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Taxonomic novelties from Cebu: a new species of Vaccinium (Ericaceae) and a new record of Phaius (Orchidaceae) for the Philippines
Abstract
Vaccinium cebuense (Ericaceae) from Nug-as forest (Alcoy) and the Central Cebu Protected Landscape (Balamban), two of the last remaining forested areas of Cebu Island, Philippines, is here described as a new species. This species is unique among the known species of this genus in displaying a unique combination of characters: leaves with marginal glands that are spaced along the entire length of the leaf, anthers with distinct and recurved dorsal spurs, and petioles that are adaxially grooved. Our fieldwork in Nug-as also resulted in the discovery of Phaius reflexipetalus (Orchidaceae), a new record for the Philippines previously only known from Borneo. These and other recent taxonomic novelties emphasize the conservation importance of the few and small remaining forests of Cebu.
... After Sleumer's work (1966Sleumer's work ( -1967, three species have been added to the list, viz. V. cebuense Salares and Pelser, V. hamiguitanense P.W.Fritsch, and V. oscarlopezianum Co (Co et al. 2002;Salares et al. 2018;Fritsch et al. 2020). ...
... Vaccinium exiguum belongs to section Bracteata Nakai (Nakai and Koidzumi 1927) sensu Sleumer (Sleumer 1966(Sleumer -1967 as exhibited by its well-developed and often many-flowered racemes, corolla consisting of a single homogenous layer, and the absence of a membranaceous wing at the sinuses and anthers that open by short introrse slits or terminal pores (Co et al. 2002;Salares et al. 2018;Fritsch et al. 2020). ...
... Due to the paucity of collections and relative lack of study, intraspecific morphological variation within the species of Philippine Vaccinium (Salares et al. 2018), as well as sectional boundaries and composition, are imprecisely known (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009;Fritsch et al. 2020). A detailed monographic study of this group is warranted. ...
Citation: Tamayo MN, Bustamante RAA, Fritsch PW (2021) Vaccinium exiguum (Ericaceae, Vaccinieae), a new species from the ultramafic summit of Mt. Victoria, Palawan Island, Philippines. PhytoKeys 179: 145-154. https://doi. Abstract Vaccinium exiguum from the ultramafic summit of Mt. Victoria, Palawan Island, Philippines is here described as a new species of Ericaceae. It closely resembles V. hamiguitanense but is distinct by having much shorter petioles and leaves, longer and glabrous calyx lobes with serrate lobe margins, a larger corolla with deeper sulcations, and longer stamens with spurs oriented laterally. Vaccinium exiguum represents the third Vaccinium species found on the Island of Palawan and 36 th in the Philippines.
... Taxonomic understanding of Philippine Vaccinium has been impeded by the rarity of species, scarcity of herbarium collections, and lack of in situ photographic documentation (Copeland 1930;Vander Kloet 1996;Pelser et al. 2011). Recent botanical surveys in under-explored areas of the country have facilitated the rediscovery of poorly known species of Vaccinium and discovery of species new to science (Salares et al. 2018;Fritsch et al. 2020;Tamayo et al. 2021Tamayo et al. , 2022Tamayo & Fritsch 2022a, b;Tamayo et al. 2023). ...
... Herbarium specimens were examined from A, BRIT, CAS, CMUH, NY, PNH, UC, and US, including digitized specimens at BISH, BM, CANB, E, HBG, K, L, MICH, and U [herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2022), continuously updated] available online at JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org). Characters in descriptions were defined as in Beentje (2016), and relevant taxonomic literature on Philippine and Malesian Vaccinium was consulted (i.e., Copeland 1930;Sleumer 1966Sleumer -1967Veldkamp 1979;Co et al. 2002;Argent 2008Argent , 2014Salares et al. 2018;Argent 2019;Mustaqim & Ardi 2019;Argent & Wilkie 2020;Fritsch et al. 2020;Tamayo et al. 2021;Mustaqim et al. 2022;Tamayo et al. 2022;Tamayo & Fritsch 2022a, b;Tamayo et al. 2023). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) of the three species were obtained with the use of GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011). ...
Three new species of Vaccinium endemic to the island of Mindanao, Philippines are here described and illustrated. Vaccinium fallax most closely resembles V. myrtoides, but differs by having smaller leaves, caducous bracts, shorter pedicels, a broadly obconical hypanthium, broadly triangular calyx lobes, and a deep pink and broadly urceolate corolla. It grows on exposed areas and among sulfur vents at and near the summit of Mt. Apo. Vaccinium gamay most closely resembles V. gitingense, but differs in having shorter inflorescences, early caducous inflorescence bracts, shorter pedicels, presence of clavate glands on the hypanthium, and an absence of anther spurs. It grows on exposed areas in the ultramafic forest of Mt. Hamiguitan. It is one of only two Philippine Vaccinium species possessing distinctly callose-thickened calyx lobes, the other being V. gitin-gense. Vaccinium vomicum most closely resembles V. carmesinum, but differs by having smaller leaves, presence of glands on the extreme end of the leaf blade base, presence of clavate glands on the hypanthium, shorter stamens, and presence of stalked glands on the dentate apex of the tubules. It grows in the mossy rainforest of Mt. Kitanglad, and it is the only Philip-pine species of Vaccinium with glands on the extreme end of its leaf blade base. Following IUCN guidelines, we propose a conservation status of Critically Endangered for V. fallax, Endangered for V. gamay, and Data Deficient for V. vomicum. With these discoveries, the number of Vaccinium species in Mindanao Islands increases to 22 and in the Philippines to 44. Furthermore, the Mindanao Islands can now be considered the center of Vaccinium diversity in the Philippines.
... Relevant taxonomic literature on Philippine and Malesian Vaccinium was consulted (i.e. Copeland, 1930;Sleumer, 1966Sleumer, -1967Co et al., 2002;Argent, 2008;Salares et al., 2018;Argent, 2019;Argent & Wilkie, 2020;Fritsch et al., 2020;Tamayo et al., 2021;Tamayo & Fritsch, 2022a, 2022bTamayo et al., 2022). The area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of the new species were calculated with the aid of GeoCAT (Bachman et al., 2011). ...
A new species of blueberry, Vaccinium coarctatum M.N.Tamayo & Fernando, from the dwarf forest on ultramafic soil of Dinagat Island, Philippines, is described. It closely resembles Vaccinium hamiguitanense P.W.Fritsch but is distinct from that species in having a longer inflorescence, shorter pedicels, longer and persistent bracteoles, white-hirsutulous calyx lobes, and shorter anther spurs. This discovery brings the number of Vaccinium species known from the Philippines to 41. A key to the small-leaved Vaccinium in the Philippines is provided.
... This includes fish, butterflies, damselflies, skinks, plants, birds, and bats, and many of these species are island endemics (e.g. Gonzalez et al. 1999;Paguntalan and Jakosalem 2008b;Paguntalan et al. 2015;Pelser et al. 2016bPelser et al. , 2019Salares et al. 2018). The conservation of birds and bats has received considerable interest in the recent past and this resulted in the rediscovery of species that were previously thought to be extinct (Dutson et al. 1993;Magsalay 1993;Paguntalan et al. 2004). ...
Little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on the patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity of species in the remaining tropical forests of Southeast Asia. This is particularly evident in Cebu, a Philippine island that has a long history of deforestation and has lost nearly all of its forest cover. To begin filling this gap, data from 13 microsatellite loci developed for Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae), a common vine species in Philippine forests, were used to study patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity for the four largest of the remaining forest areas in Cebu. Evidence of relatively high levels of inbreeding was found in all four areas, despite no evidence of low genetic diversity. The four areas are genetically differentiated, suggesting low genetic connectivity. The presence of inbreeding and low genetic connectivity in a commonly encountered species such as T. loheri in Cebu suggests that the impact of habitat fragmentation is likely greater on rare plant species with more restricted distributions in Cebu. Conservation recommendations for the remaining forest areas in Cebu include the establishment of steppingstone corridors between nearby areas to improve the movement of pollinators and seed dispersers among them.
... Sleumer's more up-to-date work was part of the treatment of the genus for all of Malesia. As based on these publications and more recent species discoveries (Co et al. 2002;Salares et al. 2018), there are 34 species of Vaccinium currently recognized in the Philippines, 31 of which are endemic (Argent 2008;Pelser et al. 2011 onwards). ...
Vaccinium hamiguitanense, a new species from the Philippines, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to V. gitin-gense Hook. f. but differs by having smaller leaf blades, leaf blade margins with 2 to 4 impressed more or less evenly distributed crenations (glands) per side, inflorescences with fewer flowers, shorter pedicels that are puberulent and muriculate, and a glabrous floral disk. The new species is endemic to Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Oriental Province of Mindanao Island in Tropical Upper Montane Rain Forest and low ("bonsai") forest on clay derived from ultramafic rock. We assign an IUCN Red List preliminary status as Data Deficient. aBsTrak Inilalarawan sa ulat na ito ang isang bagong species ng halaman mula sa Pilipinas, ang Vaccinium hamiguitanense. Kahawig ng bagong species ang V. gitingense Hook f., ngunit mas maliit ang mga dahon, bawat isa ay may 2 hanggang 4 na kapansin-pansin at halos pantay-pantay na mga umbok sa parehong gilid (mga glandula), mas kakaunti ang bulaklak kada kumpol, bawat isa ay mas maikli ang tangkay na pinalilibutan ng maliliit ngunit magagaspang na buhok, at ang floral disk ay makinis. Ang bagong species ay matatagpuan lamang sa Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary sa lalawigan ng Davao Oriental, isla ng Mindanao, partikular sa matataas na bahagi ng kagubatan at sa kagubatang "bonsai," kung saan ang lupa ay luwad at hango sa batong ultramafic. Binibigyan namin ng paunang status na Data Deficient ang bagong species sa IUCN Red List.
... The Department of Environment and Natural Resources-United National Environment Program (DENR-UNEP) revealed that there are no known management plans for addressing the plants threat in the Philippines, particularly in Cebu Island, Philippines, where some of the unique fauna and flora exist (i.e., Cinnamomum cebuense, Dicaeum quadricolor, and Vaccinium cebuense (Salares et al. 2018;UNEP 2012). ...
Lillo EP, Malaki AB, Alcazar SMT, Redoblando BR, Diaz JLB, Pinote JP, Rosales R, Buot IE Jr. 2020. Native trees in Nug-as forest Key Biodiversity Area, Cebu, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 4162-4167. Threatened species, by definition, have a high probability of extinction, and so each of their populations significantly contributes to their survival. This paper presents a list of threatened Native trees in Nug-as forest of the Municipality of Alcoy, Cebu. A list of indicators was used to identify the conservation status of the Native trees at the local level. A total of 135 native trees from 48 families and 105 genera were recorded. Most species belong to the families of Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Clusiaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Fabaceae, and Rutaceae. In this study, 62 species were categorized as threatened, and 72 species as Least Concern, while in IUCN classification 19 threatened species were recorded, and 111 taxa considered as Least Concern respectively. Using the DENR method of classification 15 threatened species were recorded, and 115 taxa considered as Not Evaluated. The Nug-as forest was degraded by illegal cutting, kaingin, hunting and charcoal making. Based from Beynen and Townsend analysis, Nug-as forest was categorized as moderately disturbed. While DENR and IUCN declaration on the status of the Philippine native trees take a very long time, threatened plant species would be gone before we know it, considering the destruction rate in the Philippines.
Lepeostegeres cebuensis s described as a new species from Cebu Island, Philippines. It is unique among currently known species in the genus by having peculiar ridges of orange-brown scales on the young leaves and internodes. This discovery brings the total number of Philippine Lepeostegeres species to three. We consider Lepeostegeres cebuensis to be Data Deficient (DD) following the Red List Criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Forest fragmentation due to deforestation has been a pressing issue in the environment especially with its contribution to climate change. The study analyzes the forest fragmentation in Central Cebu by using GIS and thematic maps developed for the Central Cebu Protected Landscape. The analysis utilized three landscape indices, namely: patch number (PN), mean patch size (MPS), and mean shape index (MSI). The remaining forests. in the study site are highly fragmented and convoluted. This is indicated by the bigger number of smaller forest fragments with areas less than 20 ha (PN = 37) than larger fragments (MPS > 81 ha) and bigger MSI values of larger fragments, respectively. Convolution is more prominent in larger fragments than in smaller fragments. Among the identified causes for this pattern are agricultural activities such as the production of annual and perennial crops, which converted forest areas into agricultural lands. Patch shape elongation and production of annual crops necessitate the implementation of a management strategy that can address edge effect, and manage regular disturbance from agricultural areas.
A new species of Vaccinium section Bracteata (Ericaceae), Vaccinium utteridgei Argent, presently only known from the type locality in Papua (West New Guinea), Indonesia, is described. Its distinctive characters are discussed and comments made on the differences between this and related species.
Vaccinium damingshanense (Ericaceae), a new species from Daming Mountain, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China is described, illustrated and placed in a new key for the identification of species of V. sect. Eococcus Sleumer in China. The new species is similar to V. carlesii Dunn, but differs in leaf shape, leaf margin character and details of anther thecae. Information on its distribution and ecology is also provided.
A new species of Vaccinium section Bracteata (Ericaceae), Vaccinium nagamasu Argent, presently known only from the type specimen from around the summit of Mt. Rasam c.10 km south of Lake Diatas, West Sumatra, Indonesia, is described. Its distinctive characters are discussed and comments made on the differences between this and other related species.
Vacciniumoscarlopezianum (sect. Bracteata Nakai) (Ericaceae), known only from two sites in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Luzon, Philippines, is formally described.
The blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae) is a large and morphologically diverse group that is widespread in the temperate and tropical zones of most continents. The greatest species diversity is in the tropics, where Vaccinieae are a major component of montane cloud forests. Generic limits are poorly understood, and many of the characters traditionally used fail to adequately distinguish among taxa. This study analyzed sequence data from the chloroplast matK gene and the nrITS region for 93 species of Vaccinieae, representing 28 genera, and 16 sections (of the ∼33 currently recognized) of Vaccinium. Results indicated that, in general, traditional generic circumscriptions were not corroborated, but several well-supported clades were found: an Andean clade (including at least some members of 18 of the 23 Neotropical genera sampled), a Meso-American/Caribbean clade, an East Malesian clade (including the Old World taxa Paphia and Dimorphanthera), an Agapetes clade comprised of some Asian Vaccinium and Agapetes, and a Bracteata-Oarianthe clade (Vaccinium spp.). This study is the first to address phylogenetic relationships among members of Vaccinieae on a worldwide basis and the results indicate that the large genus Vaccinium is not monophyletic, but likely represents a grade group out of which several more specialized clades evolved.
A new species of Cynometra from the Tabunan forest on Cebu island in the Philippines is described.
Vaccinium obatapaquiniorum is described from karst habitats in Papua New Guinea's southern region. The new Vaccinium is distinguished from related species primarily by its unusually small flowers and dorsally spurred anthers.
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