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Kiwi value chain in Arunachal Pradesh: issues and prospects
... Till mid-1980s New Zealand dominated global kiwifruit production. However, its share declined gradually due to increase in cultivation in Europe and Asia (Mani et al., 2018). With the commercial cultivation of kiwifruit across the globe, Asia has emerged as largest contributor in global kiwifruit production and shares 52% of total production of world (Fig. 2). ...
... According to Mani, Kundra and Haque (2018), Kiwifruit is one of the most traded fresh fruit with 104 exporting and 118 importing countries. In 2017, the global export of kiwifruit was 1.50 million Mt. worth USD 2712.50 million. ...
... Nepal possesses high possibilities to export kiwifruit to the neighbouring countries. In India import accounts for 75% of its domestic demand (Mani et al., 2018) and China is the largest importer in terms of value. To export Kiwifruit to the global market, we need to meet very high quality standards. ...
Kiwifruit is one of the leading agriculture commodities having tremendous potential of export to the international market. Nepal offers suitable topography, climate and soil for profitable production of kiwifruit having unique taste, precocity and high nutritive and medicinal values. This study attempts to analyze the production trend, export and import, current scenario and future prospects of kiwifruit in Nepal. Findings shows that the production of kiwifruit is in increasing trend with an average annual growth rate of 46.5% from fiscal year 2014/15 to 2016/17 in Nepal. The commercialization of Nepalese kiwifruit is still in the state of infancy. Even though possessing passable shot in local and the global market, country yet produces small-scale of kiwifruit. The main challenges include inadequate scientific research on kiwifruit, lack of adoption of improved technology, insufficient investment, and poor-quality planting material, unstable prices and profit margins along with inappropriate market channels. Thus, to fortify kiwifruit subsector, it is recommended to focus on strategy of improving kiwifruit productivity with conventional mechanization, improved technology adoption, price intervention, market recognition, establishment of storage and processing centers and diplomatic relations for convenient global marketing. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 179-186
... Farmers faces a number of problems more prominently to market and finances where marketing problem is characterized by non-availability of sufficient marketing storage, grading, poor processing, infrastructure and financial problem by limited access to institutional finance which demotivate farmers to enhance the input technologies, to invest in land improvements, mechanization in kiwi orchard (Mani et al., 2018).The major horticulture production constraints include pests, drought, shortage of fertilizer, and price of fuel for pumping water for irrigation. Lack of desired seed variety was also stated (Emana & Gebremedhin, 2007). ...
... Table 22 shows that among marketing problem lack of vehicles, refrigerator vans was ranked first in Ilam while Sandakpur Rural Municipality perceived poor road connectivity as the first ranked problem. This study is supported by study made by (Mani et al., 2018) in Kiwifruit in the state of Arunachal Pradesh where the constraints faced by the farmers were marketing constraints. Transportation constraints, storage constraints and lack of market intelligence were highest. ...
The survey research entitled “Constraints faced by Kiwi fruit farmers in Ilam Municipality and Sandakpur Rural Municipality of Ilam District” was conducted to access the problem faced by kiwi fruit farmers of Ilam district. For the study, 80 households were selected using simple random sampling method. 40 households each from Ilam Municipality and Sandakpur Rural Municipality were selected. The study shows that the production is in slightly increasing rate in both Ilam Municipality and Sandakpur Rural Municipality. In both Sandakpur and Ilam areas, 25 and 20 percent farmers are producing seedlings in their own nursery respectively and rest of seedlings requirement is met from other nursery. The major problem was wild animal Kala at Ilam and Sandakpur. Unavailability of quality saplings, lack of male and female plant management in field, lack of modified storage and lack of refrigerator van were major constraints of Ilam Municipality. Lack of cemented support system, lack of training and pruning knowledge, lack of modified storage and poor connectivity of road were major constraints of Sandakpur Rural Municipality. Overall constraints of Ilam was technical factors whereas of Sandakpur was disease and pest constraints. Despite of all these constraints, the B:C ratio was 2.67 and 2.53 in Ilam and Sandakpur respectively, which means that the kiwi cultivation is profitable.
... Agri-clinic enterprise 58 19.33 % From the Table 1 it can be observed that less than half of the respondents (49%) suggested that establishing cold storage units is one of the entrepreneurial actions in the region. This study aligns with Mani et al. [9] findings. The region is well known for fruits production which are perishable in nature. ...
The North-East region of India, with its rich cultural diversity and biodiversity, is especially well-suited for agricultural growth. Given its potential, one would expect this region to be at the forefront of agri-entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, with the last few years, agriculture and its supplementary sectors became crucial components of entrepreneurial projects buoyed up by the existing need for sustainable food production, appropriate management of resources, and improving the living standards in rural areas. However, this expectation contrasts with findings from Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) studies for North-East region of India. Therefore, the study aimed to identify future entrepreneurial actions in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh. Using an open-ended questionnaire, the researchers employed a triangulation approach to analyse potential ventures in the region. The study identified ten key entrepreneurial actions. Agro-tourism emerged as the top choice among local tribal farmers, while the commercialization of Mishmi teeta (a traditional medicinal plant) was ranked highest by experts in the region. These findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders in the region. The study highlights the entrepreneurial interests of tribal farmers and suggest areas for entrepreneurial policy development in the region. Additionally, the findings also offer actionable insights for designing training programs or policy initiatives aiming to empower tribal farmers through entrepreneurship in agricultural and allied sector.
... Among them A. deliciosa and A. chinensis are two commercially cultivated species (Ferguson & Huang, 2007). Although kiwifruit is native to China, New Zealand was the first country to exploit its commercial production (Mani, Kundra, & Haque, 2018). In recent years, popularity of kiwifruit is increasing in many countries because of its delicacy, precocity, high economic return and health benefits (Paudyal, 2013). ...
Kiwifruit is one of the emerging, and high value fruit crops having tremendous nutritional and medicinal value that is being popular in Nepal. Under this context, research was done with the objective to carry out an in-depth value chain analysis of kiwifruit sub-sector in Dolakha district, Nepal. A total of 72 respondents, including 60 kiwifruit growers, 2 nursery owners, 2 wholesalers, 5 retailers and 3 consumers were selected for interview by using simple random sampling technique. Economic analysis revealed kiwifruit cultivation was running as a profitable agriculture enterprise in the district with the benefit-cost ratio value of 3.2. Additionally, kiwifruit production alone had 27.2% contribution in annual household income of growers. Five different marketing channels were observed, and majority of producers were found selling kiwifruit to consumers directly. On an average price spread was NRs. 87.4 per kg and producer’s share was 73.24% in existing marketing channels. Value addition activities such as grading, packaging, and processing were relatively poor in the study area. Furthermore, indexing identified inadequate technical knowledge and lack of storage facility as the major problems associated with production and marketing of kiwifruit, respectively. The findings of this research suggests that farmers are to be focused more on quality improvement practices and concerned authorities to prioritize their support in establishing proper marketing mechanism through provision of storage structures, processing units with least possible involvement of market intermediaries would be the best course of action to enhance future production and marketing of kiwifruit in the region.
... Among them A. deliciosa and A. chinensis are two commercially cultivated species (Ferguson & Huang, 2007). Although kiwifruit is native to China, New Zealand was the first country to exploit its commercial production (Mani, Kundra, & Haque, 2018). In recent years, popularity of kiwifruit is increasing in many countries because of its delicacy, precocity, high economic return and health benefits (Paudyal, 2013). ...
Kiwifruit is one of the emerging, and high value fruit crops having tremendous nutritional and medicinal value that is being popular in Nepal. Under this context, research was done with the objective to carry out an in-depth value chain analysis of kiwifruit sub-sector in Dolakha district, Nepal. A total of 72 respondents, including 60 kiwifruit growers, 2 nursery owners, 2 wholesalers, 5 retailers and 3 consumers were selected for interview by using simple random sampling technique. Economic analysis revealed kiwifruit cultivation was running as a profitable agriculture enterprise in the district with the benefit-cost ratio value of 3.2. Additionally, kiwifruit production alone had 27.2% contribution in annual household income of growers. Five different marketing channels were observed, and majority of producers were found selling kiwifruit to consumers directly. On an average price spread was NRs. 87.4 per kg and producer’s share was 73.24% in existing marketing channels. Value addition activities such as grading, packaging, and processing were relatively poor in the study area. Furthermore, indexing identified inadequate technical knowledge and lack of storage facility as the major problems associated with production and marketing of kiwifruit, respectively. The findings of this research suggests that farmers are to be focused more on quality improvement practices and concerned authorities to prioritize their support in establishing proper marketing mechanism through provision of storage structures, processing units with least possible involvement of market intermediaries would be the best course of action to enhance future production and marketing of kiwifruit in the region.
... But only 2.2% of the geographical area is arable. Average size of landholding is 3.52 ha, more than thrice of the all-India average (Mani et al. 2018). The total area under horticulture is about 0.12 million hectares with production of 0.6 million tonnes (Yadav and Shalendra, 2018). ...
The kiwi fruit is a temperate fruit crop; its cultivation is limited to certain temperate regions. The study was conducted during December 2019 to February 2020 in Lower Subansiri District, Arunachal Pradesh to assess the training need areas of kiwi growers wherein a total of 104 farmers were drawn as respondents through random sampling. The response collected from 104 respondents showed that majority (61.54%) of the respondents had exhibited medium level of training needs. Plant protection measures, propagation and planting, and climate and soil were the top three areas perceived as priority areas in regard to training need areas of the respondents, and the least training need area was in fl owering and pollination. The study also revealed that weed problems under bio-physical constraints; high cost of inputs under socio-economic constraints; lack of improved irrigation system and lack of suitable technology for the region under technological constraints; non-availability of insurance under institutional constraints were among the many constraints perceived by the kiwi growers
... Market channel of kiwi In the study area, different types of channel were observed through which farmers or respondent sell their product ( Figure 10). The first one is producer directly sold to the consumer by carrying the kiwi fruit in the local Haatbazar.Secondly, the farmer sold their kiwi fruit to wholesaler from where it was directly sold to the consumer or through the retailer.Thirdly, farmers also sold their produces to the retailers from where consumer gets the fruits.Due to poor road condition, marketing seems to be hampered (Mani et al., 2018) and high transportation cost is another problem (Sharma et al., 2020). ...
This study entitled was conducted in 3 places of Dolakha district namely Boach, Jiri and Bigu. The study was conducted during 20thjuly to 6th September 2017. The main aim of this study was to find out whether kiwi farming is improving household economy of people living there (i.e. Boach, Jiri and Bigu) using various tools such as questionnaire, discussion, direct observation and review of literature. A total of 60 households were randomly selected for the study. Both male and female were found to be involved in kiwi cultivation. About 60 percent and 40 percent of respondents were male and female respectively. 20 percent respondent were illiterate, 38 percent people have primary level education, 17 percent were people having secondary and S.L.C. level education respectively, similarly, the respondent completing Inter were 8 percent. Kiwi was the major cash crop in the study area and the widely used variety in the study site was Monti. Agriculture is the major occupation followed by Government job, Business and others. 47 percent were involved in agriculture, 30 percent were involved in government job, 13 percent have Business and 10 percent follow other jobs like (Teaching, Driving, Abroad). Among 60 respondents 50 percent were cultivating kiwi in 1-5 ropani of land and minimum was 12 percent who cultivated kiwi in above 15 ropani area. Training related to kiwi cultivation was also given to the respondent. 47 percent respondents were trained in kiwi cultivation and 53 percent were not trained about it. Training was organized and conducted by DADO and some other organization who were concerned about agriculture. Kiwi was mostly sold to nearest local market by the farmers themselves. Kiwi cultivation was also helping farmers in economic part. The study shows that there is an improvement of household economy and livelihood by kiwi farming.
... Also, Arunachal Pradesh produces approximately 56.5% of the total 8.5 thousand tons of kiwi fruit produced in the country in 2018. As a result, there is a huge opportunity to expand kiwi plantations in hilly states in general, and Arunachal Pradesh in particular [42,43]. ...
Uttarakhand, a state in the northern region of India which is traversed by the Himalayas, grows a variety of horticultural crops (e.g., fruits, vegetables, spices, and flowers) and is experienced with large-scale horticulture production at the national and/or international levels. Due to the wide variation in the climatic conditions and growing patterns, its pattern varies from harvest to harvest and from one province to another in terms of range, production, and yield. One of the most lucrative industries in Uttarakhand’s hilly areas is horticultural cultivation. It substitutes for the neighborhood economy and helps farmers make a living. According to the literature, no work on the supply chain management of fruits in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand has yet been documented to analyze the growth of horticulture cultivation. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to focus on the supply chain management of kiwi fruit, a type of major growing fruit in Uttarakhand’s Bageshwar area. Additionally, this paper will offer a business plan for small-scale farmers to boost employment, economic development, and benefits. This study contributes to the discussion of the problems with the Himalayan fruit supply chain that is specific to the kiwi fruit and how a sustainable business model like horti-tourism can enable greater revenue generation for farmers while also resolving the problems with the Himalayan produce supply chain.
... In recent years, kiwifruit has gained popularity in a short period among consumers across the world and India in particular owing to its deliciously refreshing taste, nutritive values, health benefits, and economic viability. According to the Economic Survey of Arunachal Pradesh report, 2016-17, the state of Arunachal Pradesh has about 3379 emergent Life Sciences Research Angami et al. hectares of land producing about 6047 tonnes of fresh kiwi fruits contributing more than 50 percent to the total kiwifruit production [2]. Despite being the largest kiwifruit yielding state, the overall productivity of kiwifruit in the state of Arunachal Pradesh is very low (1.2 MT/ha) in comparison to other states such as Nagaland (12 MT/ha) and Mizoram (3.4 MT/ha) [3]. ...
On well pollinated seven years old kiwifruit vines var. Allison, different hand thinning severities of fruitlets were executed under the Subtropical mid hill conditions. Among the different hand thinning treatments, thinning to retain two fruits and four fruits per fruiting shoot with regular winter pruning exhibited significantly higher fruit size of length (7.21 ± 0.02 cm, 7.13 ± 0.11 cm), breadth (5.35 ± 0.06 cm, 5.24 ± 0.09 cm) and average fruit weight (83.69 ± 1.44 g, 82.37 ± 0.53 cm). The fruit number per vine and total yield declined with an increase in the severity of thinning, whereas the control treatment (no thinning and pruning) exhibited the highest fruit number per vine (457.65 ± 1.09) and total yield (31.94 ± 1.47 kg). Though the maximum production was observed in control yet the yield of grade 'A' fruit was the least (8.88 ± 0.91 kg) resulting in the lowest net profit (Rs. 1240 per vine). Manual thinning by retaining six fruits per fruiting shoot yielded optimum thinning and the highest production of 'A' grade fruits (23.48 ± 2.62 kg) with the highest net profit (Rs. 2290 per vine) over other treatments. The experiment also vividly revealed that TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid content as well as pigments viz. likes total chlorophyll and carotenoids of fruits increased as the intensity of thinning was augmented.
... But only 2.2 per cent of the geographical area is arable. Average size of landholding is 3.52 ha, more than thrice of the all-India average [1]. It is an agrarian state where more than 70.00 per cent of population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood [2]. ...
Arunachal Pradesh is an agrarian state which is gifted with natural resources and huge scope for agriculture and horticulture sectors. However, farming in Arunachal Pradesh is facing some socio-economic constraints which led to under-utilization of resource bases in the state. To ensure proper utilization of resources and to improve well being of farming community, there is need to adopt suitable farming system which can contribute to livelihood development. Therefore, a study was conducted in Ziro-I and Ziro-II block of Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh during 2019-20 to know the association between personal, socio-economical and psychological characteristics of farmers with their performance in practicing different farming systems. A total of 200 respondents were selected from both blocks; 50 respondents each practicing FS-I, FS-II from Ziro-I block and FS-III, FS-IV from Ziro-II block. The result shows that innovative proneness, risk bearing ability, achievement motivation, decision making ability and management orientation had positive and significant association with performance at one and five per cent level of significance for all four farming systems. The probable reasons for the above findings could be that the farmers as an occupation has to deal with new farming practices and face many challenges such as drought, crop failure, pest attack, and soil infertility. As these experiences increases along with capital investment, their risk bearing ability also increases which may lead to improve performances in their farming. Additionally, to excel in farming practices there should be desire to achieve success in their work by taking timely decisions and performing as a good farm manager.
... Kiwi (Actindia deliciosa) is a temperate fruit crop, which has shown tremendous potential in recent years, owing to its preference amongst the growers as well as the consumers due to its favourable properties for easy maintenance and marketing as well as having high nutritional as well as health-promoting attributes (Mani et al., 2018). The geospatial analysis for the identification of suitable sites for kiwi was undertaken for Ukhrul district of Manipur. ...
The northeastern region (NER) of India has unique diversity in agro-climatic conditions coupled with fertile and well-drained soil that makes this region suitable for growing a wide range of fruits, vegetables and spices. Identification and mapping of suitable areas for growing economically important horticultural crops in 24 districts representing eight states of NER were carried out under the CHAMAN programme of Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Weighted overlay analysis as a means of multi-criteria decision making tools has been adopted for site suitability analysis in the GIS environment. Required crop parameters in terms of physiography, soil, land use and climate were considered for identifying three categories of site suitability viz., highly suitable, moderately suitable and marginally suitable. UAV-based surveys were carried out to complement the field-based ground truth verification. Among the 12 selected crops, pineapple was selected for maximum of four districts and found that 4.6-13.2% of the total geographical areas (TGA) of the selected districts are suitable for growing this crop. Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya selected for turmeric has the highest suitable areas in terms of geographical coverage (131,956 ha). A wide range of orange varieties is grown in NER. Identification of suitable areas for the orange crop was carried out in three districts, viz., Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh), Tamenglong (Manipur) and Wokha (Nagaland), which delineated 9.18, 3.05 and 18.02% of the TGA of the districts as suitable areas. Kiwi is emerging as a promising crop in the region and suitable areas have been delineated that represents 0.58, 6.20 and 0.03% of TGA in Ukhrul (Manipur), Phek (Nagaland) and East District (Sikkim), respectively. Another newly introduced crop viz., dragon fruit has been found to bear much promise with 18.44 and 3.47% of the TGA in Serchhip and Aizawl districts of Mizoram are found suitable for growing this crop. Other selected crops like large cardamom for Lower Subansiri (Arunachal Pradesh), Assam Lemon for Nagaon (Assam), potato and arecanut for East Khasi Hills and East Garo Hills districts of Meghalaya are found to have 2-18% of the TGA suitable for growing these crops.
... Kiwi (Actindia deliciosa) is a temperate fruit crop, which has shown tremendous potential in recent years, owing to its preference amongst the growers as well as the consumers due to its favourable properties for easy maintenance and marketing as well as having high nutritional as well as health-promoting attributes (Mani et al., 2018). The geospatial analysis for the identification of suitable sites for kiwi was undertaken for Ukhrul district of Manipur. ...
The north-eastern region (NER) of India has unique diversity in agro-climatic conditions coupled with fertile and well-drained soil that makes this region suitable for growing a wide range of fruits, vegetables and spices. Identification and mapping of suitable areas for growing economically important horticultural crops in 24 districts representing eight states of NER were carried out under the CHAMAN programme of Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Weighted overlay analysis as a means of multi-criteria decision making tools has been adopted for site suitability analysis in the GIS environment. Required crop parameters in terms of physiography, soil, land use and climate were considered for identifying three categories of site suitability viz., highly suitable, moderately suitable and marginally suitable. UAV-based surveys were carried out to complement the field-based ground truth verification. Among the 12 selected crops, pineapple was selected for maximum of four districts and found that 4.6–13.2% of the total geographical areas (TGA) of the selected districts are suitable for growing this crop. Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya selected for turmeric has the highest suitable areas in terms of geographical coverage (131,956 ha). A wide range of orange varieties is grown in NER. Identification of suitable areas for the orange crop was carried out in three districts, viz., Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh), Tamenglong (Manipur) and Wokha (Nagaland), which delineated 9.18, 3.05 and 18.02% of the TGA of the districts as suitable areas. Kiwi is emerging as a promising crop in the region and suitable areas have been delineated that represents 0.58, 6.20 and 0.03% of TGA in Ukhrul (Manipur), Phek (Nagaland) and East District (Sikkim), respectively. Another newly introduced crop viz., dragon fruit has been found to bear much promise with 18.44 and 3.47% of the TGA in Serchhip and Aizawl districts of Mizoram are found suitable for growing this crop. Other selected crops like large cardamom for Lower Subansiri (Arunachal Pradesh), Assam Lemon for Nagaon (Assam), potato and arecanut for East Khasi Hills and East Garo Hills districts of Meghalaya are found to have 2–18% of the TGA suitable for growing these crops.
... The total area and production under kiwi cultivation during the year 2015-16 was reported to be 4052 Ha and 4956 MT as well as productivity of 1.22 respectively [8]. Developing an efficient value chain in Arunachal Pradesh is a challenge because of numerous institutional and infrastructural constraints like lack of research, extension support, non-availability of reliable data on production, pitiable credit support, lack of organized marketing and post-harvest infrastructure etc. as indicated by Mani et al. [9]. Majority (95.31%) of the kiwifruit growers voiced their financial constraints as the main constraints. ...
The knowledge test was developed to measure the knowledge level of kiwi growers. In all 36 items were predominantly fabricated on the basis of indorsing rational rather than root memorization and to discriminate the sound knowledgeable kiwi growers from the ailing knowledgeable ones. The scores obtained from sample respondents were imperilled to item analysis, embracing of item difficulty index & item discrimination index. In the ultimate selection, the scale consisted of 15 items with difficulty index ranging from 30-80 and discrimination index ranging from 0.30 to 0.55. Split-Half method was employed to check the reliability of knowledge test being developed and it was found to be 0.711.
The horticulture industry is one of the most profitable and practical options for diversified farming. Through such ventures, bio-diversity conservation can be ensured in the north-east. Biodiversity loss has become a global concern, partly due to agricultural intensification. In such a scenario, the fruit growers wish to adopt environmentally friendly production techniques. To develop an environment favorable for beneficial living beings, they strive to restrict or reduce intense pesticide and chemical fertilizer usage, thereby improving organic management of
the orchards. Horticulture is critical to biodiversity conservation and sustainable
development region. Consequently, Kiwi farming is a sustainable method of land
management as it is a good alternative for sloped land management that accustoms
soil erosion reduction. It guarantees more effective land usage, lowers downstream flooding, makes pollen for bees easier to access, and promotes mixed farming, subsequently enhancing biodiversity. Also, the high-value crop itself promotes bio-diversity. Also, it enhances livelihoods by offering a source of monetary income.
Kiwi fruit is the most suitable diversified crop among the temperate fruit crops in India and has emerged as an alternative income generating in Arunachal Pradesh. An attempt has been made to study the marketing of kiwi in Dirang market and Bomdila market of West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh during the year 2015-16. Primary data was collected from selected kiwi growers constituting eighty (80) growers and five (5) intermediaries operating at each level of marketing channels. Three distribution channels were identified viz., channel I (Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer), channel II (Producer-Retailer-Consumer) and channel III (Producer-Consumer). Channel I was most popular channel where the farmer disposed maximum of their product. The producer share in consumer rupee was found to be higher under channel I i.e. 21.61 per cent in Dirang market and 24.69 per cent in Bomdila market, due to more marketing costs incurred by agencies involved and more marketing margins earned by them. Producer's share in consumer's rupee channel III was highest i.e., 126.18 per cent in Dirang market and 118.82 per cent in Bomdila market, due to absence of intermediaries as the produce was sold directly to the consumer. Channel III was found to be more efficient in Dirang market with efficiency of 18.65 as it involve direct marketing of the produce to the consumers which was followed by channel II (4.99) and channel I (2.82). Similarly, in Bomdila market, channel III was found to be more efficient with efficiency of 20.25 as it involve direct marketing of the produce to the consumers which was followed by channel II (5.37) and channel I (2.92).
PurposeKiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Allison) is an important fruit crop of Indian lower Himalayas which respond significantly to nutrient management. Therefore, we aimed to improve the biochemical composition and fruit productivity, and the economics of kiwifruit under three contrasting nutrient management systems viz. Chemical Fertilizer Based System (CFBS), Organic Farming Based System (OFBS) and the Subhash Palekar’s Natural Farming System (SPNFS) in Indian lower Himalayas. The OFBS system has various combinations of vermicompost (Vco), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM), SPNFS has application of Jeevaamrit (JM) and Ghana Jeevaamrit (GJ) with FYM, in contrast to application of NPK and FYM in CFBS.Methods
We studied the changes in kiwifruit yields, biochemical composition, and soil properties and economics of fruit production under different nutrient management systems. The total kiwifruit yield (kg tree−1) was partitioned into three grades viz. grade-A (fruit weight > 70 g), grade-B (fruit weight 50–70 g) and grade-C (fruit weight < 50 g) and was analysed for biochemical quality attributes viz. titratable acidity (TA), total soluble sugars (TSS) and their ratio, total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), and ascorbic acid (AA). A change in macro-and micro-nutrients, and soil microbial and enzymatic activity in response to nutrient management systems was studied. The economics of kiwifruit production under three systems was appraised based on average cost of cash inputs, average gross returns, average net returns and the benefit–cost ratio (B:C ratio).ResultsThe results revealed a significantly (p < 0.05) highest kiwifruit yield (30.7 kg vine−1) under Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS system, and was statistically at par with JM30GJ3 + FYM40 (28.7 kg vine−1) of SPNFS and N800P600K800 + FYM40 (29.2 kg vine−1) of CFBS. The proportion of Grade-A (fruit weight > 70 g) fruits, which fetch higher market price, was recorded highest (20.3%) in JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS followed by Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment (19.6%) under OFBS and N800 P600 K800 + FYM40 (15.6%) of CFBS. The Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS resulted in significantly higher TSS content (16.9°B), TS (11.8%), RS (8.3%), NRS (3.3%) and AA (81.6 mg 100 g−1), compared with the other treatments. Nutrient management in Vco400PM400 + FYM40 of OFBS resulted in significantly higher soil organic C content in surface (0–15 cm) soil layer; which was ~ 35% higher than the CFBS. Soil organic C content in SPNFS was higher by ~ 11–21% over CFBS. The soil organic C stocks were significantly higher in SPNFS followed by OFBS. There was a gain of 4.78 and 6.40 Mg ha−1 of C stocks of surface soils under Vco400PM400 + FYM40 of OFBS and JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS, respectively over CFBS. These results revealed that CFBS was more profitable with a benefit-cost (B-C) ratio of 12.4:1, followed by JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS (12.2:1), despite lower yields. The lowest B-C ratio for Vco400PM400 + FYM40 treatment of OFBS (~ 1/3rd of B-C ratio in CFBS) was ascribed to higher input costs.Conclusion
These results showed that JM30GJ3 + FYM40 of SPNFS resulted in comparable economic returns profits and quality fruits to those produced under CFBS.
Conventional insect pest control methods and approaches are being used in agroecosystem management. However, some pest control methods affect human health and are unsustainable. Consumption of some insect pests as food by humans can be incorporated in a sustainable manner to manage the pest species, which locally provide some positive outputs. The traditional and sustainable ethno-entomophagy practice of the Apatani tribe, inhabi-ting primarily the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh, North East India, can be considered a prime example of such practices. They consume three species of chafer beetles locally known as Jojer, Dikang-Diilang and Sanko-Tapu, i.e. Anomala sp., Phyllophaga sp. and Lepidiota sp. respectively. It is also known that the adults of these species are pests of the kiwi plant (Actinidia deliciosa) and chestnut tree species (Castanopsis spp.). In this study, we unravel the practice of entomophagy of these beetles by the Apatanese and understand its implications for the sustainable management of agroecosystems.
The balance and stability of the earth’s weather is significantly influenced by the cover of the tropical evergreen forest. This is especially relevant in the century of industrialization and modernization. These two profusely contribute to the worldwide increase in atmospheric CO2 content. The exponential deposit of atmospheric CO2 has increased the possibility of global warming and climate change. Thereby, tropical green forests provide hope and confidence to serve as potential sinks to mitigate overgrowing carbon dioxide imbalance in the atmosphere. Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is a primary and tropical evergreen Forest in the East Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya. This study stresses the application of various allometric equations and henceforth their best suitability for carbon stock and above-ground biomass estimation in Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary. For the study, eleven permanent plots of size 31.6 m2 have been set up inside the wildlife sanctuary. A total of 155 woody species and 746 trees were recorded from the permanent plots. The recorded trees were then grouped into two girth classes of 15–70 cm and above 70 cm. It was recorded that carbon content and biomass above ground were higher in trees with girths greater than 70 cm. Many allometric equations which have been derived in the past and in recent years have been justified to be the most suitable ones for forests of a particular country, state or province that falls under government-protected forests or privately-owned forests. It has been noticed that the best suitable model to estimate Biomass above ground in Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary is the Chambers model with an R2 value of 0.8038 and adjusted R2 of 0.8035. Incidentally, the model given by FAO has an R2 value of 0.5902 and an adjusted R2 value of 0.5897. Hence, it is the least suitable model due to its low R2 value.KeywordsAllometric equationCarbon stockBiomassWildlife sanctuary
North-eastern states in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular, kiwifruit has bright prospects. Kiwifruit has been assessed as one of the important future profitable fruit crops in mid hills of Himalayas. Since it provides a high return per unit area and the farmers can earn about Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per hectare annually. As per the economic Survey of Arunachal Pradesh 2016-17 reports, 3379 ha of land under kiwi producing 6047 tons of fresh fruit production. Arunachal Pradesh contributes more than 50% to the total kiwi production in the country. Despite having huge potential of kiwifruit in the region, the various limitations faced by the farmer are the non-availability of quality planting material, skilled labours, lack of awareness regarding its cultural practices and management especially training and pruning as well as pollination management. Consequently, the kiwifruit produced in Arunachal Pradesh is of small size with inferior quality and thus is not able to compete with the kiwi imported from New Zealand, Australia, Italy, and other countries. Marketing is also the main obstacle due to the non-availability of cold storage and processing unit and other infrastructure for the promotion of kiwifruit in the region.
The second key to success for large-scale application of the DH (Double Haploid) technology in any breeding program is the ability to identify the seeds with haploid embryos from normal diploid hybrid seed obtained when pollinating plants of the source germplasm. The haploid plant can be distinguished from the diploid plant by a characteristic like erect leaves, poor vigor, and sterility R1-nj anthocyanin marker inhibition is highly frequent in tropical maize germplasm considerably affecting the efficiency of haploid identification. The R1-Navajo (R1-nj) color marker facilitates easy and quick identification of haploid kernels at the seed stage during in vivo haploid induction process in maize
A Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple, rapid, specific, and cost-effective nucleic acid amplification method when compared to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, self-sustained sequence replication and strand displacement amplification. (Fakruddin, 2011) This technique uses DNA polymerase and a set of four primer that are specially designed that recognize total six different targets sequences on DNA template. In LAMP, a large amount of DNA is synthesized, yielding a large pyrophosphate ion by-product. It is an established nucleic acid amplification method offering rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Northeastern states in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular, kiwifruit has bright prospects. Kiwifruit has been assessed as one of the important future profitable fruit crops in mid hills of Himalayas. Since it provides a high return per unit area and the farmers can earn about Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per hectare annually. As per the economic Survey of Arunachal Pradesh 2016-17 reports, 3379 ha of land under kiwi producing 6047 tons of fresh fruit production. Arunachal Pradesh contributes more than 50% to the total kiwi production in the country. Despite having huge potential of kiwifruit in the region, the various limitations faced by the farmer are the non-availability of quality planting material, skilled labours, lack of awareness regarding its cultural practices and management especially training and pruning as well as pollination management. Consequently, the kiwifruit produced in Arunachal Pradesh is of small size with inferior quality and thus is not able to compete with the kiwi imported from New Zealand, Australia, Italy, and other countries. Marketing is also the main obstacle due to the non-availability of cold storage and processing unit and other infrastructure for the promotion of kiwifruit in the region.
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