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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(6): 2626-2630
E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
JEZS 2017; 5(6): 2626-2630
© 2017 JEZS
Received: 06-09-2017
Accepted: 07-10-2017
GG Sheikh
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, India
AM Ganai
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
FA Sheikh
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Shakil A Bhat
Division of Biotechnology, Faculty
of Veterinary Sciences and Animal
Husbandry, SKUAST- Kashmir,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Danish Masood
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Shabir Mir
Division of Animal Breeding and
Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences and Animal Husbandry,
SKUAST- Kashmir, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Ishfaq Ahmad
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
Division of Animal Nutrition,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and
Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-
Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Correspondence
Shakil A Bhat
Division of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Veterinary Sciences
and Animal Husbandry,
SKUAST- Kashmir, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Effect of feeding urea molasses treated rice straw
along with fibrolytic enzymes on the performance
of Corriedale Sheep
GG Sheikh, AM Ganai, FA Sheikh, Shakil A Bhat, Danish Masood,
Shabir Mir, Ishfaq Ahmad and Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
Abstract
A growth trial of 60 days (March-April) was conducted on 18 male Corriedale sheep at Sheep Research
Station, Shuhama, Srinagar (SKUAST-Kashmir), to study the effect of feeding of paddy straw based
complete feed without (T0) or with urea molasses (T1) and fibrolytic enzyme mixture (T2)
supplementation. Improvement in crude protein and reduction in ADF and NDF content of rice straw by
urea molasses and fibrolytic enzyme treatment was observed. Average body weight and average daily
gain of animals fed urea-molasses and enzyme treated paddy straw was significantly (P<0.05) higher
than control with reduction in cost of feed per animal. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein
(CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose digestibility were
significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals of T3 group followed by T2 and T1 groups. Haemato-biochemical
parameters, Hb (g%) and total protein were found significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed enzyme
and urea-molasses treated paddy straw (T3) group than animals of T1 and T2 groups. The mean values of
TVFA concentrations, total nitrogen and NH3-N recorded at different hours post feeding were found
significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups than that of control; with non-significant difference in
the rumen pH, TCA ppt. N (mg/dl) and NPN values of the treatment groups.
Keywords: Fibrolytic enzymes, rice straw, urea molasses, Corriedale Sheep
1. Introduction
The major constraint for the development of small ruminant production in Kashmir is shortage
of feed/fodder particularly in the winter season. The conventional feed resources like pastures
are no longer available due to competition of land usage and due to seasonal availability.
Ruminant livestock raised in this region, therefore tend to reflect the cyclical variation in
quantity and quality of these available forages. Rice straw being the principal crop residues is
available all the year around in large quantities in the region and can be used as the main bulky
feed for ruminant animals. Rice straw is a main agricultural byproduct which farmers usually
stored for use as ruminant feed in tropical area. Rice straws contain low nitrogen, vitamins and
minerals, which hinder the availability of cellulose to be degraded by rumen microbes and
eventually limit the necessary nutrient uptake for a satisfactory performance of animals,
especially ruminants. The cellulose and hemi-cellulose content of rice straw range between 25
- 45% and 18 - 30%, respectively, while the lignin content is between 10-15% [1-6]. Although,
ruminants are endowed with the ability to convert low quality feed into high quality protein
and utilize feeds from land not suitable for cultivation of crops, however, the utilization of
these low quality crop residues is hampered by its low protein content, fibre, digestibility,
vitamin and minerals [7].
Despite the limitation due to low nitrogen and high concentration of fibrous materials, which
limit the degradation process [6], many studies have been conducted with efforts dedicated
towards attaining most of the potential nutritive value of this abundant agricultural byproduct.
Various treatment methods have been used to improve nutritive value of rice straw including
physical, biological and chemical treatment [8]. Urea treatment is a conventional technique for
improving the quality of rice straw in terms of increasing the nitrogen content [9-11] digestibility
[12-17] and appear to be the most practical for use on farmers level, as the chemicals are
relatively cheap and the procedures to use them are relatively simple. However, the low
voluntary feed intake when using urea treated rice straw as a sole feed, resulted in the low
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
nutrient intake (energy and crude protein) because of low dry
matter intake in sheep leading to low growth rates and poor
reproductive performance [18]. Hence, to utilize these treated
crop residues in appreciable quantum, use of molasses to
improve palatability and energy content along with biological
agents (feed additives) to maximize advantage from given
feeds in animal system as rice straw being high in structural
carbohydrate content (lignin-cellulose and hemicelluloses).
Using a mixture of urea and molasses has the advantage of
reducing strong odor of free ammonium or ammonium
carbonate and treatment time. Molasses also increases
palatability of diet and acts as readily available source of
energy for ruminal microflora for better utilization of
ammonical nitrogen for protein synthesis. The use of
combinations of fibrolytic enzyme with these pre-treatments
is expected to have a synergistic effect on the nutritive
improvement of rice straw. So the present study was
undertaken to assess the effect of urea molasses treatment of
rice straw along with fibrolytic enzyme mixture on feed
intake, growth rate, digestibility, rumen parameters and
economics in sheep.
2. Materials and Methods
A growth trial of 60 days was conducted on 18 male
Corriedale sheep (1 year old, 23.00-25.35 kg) divided in three
groups of six animals each, to study the effect of feeding of
paddy straw based complete feed without (T0) or with urea
molasses (T1) and fibrolytic enzyme mixture (T2)
supplementation. A complete feed was prepared containing
paddy straw 60 parts and concentrate mixture 40 parts on dry
matter basis (ICAR 2013). Urea molasses treatment of paddy
straw was done using 2% urea and 5% molasses in 40 liters of
water (9), whereas, exogenous fibrolytic enzyme mix
(cellulase, amylase, protease, pectinase, β-gluconase, lipase,
phytase, mannase and xylanase) was incorporated in complete
feed @ 9 g/kg DM, as per the in vitro studies carried to arrive
at optimum level of incorporation of probiotic mix (1). The
representative samples of feeds offered and residue collected
were sampled, and analyzed daily for dry matter content to
assess average DM consumption during the experimental
period. At the end of experiment seven day metabolism trial
was conducted to assess the digestibility of nutrients and
balance of nitrogen and calcium and phosphorus by Talpatra
et al. [19]. Samples of feed offered and their residues left,
faeces and urine were analysed for proximate and cell wall
constituents as per AOAC (2005) and Van Soest et al. [20]
method. Economics of feeding was determined on the basis of
cost of experimental feed (per 100 kg feed prepared), average
total feed consumed by the animals of each group and total
body weight gain by the animal in the feeding trial.
3. Statistical analysis
The data obtained from the experiment was processed and
analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences, Base 14.0 (SPSS Software products,
Marketing Department, SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA).
4. Results and Discussion
Chemical composition of experimental diets
The proximate parameters were analyzed to determine the
nutritive values of untreated rice straw, urea-molasses treated
rice straw with and without fibrolytic enzymes (Table 1).
There was improvement of crude protein and reduction in
ADF and NDF content of rice straw by urea molasses and
fibrolytic enzyme treatment. This improved in CP content of
treated paddy straw value was similar to those values reported
by Polyorach and Wanapat [21], Sheikh et al. [9], Wanapat et al.
[5], Wanapat [8] and Zaman and Owen [22]. The decrease in
NDF and ADF contents of the treated straw was in agreement
with Samsudin et al. [23], Fazaeli et al. [24] and Singh et al. [25].
It is assumed that the activities of fibrolytic enzymes such as
cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase had reduced the
lignocellulose compound of the rice straw as reported by
several studies previously [26-27].
Growth performance
Change in body weight gives reliable measure of performance
of animals fed on different diets. The findings under the
investigation (Table 2) revealed significant (P<0.05)
difference in the mean final body weight of animals fed urea-
molasses and enzyme treated paddy straw (T1, T2 and T3) than
control (T1) group (Table 2). The animals of all the groups
maintained their body weight and achieved a reasonable
growth; with ADG significantly (P<0.05) higher in treated
groups than control. The reduction in cost of feed per animal
was found to be 2.46 and 11.69% in T2 and T3, respectively in
comparison to T0. These reports are in accordance with earlier
reports of Jafari et al. [28] and Beauchemin et al.[29] reported
better growth performance of animals fed urea treated paddy
straw. Gado et al. [30] found Ossimi male lambs fed paddy
straw ensiled orange pulp treated with exogenous enzymes
highest average daily gain (ADG) than control. This trend was
consistent with the results of Bassiouni et al [31] and Khattab
et al. [32] who also found similar effect of fibrolytic enzymes
supplementation.
DM intake and digestibility
Dry matter intake and FCR presented in (Tables 2) revealed
significantly higher (P<0.05) dry matter intake of treatment
groups than control, with values of FCR lower in treatment
groups 2 and T3) than control (T1) as earlier reported by
Qingxiang [33] with slightly increase dry matter intake in dairy
cows fed urea treated rice straw. Enzyme supplementation is
often accompanied by increased feed intake [34-36] which may
partly be due to increased palatability of the diet due to sugars
released by pre-ingestive fibre hydrolysis.
Regarding nutrient digestibility, dry matter (DM), crude
protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent
fibre (ADF) and cellulose digestibility were significantly
(P<0.05) higher in animals of T3 group followed by T2 and T1
groups. However, digestibility of EE and CF were
significantly (P<0.05) lower in T1 and T2 groups as compared
to T3 group with non-significant effect on digestibility of NFE
and hemicellulose. These results are in accordance with
Gomaa et al. [26] and Wanapat et al. [37]. The urea chemically
break the ester bonds between hemicelluloses, cellulose and
lignin and physically make structural fibers swollen, enable
rumen microbes to attack the structural carbohydrates more
easily hence higher degradability with higher intake[38] using
fibrolytic enzymes in combination with other pre-treatments
increased degradability and in vitro fermentation
characteristics, as shown by Eun et al. [39] who treated with
xylanase or cellulase in combination with ammonia, by Liu
and Ørskov [40] who treated with cellulase from Penicillum
funiculosum in combination with steam pre-treatment, and by
Wang et al. [41] who treated with multi-enzymes (xylanase, β-
glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase and amylase) in
combination with NaOH.
All the animals subjected to various treatment groups
including control were in positive nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca)
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
and phosphorus (P) balance. The average values of mineral
balance (N, Ca and P) as g/d were found significantly higher
in T3 group followed by T2 and T1 group. Similar findings
were also reported by Gomaa et al. [26] and Paul et al. [42] in
lambs fed urea treated paddy straw. Saleem et al. [43], Singh
and Das [44-46] and Ganai [47] observed that feeding fibrolytic
enzymes to kids and lambs improved the digestibility of diet
and reduced the faecal excretion of N Ca, and P fractions with
numerically higher balance of these minerals.
Hemato-biochemical parameters
Regarding hemato-biochemical parameters as depicted in
(Table 4), Hb (g%) and total protein were found significantly
(P<0.05) higher in animals fed enzyme and urea-molasses
treated paddy straw (T3) group than animals of T1 and T2
groups as the use of alkali agents alone or along with
exogenous enzymes improves utilization of nutrients in the
feed through its effect on their degradation and absorption.
Gomaa et al. [26] also reported that lambs fed urea-molasses
treated paddy straw has higher plasma total protein. However,
there was non-significant difference between mean values of
PCV (%), blood glucose concentration (mg/dl), blood urea
nitrogen (mg/dl) and serum creatinine (mg/dl) in animals of
different treatment groups as earlier reported by Salem et al.
[43], Rivero et al. [48] and Ganai et al. [49], that feeding
exogenous enzymes in growing lambs had no significant
effect on blood parameters, measured as an indicator for
animal health.
Rumen fermentation parameters
The mean values of TVFA concentrations, total nitrogen and
NH3-N recorded at different hours post feeding (Table 4)
were found significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups
than that of control; with non-significant difference in the
rumen pH, TCA ppt. N (mg/dl) and NPN values of the
treatment groups as treatment of paddy straw with urea and
enzyme resulted in higher ruminal digestion due to increased
activity of fibrolytic bacteria which is confirmed by higher
DM, OM and fibre digestibility. These reports are in
accordance with Gomaa et al. [26] who reported that lambs fed
urea-molasses treated paddy straw has higher ruminal TVFA,
and total nitrogen concentrations. Earlier in-vivo experiments
conducted in calves [50, 45], goats [51] and kids [44] also reported
higher TVFA concentration with no significant change in
rumen pH, TCA ppt. N and NPN values to be in enzyme
treated group than in untreated group.
Table 1: Feed ingredients and chemical composition of dietary treatments used in the experiment.
Item Treatment
Concentrate
mixture Un-treated
Paddy straw Urea molasses
treated Paddy straw Urea molasses + Enzyme
treated paddy straw
Ingredients
Maize 20
Wheat bran 20
Deoiled rice bran 10
Rice bran 10
Soyabean 14
Mustard oil cake 18
Molasses 5
Salt 1
Mineral mixture 2
Chemical composition
(% of dry matter)
DM 88.00 94.00 52.34 78.98
CP 21.50 3.50 6.40 6.48
EE 4.50 1.50 1.56 1.55
NDF 15.70 84.90 73.9 71.98
ADF 8.40 61.30 53.9 51.87
Ash 4.60 4.90 6.12 4.98
AIA 2.40 3.10 3.21 3.44
Ca 0.98 0.41 0.43 0.42
P 0.72 0.21 0.22 0.22
Note: Mineral mixture consisted of Vitamin A-7,00,000 I.U, Vitamin D3-70, 000 I.U, Vitamin E-250mg,
Nicotinamide-1000mg, Co-200mg, Cu - 2000mg, I - 325mg, Fe - 1500mg, Mg - 6000mg, Mn - 1500mg, K - 100mg,
Na - 5.9mg, S - 0.72%, Zn - 15gm, Ca - 25% and P - 12.75%
Table 2: Dry matter intake, bodyweight, feed conversion and economics in different treatment groups
Particulars Treatment groups
T1
(Control)
T2
(urea-molasses) T3
(urea-molasses+ enzyme)
Dry matter intake
DMI (g/d) ** 745.77 ±12.39 a 794.15 ±12.42 b 803.19 ±12.89 b
Body weight
Average Body weight (kg)** 26.04 ±0.29 a 26.49 ±0.35ab 27.15 ±0.37b
Average daily gain (g/d)** 68.11 ±2.21 a 76.72 ±2.67 b 87.36 ±3.04 c
FCR** 11.26±0.46 b 10.71±0.48 ab 9.50±0.41 a
Reduction in feed cost/ animal (%) - 2.46 11.69
abcdMeans superscripted with different letters in a row for a particular data differ significantly from each other
*(P<0.05), **(P<0.01)
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Table 3: Average nutrient digestibility and mineral balance in different treatment groups
Attribute Treatment groups
T1 (Control) T
2(urea-molasses) T
3 (urea-molasses+ enzyme)
DM 54.27±0.29 a 62.12±0.17
b
67.28±0.36 c
CP 55.14±0.24 a 60.23±0.27
b
64.46±0.21c
EE 64.40±0.39 a 65.08±0.81a 68.23±0.24
b
CF 60.18±0.42 a 63.83±0.41ab 67.15±0.47
b
NFE 68.11±0.29 68.92±0.71 69.20±0.23
NDF 50.47±0.23a 54.24±0.25
b
58.65±0.22c
ADF 60.22±0.51a 64.24±0.22
b
68.93±0.58c
HC 62.51±0.26 63.37±0.48 63.99±0.32
Cellulose 60.17 ±043a 62.43 ±0.68a 64.68 ±0.92
b
N Balance
(g/d) ** 3.52±0.79a 4.20±0.23
b
5.33±0.10c
% retention** 28.42±0.03a 26.90±0.05a 33.06±0.24
b
% absorbed** 63.77±0.06a 67.25±0.09
b
68.96±0.10
b
Ca Balance
(g/d) ** 3.94±1.04a 4.54±0.54
b
5.10±0.94c
% retention** 37.98±0.49a 39.66±1.32ab 43.36±1.99c
% absorbed** 59.21±0.87a 65.51±0.65
b
67.14±0.87
b
P Balance
(g/d) ** 2.26±0.62
b
1.76±0.12a 2.34±0.76
b
% retention** 57.38±0.55 51.03±1.21 60.32±1.08
% absorbed** 69.07±1.02 62.88±1.05 70.12±1.04
abcdMeans superscripted with different letters in a row for a particular data differ significantly from each other
*(P<0.05), **(P<0.01)
Table 4: Haemato-biochemical and rumen fermentation parameters of animals in different treatment groups
Period (days) Treatment groups
T1 T
2(urea-molasses) T
3 (urea-molasses+ enzyme)
Haemoglobin (g%) 11.43±0.11a 11.23 ±0.11a 11.98 ±0.07
b
Packed cell volume (%) 35.00±0.14 35.40 ±0.31 35.30±0.30
Blood glucose (mg/dl) 62.00±1.08 62.50±1.11 63.16±1.31
Total protein (mg/dl) 7.07±1.23a 7.87±1.00a 8.12±0.95
b
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) 4.40±1.11 4.30±1.23 4.17±1.19
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) 2.97±0.98 3.27±0.34 3.05±0.21
Rumen fermentation parameters
pH 6.70±0.02ab 6.40±0.02a 6.64±0.02a
TVFA(mEq/l) 74.50±0.96 a 78.49±0.97
b
79.38±1.11
b
Total Nitrogen(mg/l) 76.11±3.33a 80.17±2.33
b
80.53±3.71
b
NH3-N (mg/dl) 21.63±0.47a 22.02±0.23
b
23.66±0.71
b
TCA ppt. Nitrogen (mg/dl) 49.50±1.44 50.12±0.87 50.69±1.11
NPN (mg/dl) 52.78±1.76 52.10±1.54 52.44±1.68
Means superscripted with different letters in a row (ab) for a particular data differ significantly (P<0.05).
5. Conclusion
Based on the results of study regarding nutrient improvement,
body weight gain, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, heamato-
biochemical and rumen fermentation parameters implications
could be made that utilization of paddy straw could be
increased with urea molasses and enzyme treatments and the
maximum utilization is achieved by combination of both urea-
molasses and enzyme treatment without any adverse effect on
animal health.
6. Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Incharge, Sheep Research Station,
F.V. Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-Kashmir for providing necessary
facilities.
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