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Contingent self-worth and Facebook addiction
Abstract
With the growing popularity of Facebook for social interaction and information exchange, researchers are starting to examine its “dark side” notably Facebook addiction. Previous research finds low self-esteem is a key risk factor of maladaptive Facebook use. Building on this finding, in two related studies we examined whether contingencies of self-worth on social acceptance can help explain Facebook addiction. Study 1 involved 337 participants taking an online survey. Results indicated that contingent self-worth (CSW) in the domain of others’ approval was positively linked with Facebook addiction and excessive usage time. These results were unique to CSW over and above global self-esteem and the big-5 personality traits. Study 2 employed a daily diary methodology in which 80 participants provided daily reports on their self-esteem and Facebook experience for 21 consecutive days. Multilevel modeling indicated that daily fluctuations in social acceptance CSW positively predicted day-to-day changes in Facebook addiction. Again, this finding was unique to CSW over and above daily changes in global self-esteem. Together, the results of these two studies provide initial support for the key role of CSW in the emergence and sustainment of Facebook addiction. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of the two studies’ findings.
... The included studies were published between 2013 and 2022 and all the studies used a cross-sectional study design. The studies were conducted in variety of countries: five in the United States (Lee, 2015;Rhodes et al., 2015;Saeed Abbasi, 2018;Turel and Osatuyi, 2017), two in South Korea (Baek et al., 2013;Choi and Lim, 2016), two in Italy (Casale and Fioravanti, 2015;Gioia et al., 2021), one in Austria (Kim et al., 2021), one in Taiwan (Tang et al., 2016), one in England (Pontes et al., 2018), one in China (Gao et al., 2017), one in India (Ghosh et al., 2019), one in Israel (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018), one in Somalia (Dhaha and Igale, 2014), one in Brazil (Khoury et al., 2019) and one in Jordan (Alzougool, 2018). Two articles (Lee and Cheung, 2014;Muench et al., 2015) did not state where the study was conducted and one study (Wadsley et al., 2021) was conducted in multiple countries (England, Poland, Portugal, Italia and Mexico). ...
... In the perspective of social well-being, Kanat-Maymon et al. (2018) studied self-worth in the domain of others' approval and Kim et al. (2021) examined social comparison and perceived relative deprivation of social relationships. PSNSU was shown to be significantly and positively linked with contingent self-worth (CSW) in the domain of others' approval (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018) and the tendency to engage in social comparison but did not correlate with perceived relative deprivation of social relationships (Kim et al., 2021). According to Muench et al. (2015) study there was no significant correlation between positive social relationships and PSNSU. ...
... There were some mixed results concerning the need to belong, because Gao et al. (2017) did not find direct association between sense of belonging (Gao et al., 2017) and PSNSU but escapism and pleasure mediated the indirect effects of sense of belonging on PSNSU. Included studies also indicated associations between higher contingency of self-worth on social acceptance and PSNSU (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). According to Turel and Osatuyi (2017) study, peer-influence related factors can contribute to the possible etiology of PSNSU as social pressure self-efficacy reduced PSNSU. ...
Background: This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence of an association between problematic social networking site use (PSNSU) and social well-being and predictors of PSNSU among young adults (18–35years).
Methods: The systematic review considered cross-sectional and cohort studies that assessed the association between PSNSU and social well-being among young adults. The JBI systematic review methodology of etiology and risk was followed. Data were collected from eight electronic databases and manually from reference lists of selected studies. Two independent reviewers selected studies by screening titles, abstracts and full texts and assessed the quality of the included studies. Data were extracted and synthesized with narrative methods.
Results: Twenty one (n = 21) studies were included in the final review. The results showed that there were associations between PSNSU and different social well-being factors, e.g., associations were found between PSNSU and social and parasocial relationships on social networking sites and social media anxiety. Also some predictive factors were found.
Limitations: Although, the search strategies were developed in conjunction with an information specialist, some keywords might have been missed, which could have affected the search results. Social well-being and PSNS use can be defined in many ways, which may have affected which studies were excluded. Language limitations might affect to the study inclusion.
Conclusions: In most cases, PSNSU was associated with lower social well-being, although some mixed results were obtained. Definitions of PSNSU and social well-being varied widely. Therefore, in the future, it would be beneficial to have clear concepts for PSNSU and social well-being. It is also important to consider social aspects in PSNSU.
... Although there is an abundance of literature suggesting that CSE based on social acceptance predicts social media usage (e.g. Beard and Wickham 2016;Kanat-Maymon et al. 2018), there is a lack of understanding concerning the relationship between CSE and the specific context of CWU. Furthermore, the literature provides inadequate information about the underlying process by which CSE leads to CWU. ...
... Moreover, given that contingent people want to bring their actual worth close to their ideal worth by posting desired texts and images (Adams et al. 2017;Kanat-Maymon et al. 2018), people with high CSE will likely prefer using WeChat to achieve their desired social image, as the Internet provides considerable control in terms of self-presentation content and time (Yu et al. 2018). The effect of others' comments would be maximised when people place their self-esteem based on the approval of others. ...
... However, our study finds that CSE increases CWU, as highly contingent people uplift their sense of self through objects or activities in which they have reasonable control. Psychology literature suggests that studying self-esteem in a trait form is not sufficient (Adams et al. 2017;Kanat-Maymon et al. 2018); the degree of self-esteem of a person is half their picture. Therefore, self-esteem based on situations and others determines individual behaviour more clearly in this study. ...
This research examines the impact of contingent self-esteem on compulsive usage of social media application WeChat in China. The authors attempt to identify the channels based on self-verification and self-determination theory and propose that fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and fear of missing out (FoMO) transfer the impact of contingent self-esteem (CSE) to compulsive WeChat usage (CWU). Additionally, these relationships were tested with frustration about unavailability (FaU) as a moderator in the framework to explain the phenomenon. By employing a convenience method, 396 samples of Chinese students were analyzed. The analyses indicate that CSE contributes to CWU directly and indirectly through FNE and FoMO. Furthermore, FNE mediates the link between CSE and FoMO, ultimately transferring the effect of CSE to CWU in series. These results can enhance our knowledge of how CSE affects CWU, a growing problem among young people today. Our results may guide psychologists to prepare a counselling programme for compulsive social media users and help them overcome social interaction fears in the real world.
... There is one meta-analysis that indicates a link between self-related processes and social media use, showing that those with greater social media usage tended to have lower selfesteem (Liu and Baumeister, 2016). But aside from a study by Kanat-Maymon et al. (2018) examining contingent self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018) and another by Stefanone et al. (2011) that investigated some aspects of contingent self-worth on Facebook (Stefanone et al., 2011), there has been relatively little work examining social anxiety as a predictor of contingent self-worth and specific behaviors people engage in on social media platforms, especially Instagram. ...
... There is one meta-analysis that indicates a link between self-related processes and social media use, showing that those with greater social media usage tended to have lower selfesteem (Liu and Baumeister, 2016). But aside from a study by Kanat-Maymon et al. (2018) examining contingent self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018) and another by Stefanone et al. (2011) that investigated some aspects of contingent self-worth on Facebook (Stefanone et al., 2011), there has been relatively little work examining social anxiety as a predictor of contingent self-worth and specific behaviors people engage in on social media platforms, especially Instagram. ...
... adds to a growing body of literature that has recently begun to highlight the benefits and risks of social media use as a function of specific intrapersonal processes. For example, one study examined domain general self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction and screen time (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Lastly, the participant sample here is relatively large and geographically-and to some degree socio-culturally-diverse, which increases confidence that the findings are generalizable to a broader population. ...
Social media platforms have provided human beings with unprecedented ways to virtually connect with one another, creating a novel and complex arena for psychological research. Indeed, a growing body of research has uncovered links between social media use and various aspects of health and wellbeing. However, relatively little work has examined factors that characterize how people experience and regulate their online selves on particular platforms. In the present study, we recruited a large sample of active Instagram users (N = 247; ages 18–58) to complete a questionnaire battery that included measures of participants' social anxiety, their sense of self-worth tied to Instagram use, and specific content control behaviors on the Instagram platform (e.g., editing captions, disabling comments, etc.). Results indicated that participants with higher levels of social anxiety tended to have greater Instagram contingent self-worth, and this was then associated with some content control behaviors, including editing captions and photos and videos when sharing posts. These findings suggest that those who are more socially anxious interact with Instagram differently, and this may arise from self-worth that is wedded to their experiences on the platform. Overall, this work adds to a growing body of research highlighting the benefits and risks of social media use on psychological health.
... There is one meta-analysis that indicates a link between self-related processes and social media use, showing that those with greater social media usage tended to have lower selfesteem (Liu and Baumeister, 2016). But aside from a study by Kanat-Maymon et al. (2018) examining contingent self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018) and another by Stefanone et al. (2011) that investigated some aspects of contingent self-worth on Facebook (Stefanone et al., 2011), there has been relatively little work examining social anxiety as a predictor of contingent self-worth and specific behaviors people engage in on social media platforms, especially Instagram. ...
... There is one meta-analysis that indicates a link between self-related processes and social media use, showing that those with greater social media usage tended to have lower selfesteem (Liu and Baumeister, 2016). But aside from a study by Kanat-Maymon et al. (2018) examining contingent self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018) and another by Stefanone et al. (2011) that investigated some aspects of contingent self-worth on Facebook (Stefanone et al., 2011), there has been relatively little work examining social anxiety as a predictor of contingent self-worth and specific behaviors people engage in on social media platforms, especially Instagram. ...
... adds to a growing body of literature that has recently begun to highlight the benefits and risks of social media use as a function of specific intrapersonal processes. For example, one study examined domain general self-worth and its links to Facebook addiction and screen time (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Lastly, the participant sample here is relatively large and geographically-and to some degree socio-culturally-diverse, which increases confidence that the findings are generalizable to a broader population. ...
Social media platforms have provided human beings with unprecedented ways to virtually connect with one another, creating a novel and complex arena for psychological research. Indeed, a growing body of research has uncovered links between social media use and various aspects of health and wellbeing. However, relatively little work has examined factors that characterize how people experience and regulate their online selves on particular platforms. In the present study, we recruited a large sample of active Instagram users (N=247; ages 18-58) to complete a questionnaire battery that included measures of participants’ social anxiety, their sense of self-worth tied to Instagram use, and specific content control behaviors on the Instagram platform (e.g., editing captions, disabling comments, etc.). Results indicated that participants with higher levels of social anxiety tended to have greater Instagram contingent self-worth, and this was then associated with some content control behaviors, including editing captions and photos and videos when sharing posts. These findings suggest that those who are more socially anxious interact with Instagram differently, and this may arise from self-worth that is wedded to their experiences on the platform. Overall, this work adds to a growing body of research highlighting the benefits and risks of social media use on psychological health.
... Rejection fear denotes a feeling of discomfort or loss, resulting from a perception that one's friends are refusing to accept one (Wirth & Schultheiss, 2006). This feeling often comes when a person lacks self-regulation and/or experiences social phobia, which is a fear of people (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Furthermore, socially anxious people tend to experience emotional instability and are preoccupied with self and social image concerns before others . ...
... As social media provides a sense of connectedness with others, psychologically sensitive people tend to be driven by social media to escape the fear of disapproval in a real social environment (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2016). The more people sense a rejection, the more they would engage in social activities online, as these people experience more flexibility in online communications without having to show their body and facial emotions. ...
... In this way, the social interaction anxiety path to compulsive social media usage professed can be traced to the serial mediation of fear of negative evaluation and fear of rejection. More specifically, this finding uncovers insights into our previous knowledge about the ways in which social interaction anxiety and negative evaluation fear influence compulsive social media usage (Cuhadar, 2012;Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018;Lee et al., 2014). ...
This study investigates the impact of social interaction anxiety on compulsive social media usage. To provide insights into the gaps in previous research, the authors identify the channels, and hypothesize that negative evaluation and rejection fears mediate the relationship between social interaction anxiety and compulsive social media usage. Further, the moderating role of frustration about unavailability and gender differences are considered in the framework for robustness purposes. Using a convenience sampling method and variance-based structural equation modeling, the authors analyzed a non-clinical sample of 402 Chinese university students. Survey results find that social interaction anxiety increases compulsive social media usage both directly and indirectly through fear of negative evaluation and fear of rejection with a stronger effect of the former. Moreover, the mediating effect of fear of negative evaluation transfers through fear of rejection, which establishes a serial link between social interaction anxiety and compulsive social media usage. Interestingly, frustration about unavailability strengthens the relationship only between fear of rejection and compulsive social media usage. Females exhibit more social interaction anxiety and fear of negative evaluation, which lead them to become more compulsive social media users, while males experience more fear of rejection. These findings can improve our understanding of the role and process by which social interaction anxiety influences compulsive social media usage, and thus may help psychologists to develop better counseling programs for compulsive male and female social media users, addressing their social interaction deficits and excessive reliance on social media applications.
... Furthermore, it also confirms the gender differences in the tendency of Slovak male and female adolescents to use social media in a risky way. Based on previous studies carried out abroad Balcerowska et al., 2022;Błachnio et al., 2017;Błachnio & Przepiorka, 2016;Dailey et al., 2020;De Cock et al., 2014;Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018;Lee, 2019;Simion & Dorard, 2020;Stănculescu, 2022;Tesi, 2018;Tobin & Graham, 2020;Turel et al., 2018), the following research hypotheses have been formulated: H1: There is a positive correlation between the tendency to use social networks in a risky way and neuroticism in adolescents. ...
... The respondents who scored higher in neuroticism admitted overusing social media more often (Malo-Cerrato et al., 2018). This tendency has been identified in various studies around the world with the correlations ranging from weak to medium strong (Balcerowska et al., 2022;Błachnio & Przepiorka, 2016;Błachnio et al., 2017;De Cock et al., 2014;Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018;Lee, 2019;Marino et al., 2018a;Tesi, 2018;Tobin & Graham, 2020;Turel et al., 2018). The current findings regarding hypotheses H1 and H2 fully support the empirical experience of studies using similar research instruments (i.e. the Bergen Inventory and different variants of the Big Five questionnaires). ...
... Utterly, Multivariate analysis also demonstrates that the odds ratio of the strongest predictor of reporting normal self-esteem is 0.722 times less likely to Facebook addicted than compare to low self-esteem which is like the other study [23]- [24]. The study findings also show that who have suffered severe depression their odds ratio 13.225 times mostly likely to have Facebook addicted than compare to minimal depression which are consistent with [25]. ...
... Self-esteem plays a potential role in the addictive behavior towards Facebook [23]- [24]. Among them, 61.1% of students are Facebook addicted who suffered low self-esteem. ...
The study aims to determine the level of acceptance and identify the factors influencing the relationships of self-esteem and depression with Facebook addiction. In a cross-sectional study on a sample of 350 students, we tested the existence and strength of this relationship using the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire, face to face interview method was created to collect data. The main outcome of this study found that 52% of students are addicted to Facebook and 48% of students are not addicted to Facebook. In logistic regression models, females are 2.352 times more likely to Facebook addicted than the respondents who are male. The findings of the study provide empirical evidence for the effect of Facebook addiction on students' lower self-esteem and severe depression status differ statistically from no Facebook addicted students. Lower self-esteem was positively associated with Facebook addiction. Facebook addiction was positively related to depression and those who have suffered severe depression are frequently more Facebook addicted. Study findings also demonstrate that academic performance (CGPA) is a negative effect with Facebook addiction even after adjusting for other variables. Concededly say that the recommendations presented in this research may help to eradicate Facebook addiction.
... In contrast to previous research that mostly evaluated only whether self-esteem is high or low, the concept of self-worth contingency states that individuals differ in the domains on which they base their self-worth. For example, some might focus on academic performance, while others focus on appearance [16,43]. ...
... This is a not particularly surprising finding, as people who seek the approval of others might also be more likely to compare themselves to others, as well as increasingly surveil their own bodies [45,49]. In relation to SNSs, self-worth contingency on others' approval was found to be linked to Facebook addiction and excessive usage time [43]. This finding might be due to heavy engagement in SNSs with the aim of surveying the views of others and comparing them with one's own. ...
The present study examined the relationship between appearance-related social comparison on social networking services (SNSs) and body esteem in a cross-cultural context (three European countries, i.e., Austria, Belgium, and Spain, versus one Asian country, i.e., South Korea). The role of self-worth contingency on others’ approval was considered to be a psychological and cultural factor. Utilizing a large-scale cross-national survey of early and middle adolescents in 2017, the responses of female adolescents (N = 981) were analyzed. The results generally support the findings from previous studies but also reveal cultural differences. Appearance comparison on Facebook negatively influenced girls’ body esteem in all European countries, but not in South Korea. Self-worth contingency on others’ approval negatively influenced girls’ body esteem across all four countries. Finally, a positive relationship between self-worth contingency on others’ approval and appearance comparison on Facebook was found in all European countries, but not among Korean girls. These findings suggest the importance of self-worth contingency on others’ approval and cultural contexts can be used to study the effects of body image-related SNS use.
... 4 Concern about the addictive use of social networking sites has prompted extensive research into its causes, mechanisms, and consequences. 5,6 The focus of this research is the relationship between SMA, loneliness, and satisfaction with life. Studies indicate that various psychological factors, such as happiness, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms, play a significant role in explaining SMA, often exhibiting stronger associations than loneliness. ...
In today's sociocultural milieu, characterized by pervasive social media and evolving conceptions of masculinity, this study examines the interplay among loneliness, social media addiction, self-reliance, and life satisfaction across Generations (Gen) X, Y, and Z. Employing a comprehensive model, the study explores social media addiction as a mediator between loneliness and life satisfaction, with a focus on the moderating role of the pivotal masculine trait of self-reliance in the loneliness-social media addiction relationship. Based on an online survey of 775 Israeli men aged 18-58, the findings reveal unique generational patterns. For Gen X, social media addiction negatively correlates with life satisfaction, without mediation or moderation effects. In Gen Y, loneliness is directly associated with life satisfaction, and a positive correlation exists between loneliness and social media addiction. Notably, self-reliance moderates the link between loneliness and social media addiction, amplifying this association at lower self-reliance levels. Gen Z replicates the Gen Y findings albeit without the moderation effect. This study contributes nuanced insights into the literature on masculinity, revealing the evolving nature of self-reliance-a crucial masculine trait-across generations. Such evolution, in turn, is associated with responses to loneliness and patterns of engagement with social media.
... Problematic internet behaviors may also arise from other individual differences. Previous work suggests that a preference for online social interaction may contribute to using the internet in problematic ways, especially when a person feels lonely or depressed [19], has low self-esteem [1,50], or is neurotic or narcissistic [2,66]. A fear of missing out ("FOMO"), more formally defined as "a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent" [76], might also contribute to problematic smartphone, internet, and social media use [15,61,69]. ...
While many people use social network sites to connect with friends and family, some feel that their use is problematic, seriously affecting their sleep, work, or life. Pairing a survey of 20,000 Facebook users measuring perceptions of problematic use with behavioral and demographic data, we examined Facebook activities associated with problematic use as well as the kinds of people most likely to experience it. People who feel their use is problematic are more likely to be younger, male, and going through a major life event such as a breakup. They spend more time on the platform, particularly at night, and spend proportionally more time looking at profiles and less time browsing their News Feeds. They also message their friends more frequently. While they are more likely to respond to notifications, they are also more likely to deactivate their accounts, perhaps in an effort to better manage their time. Further, they are more likely to have seen content about social media or phone addiction. Notably, people reporting problematic use rate the site as more valuable to them, highlighting the complex relationship between technology use and well-being. A better understanding of problematic Facebook use can inform the design of context-appropriate and supportive tools to help people become more in control.
... Higher extraversion was associated with Facebook addiction (Atroszko et al., 2018), (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Błachnio et al. (2017) found a negative correlation between internet addiction and extraversion, emotional stability, and conscientiousness. ...
This study aims to understand the relationship between Facebook users’ personalities and their usage pat-terns, with a focus on extraversion traits. Despite the growing body of research on this topic, there remains a scarcity of comprehensive literature reviews This research attempts to synthesize literature through a review where 45 studies linked extraversion personality traits to Facebook. Researchers discussed Extra-version and Facebook using various studies between 2015 and 2021 identified with the ELSIEVER engine. The findings of this study spotlight extraversion personality in a marketing and business context, offer-ing insights into potential applications and implications. A conceptual model is proposed to elucidate the role of extraversion in various functional areas of business, including marketing, sales enhancement, pro-motion, and customer engagement. Moreover, this study offers theoretical and practical implications for practitioners and researchers alike, while also providing suggestions for future research and noticed gaps.
... Research on social media has primarily focused on measures of global self-esteem (e.g., Faelens et al., 2021) or contingent self-esteem in other domains, such as other's approval (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). In other words, research on self-esteem and social media use has focused on how individuals who are already higher or lower in global self-esteem (e.g., Rosenberg, 1965) use and react to social media or how social media use predicts or changes individuals' level of state self-esteem (Saiphoo et al., 2020). ...
How social media influences users depends largely on motivations for its use and how the user interprets social media-facilitated interactions. Contingent self-esteem, a construct rooted in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), can account for differential effects, including addictive use. Three preregistered studies (ntotal = 822) derived social media contingent self-esteem (SMCSE) and examined the factor structure and associations with social media use, addiction, and disorder criteria. Study 1 (N = 412) analyzed exploratory and confirmatory factors. Study 2 (N = 230) examined associations with other domains of contingent self-esteem, basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, and measures of social media use and addiction. Study 3 (N = 192) examined associations between SMCSE, identity bubble reinforcement (echo chambers), and social media outcomes. SMCSE was associated with greater social media use and intensity, identity bubble reinforcement, social media addiction, and disorder criteria. Exploratory support was found for mediation models in which identity bubble reinforcement predicted greater SMCSE, which in turn predicted a greater likelihood of social media addiction and disorder.
... Self-esteem and depression have a significant effect on SNS addiction, and people with severe depression and low selfesteem are more likely to become addicted to SNS (Al Mamun and Griffiths 2019; Arzo Ahmed et al. 2021;Błachnio et al. 2016a, b;Kanat-Maymon et al. 2018;Koc and Gulyagci 2013;Pantic 2014;Tazghini and Siedlecki 2013). Findings from a study conducted among Bangladeshi students show that 61.1% of students addicted to SNS suffered from low self-esteem and 70.6% of students addicted to social media also suffered from severe depression (Arzo Ahmed et al. 2021). ...
Aim
The growing popularity of social network sites (SNS) and their benefits have made these networks an integral part of many university students' lives. Excessive use of these networks can lead to behavioral disorders among users, of which the most important currently is addiction. This study was conducted to investigate the global prevalence of social media addiction among university students.
Subject and methods
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the PubMed, Web of Science, Jisc Library Hub Discover, Library of Congress, and Google Scholar databases and search engines were systematically searched to identify studies that reported on the global prevalence of social media addiction among the university student population. As part of the search process, no lower time limit was set, and the searches were last updated in April 2022. The heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I² index, and a random-effects model was used for analysis. Data analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software (version 2).
Results
Following the examination of 51 studies with a sample size of 35,520 students, the pooled global prevalence of social network addiction among university students was found to be 18.4% (95% CI: 14.7–22.6%), with the highest prevalence found in studies conducted in Asia, at 22.8% (95% CI: 18.5–27.6%).
Conclusion
The results of this study show that the pooled global prevalence of social media addiction among the university student population is 18.4%. Addiction to these social networks among students is an important public health issue and requires specific attention and policies in order to reduce its prevalence among university students.
... There are studies on the addictive use of Facebook (7)(8)(9) and Twitter (10,11). The concept of Instagram addiction has been demonstrated in several studies. ...
Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of early maladaptive schemas on Instagram addiction, as a more specific, controversial, and new field, in terms of the four-factor model developed by Bach et al. Methods: Participants over the age of 18 who have Instagram accounts were evaluated with the sociodemographic data form, Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS), Young Schema Scale-Short Form 3. Participants were divided into two groups according to their addiction scale scores; socio-demographic characteristics and early maladaptive schemas (according to the latest four-factor model) were compared. A multiple linear regression model was created to determine the factors predicting Instagram addiction. Results: The group with a high score on the Instagram Addiction Scale consisted of statistically significantly younger participants (t:4.44, p<.001) than the other group, the rate of being single was higher (X2=6.703, p=.010), Disconnection Rejection (t:-5.36, p<.001), Impaired Autonomy and Performance (t:-6.22, p<.001), Excessive Responsibility and Standards (t:-4.96, p <.001) and Impaired Limits (t:-5.30, p<.001) scales were found to have statistically significantly higher scores. In addition, age (β=-0.27, p=.004) and scores from Impaired Autonomy and Performance (β=0.39, p<.001) were found to have a statistically significant predictive effect on IAS scores in the linear regression model. Conclusion: Instagram addiction has been shown to be associated with early maladaptive schemas. Thus, evaluation and understanding of the clients' schemas and interventions for this are/become important in psychotherapy programs for individuals with Instagram addiction. Prospective studies with more participants are needed on Instagram addiction and other social network addictions.
... As uctuations in self-esteem are a key characteristic of introjected motivation, CPR may predict contingencies of self-worth-a measure of how dependent a person's self-esteem is on success and failure in a certain domain (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001;Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Several studies have examined this proposition. ...
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a broad theory of psychological growth and wellness that has revolutionized how we think about human motivation and the driving forces behind personality development. SDT focuses on people’s basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and how social environments that support these needs foster more volition, vitality, and full functioning. SDT has supplied the basis for new and more effective practices in parenting, education, business, sport, healthcare, and other areas of life, fostering higher-quality motivation, engagement, and satisfaction. Drawing on over four decades of evidence-based research and application, The Oxford Handbook of Self-Determination Theory delivers a truly integrative volume by the top researchers and experts within the field of SDT. Edited by SDT co-founder Richard M. Ryan, this Handbook not only provides the theory’s historical and scientific underpinnings but also draws together the latest research and insights, covering topics from the social and biological underpinnings of motivation and wellness to practical applications in all aspects of life. This volume will be an invaluable resource for both researchers and practitioners, as well as any student of human nature, with practical research and guidance.
... In the study, it was concluded that there was a positive and moderately significant relationship between social media addiction and virtual environment loneliness level. Findings from this study are consistent with the literature (Rıhtım, 2020;Kanat-Maymon, Almog, Cohen & Amichai-Hamburger, 2018;Davenport, Houston & Griffiths, 2012). In the study, it was revealed that variables such as gender, department of education and place of residence did not affect the level of social media addiction. ...
The aim of the study is to examine the effect of social media addiction levels of university students on virtual environment loneliness levels. The sample of the study consists of 379 university students selected by purposeful sampling method studying in the TRNC in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the study, Socio-Demographic Information Form, Social Media Addiction Scale and Virtual Environment Loneliness Scale were used as data collection tools. In the study, it was concluded that there was a positive and moderately significant relationship between social media addiction and virtual environment loneliness level. In the study, it was revealed that variables such as gender, department of education and place of residence did not affect the level of social media addiction. Duration of social media usage and memberships to virtual dating sites have been found to have an effect on the level of virtual environment loneliness. Participants who spend 2-3 or more hours on social media and had memberships to virtual dating sites had higher levels of virtual environment loneliness than other participants.. Also, it will be useful to investigate the methods of combating social media addiction and its psychological effects on students.
... The Big Five personality traits have also been found to be predictive of other addictive online behaviors. For example, high neuroticism, low extroversion, and low agreeableness have been found to predict videogame addiction (Vollmer et al., 2014), and high extroversion, low conscientiousness, and low openness have been found to predict Facebook addiction (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Moreover, high neuroticism has also been found to predict Facebook addiction (Tang et al., 2016), and low agreeableness is a direct predictor of Instagram addiction (Kircaburun & Griffiths, 2018a). ...
The role of personality traits in the development of addictive use of different online activities has been extensively demonstrated in the previous studies. One new type of online activity is the watching of mukbang (the South Korean term for “eating broadcasts”). However, very little is known about addictive mukbang watching (AMW) and its relationship to personality constructs. The present study investigated the direct and indirect associations of Big Five personality traits (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) and dark personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, sadism, spitefulness) with AMW via procrastination. An online survey that comprised items assessing the aforementioned variables was completed by 222 university students who had watched mukbang at least once in the previous week. Path analysis indicated that extroversion was indirectly negatively associated with AMW via procrastination. Furthermore, conscientiousness, sadism, and procrastination were directly positively associated with higher AMW. Findings suggest that individuals may develop and maintain uncontrolled mukbang watching in order to procrastinate and personality traits may play a contributing role in this association.
... Those results are in line with the theory of compensatory Internet use (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Vulnerable narcissists' fragility to possible ego-threats results in experienced difficulties in interpersonal relationships (Brailovskaia et al., 2020), such as others' approval dependence (Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). Although they may find it increasingly difficult to use technology to expand their social networks meaningfully, the relative safety of controlled SNS interactions may serve them as a compensatory way of fulfilling social needs, and in turn, increase the risk of addiction. ...
Narcissism was found to be one of the essential personality-related risk factor of Social Networking Sites (SNS) addiction. However, most of the research neglected its heterogeneous nature. In this study, we focus on four aspects of narcissism (i.e., admirative narcissism, communal narcissism, rivalrous narcissism, and vulnerable narcissism), acknowledging that they might be associated with different underlying narcissistic motives (i.e., self-enhancement or self-protection) and realized in different domains (i.e., agency or communion). We tested whether four aspects of narcissism separately and additively contribute to SNS addiction using self-report measures of narcissism and SNS addiction in three cross-sectional studies (N = 1659; one students' sample and two general Polish samples). The results indicate that all four aspects of narcissism were positively related to SNS addiction. However, only rivalrous, communal, and vulnerable narcissism aspects were independent predictors of SNS addiction. We also conclude that SNSs might not be the optimal platform for gaining gratifications via solely agentic self-enhancement. Furthermore, SNS addiction may develop not only as a compensatory mechanism of interpersonal sensitivity and poor social relations in the relatively controllable SNS' environment (as indicated by vulnerable narcissism) but also maladaptive self-regulation via antagonism and hostility towards others (as indicated by rivalrous narcissism).
... Appearance-contingent self-worth is the degree to which a person attributes one's value as a person to his or her appearance (Sanchez & Crocker, 2005), and appearance can lead to social disapproval or rejection. According to Kanat-Maymon, Almog, Cohen, and Amichai-Hamburger (2018), this can lead to seeking the approval of others through addiction and overuse in digital media such as Facebook. ...
This study aims to determine the risk factors that predict online game addiction of gifted and non-gifted high school students. The causal comparison research model was used in this study. The study group consists of 245 high school students, 113 gifted and 132 non-gifted. Personal information form and 4 different scales were used to collect the data. Multinominal logistic regression analysis was used to examine which factors are important in distinguishing online gaming behavior categories from each other and which factors are risky. According to the research results, the variables of appearance, competition, and virtue, which are the dimensions of gender, general academic point average, the most preferred online game type variables, have effects on the online game addiction of gifted students. In addition, it was observed that being a woman and virtue reduce the possibility of being moderately addicted to online games, while competition increased. It was determined that appearance value perception increases the probability of being a high-level online game addict. Appearance, competition, and academic competency variables from the most preferred online game type variables, contingencies of self-worth dimensions affect the addiction of non-gifted high school students to play online games. The preference for multi-user and social media games increases the likelihood of being moderately addicted to online games. It was determined that appearance and competitive value perception increase the probability of being addicted to high-level online games, and academic competency decreases. The results of the study will shed light on school-based prevention studies in terms of determining the distinguishing factors for gifted and non-gifted high school students’ online game playing behaviors.
... Social media's positive impacts on social capital and engagement are well-documented in the literature. However, there is also evidence showing the risk of maladaptive social media use caused mainly by low self-esteem [44]. There is thus an ongoing trend to look into social media's "dark side" concerning negative impacts due to compulsive usage, negative comparisons, and "always-on" stresses [45]. ...
Computers in Human Behavior (CHB) is a well-established source with a wide range of audiences in the field of human interactions with computers and has been one of the most widely acknowledged and leading venues with significant scientific impact for more than 35 years. This review provides an overview of the status, trends, and particularly the thematic structure of the CHB by adopting bibliometrics and structural topic modeling on 5957 studies. Specifically, we analyzed the trend of publications, identified major institutions and countries/regions, detected scientific collaboration patterns, and uncovered important topics. Significant findings were presented. For example, the contribution of the USA and Open University of Netherlands was highlighted. Important research topics such as e-commerce, social interactions and behaviors, public opinion and social media, cyberbullying, online sexual issues, and game and gamification were identified. This review contributes to the CHB community by justifying the interest in human behavior issues concerning computer use and identifying future research lines on this topic.
... 15 In relation to online addictions, all Big Five personality traits have been found to predict general internet addiction, 16 and a meta-analysis reported significant positive relationships between neuroticism and internet addiction, and significant negative relationships between extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness and internet addiction. 17 The Big Five traits have also been associated with online addictive behaviors including videogame addiction (high neuroticism, low extroversion, and low agreeableness, 18 Facebook addiction (high extroversion, low conscientiousness, and low openness; 19 and high neuroticism), 20 Instagram addiction (low agreeableness), 21 and Twitter addiction (low agreeableness, low conscientiousness, low extroversion) 22 . Additionally, direct, significant positive associations have been shown for neuroticism and extroversion and smartphone addiction, 23 and these traits have also been shown to mediate the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. ...
Background: Research has shown that personality traits can have an important role in the development and maintenance of behavioral addictions. However, the relationship between dark personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, spitefulness) and ‘study addiction’ has yet to be investigated.
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of dark traits with study addiction among the total sample, males, and females separately, while adjusting for the Big Five personality traits (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness).
Methods: A total of 716 university students completed an online survey, including questions assessing the aforementioned variables.
Results: Hierarchical regression analysis suggested that being female, neuroticism, conscientiousness, Machiavellianism, and sadism were positively associated with study addiction. However, dark personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, sadism) were significantly related to study addiction only in males but not in females.
Conclusions: Findings of this preliminary study suggest that dark personality traits may be better at explaining male addictive studying patterns and that gender should be taken into account when investigating the role of personality in the development of study addiction.
... Similarly, whereas many papers (5/15) [8,30] found a direct relationship between extroversion and addiction, some (2/15) showed that this trait was actually negatively related to addiction [12]. Next, although a few articles (2/15) [30,50] found that openness decreased the likelihood of social media addiction, Dalvi-Esfahani, et al. [12] and Caci, et al. [25] revealed the opposite correspondence. Lastly, while some studies (3/15) [32,49] showed that being agreeable increased the risk of developing an addiction to social media, a study by Dalvi-Esfahani, et al. [12] noted the reverse effect. ...
The proliferation of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have revolutionized the way people communicate, consume, and share information. As a result, social media addiction, a type of behavioral addiction related to the compulsive use of social media and associated with adverse outcomes, has been discussed by scholars and practitioners alike. Despite the abundance of research published on social media addiction, this literature is fragmented, and there is no synthesis of the drivers and outcomes of this behavior. In this study, we use the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological use and conduct a systematic review of social media addiction literature from 2008-2019. Based on the review of 132 papers, we propose a framework that integrates prior findings. Our review reveals several avenues for future research on this increasingly prominent research topic.
... Moreover, a significant number of studies in the literature demonstrate that excessive use of Internet or Facebook are often comorbid with other psychological disorders such as depressive disorder, hostility and social anxiety disorder (Błachnio et al., 2015;Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012;Tang & Koh, 2017). Although some studies have shown that psychological deficiencies may lead individuals to compensate for these deficiencies via social media (Eşkisu et al., 2017;Kanat-Maymon, Almog, Cohen, & Amichai-Hamburger, 2018), there is a gap in the literature on the studies that explain the mechanisms accounting for the co-existence of psychological disorders and Internet/Facebook addiction. This study suggests that one of the factors explaining this mechanism may be mindfulness. ...
... To further address the nonsignificant nature of attitudes toward privacy settings, future research could include constructs that evaluate concepts such as information privacy control, apathy toward information privacy, privacy fatigue, and Facebook dependency. Individuals who are increasingly dependent on Facebook are likely to exhibit an apathetic attitude toward information privacy, because their motive for using the platform overrides any privacy concerns (Hargittai and Marwick, 2016;Kanat-Maymon et al., 2018). ...
The unauthorized use of personal information belonging to users of apps integrated with the Facebook platform affects millions of users. Crucially, although privacy concerns and awareness have increased, the use of these apps, and related privacy behaviors, remain largely unchanged. Given that such privacy behaviors are likely influenced by individuals' personality traits, it is imperative to better understand which personality traits make individuals more vulnerable to such unauthorized uses. We build on a recontextualized version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to evaluate the influence of the Big Five personality traits on attitudes toward Facebook privacy settings, social norms, and information privacy concerns (IPCs)-all within the context of Facebook app use. To evaluate this study's model, we analyzed 576 survey responses by way of partial least squares path modeling. Results indicate that highly extraverted individuals are particularly vulnerable to privacy violations (e.g., unauthorized use of personal information) because of their negative attitudes toward Facebook privacy settings. Our post hoc analysis uncovered interesting combinations of personality traits that make individuals particularly vulnerable to the unauthorized use of app-based information. In particular, the combination of extraversion and conscientiousness had a negative effect on individuals' attitude toward privacy settings. We also found a significant negative relationship between IPCs and intention to use Facebook apps. Finally, we found a positive relationship between social norms and intentions. Taken together, these results infer that individuals are likely to be influenced by their peers in the use of Facebook apps but that their intentions to use these apps declines as privacy concerns increase.
The aim of this quantitative research was to examine the impact of Facebook addiction on EFL students' self-esteem and course learning at the higher education level. Facebook addiction, EFL students' self-esteem, and course learning are pressing issues at higher education institutions. University students face significant challenges due to various factors that negatively affect their self-esteem and course learning, with Facebook addiction being a particularly influential factor that has been largely unexplored. This study focuses on EFL students from the Department of Education at two public sector general universities in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Data were collected through a survey-based questionnaire using systematic random sampling, resulting in a usable sample size of n = 337 respondents. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.22, and Smart PLS 4 was employed for Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Initially, the measurement model was established, followed by hypothesis testing. The findings reveal that Facebook addiction has a significant and negative impact on EFL students' self-esteem, as well as on their course learning at the higher education level. These results highlight the detrimental effects of excessive Facebook use on students' academic performance and psychological well-being. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
This meta-analysis quantified the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and problematic social media use and identified moderators of this relationship. The analysis used a random-effects model to calculate a correlation for each factor and included 113 samples, with a total of 53,913 participants, identified from systematic searches of four databases. Moderator analyses were used to investigate potential causes of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis found that high neuroticism (r = .21, p < .001, 95% CI [.19, .23]), low conscientiousness (r = -.16, p < .001, 95% CI [-.19, -.13]), low agreeableness (r = -.07, p < .001, 95% CI [-.10, -.05]), and low openness (r = -.04, p = .001, 95% CI [-.06, -.02]) were significantly associated with problematic social media use. Several significant moderator effects were found. The meta-analysis contributes to the understanding of the relationship between individual characteristics and problematic social media use and provides information that might be useful in preventing and treating this behaviour.
Purpose
Given the limited literature on depression as a contributing factor to compulsive social media use, the present research examines the role of perceived depressive mood (PDM) in developing compulsive social media use behavior. The authors also identify and hypothesize channels such as contingent self-esteem (CSE), social interaction anxiety (SIA) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE), which may explain how PDM affects compulsive social media use.
Design/methodology/approach
The research model was empirically tested with a survey of 367 Chinese university students using structural equation modeling by drawing on the escape and self-presentation lenses.
Findings
The findings indicate that PDM contributes to compulsive social media use behavior both directly and indirectly through CSE. Furthermore, the impact of CSE on compulsive social media use is mediated by the FNE, whereas SIA fails to mediate this effect.
Practical implications
The results can advance the authors’ knowledge of the role and process by which depressive mood impacts compulsive social media use. These findings may add insights into psychological treatment and help in, for example, developing counseling programs or coping strategies for depressed people to protect them from using social media excessively.
Originality/value
This research identifies the pathway mechanism between PDM and compulsive use of social media. It also increases the understanding of how CSE and social interaction deficiencies contribute to compulsive social media usage (CSMU).
Aim: Prevention is better than treatment in any field, therefore numerus pathologists believed that the root of many abnormal behaviors and effective factors on them must be identified specially internet addiction which is a new phenomenon. The aim of present research was to predict cyberspace addiction based on marital intimacy, self-worth and life quality of married women living in Isfahan City. Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. Research population were including 270 married women leaving in Isfahan city based on convenient sampling method. They were selected and participated into the research in fall of 2022. Data collection instrument were consisted of marital intimacy questionnaire of Thompson and Walker (1983), the self-worth questionnaire of Doosti and Hoseininia (2021), the life quality questionnaire of World Health Organization, Cyberspace addiction’s questionnaire of Young (1998). They were implemented online via virtual environment. The achieved data were analyzed by stepwise regression statistical method using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that Self-worth (B = -0.549), quality of life (B = -0.446) and marital intimacy (B = -0.107) were able to predict 16.7% of cyberspace addiction. Conclusion: As a result of the findings of the present study, it can be inferred that self-worth, quality life quality and marital intimacy play an important role in preventing cyberspace addiction. In other word, the higher self-worth, quality of life and marital intimacy, resulted in the lower cyberspace addiction.
This paper explores the deterioration of self-worth in entrepreneurship. Using a 15-month participatory action research in the North of England, we found mismatches between expectations and experiences at three interacting levels—purpose, autonomy, and achievement—which surface as entrepreneurs reflect on execution, performance, and fulfillment experiences. Mismatches materialize as incongruence between the ideal states under pursuit and the actual experiences, which compound leading to a diminished sense of control, direction, and worthiness, which in turn further fuels a cycle of negative emotions, involving anxiety, isolation, shame, and guilt. We discuss implications for entrepreneurs’ mental health.
Social networking sites (SNS), with Facebook as a prominent example, have become an integral part of our daily lives and more than four billion people worldwide use SNS. However, the (over-)use of SNS also poses both psychological and physiological risks. In the present article, we review the scientific literature on the risk of Facebook (over-)use. Addressing this topic is critical because evidence indicates the development of problematic Facebook use (“Facebook addiction”) due to excessive and uncontrolled use behavior with various psychological and physiological effects. We conducted a review to examine the scope, range, and nature of prior empirical research on the negative psychological and physiological effects of Facebook use. Our literature search process revealed a total of 232 papers showing that Facebook use is associated with eight major psychological effects (perceived anxiety, perceived depression, perceived loneliness, perceived eating disorders, perceived self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction, perceived insomnia, and perceived stress) and three physiological effects (physiological stress, human brain alteration, and affective experience state). The review also describes how Facebook use is associated with these effects and provides additional details on the reviewed literature, including research design, sample, age, and measures. Please note that the term “Facebook use” represents an umbrella term in the present work, and in the respective sections it will be made clear what kind of Facebook use is associated with a myriad of investigated psychological variables. Overall, findings indicate that certain kinds of Facebook use may come along with significant risks, both psychologically and physiologically. Based on our review, we also identify potential avenues for future research.
The items of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (Andreassen et al., 2012) were adapted to study the construct in Instagram users. This construct is defined as the tendency to be overly concerned about Instagram, spending so much time and effort on this platform to the point of harming other activities in the individual’s life, interpersonal relationships and psychological well-being. Different Item Response Theory (IRT) models was applied for polytomous items in order to determine which one best explains the responses of those evaluated. The six items were translated into Spanish and evaluated by an expert jury. A total of 754 Instagram users from the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area took part in the study (65.8% women). An Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed to verify the unidimensional assumption and the assumption of local independence was corroborated. The results referring to the models fit data allows us to provide evidence that the Grades Response Model (GRM) presents the most adequate parametric structure to shape the subject’s responses. All items were adjusted to GRM. Parameters a ranged from 2.02 to 3.45 (Mean = 2.69; SD = 0.49). Parameters b were located within the expected range (-3 to 3) with a minimum θ of -0.51 and a maximum of 2.74. The Ordinal Alpha and Omega were elevated. The Information Function shows a maximum value of 14.26 around a θ of 1.2. This function shows a negative asymmetry, indicating that the scale is more accurate for measuring high levels of the trait.
We examined whether participants’ demographics, envy, and self-worth significantly predicted social media misuse among a sample of 307 college students in the U.S. The results of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated six predictor variables contributed 26% of the variance observed in students’ social media misuse. We discuss implications for college counselling practice and directions for future research, specifically further research of the nuanced experiences of college students who identify as religious, Black, and Latinx.
Desa Wisata Pulau Mubut perlu melakukan kegiatan promosi melalui media social, tidak hanya secara konvensional dari mulut ke mulut. Ini dilakukan agar Desa Wisata Pulau Mubut semakin diketahui dan dikunjungi banyak orang. Menimbang usia pengelola dan keaktifannya, serta target pengunjung dari Pulau Mubut ini, maka diputuskan media promosi yang dioptimasi pada tahun 2022 ini adalah media sosial Facebook. Oleh karena ke depannya yang akan mengelola media promosi Desa Wisata ini adalah pengelolanya, maka sangat penting untuk melatih pengelola ini agar bisa dan mahir dalam mengoptimasi media sosial Facebooknya. Kegiatan pelatihan akan dievaluasi dengan mengukur kemampuan pengelola dalam mengoptimasi media Facebooknya. Hasilnya, pengelola mampu mengoptimalkan kegiatan promosi Desa Wisata Pulau mubut melalui media social Facebook, yaitu dengan melihat keaktifan pengelola dalam memposting dan semakin bertambahnya jumlah followernya.
Whilst some individuals exercise for health-related reasons, others appear to exercise to bolster physical attractiveness. For the latter, this is often attributed to dissatisfaction with appearance. Few studies, however, have explored if differences in self-esteem may relate to diverse exercise reasons. The present study investigated whether global self-esteem, appearance-contingent self-worth, and appearance satisfaction may be differentially associated with health and attractiveness exercise reasons. It was further sought to explore whether these relations coincided with different motivational regulations. Adults from the east midlands of the United Kingdom (N = 209; 75% female, 25% male; mean age = 29.77 years) completed measures relating to their global and appearance-contingent self-worth, appearance satisfaction, exercise intentions, and motivations. Path analysis revealed that global self-esteem was positively associated with appearance satisfaction and health reasons for exercise, whereas appearance-contingent self-esteem related to lower appearance satisfaction and attractiveness reasons. Appearance satisfaction had no association with either exercise reason but was associated with intrinsic motivation and lower controlled exercise motivations. Health exercise reasons were positively associated with intrinsic, identified, and introjected motivation, whereas attractiveness reasons were exclusively related to external motivation. The findings highlight the conceptual importance of differentiating the level and contingency of exercisers’ self-esteem. The findings may also have substantive value for exercise practitioners in understanding different reasons for exercise.
The problematic use of Instagram in the form of addiction has gained increasing credibility and attention in recent years, leading to the development of several psychometric instruments to assess the behavior. One recently developed tool is the 15-item Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS-15). The IAS-15 comprises two subscales assessing social effect and compulsion. In the present study, the IAS-15 was translated into Italian, and its reliability and validity were tested among 398 Italians (101 males, 297 females) aged 18 to 78 years (mean age M=37 years; SD=11). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor solution. Furthermore, the scale showed good internal consistency. Additionally, Instagram addiction was positively associated with social phobia, depression, anxiety, stress, social media addiction, smartphone addiction, and internet use disorder while being negatively associated with age, perceived quality of life, and quality of sleep. Based on the findings, the IAS-15 is a valid and reliable psychometric instrument to assess Instagram addiction among Italian adults.
Personality traits are important factors in determining online behaviors. Especially personality traits are linked with users’ behavior on Facebook. Despite the substantial quantity of studies conducted on the relationship between personality factors and Facebook addiction, researchers have yet to reach an agreement. This study sought to examine the relationship between personality traits and Facebook addiction. In this meta-analysis study, agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness were negatively related to Facebook addiction. Loneliness, narcissism, impulsivity and shyness were significantly correlated with Facebook addiction. Meta analysis also found that geographical location, personality scales, Facebook addiction scales, publication status moderated the link between personality variables and Facebook addiction. The limitations and future directions are discussed.
Although social networking sites (SNS) may have some positive aspects, for example, connecting family members and friends who no longer live close enough to each other to meet in person, or for connecting people with similar health conditions who may need the support of others who understand and can manage the condition, or for groups of people with similar interests to engage and plan events and activities, there are also some possible negative aspects of engaging with SNS, for example, addiction or addictive behaviour, child pornography, cyberbullying, fake news, fear of missing out (FOMO), social comparisons, stalking, amongst many others, which can all lead to neglect of other duties, sleep deprivation, loneliness, isolation, depression, and so forth. The possible negative effects of engaging with SNS on the surface web will perhaps be also relevant to users of the deep and dark web. This article explores the dark side of social networking sites.
Although social networking sites (SNS) may have some positive aspects, for example, connecting family members and friends who no longer live close enough to each other to meet in person, or for connecting people with similar health conditions who may need the support of others who understand and can manage the condition, or for groups of people with similar interests to engage and plan events and activities, there are also some possible negative aspects of engaging with SNS, for example, addiction or addictive behaviour, child pornography, cyberbullying, fake news, fear of missing out (FOMO), social comparisons, stalking, amongst many others, which can all lead to neglect of other duties, sleep deprivation, loneliness, isolation, depression, and so forth. The possible negative effects of engaging with SNS on the surface web will perhaps be also relevant to users of the deep and dark web. This article explores the dark side of social networking sites.
This meta‐analysis examines the relations between social media addiction and Big Five traits, together with moderating effects on the associations. Sixty‐three studies comprising 74 samples (N = 32,032) were identified. The correlations between social media addiction and neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness are r¯ = .17, .03, −.03, −.07 and −.15, respectively. The findings indicate that neuroticism is a risk factor for social media addiction, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness are protective factors. The moderating effects of the country studied and measures of Big Five traits and social media addiction are mixed, whereas those for mean age and gender composition of the sample are not significant.
Teachers’ conditional positive and negative regard are widely endorsed teaching practices aimed to enhance students’ involvement and achievement in school. Previous research has mostly tapped the need frustration and harmful psychological well-being implications of these practices. Yet knowledge of their specific effects on school engagement is scant. This study investigated the association between students’ perceptions of homeroom teachers’ conditional positive and negative regard and their behavioral engagement, while considering the levels at which these practices are conceptualized and operate (a teacher characteristic and a student characteristic). Participants were n = 2533 students from 107 classes in the 7th to 10th grades. Multilevel analysis found conditional positive regard was positively associated with school engagement while conditional negative regard was inversely related. These findings were obtained at both the within- and between-class levels. Based on the findings, we argue conditional regard is a double-edged sword. Consistent with previous research, we suggest conditional negative regard has an undermining effect, and we point to conditional positive regard’s potential to enhance engagement. Lastly, we discuss the importance of the level of analysis and the alignment of theory with measurement.
Background
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals experience minority stress, especially when they lack social support. SGM young adults may turn to social media in search of a supportive community; however, social media use can become problematic when it interferes with functioning. Problematic social media use may be associated with experiences of minority stress among SGM young adults.
Objective
The objective of this study is to examine the associations among social media use, SGM-related internalized stigma, emotional social support, and depressive symptoms in SGM young adults.
Methods
Participants were SGM young adults who were regular (≥4 days per week) social media users (N=302) and had enrolled in Facebook smoking cessation interventions. As part of a baseline assessment, participants self-reported problematic social media use (characterized by salience, tolerance, and withdrawal-like experiences; adapted from the Facebook Addiction Scale), hours of social media use per week, internalized SGM stigma, perceived emotional social support, and depressive symptoms. Pearson correlations tested bivariate associations among problematic social media use, hours of social media use, internalized SGM stigma, perceived emotional social support, and depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression examined the associations between the aforementioned variables and problematic social media use and was adjusted for gender identity.
Results
A total of 302 SGM young adults were included in the analyses (assigned female at birth: 218/302, 72.2%; non-Hispanic White: 188/302, 62.3%; age: mean 21.9 years, SD 2.2 years). The sexual identity composition of the sample was 59.3% (179/302) bisexual and/or pansexual, 17.2% (52/302) gay, 16.9% (51/302) lesbian, and 6.6% (20/302) other. The gender identity composition of the sample was 61.3% (185/302) cisgender; 24.2% (73/302) genderqueer, fluid, nonbinary, or other; and 14.6% (44/302) transgender. Problematic social media use averaged 2.53 (SD 0.94) on a 5-point scale, with a median of 17 hours of social media use per week (approximately 2.5 h per day). Participants with greater problematic social media use had greater internalized SGM stigma (r=0.22; P<.001) and depressive symptoms (r=0.22; P<.001) and lower perceived emotional social support (r=−0.15; P=.007). Greater internalized SGM stigma remained was significantly associated with greater problematic social media use after accounting for the time spent on social media and other correlates (P<.001). In addition, participants with greater depressive symptoms had marginally greater problematic social media use (P=.05). In sum, signs of problematic social media use were more likely to occur among SGM young adults who had internalized SGM stigma and depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
Taken together, problematic social media use among SGM young adults was associated with negative psychological experiences, including internalized stigma, low social support, and depressive symptoms. SGM young adults experiencing minority stress may be at risk for problematic social media use.
The goal of the study was to understand the mechanisms of how social networking sites (SNS) usage is related to depression symptoms, as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD). Three studies were conducted to examine the mediation roles of self-esteem and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). In Study 1, among 347 Chinese college students, time spent on SNS was negatively associated with self-esteem; while self-esteem then negatively associated with depression symptoms. In Study 2, among 180 Chinese college students, time spent on SNS was positively related to FoMO; while FoMO then positively related to depression symptoms. In Study 3, among 233 Chinese university students, both self-esteem and FoMO were simultaneously included in the mediation model to test their respective roles in explaining depression symptoms. Results showed that more time spent on SNS was related to lower self-esteem, and higher FoMO, respectively; while self-esteem then negatively, and FoMO then positively, explained depression symptoms, respectively. In addition, when participants spent 3.5 h (Study 1), 2.5 h (Study 2), and 2.54 h (Study 3) on SNS, they reached the cutoff for subthreshold depression, as measured by CESD. Combining results from three studies, both self-esteem and FoMO mediated the relation between SNS usage and depression symptoms. This study provides implications to understand the mechanism of SNS-related depression.
To have a child is among individuals' most important and meaningful decisions, with far-reaching implications. Despite evidence linking this decision to a wide variety of consequences, little is known about what motivates people to have children, and even less so about the long-term effects of different childbearing motivations on parenting and child adjustment. This study took a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective, examining how prenatal maternal autonomous and controlled childbearing motivations are related to child behavior problems through parenting styles. The rationale was that prenatal autonomous (sense of volition and self-fulfillment) and controlled (feeling pressured) childbearing motivations would shape later parental styles (autonomy-supportive vs. controlling, respectively) and, consequently, child adjustment. Over a period of 2 years beginning at pregnancy, 326 Israeli mothers reported their prenatal childbearing motivations, as well as parental styles and child behavior problems 20 months postpartum. Results of a path analysis revealed that prenatal autonomous childbearing motivation predicted autonomy-supportive parenting, yet the latter was not associated with children's behavior problems. Prenatal controlled motivation predicted controlling parenting, which, in turn, predicted children's internalizing and externalizing problems. No direct effects of childbearing motivation on children's behavior problems are observed, suggesting that childbearing motivation is a distal antecedent operating through more proximal factors such as parenting style. Findings were robust to children's temperamental tendencies and sociodemographic risk factors such as maternal age, high-risk pregnancy, and preterm birth. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for the discourse on motivations underlying the childbearing decision and their effects on parenting and child adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Purpose
The focus of this study lies in understanding the extrinsic vs intrinsic motivators which drive the m-coupon sharing behaviour in social networking sites (SNSs). A consumer can make promotional tool (in our case m-coupons) viral if the cues trigger an apt motivation. This study fills the need gap by identifying which motivations must be focused to make a promotional tool viral by the consumer especially in an emerging economy like India.
Design/methodology/approach
We designed conceptual framework based on extensive literature review and employed hierarchal regression methodology to investigate the motivation to share m-coupon.
Findings
Sense of self-worth, Socializing and Reciprocity emerge as strong reasons for a consumer to share m-coupons amongst friends and peers in SNS. Results have shown that intrinsic motivation works very effectively when a consumer shares m-coupons in SNSs.
Research limitations/implications
This study has certain limitations. First, the impact of age, gender and education can also influence the results as perception evolves with age and education. Second, in our study, we have not classified m-coupons in different categories. Different types of m-coupons may have a different impact on consumers.
Practical implications
The paper presents findings, which are useful for marketers to develop a customer-centric viral promotional strategy.
Originality/value
This study is one of the few studies in integrating types of motivation with coupon proneness and coupon sharing in social media. This study has specifically targeted the emerging economy where m-coupons usage has seen a surge. Study has shown that it is the intrinsic motivation which is very crucial for encouraging consumer for participating in SNSs and share e-word of mouth amongst friends and peers.
Background
Although previous meta-analyses were conducted to quantitatively synthesize the relation between problematic social media (SM) use and mental health, they focused on Facebook addiction.
Aims
The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine this relation by extending the research scope via the inclusion of studies examining problematic use of all platforms.
Method
One hundred and thirty-three independent samples (N =244,676) were identified.
Results
As expected, the mean correlations between problematic SM use and well-being are negative, while those between problematic SM use and distress are positive. Life satisfaction and self-esteem are commonly used to represent well-being, while depression and loneliness are usually used to indicate distress. The mean correlations of problematic SM use with life satisfaction and self-esteem are small, whereas those of problematic SM use with depression and loneliness are moderate. The moderating effects of publication status, instruments, platforms and mean age are not significant.
Conclusions
The magnitude of the correlations between problematic SM use and mental health indicators can generalize across most moderator conditions.
Esta investigación cuantitativa tiene como objetivo analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre el uso de Facebook y Twitter en el contexto educativo por medio de la ciencia de datos y el aprendizaje automático. Los participantes son 89 estudiantes de una universidad localizada en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados del aprendizaje automático con 50%, 60% y 70% de entrenamiento (regresión lineal) indican que la interfaz web de Facebook y Twitter favorecen la comunicación, difusión de los contenidos y enseñanza durante el proceso educativo. Asimismo, la ciencia de datos permite la construcción de 6 modelos predictivos sobre el uso de las redes sociales Facebook y Twitter en el contexto educativo por medio de la técnica árbol de decisión. Por último, las redes sociales como Facebook y Twitter permiten transformar el contexto educativo, innovar las actividades escolares, crear nuevos espacios virtuales educativos y mejorar las condiciones de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el Siglo XXI.
Penelitian ini bertujuan pada produk kecantikan yang peduli dengan isu “be cruelty-free” yang berarti perusahaan tersebut tidak mengujikan produknya pada hewan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan instrumen wawancara. Responden wawancara dipilih secara purposive sampling dengan syarat bahwa responden berumur 17-35 tahun, pengguna Instagram, dan sudah menggunakan produk kecantikan selama kurang lebih 1 tahun. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Instagram menjadi media sosial yang diakses hampir setiap hari, baik untuk mencari hiburan, sekedar mengisi waktu, maupun mencari informasi. Terdapat kemungkinan isu “be cruelty free” diketahui melalui Instagram. Isu “be cruelty free” dapat dikemas secara kreatif menjadi informasi yang menarik perhatian, mudah diakses, dan menjadi topik diskusi di Instagram. Selanjutnya, “be cruelty free” memberikan kesan positif yang menunjukkan kepedulian perusahaan pada kesejahteraan hewan dan dampaknya pada keseimbangan lingkungan dalam jangka panjang. Isu ini bukanlah faktor yang berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap manfaat individu, sehingga tidak memberikan pengaruh yang dominan pada keputusan pembelian. Terlebih lagi, konsumen mungkin tidak akan melakukan pembelian ulang, jika harganya mahal. Kontribusi penelitian ini berupa rekomendasi kebijakan kepada perusahaan agar lebih memperhatikan lagi kesejahteraan kepada hewan dengan tidak menguji coba produk kepada hewan.