No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Therapeutic Potential of Citronella Essential Oil: A Review
Abstract
Mosquito borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, chikunguniya, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis are the major cause of remarkable morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Since ancient times, aromatic plants are used for their medicinal value. Essential oils derived from these plants may be used as effective alternatives/adjuvents in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary and agriculture applications. These oils have also gained popularity and interest for prevention and treatment of various disorders. However, several reports on adverse effects including skin eruption, contact artricaria or toxic encephalopathy in children are available for synthetic repellent in literature. Thus, natural insect repellents like essential oils have been explored recently as an alternative. One such essential oil studied widely, is citronella oil, extracted mainly from Cymbopogon nardus. This essential oil has exhibited good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components including citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as major constituents contributing to various activities (antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal and wound healing), besides mosquito repellent action. Citronella essential oil is registered in US EPA (Environmental protection agency) as insect repellent due to its high efficacy, low toxicity and customer satisfaction. However, poor stability in the presence of air and high temperature limits its practical applications. Since, specific knowledge on properties and chemical composition of oil is fundamental for its effective application, the present review compiles and discusses biological properties of citronella oil. It also sheds light on various formulations and applications of this essential oil.
... There are undoubtedly many benefits to using EOs in poultry diets and water, but their usage is also associated with some challenges and constraints. Extraction, drying, and storing methods might vary widely according to the plant species, region, harvest season, and other factors, leading to conflicting findings (Salehi et al. 2018;Sharma et al. 2019). The overwhelming aroma and flavor of some EOs, such as carvacrol, may unfavorably alter feed intake, which may explain why studies on the impact of adding EOs to poultry diets have yielded conflicting results (Windisch et al. 2008;Sharma et al. 2019). ...
... Extraction, drying, and storing methods might vary widely according to the plant species, region, harvest season, and other factors, leading to conflicting findings (Salehi et al. 2018;Sharma et al. 2019). The overwhelming aroma and flavor of some EOs, such as carvacrol, may unfavorably alter feed intake, which may explain why studies on the impact of adding EOs to poultry diets have yielded conflicting results (Windisch et al. 2008;Sharma et al. 2019). EO mists, such as those made from peppermint or thyme oil, have no negative impacts on the health of broilers, may improve performance indicators, and have a substantial impact on the immune systems of broilers. ...
... It was found by in vitro testing that cinnamaldehyde treatment of chicken spleen lymphocytes (at doses ranging from 25 to 400 ng/mL) significantly increased cell proliferation compared to the control group. Nitric oxide generation in macrophages was found to increase between 1.2 and 5.0 ng/mL of cinnamonaldehyde, whereas chicken tumor cell growth was inhibited between 0.6 and 2.5 ng/mL and between 10 and 100 ng/mL of cinnamonaldehyde (Brenes and Roura 2010;Sharma et al. 2019). Similarly, adding cinnamon aldehyde to the diet of hens infected with Eimeria acervulina or E. maxima led to a greater increase in the birds' body weight. ...
New research has begun to develop safe and effective alternatives to feed-antibiotics as growth enhancers in response to mounting pressure on the poultry sector to do so. There is a significant demand for poultry products all across the world right now. To achieve this goal, key performance indicators are optimized, such as the rate of chicken growth, the amount of feed used, and the health of the flock as a whole. As a result of this growing need, various alternatives to antibiotics have entered the market. New approaches are desperately needed to keep poultry productivity and efficiency at a high level in the face of mounting pressure to limit the use of antibiotics. Recent years have seen an uptick in interest in the potential of aromatic plant extracts as growth and health boosters in poultry. The great majority of plants' positive effects are accounted for by essential oils (EOs) and other secondary metabolites. EOs have been proven to promote digestive secretion production, improve blood circulation, exert antioxidant qualities, reduce levels of dangerous microbes, and maybe improve the immune status of poultry. EOs are often believed to be safe, non-toxic alternatives because they are all-natural, chemical-free, and devoid of potentially harmful deposits. EOs are extracted from plants, and while there are thousands of them, only approximately 300 have been deemed to have significant commercial value. Many different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been shown to be negatively affected by EOs in multiple studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo. The review covers the fundamentals of EOs, their anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory capabilities, their growth-promoting benefits, and their effectiveness against numerous diseases in poultry.
... These studies suggest that plant essential oils could be a resource of browning inhibitors controlling enzymatic browning of freshcut foods. Citronellal (CA) is one of the major components of citronella aromatic oil (Sharma et al., 2019). CA does not present a concern for genetic, developmental and reproductive toxicities based on the current existing data and usage levels (Api et al., 2021). ...
... CA does not present a concern for genetic, developmental and reproductive toxicities based on the current existing data and usage levels (Api et al., 2021). It has been fully confirmed in many studies that CA displays strong antifungal activities against various pathogens in food system (Wu et al., 2016;Sharma et al., 2019;OuYang et al., 2021;Zhang et al., 2022). However, few studies were conducted to determine whether CA application could prevent fresh-cut food browning. ...
... The growth and development of pathogens, mainly bacteria and mold, on the surface of fresh-cut produce negatively affect the microbial safety (Fan and Wang, 2022), as many pathogens in food are capable of secreting a wide range of exotoxins which severely threaten consumers' health (Liu et al., 2022). Numerous studies have demonstrated that CA possesses strong antifungal activities against many pathogens in food (Sharma et al., 2019). The mechanisms of CA inhibiting pathogen development are probably that it causes plasma membrane damage (Wu et al., 2016) and inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an integral component of the cell membrane (OuYang et al., 2021), and inhibits hemolytic activities of pathogens . ...
The browning on the cut surface is a big problem reducing the quality of fresh-cut taro (FCT), which causes severe postharvest losses and may raise environmental impacts. Citronellal (CA) is a natural compound in several aromatic plants. This study investigated the effects of CA treatments in different concentrations (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mL/L) on the browning of FCT under cold storage at 5°C. The results indicated that low-dose (0.2 mL/L) CA treatment showed best anti-browning effects, reflecting at the maintained L * values but the reduced a * , b * and browning index values by CA treatment during cold storage. A repeated experiment using 0.2 mL/L CA confirmed fine anti-browning effects again. Furthermore, CA (0.2 mL/L) treatment markedly reduced the contents of total phenolic compounds and soluble quinones, restrained the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, down-regulated the gene expression of 18 browning-related enzymes in FCT. These results together strongly demonstrate the validity of CA on FCT browning prevention. Given that CA is a natural compound existing in plants, low concentration of CA possesses strong anti-browning effects on FCT and also inhibitory effects on pathogens, implying that its application has potentiality to preserve high quality of fresh-cut produce for processing and storage. Moreover, CA treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde contents and lipoxygenase activity. Correlation analysis indicated that the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane was mostly correlated with FCT browning. The results suggest that membrane lipid peroxidation was a possible reason for FCT browning and CA treatment reduced browning, in part, through alleviating the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane. Overall, our results demonstrate that CA is a novel browning mitigator for FCT under cold storage condition.
... On peut néanmoins envisager les huiles essentielles répulsives suivantes pour un spray aromathérapique : -HE Pelargonium graveolens (Géranium rosat) : géraniol, citronellol, linalol (Tabari et al., 2017 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Cymbopogon winterianus (Citronnelle de java) : citronellal (Lee, 2018), géraniol, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalyptus citronné) : citronellal, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Muller et al, 2009) -37--HV Azadirachta indica (Neem) (Reegan et al., 2014) -L'adjonction de vanilline à hauteur de 5%, connu (Songkro et al, 2002) pour sa propriété augmenter la rémanence des HE à visée répulsives, serait souhaitable pour éviter une application trop fréquente Citronellal (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Hao et al., 2008), géraniol (Omolo et al., 2004 ), linalol (Muller et al, 2009) et citronellol sont des molécules qui ont une odeur acide et piquante qui éloignent les moustiques par leurs actions répulsives. Le géraniol a une action répellente supérieure au citronellal et au linalol (Muller et al, 2009). ...
... On peut néanmoins envisager les huiles essentielles répulsives suivantes pour un spray aromathérapique : -HE Pelargonium graveolens (Géranium rosat) : géraniol, citronellol, linalol (Tabari et al., 2017 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Cymbopogon winterianus (Citronnelle de java) : citronellal (Lee, 2018), géraniol, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalyptus citronné) : citronellal, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Muller et al, 2009) -37--HV Azadirachta indica (Neem) (Reegan et al., 2014) -L'adjonction de vanilline à hauteur de 5%, connu (Songkro et al, 2002) pour sa propriété augmenter la rémanence des HE à visée répulsives, serait souhaitable pour éviter une application trop fréquente Citronellal (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Hao et al., 2008), géraniol (Omolo et al., 2004 ), linalol (Muller et al, 2009) et citronellol sont des molécules qui ont une odeur acide et piquante qui éloignent les moustiques par leurs actions répulsives. Le géraniol a une action répellente supérieure au citronellal et au linalol (Muller et al, 2009). ...
... On peut néanmoins envisager les huiles essentielles répulsives suivantes pour un spray aromathérapique : -HE Pelargonium graveolens (Géranium rosat) : géraniol, citronellol, linalol (Tabari et al., 2017 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Cymbopogon winterianus (Citronnelle de java) : citronellal (Lee, 2018), géraniol, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Omolo et al., 2004 ;Muller et al, 2009) -HE Eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalyptus citronné) : citronellal, citronellol (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Muller et al, 2009) -37--HV Azadirachta indica (Neem) (Reegan et al., 2014) -L'adjonction de vanilline à hauteur de 5%, connu (Songkro et al, 2002) pour sa propriété augmenter la rémanence des HE à visée répulsives, serait souhaitable pour éviter une application trop fréquente Citronellal (Sharma et al., 2018 ;Hao et al., 2008), géraniol (Omolo et al., 2004 ), linalol (Muller et al, 2009) et citronellol sont des molécules qui ont une odeur acide et piquante qui éloignent les moustiques par leurs actions répulsives. Le géraniol a une action répellente supérieure au citronellal et au linalol (Muller et al, 2009). ...
Abstract
This university diploma thesis aims to approach through aromatherapy the possible means of prevention and treatments to protect and support therapies against arboviruses.
Our contribution to the study of aromatherapy lies in the originality of our subject, which has only been partially explored to date. Arboviruses, public health problem, is a growing concern of governments around the world. Arboviroses are in the expansion phase and dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus, are three cases that are emblematic of the rise in the
incidence of these diseases and their health, economic and social consequences (chapter 1). The subject is not simple because of the complexity of pathogenesis mechanisms and the plasticity of arboviruses (chapter 2). In addition, symptomatic allopathic prevention and treatment are limited. In this context, aromatherapy could, under certain conditions, appear to be a credible alternative, especially in its vector control and prophylactic component; this is what we have endeavoured to study in this paper (chapter 3).
We have mobilized more than 170 scientific references published in international academic journals. Nevertheless, it is necessary to be extremely careful when using essential oils for pathologies related to arboviruses. Indeed, the precautionary principle is necessary when gaps in the pathogenesis of arboviruses are evident. In the same way,
since the action of essential oils on arboviruses is not always supported by clinical studies, their use should be limited pending further methodological and clinical investigation.
Key words: Arboviruses, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika virus, Aromatherapy
Résumé
Ce mémoire se propose d’aborder par l’aromathérapie les possibles moyens de prévention et les traitements pour se prémunir et accompagner les thérapies face aux arboviroses. Notre contribution à l’étude de l’aromathérapie se situe notamment dans l’originalité de notre sujet qui n’a été que partiellement exploré à ce jour. Les arboviroses,
problème de santé publique, se présentent comme une préoccupation croissante des États dans le monde. Les arboviroses sont en effet en phase d’expansion et la dengue le chikungunya et le virus Zika, sont trois cas emblématiques de la montée en puissance de l’incidence de ces maladies et de leurs conséquences sanitaires, économiques et sociales
(chapitre 1). Le sujet n’est pas simple de par la complexité des mécanismes de pathogénèse et de par la plasticité génétique des arbovirus (chapitre 2). De plus, la prévention et les traitements allopathiques symptomatiques sont limités. Dans ce contexte,
l’aromathérapie pourrait, sous certaines conditions, apparaître comme une alternative crédible notamment dans sa composante de lutte anti-vectorielle et prophylactique ; c’est ce que nous nous sommes attachés à étudier dans ce mémoire (chapitre 3).
Nous avons mobilisé plus de 170 articles scientifiques publiés dans des revues académiques internationales. Néanmoins, il faut être extrêmement prudent quant à l’emploi des huiles essentielles lors des pathologies liées aux arboviroses. En effet, le principe de précaution s’impose dès lors que des lacunes sur la pathogénèse des arbovirus est patente. De la même manière, l’action des huiles essentielles sur les
arboviroses n’étant pas toujours étayée par des études cliniques, il convient de limiter leur emploi dans l’attente d’approfondissements méthodologiques et cliniques.
Mots-clés : Arboviroses, Dengue, Chikungunya, virus Zika, Aromathérapie
... Thus, scientific research nowadays is mainly focused on the acquisition of bioactives [1]. Numerous bioactives such as astilbin, curcumin, caffeine, silymarin, quercetin, resveratrol, citronella oil, babchi oil, eugenol, bergenin, sesamol, and carvacrol have been studied in relation to various life-threatening diseases [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Recently, among the various groups of natural products and plant metabolites that are available, there has been much attention given to some medicinal herbs such as sesame for their pharmaceutical applications [11]. ...
Natural plants and their products continue to be the major source of phytoconstituents in food and therapeutics. Scientific studies have evidenced the benefits of sesame oil and its bioactives in various health conditions. Various bioactives present in it include sesamin, sasamolin, sesaminol, and sesamol; among these, sesamol represents a major constituent. This bioactive is responsible for preventing various diseases including cancer, hepatic disorders, cardiac ailments, and neurological diseases. In the last decade, the application of sesamol in the management of various disorders has attracted the increasing interest of the research community. Owing to its prominent pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, and antimicrobial, sesamol has been explored for the above-mentioned disorders. However, despite the above-mentioned therapeutic potential, its clinical utility is mainly hindered owing to low solubility, stability, bioavailability, and rapid clearance issues. In this regard, numerous strategies have been explored to surpass these restrictions with the formulation of novel carrier platforms. This review aims to describe the various reports and summarize the different pharmacological activities of sesamol. Furthermore, one part of this review is devoted to formulating strategies to improve sesamol’s challenges. To resolve the issues such as the stability, low bioavailability, and high systemic clearance of sesamol, novel carrier systems have been developed to open a new avenue to utilize this bioactive as an efficient first-line treatment for various diseases.
... Ethanol, myristicin, vanillin, safrole, and cinnamaldehyde are all phenylpropanoids. Both anethole and myristicin have been shown to have anticancer qualities, with the latter also exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, while safrole encourages biological processes such as antibacterial and antifungal ones (Sharma et al. 2019;Eid and Hawash 2021). ...
The food sector competes in a cutthroat environment, and it constantly struggles to maintain or even grow its market share. For customer confidence and consumption to remain strong, consistent animal products are needed. The qualitative attributes of the derived goods appear to be improved by the addition of bioactive substances to food, such as essential oils (EOs), and consumers are shielded from the impacts of bacterial and oxidative deterioration. Due to the current controversy surrounding synthetic chemicals and their alleged carcinogenic potential, substantial study has been done to find effective and safe substitutes. Aromatic plants and the corresponding EOs from them are considered natural products and are typically employed in ruminant nutrition. Since dietary supplementation has been demonstrated to be an easy and practical method to successfully suppress oxidative processes or microbial deterioration at their localized sites, the addition of EOs in animal diets is now becoming a regular practice. However, there is just a little amount of evidence supporting the notion that these compounds may improve nutrient absorption and gastrointestinal health. Additionally, a variety of factors affect how well EOs work in animal diets. These variables can be, on the one hand, the erratic composition, and the many additions to the diet, and, on the other hand, erratic animal genetic elements. Maximizing the use of EOs and creating high-quality products require a deeper understanding of the composition and activity of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Numerous EOs contain bioactive substances with the potential to serve as multifunctional feed supplements for animals, with impacts on growth performance, the digestive system, the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and lipid oxidation, among others. To establish their regular use in animal production and to determine their precise mechanism of action, more research is required. The potential advantages of EOs for livestock health and production are highlighted in the current article.
... This phytochemical is getting more attention for development in the perfume industry because of its nontoxic nature [104]. Besides its perfumery aspect, this monoterpenoid aldehyde also exhibits some pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory [88], antifungal [87,105], antibacterial [64], and natural mosquito repellent characteristics [106][107][108]. ...
Kaffir lime has been widely researched for use as an essential oil, alongside its main function as an Asian spice, due to the needs of numerous industries. A meta-analysis was used to summarize the variation in yield and main components of kaffir lime essential oils in response to differences in plant origins, plant parts, and extraction methods during the last fifty years. A database was constructed from 85 data items from 36 single studies, prepared by following PRISMA-P. The result showed no significant effect of extraction method on variation in oil yield and main components. In contrast, after integrating numerous single studies under a statistical approach, some interesting facts emerged, such as (i) plant origin significantly affected the citronellol, i.e., subtropical conditions were more favorable than tropical ones; (ii) caryophyllene was found in all countries, from subtropical America and tropical Asia to tropical East Africa; (iii) the richest parts of citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, and sabinene were leaves, blossoms, twigs, and fruit peels, respectively; and (iv) due to significant interaction of plant origin and plant parts, a very challenging issue in boosting oil yield could be answered by formulating location-specific and organ-specific culture practices. This study had succeeded in providing further research directions.
... A study about the effect of OO oil on tissue damage, glycemia, and hematological changes in a streptozotocin-induced DM model showed that the application of essential oil did not cause any decrease in blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced DM rats, while it caused significant reductions in AST, ALT, creatinine, urea, and cholesterol levels. As a result, it was suggested that long-term use of essential oils may be effective in preventing or at least delaying the development of some complications of DM (24,25). Similarly, the application of essential oils, alcohol extract and aqueous extract of Origanum majorana significantly reduced AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea levels in acetate-induced liver damage in mice (26). ...
... Citronella oil is an essential oil made from the distillation of this plant. This oil has many properties like it found useful to treat rashes, infections, and other health conditions in many countries like China and Indonesia (Sharma et al., 2018). Citronella oil is also very popular due to its insect repelling properties (Pohlit et al., 2011). ...
The use of organic and eco-friendly plant-based materials has shown increasing interest for researchers over recent years. This study describes the preparation of microcapsules from a natural citronella oil and its treatment on polyester-cotton blended (PC) fabric. The citronella oil is an essential oil obtained from the leaves and stems of various species of Cymbopogon. Microcapsules containing citronella oil as core material were produced by a complex coacervation technology and applied to fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. The morphology of the solution of microcapsules was investigated by optical microscope and the dried microcapsules were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, the microcapsules were also characterized for particle size distribution and zeta potential. SEM was also used to investigate the surface morphology of fabric surfaces after the treatment of microcapsules. A conventional test technique (cage test) was used to evaluate the medicated fabric's ability to keep mosquitoes away and comfort properties of fabric like air permeability and water absorbency were also studied. The fabric sample finished with 15% (solid in water) citronella oil microcapsules at zero wash exhibited 90% mosquito repellency and after 30 washes the fabric possessed 80% mosquito repellency committing the durability of as prepared finished fabric. The medicated PC fabric revealed good air permeabilities and water absorbencies. Hence, this report presented an eco-friendly approach for the development of highly durable functional mosquito-repellent textiles.
... essential oils. The mechanism of action of citral are not totally clear, but there is evidence that this component can disrupt the cell membrane integrity causing effects on the homeostasis of the microbial cell (Somolinos et al., 2010;Caixeta, 2010;Sharma et al., 2019). Oliveira et al. (2010) analyzed the composition of C. citratus and C. nardus essential oils, finding that monoterpenes as major chemical constituents. ...
Listeria monocytogenes is a food pathogen responsible for many foodborne disease outbreaks. Listeria innocua is similar to L. monocytogenes, could be considered biologically similar to L. monocytogenes and could be used to predict its behavior. The aims of this work were to isolate Listeria spp. in dairy processing plants, perform genotypic characterization of virulence, evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile, and verify the sensitivity of the strains to essential oils. Sampling was held in six dairy processing plants in the region of Campinas, Brazil. Seventeen Listeria innocua strains were isolated, all negative for virulence genes inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, actA, plcA, and plcB. The strains were resistant to kanamycin (5.9%), penicillin (11.8%), ampicillin (11.8%), cefoxitin (58.8%), clindamycin (76.50%) and oxacillin (100%). The susceptibility of the strains to commercial essential oils (Rosemarinus officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citirodora, Mentha piperita, Piper nigrum, Vetiveria zizanioides, Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon martinii and Pogostemon cablin) was evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test. The results showed Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, Cymbopogon nardus and Mentha piperita oils were most efficient. The resistance of Listeria innocua isolated in dairy processing plants is worrisome, and the use of essential oils could be an alternative for development of new drugs and products. © 2022, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.
... In a study carried out by Samber and others, they investigated the synergistic anti-candidal activity and mode of action of Mentha piperita essential oil and its major components against candida spp and mode of action as well. According to their results, the mint EO and its lead compounds influence antifungal activity by reducing ergosterol levels, inhibiting PM-ATPase, and leading to intracellular acidification and cell death [24]. ...
Candida species are commonly encountered strains associated with a wide range of infections. Unlike bacterial pathogens, fungal pathogens treatment is difficult and the development of resistance has been increasing at an alarming rate. In this study, the antifungal and antibiofilm effect of thyme oil, rosemary oil, mint oil, citronella oil, was tested on Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida kefyr, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis isolated from clinical samples. The agar disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antifungal effect of the essential oils, and the inhibition of biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter biofilm inhibition assay. The results indicated that all the essential oils inhibited Candida strains and their biofilm in varying degrees. The highest antifungal activity in all isolates was observed in the thyme oil (>50mm), while rosemary oil showed the highest antibiofilm effect (>77%) in all tested strains. These findings led us to assume that the active components found in essential oils might be potential antifungal agents, adding to the repertoire of therapeutic options for the treatment of candidiasis.
... Junenol and selina-6-en-4-ol, were the only alcohols detected in phase D. Junenol is found in many members of the Asteraceae family and is reported to have several pharmacological activities [23], while selina-6-en-4-ol has been identified by Eloisa Helena A. Andrade et al. [24] and Sarin Tadtong et al. [25] as the main chemical component of Citrus aurantium essential oil. Since ancient times, the essential oils of aromatic plants have been used for medicinal purposes, included in pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary, and agricultural applications [26]. ...
The differences in VOCs can affect the flavor and medicinal value of cabya, and the flavor changes that occur in stages as the fruit develops are currently unknown. In order to investigate the influence of the developmental stage on the aroma composition of cabya essential oil, VOCs at each of the four developmental stages were analyzed by steam distillation (SD) extraction combined with GC-MS detection. The similarities and differences in fruit composition among the developmental stages were evaluated using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 60 VOCs, mainly alcohols, alkenes and alkanes, were identified across all of the developmental stages. The most acidic substances were detected in phase A and have a high medicinal value. There was no significant difference between the B and C phases, and the alcohols in those phases mainly promoted terpenoid synthesis in the D phase. Constituents during the D phase were mainly alkenes, at 57.14%, which contributed significantly to the aroma of the essential oil. PCA and HCA both were able to effectively differentiate the cabya fruit developmental stages based on the SD-GC-MS data. In summary, this study investigated the flavor variation characteristics and the diversity of VOCs in cabya fruits at different developmental stages, and its findings can provide a reference for developing essential oil products for different uses and determining appropriate stages for harvesting cabya resources.
... Coumalic acid and geraniol found in the essential oil of fruit and herbs have been suggested to represent a new class of agents to control A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. The two materials have been reported to inhibit the germination of resting spores of some pathogens by interrupting the antioxidant balance system [35][36][37]. Consistent with previous studies, coumalic acid and geraniol exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on A. flavus conidia germination and the ss-cat, cat, and cat2 genes were up-regulated at 5 h of germination via the induced antioxidant system imbalance ( Figure 8). ...
Aflatoxin is a threatening mycotoxin primarily present in the agricultural environment, especially in food and feedstuff, and poses significant global health risks. Aflatoxins are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus. Conidia germination is the first step for A. flavus development. In this study, the transcriptome of A. flavus conidia was analyzed at three different stages of conidia germination, which were characterized by two different microscopes. Dormant conidia grew isotropically with the cell size increasing up to 5 h of after being inoculated in a liquid medium. Conidia changed towards polarized growth from 5 to 10 h of germination, during which germ tubes formed. Moreover, transcriptome analyses revealed that a larger number of genes changed in the isotropic growth stages compared to polarized growth, with 1910 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) up-regulated and 969 DEGs down-regulated in isotropic growth. GO and KEGG pathway analyses and pathway enrichment demonstrated that, in the isotropic growth stage, the top three pathways were translation, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The ribosome was a key pathway in translation, as RPS28e, RPL53 and RPL36e were the top three DEGs. For polarized growth stage, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were the top three most active pathways. POX1 from alpha-linolenic acid metabolism was a DEG in lipid metabolism as well. Genes related to the antioxidant system were crucial for conidia germination. Furthermore, RT-PCR results showed the same trends as the transcriptome for redox genes, and essential oils have a significant inhibitory effect on germination rate and redox gene expression. Therefore, redox genes play an important role during germination, and the disruption of redox genes is involved in the mechanism of action of coumalic acid and geraniol against A. flavus spore germination.
... The safety of EOs is related with various factors, such as the dosage, action time and receptor [54]. In general, small amount of EOs is safe for most people [55]. Research has proven that there was no obvious toxicity in mice after oral administration of thymus vulgaris [56]. ...
The antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Presl), litsea [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.], clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), thyme (Thymus mongolicus Ronn.) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) essential oils (EOs) against the dominant fungi isolated from moldy peanuts was investigated in this research. Firstly, strain YQM was isolated and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Next, antifungal effects of single or mixed EOs on strain YQM were evaluated by the inhibition zone test. The cinnamon-litsea combined essential oil (CLCEO, Vcinnamon oil:Vlitsea oil = 3:5) displayed the best antifungal effect on strain YQM. The chemical composition of CLCEO was identified and quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and results revealed that the major components of CLCEO were cinnamaldehyde and citral. Finally, the effect of EOs on the microstructure of strain YQM mycelia was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mycelia exposed to cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and litsea essential oil (LEO) were partly deformed and collapsed, while the mycelia treated with CLCEO were seriously damaged and the deformation phenomena such as shrinking, shriveling and sinking occurred. Therefore, CLCEO has great potential for using as anti-mildew agents during peanut storage.
... Citronella essential oil (CEO) is among the essential oils that has insect repellent activity; its major constituents (citral, citronellal, citronellol and geraniol) have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, and wound healing activities (Ali et al., 2019;Solomon et al., 2012;Silva et al., 2011). It is extracted from Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (F: Poaceae) and registered as an insect repellent in US-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because of its high efficacy and minor toxicity (Sharma et al., 2019). To reduce the rate of evaporation and maintain a constant release of the oil for mosquito repellent application, CEO was loaded in nanoemulsions and encapsulated using gelatin coacervation technique and sodium sulfate as a coacervating agent (Nuchuchua et al., 2009;Solomon et al., 2012). ...
Essential oils of plant origin could provide green and effective alternative to synthetic insecticides. To avoid the instability and high volatility of essential oils, it is necessary to introduce new techniques to protect their bioactive constituents. In the current study, nanoencapsulation systems from chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to control the release of citronella essential oil (CEO) for use against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The size, entrapment efficiency, and kinetic of CEO release from CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems were studied. The size of CSNPs was increased from 102.1 ± 0.55 nm to 171.9 ± 2.4 nm and 426.9 ± 4.38 nm due to addition of CEO and CEO/CNF, respectively, whereas the encapsulation efficiency of CEO was 61.8 ± 1% and 90.8 ± 1% for CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF systems, respectively. CEO release after two weeks was 100% and 74% from the CSNPs and CSNPs/CNF nano-systems, respectively, while the release of the control sample (non-encapsulated CEO) was 100% after only 6 h. Experiments on insecticidal activity revealed that all nano-formulations disrupted the development of S. littoralis. CEO-CSNPs/CNF was the most effective system; it significantly prolonged the larval and pupal durations compared to control group. A significant reduction in pupal weight, adult longevity, and female fecundity was observed particularly after CEO-CSNPs/CNF and CEO-CSNPs treatments. The semi-field experiment revealed that CSNPs/CNF had the greatest persistence effect, resulting in the highest larval mortality across all tested intervals, followed by CEO-CSNPs and CEO-NE. CSNPs and CEO, on the other hand, demonstrated little or no persistence effects. The observed results revealed that CSNPs and CNF could improve the insecticidal effect of CEO as bio-insecticide against S. littoralis larvae.
... In the 1950s in Taiwan, citronella was an important cash crop cultivated for its essential oil. Citronella oil exhibits antibiotic and antifungal properties (Nakahara et al., 2003;Wei & Wee, 2013), as well as repellent and insecticidal activities against a broad range of pests, including mosquitoes, black flies, fleas, ticks, red flour beetles, thrips and green peach aphids (Clemente et al., 2010;Geetha & Roy, 2014;Kalita et al., 2013;Pinheiro et al., 2013;Regnault-Roger et al., 2012;Sharma et al., 2019). Wiltz et al. (2007) demonstrated that the essential oils of basil, citronella, lemon, peppermint and tea tree had apparent deterrence against RIFA, but only citronella oil could cause significant mortality within 24 h. ...
The red imported fire ant (RIFA) is one of the most detrimental invasive species, threatening native ecosystems, human health and economic activities worldwide. In the quarantine zone of Taiwan, RIFA re‐infestation frequently occurs despite the intensive application of synthetic pesticides, making its control costly and ineffective. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify eco‐friendly and sustainable alternatives for controlling RIFA populations. This study examined the efficacy and feasibility of planting herbal species for RIFA control. Five herbal species, Tagetes lemmonii, Armoracia rusticana, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Chrysopogon zizanioides, were grown in a RIFA‐infested field with local weeds as controls. Bait and pitfall traps and RIFA‐intruded plants were used to compare the ant activity in the control fields and those containing herbal plants. We further evaluated the RIFA repellent activity of the five herbal plants and their basal soil through digging bioassays. Generally, the field surveys showed more ants and intruded plants in the control than the herbal groups; however, the significance varied based on the trap type and plant species. The digging bioassays demonstrated that the aboveground parts of T. lemmonii, C. nardus, C. citratus and the belowground parts of T. lemmonii, C. citratus and C. zizanioides effectively repelled RIFA. The basal soil of T. lemmonii, C. citratus and C. nardus also exhibited deterrent activity towards RIFA. Our results demonstrated that herbal plants are eco‐friendly, sustainable alternatives for controlling and preventing RIFA infestation in severe infested and non‐infested areas.
... One of the plants traditionally used as a mosquito repellent is Citronella oil [8]; this oil contains 3 main components, namely citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol [9]. The application of essential oils as a direct mosquito repellent is less effective because of the volatile nature of this oil, so it needs to be formulated in an appropriate dosage form to make it easier to use and has long duration adhesion to the skin for providing a more durable mosquito repellent [10]. ...
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of Citronella oil microemulsion as a repellent for the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Methods: The preparation of Citronella oil microemulsion was carried out through a high-speed homogenization technique. The microemulsion was formulated with a base of 100 g, consists of Citronella oil in several concentrations 5%, 10%, and 15%, emulsifier (Tween 80 and Tween 20) 10-20% by weight of citronella oil and 80-90% distilled water, made into six formulas (F). The microemulsions were then evaluated for the organoleptic, pH, and transmittance. Results: Based on the organoleptic test showed that F1 was selected as the best formula, a microemulsion with an active ingredient of Citronella oil in a concentration of 5% and an emulsifier 10%. The average pH was 5.35 according to normal skin pH (4-6.5) and the average size of the microemulsion is 2.42±0.09 µm and the PdI (polydispersity index) is 0.68±0.1. The protection power of F1 repellent was 90%, this result showed a significant difference (p-value of 0.005) as compared to Citronella oil without modification (70%), significantly different (p-value 0.001) with Tween 80–Tween 20 (10%) and not significantly different (p-value 0.145) with chemical repellent Product X (97%). Conclusion: Based on the result, it was concluded that the protective power of Citronella oil Microemulsion F1 was almost like chemical repellent Product X.
... 26 Cinnamon and citronella EOs are part of these natural products. Concerning the citronella oil, therapeutic 27 and pesticide applications have been reported in the literature. 28 Similar properties have been also revealed for cinnamon oil. ...
Two new families of glycerol-based dendrimers (glyceroladendrimers (GADs) and glyceroclickdendrimers (GCDs)) have been synthesized. Three generations have been isolated for each family with good yields and were fully analyzed. The encapsulation of essential oils (citronella and cinnamon) in GADs, GCDs, and also in previously described glycerodendrimers GD-PAMAMs and GD-PPIs has been studied by dynamic-headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The retention rates obtained were from -35.8 to 26.65% for citronella essential oil and from 2.14 to 38.84% for the cinnamon essential oil. In addition, the best results were obtained with GD-PAMAMs and GD-PPIs of higher generation. The interaction study between essential oils or more precisely their major components have been performed through NMR spectroscopy (1H NMR and DOSY NMR). No direct interactions between dendrimers and essential oils have been observed, but a surprising behavior of compression of the dendrimer in stable emulsions was observed. Indeed, the hydrodynamic radius of GD-PPI-3 has been reduced in the presence of cinnamon essential oil.
... Cymbopogon nardus (density 0.85 g/mL). It has a light-yellow color, citric smell, and is 160 efficient as insect repellent (Sharma et al., 2019). Ammonia or ammonium hydroxide (CAS 161 registry number 7664-41-7) is a solution of NH3 in water (24-28%), colorless, highly irritant, 162 and water-soluble. ...
Background: The human-opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) conflict has increased during the last decades mainly due to natural habitat loss, and mediated by generalist and opportunistic habits of opossums. A potential solution to reduce this conflict is to discourage the presence of opossums in human settlements without affecting the welfare of either part. Objective: To develop an artisanal odor device and test three chemical substances (citronella, ammonia, and creolin) for their separate effectiveness to drive away opossums. Methods: We first attracted local opossums using fruits or canned sardines as bait in an urban natural park (n=2 sites) and a peri-urban forest reserve (n=4 sites), both located in the Municipality of Envigado, Province of Antioquia, Colombia. Then we installed odor devices containing one of the three chemicals on each site and let them there during two weeks. The test was repeated with each of the chemicals in all sites. The number of opossum visits per night was recorded daily using camera-traps with bait and bait+chemical. Results: We found that ammonia and creolin were associated to fewer opossum visits per night. Citronella did not reduce the presence of opossums. In addition, the number of opossums/per night was higher in the urban park compared with the forest reserve. Conclusion: We suggest to further test the repellent effect of ammonia and creolin on real human-opossum conflict scenarios; however, caution is warranted given their irritant, flammable, and corrosive properties.
... Citronellal, geraniol and citronellol from Cymbopogon winterianus possesses pharmacological activities such as antiobesity, antibacterial, antifungal, antinociceptive, antioxidants, antidiarrheal, antiparasitic, insect repellent and anti-inflammatory properties which enhance health [37][38][39][40]. ...
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of selected antibiotics and essential oils alone or in combination, on selected presumptive probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Study Design: Experimental studies. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology of the University of Yaounde I between August 2017 and December 2017 (5 months). Methodology: The chemical composition of five essential oils was determined by gas chromatography coupled with Solid-phase micro extraction. Then the sensitivity of four lactic acid bacteria to the essential oils and four antibiotics was assessed by the well diffusion and macrodilution method. Subsequently, two essential oils active on these bacteria and broad spectrum antibiotics were combined according to the central composite design plan. Results: In general, the chemical composition of essential oils is very diverse, with the example of carvacrol found only in Origanum compactum at 53.24% and thymol in Thymus vulgaris at 56.19% and in Origanum compactum at 15.28%. The antibacterial activity shows that the majority of antibiotics used are active on the bacteria in the study compared to the essential oils where two were active (Origanum compactum and Cymbopogon winterianus). The evaluation of the combinations of essential oils and antibiotics in terms of kinetics has given us three cases: the first case is the one with no acidity or no growth at all; the second is the one where growth is normal; the third where growth is delayed with a more pronounced latency phase. Conclusion: This study suggest that the effect of essential oils and medicinal plant used alone or in combination to antibiotics on the gut microbiota have to be evaluated for validation as well as their toxicity activities before using them for human therapy.
... Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) is an important perennial multi harvest aromatic grass belongs to the family Poaceae. Citronella essential oil is a natural source for insect repellent (Mahidol, application in pharmaceutical (Sharma et al., 2018) and perfumery Industries. This essential oil contains citronellal, citronellol and geraniol which are extensively used in the preparation of soap, incense, candles, cosmetics, perfumes and flavouring industries. ...
A field study was conducted at CSIR-CIMAP, Research Centre, Bengaluru, during 2018-2019 to evaluate the performance and chemical compositions of six citronella cultivars (Medini, Jalpallavi, Bio-13, C-Line, CIM-Jeeva and Manjusha) under southern climatic regions of Karnataka, India. Results revealed that significant differences in growth, yield and chemical compositions among the cultivars studied. The plant height varies from 123.33-139 cm and number of tillers ranged from 37.56-45.67 cm. Significantly higher herb yield was recorded in CIM-Jeeva (217 kg/100m 2) >Bio-13 (207 kg/100m 2)>C-line (192.33 kg/100m 2). The essential oil recovery varied from 1.13-1.23% (v/w) and essential oil yield varies from 1.93-2.69L/100 m 2 , respectively in different cultivars studied. Overall, twenty four constituents, comprising 92.05-98.07% of the total oil compositions, were identified using GC-FID.The varieties arranged according to the citronellal content as follows, CIM-Jeeva (44.60 ± 1.27%) >Jalpallavi (41.35 ± 0.92%) > Manjusha (39.15 ± 1.63%) > Bio-13 (37.65 ± 4.45%) > Medini (21.80 ± 3.11%) > C-line (8.10 ± 2.56%). C-line was found to be geraniol rich (59.35 ± 1.06%) among the citronella cultivars studied. Overall, cultivar CIM-Jeeva and Bio-13 were superior as compared to other cultivars in essential oil yield and market acceptable citronellal content.Hence, it can be concluded that CIM-Jeeva and Bio-13 are the ideal cultivars for commercial cultivation under South Indian climatic conditions.
... Similar results were observed in another study, where PT of DEET and E. globulus differed by 2-9 h [41]. These data confirm that the high volatility observed in essential oils due to air and high temperature may reduce the efficacy of natural repellents and limit their practical application [44]. ...
Background:
Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses represent a serious public health problem. No evidence is available on the efficacy of repellents commercially available in Brazil. This systematic review assessed the efficacy and safety of products containing repellents commercially available in Brazil for protection against bites from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
Methods:
We performed a systematic review using the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, AMED, LILACS and Scopus databases. Randomized clinical trials and non-randomized clinical trials comparing topical repellent products registered with the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency were included. Main outcomes of interest investigated were adverse effects, percentage repellency and protection time against bites. Pairs of reviewers selected the studies, extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias.
Results:
Sixteen studies were included. No adverse effects were reported by the studies. Against Ae. aegypti: protection time using DEET (10% and 20%-spray) was similar to IR3535 (10% and 20%-spray) and longer than citronella (5%-spray). DEET (25%-solution) had longer protection time than eucalyptus (25%-solution), while DEET (20%-lotion) had longer protection time than citronella (10%-lotion). There was no difference in protection time between herbal repellents. DEET (7% and 15%- spray) had higher percentage repellency compared to both icaridin (7%-spray) and IR3535 (20%-spray). Against Ae. albopictus: DEET (15%-spray) had a similar protection time to icaridin (20%-spray), but longer than citronella (10%-spray).
Conclusion:
DEET proved more effective than the other synthetic and natural repellents marketed in Brazil for protecting against bites from the mosquito species investigated. All repellents studied exhibited satisfactory safety profile.
... Pará), Nordeste (Bahia e Pernambuco), Centro-Oeste (Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso), Sudeste (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo) e Sul (Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul), sendo presente em vários biomas tais como Floresta Amazônica, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal(Maia et al., 2015).Desde os tempos antigos, as plantas aromáticas são utilizadas por seu valor medicinal. Os óleos essenciais derivados dessas plantas podem ser usados como alternativas/adjuvantes eficazes em aplicações farmacêuticas e biomédicas(Sharma et al., 2019). Assim, nesse seguimento, cabe destacar que diferentes mecanismos podem ser responsáveis pelos efeitos citotóxicos relatados de óleos essenciais ou seus constituintes. ...
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled multiplication and proliferation of genetically modified cells, being one of the main causes of death in the world. The therapy available to date is the use ofchemotherapeutics that have adverse effects on patients, and, in addition, are non-specific as they affect normal cells. Thus, the search for information about molecules with anticancer activity becomes a relevant tool for mapping and biotechnological applications. Thus, the objective was to carry out a scientific and technological survey of the plant Aeschynomene denticulatawith emphasis on essential oil and its anticancer activity in articles and patents indexed in national and international platforms. For this, keywords and combinations of terms with the Boolean operator AND were used for the search: “Aeschynomene denticulata”, “Antitumor”, “Cancer”, “Essential oil” and “Metastasis”. The results show that most of the articles and patents use the descriptor Aeschynomene denticulata. In the scientific databases, PubMed, Scielo and Scopus presented 3, 7 and 23 articles, respectively. In terms of technology, the only one to present patents was EPO, in a total of 23 works, considering Germany highlighted in theprotection of research involving Aeschynomene denticulata. When used in combination of descriptors, no articles and/or patents were found. Thus, it is concluded that there are few studies and technologies developed with the plant species and that there are no works involving applications of essential oil in cancer
... Along with the increasing demand for valuable chemicals in drug, food, and therapeutics applications, new strategies are developing for exploring raw materials derived from natural products, including essential oil derivative products (Sharma et al., 2019) . In the pharmaceutical industry, the search continues for new bioactive compounds derivatives from essential oil products. ...
The conversion of citronellal into isopulegol is a key route in the production of a number of important chemicals. In the perspective of green conversion, the use of a heterogeneous catalyst is superior due to its ease in separation and reusability, so it facilitates a highly economical conversion. In this review, we examine the use of some transition metals in cyclization reactions, which are suitable for citronellal conversion into isopulegol, and consider the potential progress in clay-based catalysts. The structure of clay which potentially provides the porosity by modification and supporting active metal is proposed to be the low-cost catalyst for the conversion. As other mechanism by porous materials-supported metal, the porosity of clay support contributes to conduct thesurface adsorption mechanism and the Broensted acid supply, meanwhile the metal acts as active site for cyclization, and in the one-pot conversion into menthol, as both cyclization and hydrogenation.
... Also, essential oils are highly effective in Ayurveda, which has a close parallel with modern aromatherapy, whereinaromatic ingredients treat skin conditions, improve blood circulation, and reduce inflammation in the muscles and joints. Essential oils find interesting applications in the cosmetics and perfume industries as well (Ju et al., 2019;Prakash, Baskaran, Paramasivam, & Vadivel, 2018;Sharma, Rao, Kumar, Mahant, & Khatkar, 2019). The traditional extraction techniques suffer from certain downsides while extraction of essential oils from natural sources. ...
Background
Unprecedented demand for biologically active molecules necessitates efficient processes for extracting biologically active compounds from plant sources. Though enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have been reported for their potential application to extract several industrially valuable bioactives, certain shortcomings do persist. Therefore, an integral approach comprising EAE and SFE could be efficiently exercised for the extraction of several bioactive components.
Scope and approach
This review includes current progress concerning the combined approach of EAE/SFE while converging the recent advancements in the field that outperformed conventional extraction processes. It also highlights several experimental conditions affecting the EAE and SFE process individually and together to gain an insight in assessing the overall efficiency of the combined approach. An integrated approach for the efficient extraction of the polyphenols, essential oils, pigments, and vitamins has been comprehensively reviewed along with the challenges, potential opportunities and possibilities associated.
Key findings and conclusions
Enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (EASE) has demonstrated its effectiveness in extracting valuable bioactive compounds with excellent quality while not adversely altering the target biomolecule's structure and function. However, the choice of enzymes, type of supercritical fluid, and other major related operational parameters influence overall efficiency. Further investigation in EASE would help understand the underlying mechanism of the synergistic effect and enhance the efficiency too.
... (Eden et al., 2020;Sharma et al., 2019) . ...
... As a matter of fact, lavender EO is mostly composed of monoterpene alcohols and their esters, while citronella EO possesses high amounts of monoterpene aldehydes. [20][21][22][23] The seed oils were selected as adulterants because they are some of the most common, available, and cheapest seed oils. Moreover, they have a density and a greasy texture similar to that of EOs. 5 The capacity of the constructed model to determine adulterant percentages was also tested on binary mixtures of adulterant with eucalyptus, myrtle, thyme, and palmarosa EOs, in order to verify the versatility and applicability to other EOs of the method. ...
Introduction:
The growing consumer interest in "naturals" led to an increased application of essential oils (EOs). The market outbreak induced the intensification of EO adulterations, which could affect their quality.
Objectives:
Nowadays, little is known about the illegal practice of adulteration of EOs with vegetable oils. Therefore, the application of mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics was proposed for the detection of EO counterfeits.
Materials and methods:
Two EOs, three seed oils, and their mixtures were selected to build the adulteration model. EO-adulterant mixtures for model calibration and validation were analyzed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectral data were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression.
Results:
PCA allowed the discrimination of the EO and adulterant percentages by explaining 97.47% of the total spectral variance with two principal components. A PLS regression model was generated with three factors explaining 97.73% and 99.69% of the total variance in X and Y, respectively. The root mean square error of calibration and the root mean square error of cross-validation were 0.918 and 1.049, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction value obtained from the external validation set was 1.588 and the coefficients of determination R2CAL and R2CV were 0.997 and 0.996, respectively.
Conclusions:
The results highlighted the robustness of the developed method in quantifying counterfeits in the range from 0 to 50% of adulterants, disregarding the type of EO and adulterant employed. The present work offers a research advance and makes an important impact in phytochemistry, revealing an easily applicable method for EO quality assessment.
... Although essential oils are incorporated in many drug formulations (such as creams, gels, lotions and sprays), the most promising prospects seem to be related to modern technologies such as nanoemulsions, microcapsules, or solid lipid nanoparticles. These options may allow not only for the development of customized products with specific delivery benefits but also for combining additional active compounds that augment the desired action of essential oils or offer a whole new spectrum of synergized benefits (Sharma et al. 2019). ...
Aromatic grasses of Cymbopogon (Poaceae) are a known genus of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the native people of America, Asia, and Africa. Due to large amounts of valuable essential oils they are readily used in many branches of industry. The potential therapeutic effects of Cymbopogon essential oils as well as the potential therapeutic effects of their active substances (such as citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, and eugenol) have been widely studied. Their neurobehavioral properties, including antinociceptive-, antidepressant-, antistress-, anxiolytic-, anticonvulsant-, and hypnotic/sedative-like activity are of particular interest. As civilization grows, the prevalence of neural and mental disorders increases and as a consequence, the demand for new drugs with aforementioned properties increases as well. In the light of the above, the plants from Cymbopogon genus are suggested by many scientists as a perfect candidate for further pharmaceutical research. The aim of current study is to critically review the available data in order to evaluate the pharmacological relevance of essential oils from Cymbopogon genus.
... Its major constituents include caryophyllene, eugenol, and eugenol acetate [73]. Citronella (3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-aL) is extracted from lemongrass oil or Cymbopogon citratus and is used as a topical repellent under the US EPA guidelines [75]. However, due to the presence of methyl eugenol, a suspected carcinogen, it is not recommended for use as a repellent in Canada and the European Union [76]. ...
Green plants are a natural source of many different products that we use directly or indirectly in our everyday life. Plant-derived products are also used as templates in the designing and synthesis of many synthetic compounds. Although in the present synthetic era many products of everyday use available in the market are produced synthetically, the importance of natural products derived from plants cannot be reduced and the interest in this domain is increasing day by day. In this chapter, we discuss the novel biological products derived from plants for applications in drugs and medicines, fragrances, pesticides, repellents, photosensitizers, and tannins.
... Essential oils (EOs) are compounds extracted from aromatic plants. Their volatile constituents have been widely used for bactericidal purposes [8,9], virucidal [10], fungicidal [11], antiparasitical [12], insecticidal [13], anticancer [14,15], antioxidant [15], antidiabetic [16], cardiovascular [17], and cosmetic and food applications [18]. Aromatic grasses of the genus Cymbopogon (Poaceae family) represent a unique group of plants that produce a diverse composition of rich monoterpene EOs [19,20]. ...
Objectives
Natural products commonly used in traditional medicine, such as essential oils (EOs), are attractive sources for the development of molecules with anti-proliferative activities for future treatment of human cancers, e.g., prostate and cervical cancer. In this study, the chemical composition of the EO from Cymbopogon nardus was characterized, as well as its antioxidativeproperties and anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities on LNCaP cells derived from prostate cancer.
Methods
The chemical composition of the EO was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS analyses. The antioxidative properties were assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay and ABTS+• radical cation decolorization assay, and the anti-inflammatory capacity was determined by the inhibition of the lipoxygenase activity. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay.
Results
Collectively, our data show that the major constituents of C. nardus EO are citronellal (33.06 %), geraniol (28.40 %), nerol (10.94 %), elemol (5.25 %) and delta-elemene (4.09 %). C. nardus EO shows modest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard galic acid. C. nardus EO exhibits the best antiproliferative activity on the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP with an IC50 of 58.0 ± 7.9 μg/mL, acting through the induction of the cell cycle arrest.
Conclusions
This study has determined that C. nardus EO efficiently triggers cytotoxicity and pens a new field of investigation regarding the putative use of this EO in vivo .
... Java citronella oil has been registered in the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) as insect repellent due to its efficacy and low toxicity. It has been proven to exhibit low acute toxicity in laboratory animals [7]. Furthermore, the oil extract has been adopted as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, and febrifuge [8], despite its several limitations observed. ...
This study examines the active component of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) oil, as a green mosquito repellent, obtained through a steam distillation method. Java citronella oil, which contains citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol, was isolated by batch vacuum fractional distillation, and their effect was tested against the dengue fever (DF) vector, known as Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, air freshener gels were formulated with Java citronella oil, carrageenan, gum, sodium benzoate, ethylene glycol, polysorbate 20, sodium chloride, and distilled water, at varying concentrations. The results show that formula I has the best controlled release evaporation for citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, as well as the best storage time of 16.82 days and 12.77 days for geraniol and citronellol, respectively. The most significant specific gravity (0.0136) was recorded in formula V, while gel formula I exhibited the highest level of instability at 35°C, with a syneresis value of 77.11% in t=72 h and pH 5.33. In addition, formula IV at 5°C demonstrated the highest syneresis (75.34%) in t=72 h, with pH 7.04, while a peak viscosity of 100,958 cP was recorded in formula IV. The repellent activity of each active component was measured based on the period of protection conferred against the bites of Aedes aegypti within one hour, and the results showed geraniol and citronellol, with respective activity of 78.00%±4.83 and 77.34%±3.57, as the most effective.
... Sharma and colleagues wrote an elaborate review on the potential of citronella oil to circumvent as well as treat a myriad of diseases. The paper includes a section on novel drug delivery systems formulated with citronella oil and toxicity concerns pertaining to its use [3]. Panda and Kumari delved into the plant kingdom to present an overview of anti-ophidian properties of herbal medicinal agents. ...
... However, citronella oil suffers from instability resulting from temperature, oxygen and light that can lead to its volatilization, oxidation and degradation. Further, skin irritation and toxicity of this oil are the main issues, that needs to be handled (Sharma et al., 2018). ...
Background:
Citronella Oil (CO) was used by the Indian army as mosquito repellant to repel mosquitoes at the beginning of the 20th century and later in 1948, it was registered in the USA for commercial purposes. Due to its ecofriendly nature, CO possesses immense potential as a mosquito repellent.
Methods:
Citronella oil is a valuable alternative to synthetic mosquito repellents commonly used nowadays. However, its volatile nature, poor stability in air and high temperature restrict its application. Its direct application on skin may lead to skin irritation. To surmount the above-mentioned issues, the present research aims to develop Microsponge (MS), a novel dosage form for enhancing the utility and safety of CO. Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method was chosen for crafting MS using ethyl cellulose with various drug-polymer ratios and characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation was also carried out to check the dermal safety of COMS.
Results:
The present results revealed that the size of all prepared formulation lies in the micro range (20 ± 3 to 41 ± 4 μm), with good payload (42.09± 3.24 to 67.08± 6.43%). The results of FE-SEM depicted that MS were spherical in shape with porous nature. Cytotoxicity results indicated that COMS were safe on skin cells, when compared to pure CO. The optimized MS were also assessed for larvicidal assay against larvae of Anopheles culicifacies.
Conclusion:
The CO micro-formulations were found to possess enhanced stability of this oil. Entrapment of CO in MS resulted in a better vehicle system in terms of safety, stability and handling benefits of this oil.
... An increasing body of evidence suggests the progression and pathogenesis of several diseases are related to the mechanism of neuronal death caused by excitotoxicity [10]. Thus, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been implicated in many different neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, ischemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [11,12]. ...
Essential oils have been advertised endlessly to be very beneficial for the health of humans, and an extensive amount of research examines the validity of such claims. In contribution, the current study evaluates the neuroprotective properties of Citronellol and Geraniol essential oils (EOs). In relationship to the biophysical gating properties of different the
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunits, the EOs were administered to HEK293 (Human embryonic kidney 293) cells and examined for any inhibition and effect on desensitization or deactivation rates, using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology.
Our results demonstrated the highest levels of inhibition from Citronellol oil by four-fold on all
AMPARs subunits. Likewise, Geraniol oil had a similar inhibiting impact on the receptors, and both
oils decreased the desensitization and deactivation rates of the inhibited receptors. Thus, the examined
EOs of this study portray neuroprotective qualities by targeting AMPARs activation and reducing
desensitization and deactivation rates. Finally, the results of the current study entail a better understanding of AMPARs, provides a natural template for future drug synthesis to treat neurological
diseases associated with excessive AMPAR activation, and offers a possible mechanism by which these essential oils deploy their ‘calming’ effect.
The current study aimed to investigate the antiradical and antibacterial potential of pure and its nanoemulsified (NNE) Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil (PNE). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against two Gram‐positive (E. faecalis and B. cereus) and two Gram‐negative (M. catarrhalis and K. pneumonia) food‐related pathogens during 60‐day storage was investigated based on disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The chemical compounds of Nepeta essential oil were estimated by GC/MS. The physical properties of the nanoemulsion including polydispersity index (PDI), mean particle diameter, and viscosity were also determined. 4aα,7α,7aβ‐Nepetalactone (46.31%), 1,8‐cineole (23.13%), and (Z)‐α‐bisabolene (4.01%) were the main compounds of this essential oil. The Nepeta nanoemulsion had a mean droplet diameter of 254.07 nm, PDI of 0.281, and viscosity of 0.887 cP. NNE had stability for up to 60 days. The PNE showed a higher IC50 value than NNE (p < .05). During storage, the antiradical performance of both PNE and NNE was decreased (p < .05). However, emulsification was successful to control this decreasing trend. E. faecalis was the most susceptible bacteria to PNE and NNE, while the lowest inhibition zone was obtained for K. pneumoniae. At the first time, the antibacterial effect of PNE was more than NNE. However, over time nanoemulsion became more successful in maintaining its antibacterial effect. Overall, the incorporation of Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil into a nanoemulsion system can be a promising system to maintain the bioactivity of the essential oil for a longer time. 4aa,7a,7aß‐Nepetalactone (46.31%) was the main compounds of Nepeta essential oil. Nanoemulsion of Nepeta essential oil was prepared by ultrasonication. The nanoemulsion maintains its bioactivity over time. The antibacterial activity of the Nepeta nanoemulsion was better than the essential oil.
The red imported fire ant (RIFA) is one of the most detrimental invasive species, threatening native ecosystems, human health, and economic activities worldwide. In the quarantine zone of Taiwan, RIFA re-infestation frequently occurs despite the intensive application of synthetic pesticides, making its control costly and ineffective. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternatives for controlling RIFA populations. In this study, we examined the efficacy and feasibility of planting herbal species for RIFA control. Five herbal species, Tagetes lemmonii , Armoracia rusticana , Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus , and Chrysopogon zizanioides, were planted in a RIFA-infested field with local weeds as controls. Bait and pitfall traps and RIFA intruded plants were used to compare the ant activity in the control fields and those containing herbal plants. The RIFA repellent activity of the five herbal plants and their basal soil was further evaluated through digging bioassays. Generally, the field surveys showed more ants and intruded plants in the control than in the herbal groups; however, the significance varied based on the trap type and plant species. The bioassays demonstrated the significant repellency of the aboveground parts of T. lemmonii , C. nardus, and C. citratus, and the belowground parts of T. lemmonii , C. citratus , and V. zizanioides against RIFA. The basal soil of T. lemmonii , C. citratus, and C. nardus also exhibited deterrent activity toward RIFA. Our results demonstrated that herbal plants are eco-friendly, sustainable alternatives for controlling and preventing RIFA infestation in severe infested and non-infested areas.
Fractionation of essential oils is technically challenging due to enormous scaffold diversities and structural complexities as well as difficulties in the implementation of the fractionation in the gas phase. Packing beads with multi-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures have been developed herein to pack fractional columns for atmospheric distillations. Activated alumina beads were coated with a porous TiO2 thin film. Growth of Cu-BTC (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) crystals in resultant porous surfaces leads to the generation of new nanopores and increased metal centers for differential coordination with diverse components of essential oils. The TiO2 thin film is not only an integral part of the composites but also induces the oriented growth of Cu-BTC metal organic framework (MOF) crystals through coordinative interactions. These Al2O3@TiO2@Cu-BTC MOF beads show very strong absorptive capability for major components of essential oils, except for a single cyclic ether eucalyptol with steric hindrances. The eucalyptol was fractionated by using the column packed with those modified alumina beads from raw materials of Artemisia argyi, and Rosmarinus officinalis with high purities up to 96% and 93%, respectively.
Sawtoothed grain beetles, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), cause severe damage to various stored products, reducing their quality and nutritional value. Several chemical pesticides have been introduced to control this pest and mitigate damage, but these pesticides also affect human health and the environment, enticing researchers to seek safer products and technology, such as plant-based products and nanotechnology. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of citronella essential oil and its nanoemulsion in controlling O. surinamensis adults. The citronella essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation, and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS based on the GC-MS analysis, the predominant compounds were citronellal (46.95%), citronellol (9.49%), linalool (9.46%), β-caryophyllene (8.39%). The particles size of the prepared nanoemulsion was 57.98 nm. The lethal concentration that causes 50% mortality (LC50) in O. surinamensis adults for the pure essential oil and its nanoemulsion was 10, 15, 20, and 25 µL/L. The nanoemulsion was more effective against both females (LC50 = 20.3 µL/L) and males (LC50 = 15.7 µL/L) than the pure essential oil (LC50 = 40.02 and 52.5 µL/L, respectively). There was a significant difference in toxicity between the pure essential oil and its nanoemulsion. In addition, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between males and females when using citronella nanoemulsion only. In conclusion, citronella nanoemulsion is effective in controlling O. surinamensis and represents a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for protecting stored products.
Essential oils are volatile substances of an oily nature present in all plants. They are industrially used as high‐value substances for their biological properties in the elaboration of various products in multiple such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, etc. Today it is known that essential oils have a composite composition and are mainly made up of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds, being the trace components contained in these substances, those responsible for providing the odor they possess. Commonly, essential oils are extracted through so‐called conventional, where high temperatures and solvents dominate the processes. However, nowadays, multiple emerging techniques have been used to carry out its extraction to achieve better yields, preserve the integrity of the components and reduce the environmental impact that conventional extraction systems imply. This paper addresses a review of conventional systems and emerging technologies that are currently used for the extraction of essential oils.
The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. (peppermint). Fifteen chemical constituents were identified in the essential oil, for a total of 99.99% of the compounds. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. for Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was 1.84 μg/ml, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 3.7 and 7.43 μg/ml, respectively. The oil displayed potent antioxidant activity inhibiting up to approximately73% of 2,2ʹ-azinothiobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. In the cytotoxicity assay, the highest essential oil concentration (100 μg/ml) resulted in viability of approximately 90% human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. With respect to antitumor activity in C6 rat glioma cells, there was significant reduction in cell viability: 56–74% in 24 hr, and 71–77% in 48 hr. Data suggest that in presence of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor and non-cytotoxic properties were noted.
Objectives:
Fructus arctii (F. arctii) is the dried ripe fruit of Arctium lappa Willd (Asteraceae). It is being used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, Iran, Europe, Afghanistan, India, etc. for cough, inflammation, clearing the heat, detoxification, cancer and diabetes. This review summarized the botanical description, distribution, ethnopharmacology, bioactive constituents and pharmacological actions of F. arctii including methods to assess its quality. In addition, this review also provides insights into future research directions on F. arctii to further explore its bioactive constituents, mechanism involved in pharmacological activity, and clinical use including the development of new analytical methods for assessing the quality.
Key findings:
The comprehensive analysis of the literature revealed that F. arctii contains lignans, volatile oil, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenes, phenolic acids, etc. Experimental studies on various extracts and drug formulations showed that it has antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiviral, anti-tumour activity, etc.
Summary:
The pharmacological activity of a few major constituents in F. arctii have been identified. However, there are still need more studies and more new technologies to prove the pharmacological activity and the effective mechanism of the other constituents that undergoing uncertain. Except for the animal experiments, clinical studies should be carried out to provide the evidence for clinical application.
Arboviruses are of public health concern globally. Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the recent emerging arboviruses that caused a great fear worldwide because of its quick spread and complicated clinical manifestations. The primary vector responsible for transmission of this arbovirus is the mosquito species Aedes aegypti L. Unfortunately, neither effective vaccines nor specific drugs are available against these viruses; therefore direct targeting of mosquitoes is required to control the spread of this disease. In recent years, various plant-derived products are being used to check their effectiveness against mosquitoes. Plant essential oils (EOs) are used as bioinsecticide and are considered environment- and user-friendly with minimal development of resistance. Even though EOs are considered safe, few side effects like skin irritation are associated with some EOs. Therefore development of plant EOs with better repellent properties, long activity, target selectivity, and low toxicity to humans and environment is required.
Background
Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, involves the integration of biological and molecular events by hyperproliferation of the epidermal keratinocytes and generation of inflammation markers. Due to severe complications of synthetic corticosteroids, there is a strong need for potential and safe alternative . Babchi oil (natural essential oil; BO) may prove as a promising natural agent for psoriasis.
Objective
The aim of the present work was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cyclodextrin nanosponge-based babchi oil (BONS) hydrogel on skin annexes.
Methods
Babchi oil nanosponge hydrogel (BONS-HG) was fabricated and evaluated. Cell viability studies have been carried out on THP1 cell lines to evaluate cytocompatibility. Irritation potential and in vivo visualization of cutaneous uptake of BONS-HG were carried out using Hen’s Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. The nano hydrogel was tested in vivo using imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model.
Results
The in vitro irritation potential of BONS-HG indicated no sign of erythema or irritation, suggesting the safety of prepared hydrogel as topical formulation. CLSM studies advocated targeting of BO to epidermis and dermis. Along with histopathological assessment, evaluation of oxidative stress markers revealed the significant antipsoriatic activity (p< 0.001) of the prepared BONS-HG.
Conclusion
The present study amalgamated the advantages of natural essential oil with this approach for skin targeting and provided an effective and safe topical alternative for psoriasis.
Several life-threatening diseases such as malaria, dengue or zika are transmitted by mosquito bites. Although there are several products available for personal protection against mosquitoes, the adequate efficacy of natural insect repellents (NIR) or the adverse effects of synthetic ones are problems that need to be solved. The encapsulation of NIR in low-cost, nontoxic and biodegradable polymers has emerged as a promising method for the development of eco-friendly repellent systems.
In this work, the encapsulation of citronella oil (CO) into microcapsules of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was made by electrospraying technique to obtain a system that shows a sustained release of the high volatile oil. Characterizations of the capsules were performed by NMR, FTIR, SEM and DSC techniques. CO encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release studies were also determined by using HPLC technique.
Results demonstrated that a 3/1 PCL-CO ratio and 10 kV were the best conditions to obtain regular and well-formed microcapsules. Characterization techniques showed the presence of CO in the microcapsules with an EE higher than 80%. Release studies in water solution indicated a sustained CO liberation for at least forty days. The present study shows the strong potential of the PCL-CO microcapsules as an effective and sustained release system with potential application in protection against mosquitoes. These microcapsules are not considered microplastics due to their biodegradable character and therefore their use is not restricted by the different legislations.
The essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus (EOCW) is a natural product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. We studied the effect of EOCW in the progression of histological changes of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in a rodent model. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Intratracheal instillation of bleomycin was performed in 30 rats to induce PF, while Sham animals were subjected to instillation of saline solution. The treatment was performed using daily oral administration of distilled water, EOCW at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, and deflazacort (DFC). After 28 days, hemogram and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were assayed. Histological grading of PF, immunohistochemical expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were also analyzed. The EOCW major compounds were found to be citronellal, geraniol, and citronellol. EOCW significantly reduced inflammation in BALF, reduced MDA levels, and increased SOD activity. EOCW attenuated histological grading of PF and reduced immunohistochemical expression of α-SMA and TGF-β in a dose-dependent way, likely due to the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation.
Objective: The molecular characterization of some bioactive compounds in ginger
interest because of their various pharmacological activities. To the best of our
knowledge, we are isolate hydrocarbon (low molecular weight), alcohol, phenol,
acid, ester from nonpolar (oil) and polar (ethanol) extracts using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS] technique.
Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oil and
ethanol extracts of ginger was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment.
Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different bioactive
chemical compounds in the oil & ethanolic extracts of ginger. The major compounds
of oil extract are beta-elemene (0.27%), curcumen (3.12%), zingerberene (10.86%)
, bisabolene(3.75) , elemol(1.14%), germacrene( 0.23%) , 7-epi trans sesquisabinene
(1.82%), zingerberone (35.92%), ethyl palmitate (0.53%), pardol(3.97%). A total
of 53 compounds identified representing of total ginger oil extract. While, the major
compounds of ethanolic extract are elmene (0.51%), zingerbiene (4.43%),
alloaromadentrene (0.42%), curcumene(21.83%), gama cadienene(3.24%)8-epi-
.gama.-eudesmol( 0.34). A total of 50 compounds identified representing 99.98%
of total ginger ethanolic extract.
Conclusion: In this study, successful identification some of important bioactive
compounds using GC-MS technique.
Keywords: Ginger, ethanol extract, GC-MS technique, zingeriberene, curcumene.
Although most instructors and institutions agree on its value, undergraduate research remains an underutilized pedagogical tool because it requires ample time, funding, and equipment. Various institutions feel these pressures differently, but for many small institutions, lack of laboratory equipment and financial support can hinder undergraduate research projects. However, these institutions have much to gain from undergraduate research, especially as it offers benefits not only for students but also for faculty. For small institutions, although the principle applies to larger institutions as well, green chemistry offers a promising way forward: undergraduate research projects focusing on green chemistry have all the benefits of other undergraduate research projects but can be undertaken with minimal infrastructure and reduced cost. As an added benefit, they can help to reinforce the values of safety and sustainability for future chemists. This paper offers an example of a successful undergraduate research project in chemistry in a small liberal arts university and demonstrates how a project in green chemistry can make research-based learning feasible even in institutions with limited resources. Specifically, this project focuses on the development of a bioinspired, environmentally friendly wound-care product derived from chitosan and two naturally occurring aldehydes, citronellal and cinnamaldehyde. In this project, the student researcher prepared two chitosan Schiff bases using citronellal and cinnamaldehyde and then characterized and evaluated the antimicrobial properties of these products. Results suggest that both Schiff bases are highly bioactive and could indeed have value in wound-care. This project has scientific benefit, of course, but it also has pedagogical merits, showing how green chemistry can enable institutions to offer valuable undergraduate research opportunities with limited funding and infrastructure. This paper concludes with suggestions for related (and feasible) undergraduate research projects in green chemistry.
Citronella oil has been frequently used as an insect repellant and antibacterial agent for management of vector borne diseases. In this study, the fabrication of citronella oil microsponge loaded hydrogel (HG-COMS) was conceptualized in order to provide future insight for developing delayed release formulation. The hydrogel was characterized for drug content, drug interaction studies, spreadability, texture analysis and in vitro occlusive behaviour and results were found satisfactory. Further, in vitro antimicrobial studies were carried out to compare the antimicrobial inhibitory potential of the HG-COMS against citronella oil loaded hydrogel (HG-CO). HG-COMS formulation showed better antimicrobial efficacy than HG-CO (zone of inhibition of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus; with P value less than 0.01, 0.001 and 0.05, respectively). In addition, the safety (irritation potential) of the oil loaded hydrogel formulation was assessed by Hen’s Egg Test Chorioallantoic Membrane (HAT-CAM) method. Mosquito repellent activity against Anopheles stephensi (malaria vector mosquito) was also performed in a net cage having blood starved female mosquitoes. The repellent potential of prepared HG-COMS (34% repellency for 6 h) was found dependent on release of CO from the microsponges as well as from the gel matrix. HET-CAM test revealed that HG-COMS (irritation score: 6.43 ± 0.77) was found very promising in comparison to HG-CO (irritation score: 12.77 ± 0.36), and was thus, considered safer for dermal use. HG-COMS showed reduced frequency of application, no skin irritation and potential for controlling A. stephensi for longer time periods. Hence, HG-COMS is found as a promising eco-friendly protective option, to minimize the burden of mosquito-transmitted diseases, especially malaria in future.
Combined application of plant essential oils (EOs) with known antimicrobial effects and silica nanocapsules with high loading capacity and protection capability of the EOs make them proper candidates for creating environmentally friendly fungicides. In this study, EOs of the Lemongrass (LGO) and Clove (CO) were used against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), a causal agent of take-all disease of wheat. To provide controlled delivery of the EOs, they were encapsulated into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) and then compared to the effects of pure EOs both in- vitro and in- vivo. MSNPs were synthesized via the sol-gel process. Various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the successful loading of the EOs into the pore of MSNPs. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as high as 84.24% for LGO and 80.69% for CO, while loading efficiency (LE) was determined 36% and 29% for LGO and CO, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed spherical shapes and porous structures with average diameters of 50–70 nm. Recognition of the main components of the EOs via gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) before and after the EO loading, detected eugenol and citral as the most frequent compounds in LGO and CO, respectively. For antifungal test in- vitro, selected concentrations of the pure EOs, EOs loaded in MSNPs (EOs- MSNPs) and Mancozeb ® fungicide based on pre-tests were mixed using potato dextrose agar (PDA). The inhibition percentage (IP) of fungal growth at each concentration, as well as minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were obtained. The results indicated that antifungal effects in the encapsulated form increased by up to three times. In- vivo, the sterile wheat seeds were treated with pure EOs, EOs-MSNPs, and mancozeb at MFC concentration. Also, in order to keep on the EOs-MSNPs around the seeds, sodium alginate was used. The consequences of in- vivo experiments indicated that rate of disease control in presence of EOs-MSNPs and mancozeb was the same (~70%) and higher than pure EOs (LGO: 57.44%, CO: 49%). Also, improving the growth parameters in wheat plant, the covering of the EOs-MSNPs in alginate, had better control (84%) than that of EOs-MSNPs alone. Further, the release kinetics studies showed a gradual release of LGO and CO from MSNPs for four weeks in water and for five weeks in the soil-plant system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the control effect of LGO, CO, and their nanocapsule in MSNPs against the take-all disease of wheat. These results showed that the EOs-MSNPs can be a safe product for the efficient control of take-all disease in wheat crop.
The study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species and isolated from animals with different disease conditions, revealed that citronella oil inhibited the growth of only 10.6% strains. CEO inhibited Candida but of no Aspergillus strain. CEO inhibited 22 of 211 bacterial strains. Ampicillin was the least effective antibiotic and but inhibited 41.2% bacterial strains. Gram-positive bacteria (GPBs) were 4.5 more sensitive (p, 0.0006) to CEO than Gram-negative bacteria (GNBs). More GNB strains (p, 0.02) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) type than GPB strains. The probability of CEO resistant was high in MDR strains (p, 0.006). Most of the Brucella abortus strains had MDR (83.3%). Strains of swamp buffalo origin were more (p, 0.08) commonly CEO (96.6%) resistant than strains of dog (81.3%) origin. MDR was the maximum in abortion associated (51.2%) strains and minimum in diarrhea associated strains (25%). The study indicated that CEO is not an effective antimicrobial against veterinary clinical isolates. Antimicrobial drug and CEO resistance patterns of bacteria were dependent on the type of pathogen, its source and association with disease in animals and may be important for deciding an effective antimicrobial therapy.
Citronella grass has been serving from years as a mosquito repellent in the field of ancient and modern medicine.
Commercially available mosquito repellents are chemical based and disastrous to human health. An attempt has
been made to prepare a 100% herbal product based on Citronella leaf remains which is left out and of no use
after steam distillation. It is cheap, effective and environment friendly. It is a first and preliminary work based on
formulating and evaluating herbal mosquito repellent cakes using natural binders such as neem powder, potato
starch, corn starch, coconut shell powder, wood powder and cow dung. The efficacy of prepared citronella leaf
cakes were evaluated on three different parameters such as flammability, burning time and mosquito repellency
test. Also, the cakes were sprayed with different concentrations of Citronella oil. Based on the results obtained
from these parameters, the residual percentage of each combination of cakes was calculated and it suggested
that Neem powder cake has the most effective repellency activity when impregnated with 10% Citronella oil
Citronella grass is mainly grown for its commercial essential oils and the
systematic study of its chemical composition resulted in several other
benefits apart from the development of analytical methods for quality
assessment. This quality assessment of the oil gives a basic insight into the
chemical composition and the extent to which the main constituents varies in
proportion. The studies enabled the systematic monitoring using GLC and
Supercritical fluid extraction process, the formulation of ideas on the correct
methods of preparation of the plant material and the optimum time for
harvesting of the grass. For instance, it was found that immature grass had a
higher content of terpene hydrocarbons than the mature ones and that the
wilting process was also necessary for the production of good quality oil.
Seasonal variations also existed. There are many literatures that
demonstrated the therapeutic use of Citronella oil and also analyzed the
constituents of its oil simultaneously. The advanced therapeutic studies
enabled the systematic and controlled use of Citronella oil as an antifungal
agent, anti-parasitic agent, a potent mosquito repellent and antibacterial
agent. In addition, the expertise and techniques developed led to the
discovery of several possible varieties of Citronella which consistently gave
oils of composition different to either Ceylon type or Java type.
Poor wound healing is one of the major complication of diabetic patients which arises due to different factors like hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, vascular insufficiency and microbial infections. Candidiasis of diabetic wounds is a difficult to treat condition and potentially can lead to organ amputation. There are a few number of medications available in market to treat this chronic condition; which demands for alternative treatment options. In traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda, essential oil extracted from leaves of Cymbopogon nardus L. (Poaceae) has been using for the treatment of microbial infections, inflammation and pain. In this regard, we have evaluated anti-Candida and anti-inflammatory activity mediated wound healing property of C. nardus essential oil (EO-CN) on candidiasis of diabetic wounds. EO-CN was obtained through hydro-distillation and subjected to Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis for chemical profiling. Anti-Candida activity of EO-CN was tested against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis by in-vitro zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Anti-candidiasis ability of EO-CN was evaluated on C. albicans infected diabetic wounds of mice through measuring candida load on the 7th, 14th and 21st day of treatment. Further progression in wound healing was confirmed by measuring the inflammatory marker levels and histopathology of wounded tissues on last day of EO-CN treatment. A total of 95 compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis, with major compounds like citral, 2,6-octadienal- 3,7-dimethyl-, geranyl acetate, citronellal, geraniol and citronellol. In vitro test results demonstrated strong anti-Candida activity of EO-CN with a MIC value of 25 µg/ml against C. albicans, 50 µg/ml against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. EO-CN treatment resulted in significant reduction of candida load on diabetic wounds. Acceleration in wound healing was indicated by declined levels of inflammatory cytokines at wounded area in EO-CN treated animals compared to non-treated group, which was further confirmed by histopathological examination. This study suggests that through significant anti-Candida and anti-inflammatory activity, EO-CN attenuates the growth of the fungus on diabetic wounds and simultaneously reduces the inflammation which leads to acceleration of the wound healing process.
Citronella grass oil is one essential oil which may have potential for acne control and help to relieve acne blemishes. However, formulations of aromatic oil in topical dosage forms are limited by volatility and oxidation problems. Objective: To optimize citronella grass oil solid lipid particle formulation. Methods: Factors, namely cetyl alcohol, citronella grass oil and mixed emulsifiers, affecting the citronella grass oil entrapment efficiency and the particle size of solid lipid particles (SLPs) were studied using an augmented simplex-centroid mixture design. Each batch of SLPs was prepared by a melt dispersion technique. Results: The response surface model of the percentage oil entrapment and volume distribution of particle size less than 10 μm fitted significantly to the linear mixture model with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.8539 and 0.7088, respectively. The levels of mix emulsifiers and cetyl alcohol caused a positive effect, but the level of citronella grass oil caused a negative effect on percent oil encapsulation. Verification of predicted and experimental values of the oil encapsulation efficiency indicated the adequacy of the response surface model with less than 10% predicted error. Conclusion: The predicted optimal ratio of cetyl alcohol: citronella grass oil: mixed emulsifiers to reach the maximum oil entrapment of 28.69% and volume of particle size diameter less than 10 μm of 16.42% with desirability of 0.957 was 6.77: 4.17: 7.60.
Study on citronella essential oil (CEO) sensitivity of 217 microbial strains of 65 species and isolated from animals with different disease conditions, revealed that citronella oil inhibited growth of only 10.6% strains. CEO inhibited Candida but of no Aspergillus strain. CEO inhibited 22 of 211 bacterial strains. Ampicillin was the least effective antibiotic but inhibited 41.2% bacterial strains. Gram positive bacteria (GPBs) were 4.5 more sensitive (p, 0.0006) to CEO than Gram negative bacteria (GNBs). More GNB strains (p, 0.02) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) type than GPB strains. Probability of CEO resistance was high in MDR strains (p, 0.006). Most of the Brucella abortus strains had MDR (83.3%). Strains of swamp buffalo origin were more (p, 0.08) commonly CEO (96.6%) resistant than strains of dog (81.3%) origin. MDR was the maximum in abortion associated (51.2%) strains and minimum in diarrhoea associated strains (25%). The study indicated that CEO is not an effective antimicrobial against veterinary clinical isolates. Antimicrobial drug and CEO resistance patterns of bacteria were dependent on type of pathogen, its source and association with disease in animals and thr fact may be important for deciding an effective antimicrobial therapy.
Drug discovery leading to robust and viable lead candidates’ remains a challenging scientific task, which is the transition from a screening hit to a drug candidate, requires expertise and experience. Natural products and their derivatives have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents and of structural diversity. However, in addition to their chemical structure diversity and their biodiversity, the development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products in discovering new drugs. Applying these technologies compensates for the inherent limitations of natural products and offers a unique opportunity to re-establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. The present article attempts to describe the utilization of compounds derived from natural resources as drug candidates, with a focus on the success of these resources in the process of finding and discovering new and effective drug compounds, an approach commonly referred to as “natural product drug discovery”.
Citronella essential oil (CEO) has been reported as an excellent mosquito repellent; however, mild irritancy and rapid volatility limit its topical application. It was aimed to develop a nonirritant, stable, and consistent cream of CEO with improved residence time on skin using an industrial approach. Phase inversion temperature technique was employed to prepare the cream. It was optimized and characterized based on sensorial evaluation, emulsification, and consistency in terms of softness, greasiness, stickiness, and pH. The optimum batch (B5) was evaluated for viscosity (90249.67 ± 139.95 cP), texture profile with respect to firmness (38.67 ± 0.88 g), spreadability (70.33 ± 0.88 mJ), and extrudability (639.67 ± 8.09 ± 0.1 mJ) using texture analyzer along with two most popular marketed products selected as reference standard. Subsequently, B5 was found to be stable for more than 90 days and showed enhanced duration of mosquito repellency as compared to CEO. HS-GC ensured the intactness of CEO in B5. Investigated primary irritation index (PII 0.45) positioned B5 into the category of irritation barely perceptible. The pronounced texture profile and stability of B5 with extended residence time and less PII revealed its potential application in industry and offered a promising alternative to the marketed products of synthetic origin.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activities of 22 essential oils from Thai medicinal plants against 5 strains of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Antibacterial activity of essential oils was investigated using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The results showed that 19 oils could inhibit the growth of P. acnes. According to the inhibition zone, kaffir lime leaf (Citrus hystrix DC.), lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf), clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) and michelia oil (Michelia alba DC.) had the strongest antibacterial activity. The results form the agar dilution method showed the same trend in which lemongrass oil and citronella oil showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against 5 strains bacteria at 0.125% v/v. Therefore, these two essential oils are an interesting source for further study and possibly as an alternative acne treatment. ©All right reserved.
Citronella essential oil has more than eighty components, of which the most important ones are citronellal, geranial and limonene. They are present at high concentrations in the oil and are responsible for the repellent properties of the oil. The oil was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide due to the high selectivity of the solvent. The operational conditions studied varied from 313.15 to 353.15 K for the temperature and the applied pressures were 6.2, 10.0, 15.0 and 180.0 MPa. Better values of efficiency of the extracted oil were obtained at higher pressure conditions. At constant temperature, the amount of extracted oil increased when the pressure increased, but the opposite occurred when the temperature increased at constant pressure. The composition of the essential oil was complex, although there were several main components in the oil and some waxes were presented in the extracted oils above 10.0 MPa. The results were modeled using a mathematical model in a predictive way, reproducing the extraction curves over the maximum time of the process.
This paper describes chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon nardus citronella essential oil against Edwardsiella spp. (n = 21), Vibrio spp. (n = 6), Aeromonas spp. (n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 2), Salmonella spp. (n = 2), Flavobacterium spp. (n = 1), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 1) and Streptococcus spp. (n = 1) isolated from internal organs of aquatic animals. Due to the ban of antibiotics for aquaculture use, this study was carried out to evaluate the potential of citronella essential oil as alternative to commercial antibiotic use against systemic bacteria in cultured aquatic animals.
The essential oil of C. nardus was prepared by using the steam distillation method and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil tested against bacterial isolates from various aquatic animals and ATCC type strains were determined using two-fold broth micro dilution method with kanamycin and eugenol as positive controls.
A total of 22 chemical compounds were detected in C. nardus essential oil with 6-octenal, 3, 7-dimethyl- or citronellal representing the major compounds (29.6%). The MIC values of the citronella oil ranged from 0.244 µg/ml to 0.977 µg/ml when tested against the bacterial isolates.
The results of the present study revealed the potential of C. nardus essential oil as alternative to commercial antibiotics for aquaculture use.
The objective of this study was to elucidate the chemical composition of essential oil from Cymbo- pogon nardus (citronella oil) and its antifungal activity. Chemical composition of the citronella oil was determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC/ mass spectrometry. Major constituents of the oil were geraniol (35.7% of total volatiles), trans-citral (22.7%), cis-citral (14.2%), geranyl acetate (9.7%), citronellal (5.8%) and citronellol (4.6%). The antifungal assay using the vapor-agar contact method showed that the crude essential oil markedly suppressed the growth of several species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Eurotium at a dose of 250 mg/L in air. The most active compounds among the 16 examined volatiles, consisting of 6 major constituents of the essential oil and 10 other related monoterpenes were citronellal and linalool. Citronellal and linalool completely inhibited the growth of all tested fungal strains at a dose of 112 mg/L. Their minimum inhibitory doses ranged from 14 to 56 mg/L. The α- and β- pinenes showed an inhibitory activity against some fungi, whereas the other 8 volatile compounds lacked this property.
With tens of thousands of plant species on earth, we are endowed with an enormous wealth of medicinal remedies from Mother Nature. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the drugs in modern therapeutics. Because of the low success rate and huge capital investment need, the research and development of conventional drugs are very costly and difficult. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important group of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. With a long history of herbal usage for the clinical management of a variety of diseases in indigenous cultures, the success rate of developing a new drug from herbal medicinal preparations should, in theory, be higher than that from chemical synthesis. While the endeavor for drug discovery from herbal medicines is "experience driven," the search for a therapeutically useful synthetic drug, like "looking for a needle in a haystack," is a daunting task. In this paper, we first illustrated various approaches of drug discovery from herbal medicines. Typical examples of successful drug discovery from botanical sources were given. In addition, problems in drug discovery from herbal medicines were described and possible solutions were proposed. The prospect of drug discovery from herbal medicines in the postgenomic era was made with the provision of future directions in this area of drug development.
The objective of the present study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the essential oils extracted from citronella grass and lemongrass. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oils was determined by GC-MS. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oils was determine by 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, and the α-amylase inhibitory activity was evaluated by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method. Both oils showed antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties. IC50 values of the antioxidant capacity of both citronella grass and lemongrass oils were 0.46±0.012 and 4.73±0.15 µL/mL, respectively. While the α-amylase inhibitory activities, also expressed as IC50 = 6.59±0.20 and 6.97±0.12 µL/mL for the two oils were very similar. The results showed that both oils exhibited low antioxidant activity as compared to α-tocopherol standard. However, the α-amylase inhibitory activity was significantly higher as compared to acarbose drug currently used for controlling glucose levels in diabetic patients. Thus both these oils need to be further evaluated for antidiabetic potential.
This review article describes the origins of plant derived medicines that have been developed as a result of traditional knowledge being handed down from one generation to the next. Various industries are now searching into sources of alternative, more natural and environmentally friendly antimicrobials, antibiotics, diabetics, antioxidants and crop protection agents. Medicinal plants have provided a good source of a wide variety of compounds, such as phenolic compounds, nitrogen compounds, vitamins, terpenoids and some other secondary metabolites, which are rich in valuable bioactivities, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial, or antiviral activities. Medicinal plants have become the main object of chemists, biochemist, and pharmaceutics. Their research plays an important role for discovering and developing new drugs that hopefully have more effectiveness and no side actions like most modern drugs.
Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects and arthropods raises several concerns related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products that possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those chemicals, essential oils from plants belonging to several species have been extensively tested to assess their repellent properties as a valuable natural resource. The essential oils whose repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this review. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases, these chemicals can work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. In addition, the use of other natural products in the mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the protection time, potentiating the repellent effect of some essential oils. Among the plant families with promising essential oils used as repellents, Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the most cited. Individual compounds present in these mixtures with high repellent activity include alpha-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol. Finally, although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents than essential oils, these natural products have the potential to provide efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the environment.
A study was carried out to test the cytotoxicity and antiviral effects of sweet lemon grass ( Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) fractions. A total of 51 fractions were obtained after two sequential runs of flash chromatography. Further fractionation on selected fractions by preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) resulted in 40 sub fractions. The cytotoxicity towards Vero cells of the different fractions ranged from highly toxic (N3 and N29; 30 μg mL<sup>-1</SUP>) to considerably non toxic (N16, N17 and N19; 1 mg mL<sup>-1</SUP>). For antiviral activity test the cells were inoculated with 10 μL measles virus 1000 TCID<SUB>50 </SUB>and treated with 1.0 LC<SUB>50, </SUB> 0.1 LC<SUB>50 </SUB> or 0.01 LC<SUB>50</SUB> concentrations of each fraction. Most fractions protected cell death due to measles inoculation when compared with the untreated controls, but were less effective when compared to the control guanidine hydrochloride treatment of 0.1 mg mL<sup>-1</SUP>. Treatment of Vero cells with fractions at 0.1 LC<SUB>50</SUB> gave higher cell survival when compared to the other concentrations, which were 1.0 LC<SUB>50</SUB> or 0.01 LC<SUB>50</SUB>. At 0.1 LC<SUB>50</SUB>, the C. nardus fractions were most effective when cells (C) were treated with the fractions (F) before being inoculated with the virus (V), which was treatment {(C+F) + V}. Using this method, more fractions with higher efficacy (+++) was obtained when compared with the methods {(C+V) + F} or {C + (V+F)}. Similar, treatment of cell culture with sub fractions before virus inoculations showed better antiviral effect that treatment after viral inoculations. This suggests that fractions and sub fractions were more effective in protecting cells against entry of virus particles into inoculated cells than other phases in the viral replication.
This timely publication describes the botanical sources and chemical features of antiviral compounds. It covers their mechanisms of action and evaluates their therapeutic potential. Included is a discussion of synthetic analogues where appropriate. The book states that antiviral compounds in so-called medicinal plants may constitute some of their "active ingredients." It explains that many are photosensitizers, their antiviral activity dependent upon or augmented by light of specific wavelengths. This book is of value to microbiologists, phytochemists, virologists, natural-product chemists, ethnobotanists, pharmacologists, medical and veterinary researchers, and others interested in the application of plant compounds to therapy of infectious diseases.
The fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is one of the key pests of chili pepper in Indonesia. Yield loss due to this insect pest may reach up to 60%. Chemical treatment for con-trolling this insect pest is ineffective and eventually leads to environmental pollution. More environmentally safe insecticides are developed based on natural plant ingredients as their active compound such as essential oils. This study aimed to assess the potential of citronella oil for managing H. armigera on chili pepper. The experiments were conducted at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute from April 2009 to March 2010 and in Cirebon, West Java from November 2009 to March 2010. A field experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and replicated five times. Citronella oil was extracted by steam distillation from Cymbo-pogon nardus. The oil was then chemically characterized by using GC-MS and its efficacy (ovicidal and feeding deterrent) against H. armigera was tested both in laboratory and field conditions. The GC-MS result showed that major chemical compounds of the citronella oil used were citronella (35.97%), nerol (17.28%), citronellol (10.03%), geranyle acetate (4.44%), elemol (4.38%), limonene (3.98%), and citronnellyle acetate (3.51%). The laboratory experiment revealed that the highest concentration (4,000 ppm) of citronella oil reduced egg laying by 53-66%. Ovicidal activity was concentration dependent, and egg hatchability decreased by 15-95% compared to control. The field experiment showed that treatment of citronella oil at 2.0 mL L-1 significantly reduced fruit damage by H. armigera similar to the plots treated with spinosad at the recommended dose (60 g ai ha-1). Application of citronella oil significantly reduced fruit damage by 72% and increased quality of the chili pepper. Because oviposition and feeding deterrent properties are key factors in controlling the pest, therefore this study revealed that citronella oil has potential to be incorporated into the controlling program of H. armigera on chili pepper.
<br /
This review article draws the attention to the many species of plants possessing activity on the central nervous system (CNS) In fact, they cover the whole spectrum of central activity such as psychoanaleptic, psycholeptic and psychodysleptic effects, and several of these plants are currently used in therapeutics to treat human ailments. Among the psychoanaleptic (stimulant) plants, those utilized by human beings to reduce body weight [Ephedra spp (Ma Huang), Paullinia spp (guarana), Catha edulis Forssk (khat)] and plants used to improve general health conditions (plant adaptogens) were scrutinized. Many species of hallucinogenic (psychodysleptic) plants are used by humans throughout the world to achieve states of mind distortions; among those, a few have been used for therapeutic purposes, such as Cannabis sativa L., Tabernanthe iboga Baill and the mixture of Psychotria viridis Ruiz and Pav and Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V Morton Plants showing central psycholeptic activities, such as analgesic or anxiolytic actions (Passiflora incarnata L., Valeriana spp and Piper methysticum G Forst.), were also analysed. Finally, the use of crude or semipurified extracts of such plants instead of the active substances seemingly responsible for their therapeutic effect is discussed. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Mosquitoes are major arthropod vectors responsible for several pathogenic diseases. In recent years, repellents of botanical origin, particularly essential oils, have been used against mosquitoes and have been found effective and safe. In this study, five different repellent cream formulations (CF1-5) were prepared using combinations of essential oils, including camphor, cinnamon, citronella, lemongrass, lime, orange, neem, basil, Vitex, Lantana, eucalyptus, and clove, and their repellency was tested using Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. under laboratory conditions and compared to the standard synthetic repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET-12%, w/w). Among the five cream formulations, CF2 at a dose of 5 mg/cm(2) showed the longest protection time of 4.18 h and 3.31 h against C quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively, under laboratory conditions. CF3 at a dose of 5 mg/cm(2) was moderately effective, with protection times of 3.42 h and 2.58 h against C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively, under laboratory conditions. CF2 at a dose of 5 mg/cm(2) was also tested in the field against wild mosquitoes for 3 h, and 100% protection was observed for the entire study period. Thus, CF2 could be used in developing an effective natural repellent as an alternative to the existing synthetic repellents to C quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti.
Cymbopogon species are largely used in folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases some of which related to parasitical diseases as fevers and headaches. As part of our research on antiparasitic essential oils from Beninese plants, we decided to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities of essential oils of four Cymbopogon species used in traditional medicine as well as their cytotoxicity.
The essential oils of four Cymbopogon species C. citratus (I), C. giganteus (II), C. nardus (III) and C. schoenantus (IV) from Benin obtained by hydrodistillation were analysed by GC/MS and GC/FID and were tested in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Plasmodium falciparum respectively for antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activities. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro against Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and the human non cancer fibroblast cell line (WI38) through MTT assay to evaluate the selectivity.
All tested oils showed a strong antitrypanosomal activity with a good selectivity. Sample II was the most active against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and could be considered as a good candidate. It was less active against Plasmodium falciparum. Samples II, III and IV had low or no cytotoxicity, but the essential oil of C. citraus (I), was toxic against CHO cells and moderately toxic against WI38 cells and needs further toxicological studies. Sample I (29 compounds) was characterised by the presence as main constituents of geranial, neral, β-pinene and cis-geraniol; sample II (53 compounds) by the presence of trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, trans-carveol, trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, cis-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, limonene, cis-carveol and cis-carvone; sample III (28 compounds) by β-citronellal, nerol, β-citronellol, elemol and limonene and sample IV (41 compounds) by piperitone, (+)-2-carene, limonene, elemol and β-eudesmol.
Our study shows that essential oils of Cymbopogon genus can be a good source of antitrypanosomal agents. This is the first report on the activity of these essential oils against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Plasmodium falciparum and analysis of their cytotoxicity.
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is an epidemic vector of several diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever. Several pesticides are used to control the mosquito population. Because of their frequent use, some mosquitoes have developed resistance. In this study, we used the Y-tube olfactometer to test essential oils of Cymbopogon species and screened specific formulas of components as repellents against Ae. aegypti. At 400 μL, the extracted oil of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and myrcene produced a low-active response by inhibiting mosquito host-seeking activity. Citronella grass, lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), citral and myrcene also produced a low-treatment response to repellents, for more potential to affect host-seeking behavior. Furthermore, the mixture of citral, myrcene, and citronellal oil (C:M:Ci = 6:4:1) greatly affected and inhibited host-seeking behavior (76% active response; 26% treatment response with 40 μL; 42.5%, 18% with 400 μL; and 19%, 23% with 1000 μL). As compared with the result for N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET; 44%, 22% with 400 μL), adjusting the composition formulas of citronella oil had a synergistic effect, for more effective repellent against Ae. aegypti.
Gas chromatography of citronella oil showed that the Ceylon variety (Lenabatu) contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the Java variety (Mahapengiri) contained only small amounts, mainly limonene. Both types contained comparable amounts of geraniol, and the Java type more of citronellol and citronellal. In addition the Ceylon type contained tricyclene, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, eugenol and l-borneol. The GLC profiles enable the identification of the type of oil and the detection of kerosene as a possible adulterant. The variety that grows wild in Ceylon (Mana) was quite different to both cultivated types.
The aim of this study was to prepare the inclusion complexes of citronella oil, citronellal or citronellol with β-cyclodextrin
and evaluate their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A kneading method was employed to prepare the inclusion complexes and
weight ratios of each of the active substance to β-cyclodextrin were 1:1 (1:1 CPX) and 1:2 (1:2 CPX). For comparison purposes,
physical mixtures of these active compounds and β-cyclodextrin were also prepared and investigated. Unlike the physical mixtures,
the SEM technique revealed drastic changes in the shapes and morphologies of the particles for the inclusion complexes. Furthermore,
the FTIR and DSC results seemed to reveal some interactions between the active substance and β-cyclodextrin. The o/w lotions,
which contained 10% w/w citronella oil (normal citronella oil; 1:1 CPX or 1:2 CPX), were formulated using Cremophors as emulsifiers.
With modified Franz diffusion cell and synthetic membrane, the release rates of citronella oil from the lotions containing
the inclusion complexes were significantly lower than that from the prepared lotion containing normal citronella oil. The
mosquito (Aedes aegypti) repellent efficacy of the lotions containing citronella oil, citronellal or citronellol (both normal and inclusion complexes)
was further evaluated by human-bait technique. The highest mosquito repellent activity was observed in the formulation which
contained citronella oil–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex at weight ratio of 1:1.