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Le grand plafond de Rouffignac : de nouveaux indices sur l'organisation des images

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Abstract

Le Grand Plafond de la grotte de Rouffignac est l'ensemble pariétal le plus riche de la cavité. Il réunit 65 images et associent des mammouths (27), des bisons (12), des chevaux (12), des bouquetins (11) et des rhinocéros (3). Aucune organisation d'ensemble n'est directement perceptible à l'examen des œuvres et les principales hypothèses formulées jusqu'ici à ce sujet ne sont guère convaincantes (Barrière, 1982 ; Leroi-Gourhan, 1984 et 1990). L'étude des superpositions entre les images apportent de nouveaux éléments de discussion que complète la prise en compte de quelques éléments graphiques structurant comme les faces à faces. Environ la moitié des images est concernée par les superpositions. Cependant, celles-ci ne présentent pas un ordre récurent, à la différence de ce que l'on constate à Lascaux (Aujoulat, 2002, 2004) ou Pech-Merle (Lorblanchet, 2010). Ce constat amène à imaginer que les superpositions peuvent être la conséquence fortuite de la proximité d'ensembles restreints mais structurés ou au contraire l'un des éléments d'association des images au sein de petits groupes cohérents. Les deux hypothèses sont testées dans chaque groupe d'images où apparaissent les superpositions. L'une ou l'autre peuvent se vérifier selon le cas.
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Mammouth 111 Bouquetin 109 Bouquetin 110
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Bison 101 Mammouth 107 Bouquetin 106
Mammouth 125 Rhinocéros 96 Cheval 95
Bison 93 Mammouth 94
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
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Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
NM
Hommage à Norbert Aujoulat
PALEO Numéro hors série 2016
p. 143-151
... The Rouffignac cave situated in the Dordogne region in southern France is one of the key sites of Upper Palaeolithic art. It shows~240 animal drawings and engravings on the walls attributed to the Magdalenian period (Barrière, 1982;Plassard, 1999;Plassard and Plassard, 2016). Because of the predominance of representations of mammoths, this animal is the distinctive element of the cave. ...
Book
The chapters contributed to the volume recognize the important and diverse contributions of mineralogy to the valorization, characterization, interpretation and conservation of cultural heritage. The book focuses on examples of materials and methodological issues rather than technical/analytical details. We have attempted to deal with the cultural heritage materials in chronological order of their technological developments, to relate them to past human activities, and to highlight unresolved problems in need of investigation.
Chapter
The chapters contributed to the volume recognize the important and diverse contributions of mineralogy to the valorization, characterization, interpretation and conservation of cultural heritage. The book focuses on examples of materials and methodological issues rather than technical/analytical details. We have attempted to deal with the cultural heritage materials in chronological order of their technological developments, to relate them to past human activities, and to highlight unresolved problems in need of investigation.
Article
This paper presents the first systematic chemical study of the black pigments used on the Great Ceiling panel at Rouffignac Cave in combination with stylistic and superimposition studies. A refined quantification strategy was designed to address the large number of drawings and the considerable amount of data required for the effective study of the specific black compositions on the Great Ceiling. We show that at least three different types of barium-bearing manganese oxides (that could be assimilated to different black raw coloring materials) were used. The new chemical data obtained are interpreted in light of stylistic and superimposition analyses of the figures. The grouping of the figures in small subsets according to chemical composition and consideration of superimpositions allowed for a complete re-reading of this complex panel and suggests that a small group of artists, each using different crayons, may have drawn the figures in a short period of time.
Article
Full-text available
Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) has become fundamental in prehistoric research since it enables chemical studies that preserve the integrity of rock art or other investigated archaeological objects. This unique and fragile expression of our ancestors requires the use of non-invasive and non-destructive in situ analytical techniques. This provides significant sources of physicochemical information for enhancing the comprehension of the symbolic and ideological realm of past societies. Thus, XRF data acquired in the field allow giving more detailed insights into the pigment used by Palaeolithic artists, the rock art organisation inside the cave and the different frequentation periods of it. However, if the qualitative study is now well established and routinely used, quantitative evaluation encounters difficulties linked to the context of the study (karstic environment in our case) and the heterogeneous nature of the analysed material (nature of the pigments used, presence of several layers, conservation state of the rock art, type of the rock art support). Moreover, the non-invasive nature of this technique is faced with a large number of data since it offers the acquisition of statistically relevant data by multiple measurements of different spots on the same figure. The present work struggles with the issue of filling the gap of well-adapted quantitative procedures devoted to caves or rock-shelters analyses, and offers efficient tools and methodologies, which take into account the specificities of the studied rock art and its context. Additionally, the evaluation procedures of the high volume of data have to be effective. The analyses of drawings, monochrome and polychrome paintings of three Palaeolithic key cave sites, namely Rouffignac and Font-de-Gaume in Dordogne, Southern-France, and La Garma in Cantabria, Northern Spain, illustrate the new approaches and procedures developed in this study.
Article
Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) has become fundamental in prehistoric research since it enables chemical studies that preserve the integrity of rock art or other investigated archaeological objects. This unique and fragile expression of our ancestors requires the use of non-invasive and non-destructive in situ analytical techniques. This provides significant sources of physicochemical information for enhancing the comprehension of the symbolic and ideological realm of past societies. Thus, XRF data acquired in the field allow giving more detailed insights into the pigment used by Palaeolithic artists, the rock art organisation inside the cave and the different frequentation periods of it. However, if the qualitative study is now well established and routinely used, quantitative evaluation encounters difficulties linked to the context of the study (karstic environment in our case) and the heterogeneous nature of the analysed material (nature of the pigments used, presence of several layers, conservation state of the rock art, type of the rock art support). Moreover, the non-invasive nature of this technique is faced with a large number of data since it offers the acquisition of statistically relevant data by multiple measurements of different spots on the same figure. The present work struggles with the issue of filling the gap of well-adapted quantitative procedures devoted to caves or rock-shelters analyses, and offers efficient tools and methodologies, which take into account the specificities of the studied rock art and its context. Additionally, the evaluation procedures of the high volume of data have to be effective. The analyses of drawings, monochrome and polychrome paintings of three Palaeolithic key cave sites, namely Rouffignac and Font-de-Gaume in Dordogne, Southern-France, and La Garma in Cantabria, Northern Spain, illustrate the new approaches and procedures developed in this study.
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