus de lombriz como un fertilizante foliar es una alternativa que satisface esa necesidad. La investigación fue realizada en la Estación Experimental de Patacamaya, dependiente de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, la metodología consistió en un análisis estadístico con 8 tratamientos bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial de dos factores, Los factores de estudio fueron la fertilización foliar con dosis de 3, 4 y 5 litros de solución de humus de lombriz y que se aplicaron a las variedades de quinua Jacha Grano y Kurmi en su inicio de panojamiento hasta su desarrollo final. Los resultados muestran que con la aplicación del abono foliar orgánico de solución de humus de lombriz se tiene buena respuesta agronómica en el cultivo, con mejores resultados en la aplicación de 5 litros de solución de humus de limbriz en ambas variedades, observando mayor altura de la planta, panoja, rendimiento por planta, además es fácil de implementar teniendo un buen retorno de capital y una buena ganancia para los productores de la región.
Cada vez, cobra mayor relevancia el desarrollo del cultivo de la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en el
altiplano Cundiboyacense, debido a su importante valor nutricional, gastronómico y productivo; además de
su fácil adaptabilidad a las diferentes condiciones edáficas y climáticas, que le permiten ser una alternativa
potencial en el sector agrícola. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la respuesta agronómica de la
quinua frente a la aplicación de fertilizantes orgánico-mineral, químico y mezcla químico + orgánicomineral
al momento de la siembra y a los 54 días después, en el municipio de Ventaquemada-Boyacá. Para
esto, se realizó un estudio en Victoria Granja Agroecológica, donde se sembró semillas de quinua variedad
dulce de Soracá, un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos y un testigo absoluto. Los resultados
se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y a la prueba de comparación de Tukey. Se presentaron diferencias
significativas en todas las variables evaluadas, donde el Tratamiento mezcla (químico + orgánicomineral)
mostró los mejores resultados para peso seco y fresco de panoja, peso seco de plantas y rendimiento
de semillas en comparación al tratamiento testigo. Por lo tanto, el uso y aplicación de abonos
orgánico-mineral se convierte en una importante opción para fertilizar, que favorece al rendimiento y la
rentabilidad del cultivo de quinua bajo condiciones del altiplano Cundiboyacense.
Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is a highly nutritious grain identified as an important crop to improve world food security. Unfortunately, few resources are available to facilitate its genetic improvement. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality, chromosome-scale reference genome sequence for quinoa, which was produced using single-molecule real-time sequencing in combination with optical, chromosome-contact and genetic maps. We also report the sequencing of two diploids from the ancestral gene pools of quinoa, which enables the identification of sub-genomes in quinoa, and reduced-coverage genome sequences for 22 other samples of the allotetraploid goosefoot complex. The genome sequence facilitated the identification of the transcription factor likely to control the production of anti-nutritional triterpenoid saponins found in quinoa seeds, including a mutation that appears to cause alternative splicing and a premature stop codon in sweet quinoa strains. These genomic resources are an important first step towards the genetic improvement of quinoa.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean crop with an edible seed that both contains high protein content and provides high quality protein with a balanced amino acid profile in embryonic tissues. Quinoa is a halophyte adapted to harsh environments with highly saline soil. In this study, four quinoa varieties were grown under six salinity treatments and two levels of fertilization, and then evaluated for quinoa seed quality characteristics, including protein content, seed hardness, and seed density. Concentrations of 8, 16, and 32 dS m⁻¹ of NaCl and Na2SO4, were applied to the soil medium across low (1 g N, 0.29 g P, 0.29 g K per pot) and high (3 g N, 0.85 g P, 0.86 g K per pot) fertilizer treatments. Seed protein content differed across soil salinity treatments, varieties, and fertilization levels. Protein content of quinoa grown under salinized soil ranged from 13.0 to 16.7%, comparable to that from non-saline conditions. NaCl and Na2SO4 exhibited different impacts on protein content. Whereas the different concentrations of NaCl did not show differential effects on protein content, the seed from 32 dS m⁻¹ Na2SO4 contained the highest protein content. Seed hardness differed among varieties, and was moderately influenced by salinity level (P = 0.09). Seed density was affected significantly by variety and Na2SO4 concentration, but was unaffected by NaCl concentration. The samples from 8 dS m⁻¹ Na2SO4 soil had lower density (0.66 g/cm³) than those from 16 dS m⁻¹ and 32 dS m⁻¹ Na2SO4, 0.74 and 0.72g/cm³, respectively. This paper identifies changes in critical seed quality traits of quinoa as influenced by soil salinity and fertility, and offers insights into variety response and choice across different abiotic stresses in the field environment.
Durante las últimas tres décadas, la quinua ha pasado de ser un alimento desconocido a nivel mundial, a un producto objeto de comercio internacional con una demanda de consumo mundial en aumento. Esta transformación ha tenido impactos sociales y ecológicos complejos en las comunidades indígenas agro-pastorales del Altiplano Sur de Bolivia. En este artículo se analiza el rol que los mercados mundiales de quinua han tenido en la repoblación y la revitalización de esta región que anteriormente quedó vacía debido a la emigración. El artículo, sin embargo, también se refiere a una serie de tensiones y contradicciones locales generadas o magnificadas como resultado de este proceso, a medida que los campesinos luchan por aprovechar el auge de la quinua como una fuerza de ‘recampesinización sostenible’ y de ‘vivir bien’. Por último, el artículo sugiere que el movimiento para la soberanía alimentaria debería poner mayor énfasis en examinar los desafíos cultural e históricamente específicos que enfrenta la recampesinización en lugares particulares.
This study was focused on the optimum conditions for preparing the protein isolate of quinoa seeds and investigates the physicochemical and functional properties of the isolated protein to assess the potential use of quinoa protein isolate in food applications and manufacturing. The protein isolate of quinoa was obtained by protein solubility at alkaline pH value (10), followed by precipitation at an acidic pH value (4.5). SDS–PAGE showed protein bands with 55KDa corresponding to globulin and 31–33KDa corresponding to chenoprotein in all extraction pHs. Quinoa protein had reasonable concentrations of essential amino acids (except tryptophan) with a high level of lysine (17.13%). A sharp minimum solubility was observed at the pH value (4.5), and the maximum value was observed at the alkaline pH value (10) (P>0.05). Quinoa protein showed a high In Vitro digestibility (78.37±1.08%). The quinoa protein showed water absorption (3.94±0.06ml/g) and (1.88±0.02ml/g) oil absorption. The foaming capacity of quinoa protein isolate was (69.28±9.39% in average) and the foaming capacity was increased with the increase in the protein concentration. Quinoa protein isolate registered 54.54±15.31% foam stability after 60min. Emulsion ability index was ranged from 1.24±0.05m2/g for 0.1% protein suspension to 3.38±0.31m2/g for 3% protein suspension with average 2.10±0.99m2/g. The average of emulsion stability index was (38.43±7.22min). Quinoa protein isolate is a promising and impressive nutritive source, which is leading to candidate it as a food supplement and functional food but still needs more advanced research to improve and proof its functional properties to be convenient for using in food processing and additives.
Resumen La modificación del almidón de semillas de quinua (Chenopodium quinua Willd.) para fines cosméticos siguió una metodología de Simila-Similb, donde, en primer lugar, se obtuvo el OSA (octenil succinico anhidro) de almidón de quinua a partir del OSA y almidón de quinua, y luego obtener la sal de aluminio octenil succinato alumínico de almidón de quinua, siendo este último la materia prima para un producto grado-cosmético. Simila es una metodología que opta por establecer el mismo procedimiento usado para la modificación del almidón de arroz (Early Indica Rice), donde los parámetros tenidos en cuenta fueron: tiempo de reacción de 4 horas, temperatura de reacción de 33, 4 ºC, pH de reacción 8,4, concentración de almidón de 36,8% (en proporción de agua, w/w), cantidad de OSA 3% (en proporción de almidón, w/w). El grado de sustitución fue de 0,0188 para el patrón en arroz y 0,31 para el encontrado experimentalmente en quinua y una eficiencia de la reacción de 81,0% para el patrón en arroz y 95% para el encontrado experimentalmente en quinua. Similb, grado-cosmético, basados en el Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, fue usado el 2% de sulfato de aluminio, teniendo en cuenta que el producto obtenido iba a ser aplicado en la preparación de cremas cosméticas. Abstract The modification of starch from seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for cosmetic purposes followed a methodology Parallel-a and Parallel-b, where, first, was obtained the OSA (Octenyl Succinic Anhydride) of quinoa starch from OSA and quinoa starch, and finally the aluminum salt octenyl succinic aluminun of quinoa starch, being the raw materials for cosmetic grade product. Parallel-b is a method that uses the same procedure for rice starch modification (Early Indica Rice); parameters were: reaction time (4 hours); reaction temperature (33,4 ºC); reaction pH 8,4; starch concentration (36,8%) (w/w basis), 3% OSA amount (starch proportion, w/w) Substitution degree was 0.0188 for rice pattern, and 0,031 for quinoa starch, with a 95% reaction efficiency. Parallel-b, cosmetic grade, based in the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, 2% aluminum sulfate was used, taking into account that the obtained product will be used in cosmetic creams preparation.
Field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of tillage systems and fertilization on growth, yield and quality of quinoa crop (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replicates, two main plots [conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)] and three sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, cow manure and compost). The soil porosity (45.5-49.75%) and total nitrogen (0.144-0.173%) were higher in soils subjected to MT system than under CT. In soil porosity, an interaction between fertilization and tillage system was found. The highest leaf area index (4.47-5.03), dry weight (8650-9290 kg ha-1) and root density (1.03-1.21 cm cm-3) were also found in MT. Moreover, there were significant differences between the organic fertilization treatments concerning the LAI, dry weight and root density. The highest seed yield (2485-2643 kg ha-1) and saponin content (0.42-0.45%) were found in cow manure and compost treatments. Also, the highest saponin yield (7.70-12.05 kg ha-1) was found in the MT system. Saponin yield had positive and significant correlation with total N (r=0.866, p<0.001). In quinoa measurements, an interaction between fertilization and tillage system was not found. The present results indicated that MT and organic fertilization increase saponin yield of quinoa.
