Mobile Phone Distance from Head and Temperature Changes of Radio Frequency Waves on Brain Tissue

Abstract

Background
Analyzing the possible negative effects of using cell phones on the users’ health is an important and vital affair due to rapid growth and extensive use of these devices on human communications and interactions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing the distance of cell phones to brain tissue on the temperature of the central and gray matters of brain due to the heat generated by radio frequency waves.

Methods
This study was an experimental study. A cow's brain tissue was analyzed in a compartment with three thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm, in the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm from a cell phone for 15 min. Lutron thermometer was used to measure the tissue temperature, and the data analysis were done by Lutron and MATLAB software packages.

Results
The tissue temperature was increased while confronting with a cell phone in distances of 4 mm and 4 cm in all the three thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm. The tissue temperature was higher after removing the confrontation at 4 mm distance as compared to the distance of 4 cm.

Conclusions
During confrontation and after that with the cell phone, reducing the distance of brain tissue and the cell phone increased the tissue temperature intensely. In fact, by increasing the cell phone distance from brain tissue, the thermal effect of radiofrequency waves was reduced.

Full text

1© 2018 International Journal of Preventive Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Introduction
It is just to say that we live in a modern
world with advanced technology. Requiring
access to information and communications
everywhere has created a new
world.[1] A device such as a cell phone has
been used extensively due to having supreme
communicative technology, but a cell phone
is the main source of electromagnetic
waves, which can inuence human tissues.[2]
The World Health Organization has reported
dispersion of radiofrequency waves as one
of the most polluting sources, which are
hazardous for human beings.[3] Cell phones
are considered as an important invention
that has changed communication ways in
this modern world.[4] However, using cell
phones has had irregular growing rate in
recent years.[5] This rapid increase of using
cell phones has provided worries about
radiated radiofrequency waves from them.
One of the effects of radiofrequency waves
resulted from cell phones is increasing
the temperature of body tissues.[6] Using
cell phones near the head has provided
general worries about damaging effects
on the central nervous system both in
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Siamak Pourabdian,
Department of Occupational
Health Engineering, School
of Public Health, Isfahan
University of Medical
Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
E‑mail: pourabdian@hlth.mui.
ac.ir
Abstract
Background: Analyzing the possible negative effects of using cell phones on the users’ health
is an important and vital affair due to rapid growth and extensive use of these devices on human
communications and interactions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing the
distance of cell phones to brain tissue on the temperature of the central and gray matters of brain due
to the heat generated by radio frequency waves. Methods: This study was an experimental study.
A cow’s brain tissue was analyzed in a compartment with three thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm,
in the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm from a cell phone for 15 min. Lutron thermometer was used to
measure the tissue temperature, and the data analysis were done by Lutron and MATLAB software
packages. Results: The tissue temperature was increased while confronting with a cell phone in
distances of 4 mm and 4 cm in all the three thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm. The tissue temperature
was higher after removing the confrontation at 4 mm distance as compared to the distance of 4 cm.
Conclusions: During confrontation and after that with the cell phone, reducing the distance of brain
tissue and the cell phone increased the tissue temperature intensely. In fact, by increasing the cell
phone distance from brain tissue, the thermal effect of radiofrequency waves was reduced.
Keywords: Brain tissue, cell phone distance, radiofrequency waves, temperature
Mobile Phone Distance from Head and Temperature Changes of Radio
Frequency Waves on Brain Tissue
Original Article
Farhad
Forouharmajd,
Hossein Ebrahimi,
Siamak Pourabdian
Department of Occupational
Health Engineering, School
of Public Health, Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan, Iran
children and in adults.[7] Brain is specically
confronting with radiofrequency waves
during conversation with the phone.[8] In
a study, after a 30‑min confrontation of
a cell phone with brain tissue, the brain
temperature increased by 4.5°C.[6] Cell
phone users often complain about warming
of their ears due to having contact with cell
phones. This temperature increase may be
due to radiofrequency and electromagnetic
waves absorbed by the user’s head.[9]
Since the cell phone antenna is placed
near the ear and head during contacts, the
head is necessarily facing radio frequency
waves, and this has caused anxieties in
this regard.[10] Lindholm et al. stated that
the temperature of ear canals in users
increased up to 1.5°C in confronting with
the radiofrequency waves of cell phones
for 35 min.[7] A research (2001) reported
that skin temperature during confrontation
with a cell phone increases by 0.01°C.[11]
Another study has shown that negligible
increase of temperature (about 0.2°C–0.3°C)
in hypothalamus leads to behavioral change
in regulating the body temperature.[12]
Since during contacts, cell phones are
placed near the ear and head and also
because the sensitivity of brain tissue
Access this article online
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DOI:
10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_70_17
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How to cite this article: Forouharmajd F, Ebrahimi H,
Pourabdian S. Mobile phone distance from head and
temperature changes of radio frequency waves on
brain tissue. Int J Prev Med 2018;9:61.
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Forouharmajd, et al.: Mobile phone distance and temperature changes of brain tissue
International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018, 9: 612
to changing of the temperature, the aim of this study
was determining the effect of cell phone distance on the
temperature of central and gray matters of brain due to the
heat generated by radiofrequency waves.
Methods
This study was an experimental study. A cow’s brain
tissue without the brain covered with cranium was used to
evaluate the effect of cell phone distance with the tissue.
The brain was transferred by heat insulating box to the
laboratory immediately after slaughtering the cow.
Laboratory equipment
To promote the measurement accuracy and reducing errors
due to temperature, humidity, and ventilation systems during
the measurement, a compartment with height of 40 cm,
length of 80 cm, and width of 30 cm of Plexiglas material
was designed and made, where the tissue is placed in it,
not to have any contacts with the laboratory environmental
conditions. The compartment door was closed after
the required adjustments. Lutron thermometer (Model:
MT‑917) with precision of +0.1 was used for measuring
the tissue temperature. The thermometer had 5 probes for
measurements and the probe “TP100”) was used for the
current study. This probe is applied for measuring different
depths and thicknesses with temperature range −199.99°C
to +199.99°C, and it was made of platinum. Lutron
thermometer could measure in both Fahrenheit and Celsius
units, and Celsius unit was used for this study. The
thermometer was connected by a cable (Model: USB‑01)
to a computer. The temperature range of this cable was
between 0°C and 50°C and could be applied in humidity
under 80%. The temperature changes were measured
and recorded in momentary basis after installing Lutron
software (Lutron Electronic, Taiwan).
Preparation and confrontation
Brain tissue was placed in the compartment. Then, probe
“TP100” was placed in thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm
of the tissue for measuring the temperature of the gray and
white matters of the brain, where the precise thicknesses
were determined by a digital caliper. The rst case was
related to the gray matter of the brain with the thickness
of 2 mm. A smart cell phone was used to investigate the
thermal effect of the cell phone radio frequency, placed on
a pod in 4 mm distance on the left of the brain tissue, as
if a person is talking on a cell phone. After adjustments,
the thermometer was turned on and connected by the
USB cable to the computer, and the related software was
operated.
The temperature balance between the environment inside
the compartment and the tissue for reducing the errors
regarding the contact between the tissue and the cell phone
was not fullled at the beginning, until the temperature of
the tissue and the compartment became similar, and the
thermometer showed a xed temperature, such that after
15 min of tissue temperature stabilization, the stabled
temperature was recorded, and this temperature was
called the base temperature (tissue temperature before
confronting with the cell phone). Then, the contact was
made between the tissue and the cell phone, as if a person
was talking on the phone. The confrontation time was
considered 15 min. After nishing the confrontation time,
the contact was cut off. For the next stage, the tissue was
kept in the compartment for 15 min for its temperature
to be reduced without confrontation and the presence of
radiofrequency waves. In all the stages, before, during, and
after confrontation with the radiofrequency waves of the
cell phone, the thermometer was connected to the computer
system, and the temperature variations of the tissue were
recorded by the software. After each test, the brain tissue
was not used and requires no maintenance. This study
was done at 4 mm and 4 cm distances between the cell
phone and the brain tissue, for the thicknesses of 2, 12, and
22 mm. The following equation was used to calculate the
specic absorption electric:
SAR = σE2/ρ
SAR: Specic absorption rate, σ: Guided tissue of the head,
E: Root average electrical energy, ρ: The mass density of the
head. The amount of electrical energy in this mobile phone
(900 MHz) was 1.18 v/m. Field nally, the temperature
variations relative to the time were transferred to MATLAB
2012 software (2012 version, MathWorks company), and
the related graphs for each thickness were drawn.
Results
A cow’s brain tissue was used to evaluate the effect of
cell phone distance with the tissue on the temperature
increase of the brain due to radiofrequency waves, at three
different depths of 2, 12, and 22 mm and in 4 mm and
4 cm distances, before, during, and after the considered
confrontations.
The base temperature was 17.94°C at the depth of
2 mm (gray matter of the brain) in both 4 mm and 4 cm
distances, but after 15 min of confrontation, the tissue
temperature for the distance of 4 mm reached to 18.23°C
and reached 18.13°C for the distance of 4 cm. According
to Figure 1, the temperature of the gray matter of brain
for the distance of 4 mm increased by 0.29°C, and for the
distance of 4 cm, it increased by 0.19°C. Figure 1 shows
the temperature changes for the mentioned distances.
The base temperature was 18.85°C at the depth of
12 mm (white matter of the brain) in both 4 mm and 4 cm
distances, after 15 min of confrontation. After confrontation
of the brain tissue and the cell phone, the tissue
temperatures for the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm increased
to 19.16°C, and 18.90°C, respectively. In fact, it showed
an increase of 0.31°C compared to the base temperature
for the distance of 4 mm, and the increase relative to the
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Forouharmajd, et al.: Mobile phone distance and temperature changes of brain tissue
International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018, 9: 61 3
base temperature was only 0.05°C for the distance of 4 cm.
Figure 1 shows the temperature changes in the considered
distances in the depth of 12 mm.
Tissue temperature at the depth of 22 mm (white matter of
brain) was 19.83°C and 19.63°C for the distances of 4 mm
and 4 cm, respectively, during 15 min of confrontation with
cell phone contacts. The base temperature in this depth
was 19.46°C, indicating the increase in temperature by
0.37°C and 0.17°C for the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm,
respectively. Figure 1 shows the temperature changes in the
considered distances in the depth of 22 mm.
At the time of confronting with the cell phone, temperature
increase in the tissue for the distance of 4 mm at the three
thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm was higher than that for
the distance of 4 cm. According to Figure 1, the gradients
of B2, B12, and B22 curves (for thicknesses of 2, 12,
and 22 mm, respectively) were higher for the distance
of 4 mm than the gradients of the curves A2, A12, and
A22 (for thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm, respectively)
for the distance of 4 cm. In other words, the gradients of
the curves for the three thicknesses increased with higher
speed for the distance of 4 mm. In particular, the increase
in gradient was quite apparent for the distance of 4 mm in
the thicknesses of 12 mm and 22 mm (B12 and B22) in the
brain white matter.
Brain tissue temperatures for the distances of 4 mm and
4 cm away from a cell phone were evaluated for the three
considered thicknesses, for 15 min after disconnecting the
confrontation aspect. Brain tissue temperatures reduced
for the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm as compared to the
time when confrontation occurred for the three considered
thicknesses, but they were higher in comparison with the
base temperature. In other words, after the disconnecting
confrontation of the brain tissue and the cell phone, the
tissue temperature did not return to the base temperature
after 15 min, and this temperature was higher than the base
temperature, even after disconnecting the confrontation
purpose. The higher rate referred to the 4 mm distance
as compared to the distance of 4 cm. For instance at the
thickness of 22 mm, the temperatures were 0.22°C and
0.08°C higher than the base temperature for the distances of
4 mm and 4 cm, respectively. The tissue temperature after
the confrontation became equal to the base temperature for
the distance of 4 cm, in the thickness of 12 mm while it
was 0.19°C higher than the base temperature for the 4 mm
distance. The rates of increasing tissue temperatures
relative to the base temperature, after the confrontation,
at the thicknesses of 2, 12, and 22 mm from the tissue
surface, for 4 mm and 4 cm distances.
Discussion
The present study evaluated the effect of increasing the
distance of cell phones to brain tissue on the temperature
of the central and gray matters of brain, due to the heat
generated by radio frequency waves. In practice, the
probe was placed for 30 min in an empty box with the
cell phone and we have not seen a rise in temperature
after half an hour. According to the obtained results,
confronting brain tissues and cell phones for 15 min led
in increasing temperature in the tissue. In fact, increasing
the temperatures was observed in the three considered
tissue thickness of 2, 12, and 22 mm as compared to the
base temperature, during the confrontation. Rusnani et al.
reported that in 15 and 20 min of confrontation with cell
phones, the temperatures are increased in the head and ears
of the users, and this rate is further increased by increasing
the contact time. They showed that confronting head with
cell phones for 15–30 min increased the temperatures
in that part by 0.3°C–2.9°C.[9] Tissue temperatures at the
distance of 4 mm had higher increases than the distance
of 4 cm, by the confrontation of brain tissue and cell
phones, for the three considered tissue depths of 2, 12,
and 22 mm. For instance, brain tissue had temperature
increases of 0.31°C and 0.05°C at the depth of 12 mm,
for the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm, respectively. Not
only the brain tissue temperature for the distance of 4 mm
was higher than that for the distance of 4 cm but also the
gradient of temperature increase was higher for the distance
of 4 mm than that for the distance of 4 cm. Hossain et al.
reported that by increasing the distance of the head from
the cell phone antenna, the rate of SAR is decreased.[13] In
analyzing the internal functioning of cell phones and the
relation between the distance of cell phone antenna from
the human body and SAR, Kivekas et al. reported that
the easiest way for reducing the SAR is increasing the
distance of users from cell phone antennas.[14] The rates of
brain tissue temperatures at the thicknesses of 2, 12, and
22 mm showed reductions after 15 min from nishing
the confrontation with the cell phone as compared to the
tissue temperature during the confrontation, but despite the
temperature reduction, the temperatures of brain tissue for
the three considered thicknesses were high in comparison
to the base temperature for the distances of 4 mm and
Figure 1: Comparison of temperature increase in brain tissue, during
confrontations with a cell phone for the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm:
(A2) 2‑mm thickness and the distance of 4 cm; (A12) 12‑mm thickness
and the distance of 4 cm; (A22) 22‑mm thickness and the distance of 4 cm;
(B2) 2‑mm thickness and the distance of 4 mm; (B12) 12‑mm thickness and
the distance of 4 mm; (B22) 22‑mm thickness and the distance of 4 cm
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Forouharmajd, et al.: Mobile phone distance and temperature changes of brain tissue
International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018, 9: 614
4 cm, after confrontation with the cell phone. In other
words, not only temperature increase was observed in the
brain tissue during the confrontation with the cell phone but
also increasing the temperature even had an accumulation
status and it was high for some time after the confrontation
with the cell phone, as compared to previous situations.
The rate of tissue temperature after the confrontation with
the cell phone was higher for the distance of 4 mm as
compared to that for 4 cm distance. The important point
is that the temperature showed increases in all the stages
of investigations, before and after the confrontations with
the cell phone, and also by increasing the depths and
thicknesses of the brain tissue. The results showed that the
more the layers of the tissue, the accumulated temperature
in the tissue would be higher. Hence, it is possible that the
effects created due to using cell phones are more intensive
in deeper tissues. On the other hand, it is possible that deep
tissues (white matter of the brain) have higher sensitivity in
confrontation with cell phones, and the sensitivity emerges
by higher absorption of energy, and hence increasing the
temperature. The results of the present study showed that
in the cases of during and after the confrontation with the
cell phone, the lower distance of the brain tissue and cell
phone increases the tissue temperature. In other words, by
increasing the distance of brain tissue and the cell phone,
the thermal effects of radiofrequency waves of the mobile
phone was reduced. The distance of brain tissue to the cell
phone had inverse relations with the increasing rate of tissue
temperature, and by increasing the distance, less amount
of increase in the brain tissue temperature was observed.
Hirata et al. stated that there are some effective factors on
the absorption rate of electromagnetic waves, among which
are the size of the confronting tissue, electrical properties
of the tissue, and the distance between the electromagnetic
wave source and human body.[15]
Most of the hazardous biologic effects about the cell phone
waves on humans are considered to be due to the effects
of temperature increase, such that some of the cell phone
waves are transferred to human body as heat by current
activated hyperpolarization induced by the electric eld
and vibration of polar molecules, in going through an
environment.[16] Wessapan et al. showed in their studies that
due to confrontation with cell phones, the generated heat in
brain tissue is greater than that in the skin since brain is a
tissue with high rate of metabolic aspect in generating heat.
Hence, temperature is higher in brain tissue as compared
to other tissues with low metabolic aspects in generating
heat.[12]
By increasing the temperature of the brain, the blood
circulation is rapidly increased, and the thermal
self‑adjusting reactions are activated. Measuring heart
automatic responses and evaluation of brain blood ow
are used as the indirect evidences of the interactions of
blood circulation and adjusting the temperature during
confrontation with radio frequency waves. Thus, repeating
confrontations with cell phones increasing the tissue
temperature during confrontation, and high temperature of
the brain tissue even after some time from the confrontation
would make undesirable effects on brain health after a
passage of time.[7] In the studies by Beason et al., about
the electromagnetic effects on brain, they showed that
the similar waves to the cell phone telecommunication
system could lead in 52% of case in increasing brain
neuron activities, and in 17% of the cases reduce brain
neuron activities.[17] The results obtained from some
epidemiologic studies show that even with lower densities
than the permissible limits, cell phone waves can cause
signs and symptoms such as a headache, feeling of high
temperature in ears, weakness of memory, and fatigue.[18]
In a study regarding the effects of waves due to radiation
generated by cell phones on vital signs in users, Mortazavi
and Ate obtained signicant relations between using cell
phones and disorders in paying attention, learning, and
concentration in users.[19] Negative effects of waves resulted
from cell phones on the brain activities, and capabilities are
conrmed in some studies.[19‑21] Saikhedkar et al. studied
about the effects of radiation of cell phone waves on the
structure and performance of brain in rats. They showed
that cell phone waves could increase anxiety and amount of
learning in rats.[22] It was reported in a study that cell phone
waves provide considerable changes in the density of
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in hippocampus,
hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla in the brains of
mature mice. This change in the rate of the densities of
neural intermediates can be effective in creating anxiety
and problems regarding memory and learning.[23]
Conclusions
Brain tissue temperature in 4 mm distance from a cell
phone was not only higher than the base temperature
but also from the 4 cm distance from the cell phone, but
the temperature was higher for the 4 mm distance by
increasing the tissue thickness. In fact, the temperature had
accumulating status in gray and white matters of the brain
in the distance of 4 mm, even after confrontation aspect,
and increasing the temperature was higher in greater
thicknesses, which include the white matter of the brain.
On the other hand, the distance of brain tissue with the cell
phone had clear and denite effects in increasing the tissue
temperature, such that by increasing the distance, the tissue
temperature showed a reduction. The distance of brain and
cell phones was considered in this study as an important
parameter in reducing the thermal effects due to cell phone
waves.
The temperature difference could be related on one side
to heterogeneity of brain tissue during movement from the
brain membrane to its depth, which is due to changing of
gray matter of brain to white matter. The gray matter has
higher rate of water and less fat and in comparison, the
white matter has higher amount of fat. From another point
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Forouharmajd, et al.: Mobile phone distance and temperature changes of brain tissue
International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018, 9: 61 5
of view, the differences in building and temperature in
various depths could be related to the aspect of generating
optimum induced temperature in different depths, with
regards to different variables such as frequency of waves
and the direction of radiations, all of which should be
considered in the future studies.
This study shows that the temperature of brain tissue
is increased after contacts with electromagnetic waves
generated by cell phones. However, this increased
temperature could create problems in brain functions,
similar to the increased temperature due to hyperthermia
that is emerged as fever or heatstroke. The more important
point according to the authors of this study is using the
index of tissue temperature as an index due to contacts
with electromagnetic elds since the certain point is that
electromagnetic waves have different effects on live tissues,
in physical, electrophysiological, or electrochemical forms,
which are because of the mutual effects of these waves on
matters and are inevitable. The fact that the effects of these
waves, or in a more precise term, the contacts with the
waves could be observed and recorded is an introductory
for predicting the mentioned effects and the probable
effects due to them.
Ethical considerations
The protocol of this study was approved by the Medical
Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences at
IR.MUI.REC.1394.3.1047.
This article was the result of a master's degree dissertation
at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences at 3941047. The
authors would like to express their gratitude to the Vice‑
Chancellor for Research in Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences and to the lab of the harmful physical agents of
the School of Public Health.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conicts of interest
There are no conicts of interest.
Received: 05 Feb 17 Accepted: 03 Jul 17
Published: 20 Jul 18
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