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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN LIGHT CLAY AND TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY ON A SELECTED EXAMPLE
Abstract
This paper presents the comparison of selected elements of a single-family building in light clay and traditional technology. The advantages and disadvantages of the properties of several materials used in both technologies are described. Moreover, the history of building using clay and its modern construction application, as well as an overall view of the qualities and varieties of the use of clay as a building material in combination with straw and other elements were showed. The selected object was one of the cottages in ecological agritourism venue located in Roztocze region of Poland. Based on the cost estimates of wall construction of selected building investment, the cost analysis of two technologies were conducted. The results of analysis performed in this work show that, alternative technology can be a good substitute for traditional technology, not only due to environmental friendly, natural materials but also by virtue of lower costs. The use of ecological, available materials and the execution of construction works without qualified employees reduced the total costs of the analyzed investment.
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Due to their complexity and uniqueness, all construction projects are exposed to a high risk. The condition for this risk reduction is an identification of risk events and an evaluation of their occurrence probability and effect.
During the planning and controlling of the construction process, most attention is focused on risk analysis, especially in the context of final costs and deadlines of the investment. In this analysis, the primary and most significant concern is the proper identification and quantification of events, which on a certain level of probability may affect the development process. This paper presents the result of a risk analysis for a particular building object, made after completion of the investment and accepting it for use. Knowledge of the planned values and the actual investment process allowed for the identification of the events and their effects that in this case have significantly disrupted the investment process. The limited total cost of the investment project in question had a considerable impact on the progress of the project execution. Despite three transitions of administrative procedures, the opening date of the shopping centre was delayed by only three weeks.
Overheads, especially site overhead costs, constitute a significant component of a contractor's budget in a construction project. The estimation of site overhead costs based on traditional approach is either accurate but time consuming (in case of the use of detailed analytical methods) or fast but inaccurate (in case of the use of index methods). The aim of the research presented in this paper was to develop an alternative model which allows fast and reliable estimation of site overhead costs. The paper presents the results of the authors’ work on development of a regression model, based on artificial neural networks, that enables prediction of the site overhead cost index, which used in conjunction with other cost data, allows to estimate site overhead costs. To develop the model, a database including 143 cases of completed construction projects was used. The modelling involved a number of artificial neural networks of the multilayer perceptrons type, each with varying structures, activation functions and training algorithms. The neural network selected to be the core of developed model allows the prediction of the costs’ index and aids in the estimation of the site overhead costs in the early stages of a construction project with satisfactory precision.
The resource scarcity, energy problems, and pollution resulting from the use of conventional building materials, in addition to the rising costs of construction and transportation fuels are all factors driving many countries to consider low impact, cheap building methods that are environmentally friendly and appropriate for use in the modern context. This directs attention back to earth, one of the oldest building materials throughout history, which has successfully illustrated many technical, economic, social and environmental benefits that could fulfil the need for an alternative building material. Yet many doubts still face the use of earth, when compared to other conventional building materials that dominate the market nowadays (like concrete and steel) especially in countries like Egypt. However, the urgent call for sustainability in the building sector, as well as the rising demands for affordable housing units in Egypt, present a good opportunity to revive back the use of traditional materials like earth with their simple, cheap and quick techniques that could successfully meet these demands and apply sustainability on the long run.
The provision of low-cost houses for the poor in Nigeria is the focus of this paper. Quality housing enhances the health and welfare of man and contributes immensely to his productivity, thus underscoring its importance as a fundamental need. The provision of low-cost houses is hinged to the availability of durable and affordable building materials. This paper advocates the use of building earth in view of its relatively lower-cost than that of conventional modern materials and its abundance in the country. Furthermore, the material has thermal properties which make it ideal for construction in the tropics.
A novel approach to specifying and creating rammed earth soil recipes, through a process of blending graded quarry material, has been presented. The soil recipes are highly consistent and reproducible, allowing the accurate control of parameters such as particle-size distribution. A novel technique for the consistent production of rammed earth cube samples has been presented that satisfies NZS 4298: 1998, and is in good agreement with the established Proctor standard for compaction. Under the proposed method for rammed earth sample production, the level of energy input used for compaction can be varied depending upon soil type. For a given compactive effort, the variation in dry density due to soil type did not appear to be directly related to the characteristic unconfined compressive strength of the rammed earth samples. Experimental data have been included.
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