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The impact of a boxing training program on physical fitness and technical performance effectiveness

Authors:
  • Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

Abstract and Figures

The aim of the recent study was to investigate the impact of boxing training intervention on general and specific physical fitness variables, as well as technical performance effectiveness (TPE) components. Thirty two male participants (aged = 22.84 ± 2.6 years) were recruited into a boxing (n=17) or control (n=15) groups. For eight weeks, both groups were carried out 3 workouts per week, comprising of sum 24 workouts of 120-min each (≈48 hours). General physical fitness variables (e.g. 30-min sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-ups , standing broad jump, sit and reach test), specific physical fitness variables (e.g. lead hand punch 30s, rear hand punch 30s, total punches 30s, total punches in 1-min) and TPE components (e.g. defensive skills effectiveness, offensive skills effectiveness, and total TPE) were investigated before and after post the training interventions. After eight weeks, significant differences were noted (P< 0.05) among the boxing and control groups within the post measurements, to the preferability of the boxing group. Boxing intervention was more efficient to develop physical fitness and TPE variables better than traditional intervention. Boxing coaches should utilize specific physical fitness exercises next to technical and tactical drills which comprise the vital components of effectual contest.
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Journal of Physical Education and Sport
®
(JPES), 18(2), Art 137, pp. 926 - 932, 2018
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES
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Corresponding Author SAID EL-ASHKER., E-mail: dr_said24@yahoo.com
Original Article
The impact of a boxing training program on physical fitness and technical
performance effectiveness
SAID EL-ASHKER
1,2
1
Faculty of Physical Education, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
2
Self-Development
Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University,
Dammam, KSA
Published online: June 30, 2018
(Accepted for publication June 05, 2018)
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2018.02137
Abstract:
The aim of the recent study was to investigate the impact of boxing training intervention on general and specific
physical fitness variables, as well as technical performance effectiveness (TPE) components. Thirty two male
participants (aged = 22.84 ± 2.6 years) were recruited into a boxing (n=17) or control (n=15) groups. For eight
weeks, both groups were carried out 3 workouts per week, comprising of sum 24 workouts of 120 minutes each
(48 hours). General physical fitness variables (e.g. 30 m sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s
push-ups , standing broad jump, sit and reach test), specific physical fitness variables (e.g. lead hand punch 30s,
rear hand punch 30s, total punches 30s, total punches in 1m) and TPE components (e.g. defensive skills
effectiveness, offensive skills effectiveness, and total TPE) were investigated before and after post the training
interventions. After eight weeks, significant differences were noted (P< 0.05) among the boxing and control
groups within the post measurements, to the preferability of the boxing group. Boxing intervention was more
efficient to develop physical fitness and TPE variables better than traditional intervention. Boxing coaches
should utilize specific physical fitness exercises next to technical and tactical drills which comprise the vital
components of effectual contest.
Key Words:Boxing, physical fitness, defensive skills, offensive skills
Introduction
Combat sports has been reported that might occupy affirmative impact on physical fitness (Cox, 1993;
Woodward, 2009). The impact of combat sports exercise was examined in some researches on young people
(Fukuda et al., 2013; Violan, Small, Zetaruk, & Micheli, 1997) adolescents (Fong & Ng, 2012; Melhim, 2001),
older people (Brudnak, Dundero, & Van Hecke, 2002; Pons Van Dijk, Lenssen, Leffers, Kingma, & Lodder,
2013) and disordered persons (Fong, Tsang, & Ng, 2012). The majority of these researches informed that combat
sports practice included a considerable development in both physical fitness and motor competence.
Boxing is a combat sport dates back to the ancient Egypt civilizations and is likely one of the oldest martial arts
in the historiography of combating (Jordan & Herrera, 2008). Boxers wear official gloves, engaged at equal
weight category, fighting in a timed contest (3 rounds x 3 min) with one minute interval between rounds (AIBA,
2017). At each round, judges evaluate scores of both boxers in accordance with the sum of clean punches
directed the target area of the opponent with the knuckle part of the glove (Osman, 1993). Performing attacks
and defenses using from variety of movements and positions that incorporate offensive and defensive actions as
well as counter-attack movements necessitate a high extent of physical capacity (Davis, Wittekind, & Beneke,
2013; EL-Ashker, 2011).
Boxing training program comprises a variety of basic and complex skills (El Ashker, 2012), plus
sparring drills (Thomson & Lamb, 2016; Thomson & Lamb, 2017). Recent research (Jackson, Edginton-
Bigelow, Cooper, & Merriman, 2012), inspected a significant effect of utilizing a sport specific training program
on selected physical fitness component (i.e., balance) with mobility impairments. To date, no researches
investigated the effect of boxing training program on general or specific physical fitness components plus
technical performance effectiveness among adults boxers neither in Egypt nor in the Eastern Mediterranean
region. In reference to the hypothetical deliberation recommended, we hypothesized that boxing training
program would be linked positively with physical fitness and technical performance effectiveness. Consequently,
the aim of the recent study is to examine the impact of boxing training program intervention on general and
specific physical fitness components as well as technical performance effectiveness.
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Materials and methods
Subjects
Thirty two male participants from Dakahlia (Egyptian province lying northeast of Cairo) sports clubs
who participated three times at least in national boxing contests, were recruited to contribute in the current study.
Participants were randomly apportioned to boxing (n=17) or control (n=15) groups. Of the preliminary
commencing cohort (see Figure 1), participants accomplished all study procedures. The boxing group
characteristics were (age: 22.6 ± 1.7 years, body weight: 75.3 ± 8.2 Kg, stature: 174.7 ± 9.4 cm, body mass
index: 20.4 ± 3.8 kg/m
2
) whereas the control group characteristics were (age: 23.1 ± 2.1 years, body weight: 77.2
± 9.1 Kg, stature: 173.9 ± 10.2 cm, body mass index: 21.2 ± 2.6 kg/m
2
). Eligibility criteria predetermined that
participants were involved at least in 2 to 3 training workouts per week, non-smokers, and were qualified to
participate in the interventions according to the study plan, based on a written medical questionnaires completed
earlier to the study.
Exclusion criteria were as follows: present or past severe illness, recent physical injury, performing
other boxing training workouts per week, attend ˂ 90% training adherence, or absence from post-test. All
participants were knowledgeable about the study objectives, risks and benefits, that contribution was voluntary,
as well as they possibly retreat from the study. Local institutional review board reviewed and approved the study.
Figure 1. Participant recruitment and contribution in the training interventions.
Procedures
All Participants were examined at baseline (pre the training programs interventions) and after eight
weeks (post the training program interventions). All were familiar with measurements procedures two weeks
prior to the beginning of the measurements. All measurements were executed at the similar time of day to
decrease the impact of diurnal differences on performance (Rae, Stephenson, & Roden, 2015). Participants were
informed not to receive any medications, caffeine, or implement any vigorous activity in the 24 hours prior to
assessing measurements. Six qualified research assistants and three neutral boxing referees examined
participants’ physical fitness and technical performance effectiveness variables.
Training program interventions
Both training program interventions were carried out 3 times per week lasting for 8 weeks, comprising
of sum 24 workouts of 120 minutes each (48 hours). Within training workouts, participants informed to keep
the daily dietary as consistent as possible. Training programme’ intensity was considered using Karvonen’s
method [Target Pulse Rate = [(utmost pulse rate resting pulse rate) × %Intensity) + resting pulse rate] (Diaz-
Buschmann, Jaureguizar, Calero, & Aquino, 2014) ; whereas utmost pulse rate was estimated as deduct
participant’s age from 220.
Boxing training program intervention
Boxing intervention program were divided into three progressive stages; 1
st
stage was intended to
general physical fitness development in addition to affirm building up essential and basic technical skills; 2
nd
stage planned to expand specific physical fitness variables as well as improve complex technical skills together
with contest practice; 3
rd
stage was projected to regulate and correct technical performance, practice competition
plus highlighting tactical guidance. Workouts consist of boxing specific activities [i.e., core strengthening
exercises - shadow boxing - simulate quick, counter with a snap back and twist include - skipping rope-
medicine ball rotational throws speed footwork - cardio boxing –boxing bags working with dancing ball
speed ball – combating with one hand or two handed – combating with tall, short, right, or opponent left handed
opponent- boxing combinations –conditioned boxing – and free boxing].
Control training program intervention
Control group executed only general physical exercises activities consisted of a number of recreational
and physical fitness practice near to school’s classes, intended to be more comprehensive and active. The
workouts involved of general sport and physical activities [i.e., basketball volleyball football – handball -
table tennis – athletics - core conditioning – running - basic motor skills - perform offensive or defensive skills
individually – closed boxing ‘both boxers are familiar with what is going to happen’].
Test procedures
10×5 m shuttle run test
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This test was utilized to measure speed and agility. Participants were instructed to sprint as quick as possible
between two markers 5 m apart 10 times (Council of Europe, 1988).
Sit and reach test
Each participant was seated on the floor with legs stretched out straight ahead with knees locked, pressed flat to
the floor, and fully extended. Participants were instructed to touches forward along the scale line as far as
possible, whereas palms lining downwards, and hands side by side. Score is considered to the nearby centimeter
as the length attained by the hand (Council of Europe, 1988).
30 m sprint test
Subsequently a 10-min standardized warm-up with lower body stretching routine, from a standing start
positionon a football field, participants instructed to accomplish two 30-m sprints with 60 s recovery
intervalsbetween sprints. Best sprint time was considered for data analysis (Chu, 1996).
10 s Push-Up Test
The participants informed to push up off the floor as quick as possible and straighten their arms without bending
the elbow joints, while maintaining back and legs straight. During the test, the back must be sustained continuing
in the equivalent line without any deviating between head and toes. Then, participants should lowers the body by
the arms till elbows angles reach 90° with upper arms are paralleled to the floor. Test movement is repeated as
quick as possible (Hassanein, 1987).
Sit-ups in 30seconds
Starting from sitting on aflat ground with the knees is bent ≈90° of flexion,alongwithkeeping the feet areheld
down by a research assistant and located≈10cm apart on the ground.Handswere fastened behind the neck region.
After hearing the beep sound, participant raise the chest with the upper body is upright, subsequently go back to
the ground and return this movement as quick as possible(Council of Europe, 1988; Ryman Augustsson et al.,
2009).
Standing broad jump
The participant stood with feet somewhat apart behind a marked line, with swinging the arms along with bending
knees to supply forward drive then take-off strongly to jump forward and landing on both feet. Measurement is
considered from take-off point to the closest point of touch on the ground when landing (back of the heels). Test
was performed 2 times, and the highest record was accredited (Castro-Piñero et al., 2009; Council of Europe,
1988).
Technical performance effectiveness (TPE)
All subjects were video analyzed trough 3 x 3 min duration boxing match. Three authentic neutral boxing judges,
who weren’t aware of the study objectives, evaluateand referee the defensive, offensive, and total TPE based on
Khedr’s (1996) method as below.
DefensiveSkillsEffectiveness(n/N)
Participants defensive performance was evaluate by dividing the sum of correct accomplished participant'
defense (n) whether performed by hand, foot, or trunk’ by the total number of attacks demonstrated by the
opponent in attacking boxing tactics (N) throughout the contest (Khedr, 1996).
Offensive Skills Effectiveness(n1/N1)
Evaluating the offensive performance was derived from dividing the sum of successfulattacking skills (n1) by
the wholeattack endeavor (N1) performed through the contest (Khedr, 1996).
Total Technical Performance Effectiveness (TPE)=(n/N+n1/N1)/m
Having both offensive and defensive skills effectiveness amounts, easily we can get the total TPE (M) by adding
the amount of both defensive and offensive skills and dividing by the amount of playedrounds (m) (Khedr,
1996).
Data Analysis
The statistical analysis was processed utilizing the SPSS application package V 16.0 (SPSS Inc,
Chicago, IL, USA). The means and standard deviations were computed for all the parameters. Consequently,
paired t-tests were utilized to evaluate the differentiations between the two sets of observations (pre and post)
within groups. Student's t-test were utilized to conclude statistical differences between groups. P value was set at
5% for all statistical analyses.
Results
For control group measurements (pre and post tests) weren’t equivalent following to 8 weeks. Results
presented significant enhancements for post tests within tested components. Table 1 shows the positive
significant differentiation in the post tests than pre tests. There were relative improvement ratios for the general
physical fitness variables (e.g. 30 m sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-ups , and standing
broad jump), post tests were significantly (p < 0.05) higher comparable to pre tests, ranged 4.94%, 2.34%,
13.04%, 6.64%, and 7.33% correspondingly. Surprisingly we found a negative changes in sit and reach test,
which decreased to -10.72%. With regard to specific physical fitness variables in post tests, (e.g. lead hand
punch 30s, rear hand punch 30s, total punches 30s, total punches in 1m) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than
pre tests by 8.13%, 6.56%, 4.27%, and 5.85% respectively. TPE variables, (e.g. defensive skills effectiveness,
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offensive skills effectiveness, and total TPE) were significantly (p < 0.05) advanced relative improvements in
post tests comparable to pre tests by 4.17%, 30.00%, and 18.60% respectively.
Table 1. General and specific physical fitness, and TPE of control group after 8 weeks.
Parameter Pre: Mean(s) Post: Mean(s) Change (95% CL) P-value
General physical fitness
30 m sprint test (s) 4.67±0.16 4.45±0.26 -0.22 (-0.38 / -0.06) <0.01
5×10m shuttle run test (s) 11.80±0.41 11.53±0.41 -0.27 (-0.37 / -0.17) <0.00
30 s sit ups (reps) 33.07±3.90 36.73±2.58 3.66 (2.37 / 4.97) <0.00
10 s push-ups (reps) 17.07±1.71 18.07±2.09 1.01 (0.16 / 1.84) <0.02
Standing broad jump (cm) 229.00±7.32 244.33±8.63 15.33 (12.05 / 18.62) <0.00
Sit and reach test (cm) 15.76±1.59 14.07±1.62 1.09 (-1.01 / -0.19) <0.00
Specific physical fitness
Lead hand punch 30s (reps) 61.09±4.13 65.65±4.19 4.56 (2.31/ 3.22) <0.00
Rear hand punch 30s (reps) 57.86±3.48 61.33±3.44 3.47 (1.90/ 2.64) <0.00
Total punches 30s (reps) 102.53±4.55 105.33±4.65 2.8 (3.08/ 4.15) <0.00
Total punches in 1m (reps) 127.11±5.44 132.67±5.69 5.56 (4.77/ 3.55) <0.00
TPE components
Defensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.24±0.05 0.25±0.03 0.01 (0.03 / 0.09) <0.00
Offensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.20±0.05 0.26±0.03 0.06 (0.04/ 0.06) <0.00
Total TPE (%) 0.43±0.09 0.51±0.06 0.08 (0.05 / 0.07) <0.00
TPE: technical performance effectiveness. Change; post mean minus pre mean. ns: not significant.
Boxing group measurements (pre and post tests) weren’t equal subsequent to 8 weeks of boxing training
program intervention. Post tests presented significant enhancements within all variables. Table 2 signifies the
significant differences, with more constructive values in the post test. Regarding relative improvements between
pre and post tests, there were improvement ratio for the general physical fitness variables (e.g. 30 m sprint test,
5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-ups , standing broad jump, sit and reach test) were significantly (p
< 0.05) advanced in post tests than pre tests by 9.47%, 5.82%, 26.09%, 19.13%, 12.62%, and 29.00%
correspondingly. As well as specific physical fitness variables in post tests, (e.g. lead hand punch 30s, rear hand
punch 30s, total punches 30s, total punches in 1m) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than pre tests by 19.39%,
15.27%, 14.64% and 24.40% respectively. Furthermore, TPE variables, (e.g. defensive skills effectiveness,
offensive skills effectiveness, and total TPE) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative improvements in post
tests than pre test by 39.13%, 73.68%, and 54.76% respectively.
Table 2. General and specific physical fitness, and TPE of boxing group after 8 weeks.
Parameter Pre: Mean(s) post: Mean(s) Change (95% CL) P-value
General physical fitness
30 m sprint test (s) 4.74 ± 0.16 4.33 ±0.26 -0.40 (0.15 / 0.20) <0.0001
5×10m shuttle run test (s) 11.64±0.46 11.00±0.45 -0.64 -0.73/ -0.57) <0.0001
30 s sit ups (reps) 32.6±2.16 39.8±1.82 7.2 (6.11 / 8.29) <0.0001
10 s push-ups (reps) 17.01±1.77 19.87±1.60 2.87 (2.28 / 3.45) <0.0001
Standing broad jump (cm) 228.67±6.11 255.00±5.67 26.33 (22.49 / 30.17) <0.0001
Sit and reach test (cm) 13.00±1.70 16.77±1.19 3.77 (2.94 / 4.60) <0.0001
Specific physical fitness
Lead hand punch 30s (reps) 59.93±3.63 70.58±2.17 10.65 (9.62 / 11.67) <0.0001
Rear hand punch 30s (reps) 57.60±3.58 65.63±3.73 8.03 (7.47 / 8.59) <0.0001
Total punches 30s (reps) 101.2±3.41 110.6±3.87 9.4 (8.36 / 10.44) <0.0001
Total punches in 1m (reps) 125.73±3.03 148.6±5.45 22.87 (20.94 / 24.79) <0.0001
TPE components
Defensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.23±0.05 0.32±0.08 0.09 (0.06 / 0.13) <0.0001
Offensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.19±0.05 0.33±0.08 0.14 (-0.53 / -0.38) <0.0001
Total TPE (%) 0.42±0.09 0.65±0.14 0.23 (0.09 / 0.12) <0.0001
TPE: technical performance effectiveness. Change; post mean minus pre mean.
Both control and boxing groups weren't equal subsequent to 8 weeks (post finishing their relevant
training program interventions). Boxing group players presented significant enhancements through all variables
than controls. Table 3 represents the significant enhancements, with more positive values in the boxing group.
With reference to relative improvements between the two groups, we found that improvement ratiofor the
general physical fitness variables (e.g. 30 m sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-ups ,
standing broad jump, sit and reach test) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in boxing groups than controls
ranged 2.77%, 1.09% , 0.34%, 11.20%, 4.76%, and 19.19% respectively. In addition to specific physical fitness
variables in boxing groups, (e.g. lead hand punch 30s, rear hand punch 30s, total punches 30s, total punches in
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1m) weresignificantly (p < 0.05) elevated than controls by 8.13%, 7.63%, 7.71%, and 15.82% respectively.
Moreover, in connection with TPE variables, (e.g. defensive skills effectiveness, offensive skills effectiveness,
and total TPE) there were significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative improvements in boxing groups than controls
by 28.00%, 26.92%, and 27.45% respectively.
Table 3. General and specific physical fitness, and TPE of control and boxing groups after 8 weeks.
Parameter Control: Mean(s) Boxing: Mean(s) Change (95% CL) P-value
General physical fitness
30 m sprint test (s) 4.45±0.26 4.33 ±0.26 -0.12 (0.17/ 0.24) < 0.003
5×10m shuttle run test (s) 11.53±0.41 11.00±0.45 -0.53 (-0.86 / -0.21) < 0.002
30 s sit ups (reps) 36.73±2.58 39.8±1.82 3.07 (1.40 / 4.74) < 0.001
10 s push-ups (reps) 18.07±2.09 19.87±1.60 1.80 (0.41 / 3.19) < 0.013
Standing broad jump (cm) 244.33±8.63 255.00±5.67 10.67 (5.20 / 16.13) < 0.001
Sit and reach test (cm) 14.07±1.62 16.77±1.19 2.70 (1.64 / 3.77) < 0.001
Specific physical fitness
Lead hand punch 30s (reps) 65.65±4.19 70.58±2.17 4.93 (2.43 / 7.42) < 0.001
Rear hand punch 30s (reps) 61.33±3.44 65.63±3.73 4.30 (1.61 / 6.98) < 0.003
Total punches 30s (reps) 105.33±4.65 110.6±3.87 5.27 (2.07 / 8.47) < 0.002
Total punches in 1m (reps) 132.67±5.69 148.6±5.45 15.93 (11.77 / 20.10) < 0.000
TPE components
Defensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.25±0.03 0.32±0.08 0.07 (0.02 / 0.11) < 0.004
Offensive skills effectiveness (%) 0.26±0.03 0.33±0.08 0.07 (0.02 / 0.12) < 0.007
Total TPE (%) 0.51±0.06 0.65±0.14 0.13 (0.05 / 0.22) < 0.003
TPE: technical performance effectiveness. Change; boxing mean minus control mean.
Discussion
The results of the recent study verified that boxing training program intervention significantly included
developments in general physical fitness (i.e., 30 m sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test, 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-
ups, standing broad jump, and sit and reach test), specific physical fitness (i.e., lead hand punch in 30 seconds,
rear hand punch in 30 seconds, total punches in 30 seconds, and total punches in 1 minute) as well as
improvements in TPE (defensive skills effectiveness, offensive skills effectiveness, total TPE) when comparing
to pre-tests and controls values. A small number of studies examined physical fitness variables and TPE
components following to boxing training intervention in male boxers whether in Egypt or in the Middle East
region. It was hard to find study inspected the impact of boxing activities by its training characteristics on
physical fitness. The entanglement is that we encountered scarcely references with which we use in comparing
the recent results.
For the general physical fitness (e.g. 30 m sprint test, 5×10m shuttle run test), attained significant
enhancement might be attributed to specific actions in boxing which comprises frequent quick paces and
movements that are distinguished by ability to move quickly (Arseneau, Mekary, & Leger, 2011). Boxing has
particular training programs that comprises intensive and attentive drills which are perfect way to develop speed
(Oliver, 2007). Moreover, we can declare that boxing drills may assist in developing physical fitness, also it can
be utilized in determining athletic form in boxing. Then, using boxing equipment (e.g. boxing bag, double-end
bag, or speed ball) is physically challenging, furthermore it does advanceand achieve the components of physical
fitness.
In the same way, muscular strength (i.e., 30 s sit ups, 10 s push-ups, and standing broad jump) increased
significantly following the training program. Most likely, adjusts in muscular strength might be clarified by the
reality that boxing training program variables (i.e., volume, intensity and density) mightlead toaffect the nervous
system positively (Patten, Kamen, & Rowland, 2001). Additionally, all body muscles in the performed tests
(upper, trunk, lower body regions) were been developed significantly, and we can illustrate that by the cause of
specificity of boxing training programs, which boxers depend on utilizing all body muscles in punching
techniques and foot works (EL-Ashker, 2011).
The increasing in flexibility (sit and reach test ) subsequent to the boxing training program might be a
consequence of the boxing workouts. To achieve a desired technical and tactical characteristic in boxing, trainers
should stress on enhancing physical fitness components. As boxing drills can be anexcellent way to acquire
victory, it requires flexible muscles (Ouergui et al., 2014). Therefore, boxing workouts might supply procedures
for avoiding injuries by boosting the flexibility of whole body muscles especially the active muscles.
Boxing training program was adequate to persuade growth in specific physical fitness components (i.e., lead
hand punch in 30 seconds: rear hand punch in 30 seconds: total punches in 30 seconds: and total punches in 1
minute). The boxing group’s training included specific combat skills that necessitate particular physical fitness
variables with the intention of enhancing boxers’ technical and tactical performance (EL-Ashker, 2011).This is
compatible with different studies (Liukkonen, 2007; Zhongfan, Kimihiro, & Tooru, 2002), as drills employ
conditional games prepare to imitate different situational features of the real game (e.g. free boxing training)
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which are executed in a way that cannot be predicted, where skills are repeatedly altered (e.g. from defense to
attack, and vice versa, from attack to defense), direct to excellent performance. Additional, such boxing training
also improve specific physical fitness components (EL-Ashker, 2011). Additionally, trainer and teammate drills
in boxing is very important to stand great specific conditioning previous to a real opponent (Hatmaker &
Werner, 2004).
Concerning to the constructive involvement of boxing training with TPE components (e.g. defensive
skills effectiveness, offensive skills effectiveness, total TPE), may happened by the distinguished of its numerous
components which are necessary for effectual boxing performance on the ring (e.g. concentration, tempo, timing,
muscular strength, and accuracy) possible linked with the development of TPE.
Repeated established boxing training drills help boxers in selecting the appropriate defensive and offensive
techniques quicker than players who were involving in traditional training programs (El Ashker, 2012).
Consequently, our results are in agreement with previous suggestions (Hlustík, Solodkin, Noll, & Small, 2004;
Krings et al., 2000) that executing technical skills that are >1 degree of freedom, plus possess integration of
sequenced skills (e.g. offensive, defensive, and counterattacks) against opponent attempts, could advance the
organizational tasks of the nerve centersthat control motive competences (Wulf & Shea, 2002) which make the
motor tasks execute in good status. Chronological coordination is a key factor of boxing training requirements of
different actions, and this may lead to improve a player’s performance (Wulf, McNevin, & Shea, 2001)
Conclusion
Boxing necessitates general and specific physical fitness, quick adequate skills, in order to carry
outfighting and maneuvering during the contest rounds. Since the strength of the punches begins from the
angular actions of the foot, leg, hips, and trunk, physical fitness and conditioning are necessaries of boxing
workouts. Boxing trainers should utilize specific physical fitness exercises beside to technical and tactical drills
which include the vital components of effectual contest. Away of boxing as a self defense sport, results propose
that boxing training program appear to be an excellent method which be able to develop physical fitness.
Accordingly, fitness trainers possibly will reflect on suggesting boxing drills to their customers as an
advantageous type of practice to encourage physical fitness as well as rising the flexibility of body muscles
which assist in avoiding injuries.
Acknowledgments
We would like to appreciate the boxers who participated in the interventions. We also thank El
Mansoura sporting club’ coaches and the researchers of athletic department, Faculty of Sports and Physical
Education, Mansoura University for their assistance.
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... According to the specialists, the most important task in sports training is the training of rational performance of physical exercise or complex of motor activities for efficiency and increase of the final outcome [2][3][4][5][6], which is a TTS. According to the definition of the leading specialists in the field of sports in general and boxing, in particular, the technical and tactical training of an athlete plays a major role in the formation of his sports skills and in achievements of high sports results [7][8][9][10]. ...
... Before the responsible starts are in "Fighting Readiness" [27]. Thus, according to the authors of the article, for such individuals, as No 2,No 4,No 7,No 8,No 9 it is expedient to constantly expand the arsenal of technical techniques in one training session but with a direction to the preliminary task in order to improve the parts of technology, strive to imping the initiative. Perhaps in some cases related to the time limit when conducting a fight, in order to reduce the preparatory action, it is advisable to create a certain algorithm for attack, in which the main blow is due after a trained coach of a certain number of preparatory actions or by its signal. ...
... Thus, based on the temperament of athletes, the options for working out technical and tactical exercises for "self-frame" and "self-conviction" for athletes (phlegmatic) No 1, No 3, No 5, No 6, No 10 should be used. Particularly at the stage of improvement for the athletes (sanguine persons) No 2,No 4,No 7,No 8,No 9 it is advisable to use the motives of debt to the team, coach. At the stage of the idea of the formation of motor skills, all athletes involved in the experiment will not require a different methodological approach. ...
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Background This article delves into the intricate typological characteristics of the nervous system and temperament, exploring their profound impact on accelerating the training and enhancement of technical and tactical skills in adolescent female boxers aged 12-15 years. Situated at the crucial stage of basic training, this study illuminates how individual neurotypological traits can significantly influence the efficacy and pace of skill acquisition in young athletes. Purpose To identify individual typological features of girls aged 12-15 years in the process of boxing education at the stage of basic preparation. Material and Methods The study was attended by skilled athletes (participants, prizes, championships of regional and international tournaments, Ukrainian championships in their age groups). Boxers, which are trained using basic preparation of Children's and Youth Sports School № 1 of Melitopol. To solve the tasks, the following methods of research have been used: theoretical analysis of special and scientific literature, materials of the Internet, summarizing data, mathematical statistics. Results It has been found out that all participants of the study are the same type of nervous system that corresponds to a weak type. The results revealed varied correlations across participants, ranging from strong positive correlations to negative or negligible ones. This suggests differing levels of bilateral coordination among the athletes. Notably, two participants (P2 and P9) displayed statistically significant differences in performance between their hands. When considering the group as a whole, the overall paired t-test did not indicate a statistically significant difference in performance between the right and left hands (T-Stat = 1.6885, P-Value = 0.0945). The overall correlation across all participants was found to be relatively low (0.0889), suggesting only a slight positive linear relationship between the movements of both hands. Conclusions The technical and tactical skills, a totality of estimates of typological features of athletes, which can be divided into several blocks is appropriate to increase more informative tests for the accuracy of identifying individual typological features of athletes. These findings underscore the importance of individualized training programs in boxing, particularly for those exhibiting significant differences in hand performance or less coordinated bilateral movements. The study contributes to the understanding of physical asymmetries and coordination in young female athletes, providing a foundation for tailored training approaches to enhance their boxing skills.
... Punching is an explosive action performed by the upper limbs (Chaabène et al., 2015), with variations in execution techniques such as the jab, direct punch, cross, hook, and spinning punch (Ambroży et al., 2020). In addition to technical mastery, the effectiveness of a punch depends on the strength, power, speed, flexibility and resistance of the athlete's upper limbs (El-Ashker, 2018). Therefore, research which explores the intra-test reliability of the countermovement push-up (CMPU) is essential, as it is a crucial measure of upper limb power in semi-professional kickboxers, where muscle strength and power are key performance factors. ...
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... In that research study, the researchers focused on many general activities aimed at improving general fitness performance, such as 30-meter sprints and 5*10 shuttle sprints; as well as specialized activities aimed at strengthening their muscles, such as push-ups, long jump, or situps. These two types of activities also contribute to the improvement of athletes' techniques, movement, and punching skills (31). ...
... For Egyptian boxers (22.6 years old), the effects of specific training applied 8 weeks × 3 sessions per week are effective regarding general and specific physical condition. The tested batch increases its performance in short distance sprints and SLJ (255 cm in final tests) [63]. This research also reports much better values on explosive leg strength tests compared to our student groups. ...
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The effect of 6 months of twice weekly karate training on flexibility, balance, and strength was evaluated in 14 boys who perform karate as beginners (age M = 10.3 ± 1.8) and a group of the same age who had never been involved in martial arts (n = 10; age M = 10.9 ± 1.4). All subjects were pretested and posttested on the following: flexibility of upper extremity (shoulder), hamstrings and quadriceps; strength, including handgrip strength and concentric flexion/extension of quadriceps; and balance, with eyes either open or closed. After 6 months, the tests were evaluated and compared by groups. The results showed the karate group made significant gains on quadriceps flexibility and balance with eyes closed. By improving flexibility, balance, and strength, karate improves three of the basic fitness components that are very important for preventing sport injuries in the growing years.
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