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Abstract
Introduction: Students increasingly depend on Web search for educational purposes. This causes concerns among education providers as some evidence indicates that in higher education, the disadvantages of Web search and personalised information are not justified by the benefits. Method: One hundred and twenty university students were surveyed about their information-seeking behaviour for educational purposes. We also examined students’ information access while using Web search, through twenty-eight one-on-one study sessions. Analysis: Survey participants ranked their preference towards different information resources on a 5-point Likert scale. Given equal exposure to the first five standard pages of the search results during the study sessions, students’ explicit and implicit feedback was used to evaluate the relevance of the search results. Results: First, most participating students declared that they use Google search engine as their primary or only information-seeking tool. Second, about 60% of the clicked result links during the study sessions were located in pages 2+ of the search results without personalisation influencing the relevance of the top-ranked search results. In real-life scenarios pages 2+ of the search results receive only ~10% of the clicks. Students also expressed more satisfaction with the relevance of non-personalised over personalised search results. These differences presented a missed information opportunity, an opportunity bias, for students.
... Educational research is considered to be an integral teaching field of University Departments of Education. Bibliography research is one of the most important elements of empirical educational research and is achieved through common search engines, such as Google Scholar, that is quite popular in academic library literature (Cothran 2011;Salehi et al. 2018;Shen 2012;Soules 2015). Learning how to use research tools, such as search engines for research, is very important for students (Keshavarz et al. 2016;Liaw and Huang 2003;Salehi et al. 2018;Parissi et al. 2019). ...
... Bibliography research is one of the most important elements of empirical educational research and is achieved through common search engines, such as Google Scholar, that is quite popular in academic library literature (Cothran 2011;Salehi et al. 2018;Shen 2012;Soules 2015). Learning how to use research tools, such as search engines for research, is very important for students (Keshavarz et al. 2016;Liaw and Huang 2003;Salehi et al. 2018;Parissi et al. 2019). Apart from the educational procedure, preservice teachers learn how to use technology in the important area of empirical educational research. ...
... Apart from the educational procedure, preservice teachers learn how to use technology in the important area of empirical educational research. Students learn how to use tools for bibliography research, such as Google search engine and Google Scholar, for more specific academic information (Salehi et al. 2018;Soules 2015;Parissi et al. 2019). In this framework it is very important to investigate the usefulness and ease of use of an Information System (IS) for the directly involved students (Davis 1989;Davi et al. 1989;Cordes 2014). ...
Teaching empirical educational research in higher education involves implementing a very useful web tool for bibliography/scientific literature research, a search engine specifically employed for scientific papers, such as "Google Scholar". The aim of this study is to examine undergraduate students' acceptance of technology, through their intention to adopt and use a specific search engine for research purposes. To accomplish this goal, a questionnaire was administered to 225 students from two Universities in Greece. The study was based on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model), reinforced by four external determinants (perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, facilitating conditions and technological complexity), that contributed to the indirect prediction of the behavioral intention to use the particular search engine. The results of the survey confirm that the main factors of TAM, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are significant determinants of students' behavioral intention to use Google Scholar. Moreover, perceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, facilitating conditions and technological complexity have an indirect significant effect on behavioral intention. All these factors explain almost 60% of students' behavioral intention to use this search engine. The results of this survey could be beneficial to the enrichment of good educational practices for the additional training of teachers, as well as to the improvement of the students' skills in the implementation of this specific research tool. Besides, more stakeholders, such as librarians, or even human resources of big companies that construct and support similar systems, such as search engines, could also benefit from the present research.
... According to Gusenbauer and Haddaway (2019), students mostly use information contained in free online databases, some of which is of poor quality. The problem of using free online databases, particularly in academic settings, is loss of serendipity, capability, and deep learning (Salehi, Du & Ashman 2018). Scholars (Mabunda, Mukonza & Mudzanani 2023;Adetomiwa & Okwilagwe 2018) attribute the underuse of OCDs to the lack of information literacy skills, low levels of linguistic proficiency, computer illiteracy, inconsistent electricity supply, and lack of awareness and self-efficacy, just to mention a few. ...
... Both qualitative findings from document analysis and quantitative results from the questionnaire confirmed that students do not frequently use OCDs to complete their assignments despite their self-efficacy levels being medium and high, respectively. Similarly, Salehi et al. (2018) found that students declared using the Google search engine as their primary or only information seeking tool even after training. ...
Online Commercial Database (OCDs) training as offered by academic libraries is meant to produce students with high self-efficacy levels in adopting and using OCDs in their academic work. For students to use OCDs they need to be computer literate, be able to use tools and search strategies and opt not to use free online databases. This multimethod study employed a questionnaire to collect data from sixty-six (66) 4th-year level Bachelor of Information Studies (BIS) degree students at the University of Limpopo. Data was analysed using Social Statistical Package Software and thematic analysis. The results of the show that the majority of the students cannot use OCDs due to lack of search skills. There are barriers, which needs to be addressed by students. Even though the study has established that attending OCDs training had increased self-efficacy levels to varying degrees, it did not translate in full use and adoption of OCDs. The study recommends that the library should tailor OCD training according to the needs of the students. This can be putting focus on strategies such as truncation, as it appears to be a concern and impacts self-efficacy levels of the majority of the respondents.
... Published online: Copyright © 2016-2020 Rangsit University and applications, Facebook/line/skype WeChat, which allow them to have academic articles (Fast and Campbell, 2004;Kvalik,2004;Perruso, 2016;Salehi, Du, and Ashman, 2018) although they realize that some information may not be what we can fully trust (Georgas, 2014). They admitted to reading literature in terms of theories and books (probably the requirement of the course). ...
... "It is my primary place for research." That probably means they access Google or other easily available search engines or websites more than search for information from library databases (Perruso 2016; Ozonuwe, Nwaogu, Ifijeh, and Fagbohun, 2018;Apuke and Iyendo, 2018;Salehi, Du and Ashman, 2018). According to Liu, Zamir, Li, and Hastings (2018), one finding from their study is similar to what was found in this survey. ...
This study aimed to find out what the surveyed respondents thought of digital technology and how they used it to support their learning and to identify the strategies that they used in helping them learn at the master's level. The survey was conducted in Term 1, Academic Year 2019, with a group of 41 international students in the Master of Education Program at a Thai private university. Four open-ended questions with an IOC analysis score of 1 were used in the survey. The responses collected from 41 filled-out surveys were then categorized into themes, of which their frequencies were counted to show the preference level. It was found that students used digital technology currently available to support their learning. They enjoyed the fast speed, convenience, and real-time of the Internet through Google delivers, although caution was given that digital technology should be used for the right purposes. The most common IT gadgets students used were mobile phones and laptops, while the most often employed search engines were Google and Chinese websites and applications. YouTube came in the third. The learning strategies adopted by the participants were group discussion, reading literature (theories and books), and watching YouTube videos. Learning by memorization was found at the bottom of the list. In conclusion, the respondents were using the right learning strategies; however, they could not maximize the use of digital technology because of difficult access to the library databases. It is suggested that the students should be trained to use the resources available and that the academic resource systems should become more accessible.
... The first 20 websites per search term were collected. Previous studies have shown that internet users tend to not view search results after the second page of a search [16]. The first 2 pages on all 3 search engines, without ads, include 20 websites. ...
... The FRE formula uses word length, the number of syllables, sentence length, and other variables to score an article. Higher scores are associated with greater ease of reading [16]. The FRE formula is scored on a scale from 0-100: scores from 0-29 are considered "very confusing," 30-49 as "difficult," 50-59 as "fairly difficult," 60-69 as "standard" (eighth-and ninth-grade level), 70-79 as "fairly easy," 80-89 as "easy," and 90-100 as "very easy" (fifth-grade level) readability [17]. ...
Background
Adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) transitioning from pediatric to adult health care face a high-risk period associated with increased use of acute health care services and mortality. Although 59% of American citizens report using the internet for health care information, the quality of web-based, patient-facing resources regarding transition in SCD care has not been evaluated.
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the quality and readability of web-based health information on SCD, especially as it pertains to the transition to adulthood for inidividuals with SCD. The study also compared the readability and content scores of websites identified in 2018 to those from 2021 to assess any change in quality over time.
Methods
Keywords representing phrases adolescents may use while searching for information on the internet regarding transition in SCD care, including “hydroxyurea” and “SCD transition,” were identified. A web-based search using the keywords was conducted in July 2021 using Google, Yahoo, and Bing. The top 20 links from each search were collected. Duplicate websites, academic journals, and websites not related to SCD health care transition were excluded. Websites were categorized based on the source: health department, hospital or private clinician, professional society, and other websites. Websites were assessed using Health On the Net Foundation code of conduct (HONcode), Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FGL), Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), and a novel SCD content checklist (SCDCC). EQIP and SCDCC scores range from 0- to 100. Each website was reviewed by 2 research assistants and assessed for interrater reliability. Descriptive statistics were calculated.
Results
Of the 900 websites collected, 67 (7.4%) met the inclusion criteria: 13 health department, 7 hospital or private clinician, 33 professional society, and 14 other websites. A total of 15 (22%) out of 67 websites had HONcode certification. Websites with HONcode certification had higher FRE and EQIP scores and lower FGL scores than those without HONcode certification, reflecting greater readability. Websites without HONcode certification had higher SCDCC scores, reflecting greater clinical content. Only 7 (10%) websites met the National Institutes of Health recommendation of a seventh-grade or lower reading level. Based on EQIP scores, 6 (9%) websites were of high quality. The mean SCDCC score was 20.60 (SD 22.14) out of 100. The interrater reliability for EQIP and SCDCC ratings was good (intraclass correlation: 0.718 and 0.897, respectively). No source of website scored significantly higher mean EQIP, FRE, FGL, or SCDCC scores than the others (all P <.05).
Conclusions
Although seeking health care information on the web is very common, the overall quality of information about transition in SCD care on the internet is poor. Changes to current web-based health care information regarding SCD care transitions would benefit transitioning youth by providing expectations, knowledge, skills, and tools to increase self-efficacy.
... But not all users look for the same information online even if the keywords used by them are the same, this led to the potential deterioration of the quality of the search results [1][2][3][4]. To address this issue, search engines came up with the concept of "personalized search" [5,6]. ...
... Google came forth with the idea of personalization back in 2004 which was later implemented in 2005 to understand the user's requirements better, filtering ambiguous search queries and retrieving relevant results for them [7]. 1 https://www.reliablesoft.net/top-10-search-engines-in-the-world/. ...
Google conceptualized the idea of personalization of search engines in 2004 and since then, it has revolutionized the life of internet users. The Age-Old methods of web search have become obsolete, and this has given rise to the era of personalization. Personalization has considerably altered the way of discovering new information but its immoderate usage over the decades has compromised the user’s privacy. Though personalization, as an integral part of the web search, serves as a means to provide advanced search results to the users, it has some privacy implications. To resolve the privacy concerns raised by users, Google launched the “incognito mode”, which they claimed, offers Non-Personalized search results. But this offered the users to pick either personalization or privacy as the two factors couldn’t co-exist under any circumstances. In light of this condition, our paper has made some contributions to its study. This study has proposed a method for systematically analyzing and calculating the degree of personalization in the normal as well as the private window as an attempt to find whether or not, Google’s claim to provide privacy via the incognito mode is true. The results are the first milestone in the intent to understand the impact and extent of personalization of web searches today.KeywordsSearch enginePersonalizationPrivacySecurityGoogle
... Data on tourism or disaster management, however, have been available for a longer period than that. This study depended on several academic search engines, such as Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, Oxford University Press, CrossRef, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, ProQuest, CORE, and PubMed Central for conducting an extensive search for appropriate qualitative texts on the research topic [41]. Notably, Google Scholar contains various documents such as journal articles, books, and official documents, while ScienceDirect (for topics on both tourism promotion and COVID-19) and PubMed Central (for topics on Omicron subvariants) contain several research articles. ...
This study aimed to explore optimal ways to promote all kinds of tourism during the phase of emergency response to the current outbreak of Omicron subvariants. A framework-based systematic literature review was conducted as the primary methodology, supported by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses checklist. Four analytical units were allocated to include United Nations agencies, governments, tour businesses, and local communities. Economic interest-based tourism promotion was examined to develop local temperature-based tourism promotion via the same four variables. The study found that the pursuit of economic interests was not a productive solution for tourism promotion any longer due to the matter of local weather. It concluded that the four stakeholders should work to replace economic interest-based tourism promotion with local temperature-based tourism promotion. Results of this study can guide the positive effects of warm temperatures, brand image, psychological impacts, digital marketing, and others.
... Similarly, many eligible web pages were not captured within the first 3 pages of results, but this maintains validity as patients are unlikely to read beyond. The results also only represent a cross-sectional assessment as results are subject to change and are tailored to individual users' locations and search histories [40]. These tools were chosen as they were validated but their generalizability may still be affected by the subjective interpretation of assessors [41]. ...
Background
Foreign body (FB) inhalation, ingestion, and insertion account for 11% of emergency admissions for ear, nose, and throat conditions. Children are disproportionately affected, and urgent intervention may be needed to maintain airway patency and prevent blood vessel occlusion. High-quality, readable online information could help reduce poor outcomes from FBs.
Objective
We aim to evaluate the quality and readability of available online health information relating to FBs.
Methods
In total, 6 search phrases were queried using the Google search engine. For each search term, the first 30 results were captured. Websites in the English language and displaying health information were included. The provider and country of origin were recorded. The modified 36-item Ensuring Quality Information for Patients tool was used to assess information quality. Readability was assessed using a combination of tools: Flesch Reading Ease score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook.
Results
After the removal of duplicates, 73 websites were assessed, with the majority originating from the United States (n=46, 63%). Overall, the quality of the content was of moderate quality, with a median Ensuring Quality Information for Patients score of 21 (IQR 18-25, maximum 29) out of a maximum possible score of 36. Precautionary measures were not mentioned on 41% (n=30) of websites and 30% (n=22) did not identify disk batteries as a risky FB. Red flags necessitating urgent care were identified on 95% (n=69) of websites, with 89% (n=65) advising patients to seek medical attention and 38% (n=28) advising on safe FB removal. Readability scores (Flesch Reading Ease score=12.4, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level=6.2, Gunning-Fog Index=6.5, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook=5.9 years) showed most websites (56%) were below the recommended sixth-grade level.
Conclusions
The current quality and readability of information regarding FBs is inadequate. More than half of the websites were above the recommended sixth-grade reading level, and important information regarding high-risk FBs such as disk batteries and magnets was frequently excluded. Strategies should be developed to improve access to high-quality information that informs patients and parents about risks and when to seek medical help. Strategies to promote high-quality websites in search results also have the potential to improve outcomes.
... A bulk of research supports the idea that many of these once pioneering technologies have had positive effects on learning, teaching and assessment. For example, search engines such as Google which were once being accused of causing people to become slow in cognitive processes, not to think or to become stupid (Carr, 2008;Salehi et al., 2018), are proved to be beneficial for students by helping them in research for classwork and papers, online learning and keeping up-to-date with and exposure to world affairs and looking for appropriate applications and sites (school apps, learning apps, etc.) (Lavidas et al., 2020), which can consequently foster students' autonomous learning and self-efficacy (Keshavarz et al., 2016). As another example, we can remember worries expressed at the onset of smartphones about their negative effects on students' spelling and ability to write complete sentences (Strain-Moritz, 2016 as cited in Hong, 2023) or their potential use for cheating and academic misconduct. ...
Since its introduction, artificial intelligence (AI) has had inevitable effects on education including foreign language learning. ChatGPT, as the most advanced form of AI, has brought about many concerns and opportunities for both language teachers and learners. This chapter tries to probe more deeply into the concerns expressed over the use of ChatGPT in foreign language classrooms in the voices of teachers with an emphasis on finding ways to address those concerns. The results of the inductive analysis of interview data revealed a new concern in addition to the previously identified concerns, i.e. threats to teachers' and students' creativity. It is concluded that ChatGPT, with all its differences, can be regarded as a disrupter of a constant, traditional routine rather than a disrupter of education itself and that, to deal with it, like any other new technology, the only way ahead of teachers is adaptation and changing threats into opportunities.
... Se usaron las bases de datos ERIC, BASE, y el buscador Google Académico. Su elección obedeció a la cantidad de publicaciones que cubren y a su popularidad probada para la investigación en educación (Salehi et al., 2018). Los artículos debían cumplir los siguientes criterios de inclusión: ...
El Aprendizaje Invertido (AI) se venía incorporado en el ámbito de la educación presencial y, a partir del aislamiento social que conllevó a la modalidad virtual, los docentes comenzaron a adaptarlas a esos entornos. Los objetivos fueron conocer las tendencias de investigación y describir su efectividad y aceptación en estudiantes antes y durante la pandemia. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en la que se estudiaron publicaciones sobre Aprendizaje Invertido. Luego de un proceso sistemático basado en el protocolo PRISMA y otros de renombre en las ciencias sociales y educación, se analizaron 66 artículos. En ambos periodos (antes y durante la pandemia) la tendencia se inclinó hacia los estudios cuantitativos. España y Estados Unidos fueron los países con más publicaciones. Latinoamérica muestra pocas publicaciones y diferencias en cuanto a número de artículos en los dos períodos. La literatura reporta la efectividad del Aprendizaje Invertido en la enseñanza antes y durante la enseñanza remota de emergencia (ERE). Se concluye que el AI es favorable en el contexto de la ERE por su efectividad y la tendencia a su aceptación. Se presentan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones ante los escenarios que vendrán luego de la pandemia.
... In this sense, it seems in particularly alarming that for any decision about what type of search engine to use, Google has the strongest dominance, with a global market proportion of over 92% (StatCounter, 2022). At the same time, different studies highlight the potential threat of search engines' biases, especially in terms how they may shape people's opinions, as individuals seem to over-rely on Google search results (Ballatore, 2015;Salehi et al., 2018). Hence, a skilled search strategy that limits the risk of search engines' biases might entail using multiple search engines, as this might decrease the outsized effects that one search engine's algorithm can have when pre-selecting and ranking search results. ...
Teachers need to be able to inform and justify their teaching practice based on available research knowledge. When searching for research knowledge, the Internet plays a crucial role as it allows teachers to search for and access evidence long after their own education at university. On the Internet, however, educational information can have varying levels of scientific groundedness (e.g., science articles or blogs from colleagues), and research indicates that (pre-service) teachers struggle to find, select, and evaluate online educational information. It is precisely for this reason that it is important to educate (pre-service) teachers on how to competently source online information.
This study describes pre-service teachers’ search strategies when sourcing online educational information about the topic “students’ use of mobile phones in class.” It sheds light on their use of 1) basic or advanced search strategies and 2) the role of Internet-specific epistemological beliefs (ISEBs). N = 77 pre-service teachers conducted a realistic search on the Internet and selected those web items (WI) that they perceived relevant for justifying whether mobile phones should be used in class. Their sourcing behavior was screen-recorded and analyzed.
Most selected WI were found via search engines of Google LLC (91.4%). Advanced search strategies were defined as 1) using two or more search engines (performed by 62.3% of participants), 2) adapting search terms and/or formulating new search terms (90.9%), 3) selecting at least one WI that was not listed among the first four ranks on the first search engine results page (54.7%), and 4) checking for the trustworthiness of the author/source (14.3%) or the quality of the content (13%). Binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between ISEBs and 1) search strategies and 2) science-relatedness of WI as dependent variables. The predictor ISEB did not contribute to the models, meaning that differences in participants’ ISEBs did not significantly relate to their search strategies nor to the science-relatedness of WI, all β ≤ |.36|, Wald ≤ .64, p ≥ .43.
The role of pre-service teachers’ search strategies is discussed with respect to teachers’ evidence-informed reasoning and its implications for teacher education.
... We selected the search engine startpage.com, as it delivers Google results while anonymizing search requests, and is therefore not subject to a user-specific filter bubble (Salehi et al., 2018). In the following paragraphs, the selection of frameworks with which the FiNN framework is compared is described in more detail. ...
Recently, neuroscience has seen a shift from localist approaches to network-wide investigations of brain function. Neurophysiological signals across different spatial and temporal scales provide insight into neural communication. However, additional methodological considerations arise when investigating network-wide brain dynamics rather than local effects. Specifically, larger amounts of data, investigated across a higher dimensional space, are necessary.
Here, we present FiNN (Find Neurophysiological Networks), a novel toolbox for the analysis of neurophysiological data with a focus on functional and effective connectivity. FiNN provides a wide range of data processing methods, and statistical and visualization tools to facilitate inspection of connectivity estimates and the resulting metrics of brain dynamics. The Python toolbox (https://github.com/neurophysiological-analysis/FiNN) and its documentation (https://neurophysiological-analysis.github.io/FiNN/) are freely available.
We evaluated FiNN against a number of established frameworks on both a conceptual and an implementation level. We found FiNN to require much less processing time and memory than other toolboxes. In addition, FiNN adheres to a design philosophy of easy access and modifiability, while providing efficient data processing implementations. Since the investigation of network-level neural dynamics is experiencing increasing interest, we place FiNN at the disposal of the neuroscientific community as open-source software.
... Google (search engine) seems to lull and worsen the literacy situation without a definite solution. Googling manipulates and deprives deep learning abilities (Salehi & Ashman, 2018). Ease of searching includes when it does not match, changing keywords into an experience that continues, but does not leave an immersive experience as part of the learning process. ...
This study seeks to see how students use search engines in learning and uncover the side effects of googling for students during a pandemic. This study combines a phenomenological approach to explore the condition of students while using a search engine and digital ethnography by looking at historical search data. The researcher conducted interviews with high school students in Yogyakarta from various backgrounds and traced the digital footprint of their search accounts. The research results show that googling for students changes learning activities into searching for information. During the pandemic, googling replaces the role of the teacher and becomes a student’s study buddy. Learning becomes an individual activity, “Do It Yourself” becomes a jargon for learning, and the easiest way to learn is to use a search engine. However, googling has hidden dangers that slowly reduce learning abilities, stunting students’ critical thinking. Behind the ease of googling, there are side effects of using search engines that are not realized: (1) Googling eliminates long-term memory, (2) makes students indolent to read in-depth, (3) increases academic dishonesty and (4) reduced critical thinking.
... We selected the search engine startpage.com, as it delivers Google results while anonymizing search requests, and is therefore not subject to a user-specific filter bubble (Salehi et al., 2018). In the following paragraphs, the selection of frameworks with which the FiNN framework is compared is described in more detail. ...
Recently, neuroscience has seen a shift from localist approaches to network-wide investigations of brain function. Neurophysiological signals across different spatial and temporal scales provide insight into neural communication. However, additional methodological considerations arise when investigating network-wide brain dynamics rather than local effects. Specifically, larger amounts of data, investigated across a higher dimensional space, are necessary.
Here, we present FiNN ( Fi nd N europhysiological N etworks), a novel toolbox for the analysis of neurophysiological data with a focus on functional and effective connectivity. FiNN provides a wide range of data processing methods, and statistical and visualization tools to facilitate inspection of connectivity estimates and the resulting metrics of brain dynamics. The Python toolbox ( https://github.com/neurophysiological-analysis/FiNN ) and its documentation ( https://neurophysiological-analysis.github.io/FiNN/ ) are freely available.
We evaluated FiNN against a number of established frameworks on both a conceptual and an implementation level. We found FiNN to require much less processing time and memory than other toolboxes. In addition, FiNN adheres to a design philosophy of easy access and modifiability, while providing efficient data processing implementations. Since the investigation of network-level neural dynamics is experiencing increasing interest, we place FiNN at the disposal of the neuroscientific community as open-source software.
... Studies focused on HE students' strategies for searching online information have shown the search behavior of untrained students often tends to follow some general patterns [16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. These include [20]: i) 'foraging', i.e., there is no explicit research plan, and students base their task responses on the online material they come across in an arbitrary search, ii) 'Google dependence', i.e., students do not use any other search tools other than this search engine, iii) 'Rudimentary search heuristic', and iv) 'habitual topic changing' after rather superficial skimming. ...
Many active, inquiry-based learning activities nowadays rely upon the students' capacity to perform efficient information research on the Internet. Study and Research Paths (SRPs) have been proposed to model inquiry learning, and successfully used as teaching formats in different areas. In an SRP the search for an answer to a generating question (Q 0) leads to a sequence of derived questions and answers, which are modeled using a Q-A map. We have investigated the benefits of using SRPs and Q-A maps to improve Web-based inquiry learning. We designed an SRP for a course on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), belonging to an Engineering degree. The class-session SRPs revolved around Q 0 questions such as 'What is a «firewall»?', 'What are the main features of 5G?' etc. Our results, based on the analysis of six courses conducted between 2015/16-2020/21, show that the SRP is an enriching tool for learning ICT: content expands beyond that of the traditional course and is maintained up-to-date. Students are engaged and motivated by the active-search activity. In addition, the SRP helps in improving the students' skills in searching and selecting information on the Internet. The Q-A maps served both the students, to structure their Web inquiry, and the teacher, to monitor the learning study process.
... The search features most needed to support complex information needs are ones allowing the user to iterate on the results, to expand and to narrow. Faceted search options (restricting by document type or publication date, for example) address some of these needs to narrow results; however, further transparency about options to selectively switch-off personalisation (Salehi et al., 2019), for example, is also called for, as is re-ranking (sorting) of results by user-specified parameters. Second, an intelligent search mode that supports in-the-moment user learning about search and development of search skills would move users from novice skillsets to more abilities needed to manage complex information needs. ...
In recent years, leading website search engines have abandoned vital search features supporting complex information needs, evolving instead for the marketplace and for users seeking speedy answers to easy questions. The consequences are troubling, for researchers and for information science educators, with concerns ranging from the very relevance of search results and the unknowing of what is missing, to the novice searcher’s waning ability to frame potent queries and to learn ways to refine results. We report on a grounded theory study of search experiences of information professionals and graduate students (n = 20) that contributes a holistic understanding of web searching, using its findings both to frame what is lacking in the design evolution of search engines for complex information needs and to outline a way forward. One goal of the study was to evaluate an established model of web searching, called Net Lenses, a theoretical framework shown to be highly relevant during the study’s grounded theory secondary literature review. The original Net Lenses research used phenomenography to identify variation in the web search experiences of university students (n = 41), evidencing four categories according to the characteristics of searcher awareness, approach to learning, response to obstacles and search outcomes. This study validated the model and led to an expanded version, Net Lenses 2.0, with five categories of search experience, reflecting the complex information needs of more advanced searchers. This resultant Net Lenses 2.0 model is discussed with its implications for search engine design, for advanced searchers and also for learning-to-search modes, much needed by searchers seeking to develop their abilities. The study’s implications coalesce in a call to action for more inclusive search interface design, and an agenda is put forth for how information researchers, educators and literacy advocates can move forward in their intersecting domains.
... For future work, one can use machine learning tools to estimate the system parameters and make them more precise in the meanwhile that the load bal- (a) Parameters are off for 5% higher (b) Parameters are off for 10% higher (c) Parameters are off for 15% higher (d) Parameters are off for 20% higher (e) Parameters are off for 25% higher (f) Parameters are off for 30% higher ancing algorithm is working with the estimated parameters. The scheduling algorithms presented in this work can also be applied to a vast number of applications including but not limited to healthcare and super market models [61], [9], [17], [24], web search engines [51], [50], [5], [30], [64], electric vehicle charging [1], [18], [56], [15], [8], [2], [7], [44], [45] and so on. ...
Parallel computing is the fundamental base for MapReduce framework in Hadoop. Each data chunk is replicated over 3 servers for increasing availability of data and decreasing probability of data loss. Hence, the 3 servers that have Map task stored on their disk are fastest servers to process them, which are called local servers. All servers in the same rack as local servers are called rack-local servers that are slower than local servers since data chunk associated with Map task should be fetched through top of the rack switch. All other servers are called remote servers that are slowest servers since they need to fetch data from a local server in another rack, so data should be transmitted through at least 2 top of rack switches and a core switch. Note that number of switches in path of data transfer depends on internal network structure of data centers. The First-In-First-Out (FIFO) and Hadoop Fair Scheduler (HFS) algorithms do not take rack structure of data centers into account, so they are known to not be heavy-traffic delay optimal or even throughput optimal. The recent advances on scheduling for data centers considering rack structure of them and heterogeneity of servers resulted in state-of-the-art Balanced-PANDAS algorithm that outperforms classic MaxWeight algorithm. In both Balanced-PANDAS and MaxWeight algorithms, processing rate of local, rack-local, and remote servers are assumed to be known. However, with the change of traffic over time in addition to estimation errors of processing rates, it is not realistic to consider processing rates to be known. In this work, we study robustness of Balanced-PANDAS and MaxWeight algorithms in terms of inaccurate estimations of processing rates. We observe that Balanced-PANDAS is not as sensitive as MaxWeight on the accuracy of processing rates, making it more appealing to use in data centers.
... Research in higher education has revealed that university students depend on the Internet to look for information to accomplish both academic and non-academic tasks, and that they do so mainly by using general-purpose search engines such as Google (Salehi, Du, & Ashman, 2018). Studies on the use of various search engines reveal that people of all ages have difficulties using them. ...
This study investigates the changes in university students’ perceptions towards the use of Web
search engines after their exposure to a teaching intervention centered on the information
problem-solving process. A total of 138 students of the Department of Educational
Sciences and Early Childhood Education of the University of Patras were surveyed to measure
perceived ease of use and usefulness of search engines and search engine self-efficacy. A
questionnaire, part of which was based on the Technology Acceptance Model, was developed
and distributed to respondents, both before and after the course, to measure their perceptions.
The results revealed statistically significant improvement for the ease of use and usefulness of
search engines, as well as for search engine self-efficacy.
... Research in higher education has revealed that university students depend on the Internet to look for information to accomplish both academic and non-academic tasks, and that they do so mainly by using general-purpose search engines such as Google (Salehi, Du, & Ashman, 2018). Studies on the use of various search engines reveal that people of all ages have difficulties using them. ...
This study investigates the changes in university students’ perceptions towards the use of Web
search engines after their exposure to a teaching intervention centered on the information
problem-solving process. A total of 138 students of the Department of Educational
Sciences and Early Childhood Education of the University of Patras were surveyed to measure
perceived ease of use and usefulness of search engines and search engine self-efficacy. A
questionnaire, part of which was based on the Technology Acceptance Model, was developed
and distributed to respondents, both before and after the course, to measure their perceptions.
The results revealed statistically significant improvement for the ease of use and usefulness of
search engines, as well as for search engine self-efficacy.
Accreditation plays an important role in ranking colleges, requiring correct date. Students Evaluation System helps the engineering faculties to maintain student grades database in an efficient manner and helps in evaluating it to develop a criterion for accreditation. Faculty remuneration system, on the other hand, is a structured approach to determine the compensation and benefits that faculty members receive for their teaching, research, and service activities by generating excel sheet with accurate remuneration received by faculties for conduction of Examination orals and practical. Both the student performance evaluation system and faculty remuneration system are essential components of any educational institution. Effective implementation of these systems requires careful planning, regular monitoring, and continuous improvement based on feedback and data analysis.
An information retrieval system for college search is a crucial tool for students to find the best college for their academic needs. The system uses text mining, web mining, data mining, machine learning, and semantic web techniques to provide relevant and accurate results to users. The system collects data from various sources such as college websites, student reviews, and academic databases to create a comprehensive database of colleges and their relevant information. Users can search for colleges based on their preferences, such as location, academic program, admission requirements, tuition fees, and other factors. The system also provides personalized recommendations based on the user's search history and preferences. The proposed system aims to improve the college search process for students by providing a user-friendly interface and accurate information to make informed decisions about their education.
Background/purpose-This study investigates how the teaching intervention and familiarity with the search topic enhance Greek students' behaviour while solving information problems. Materials/methods-Seven university students solved three information problems on the same search topic during an academic semester. After the first and before the last two information problems, a didactic intervention was implemented to familiarize the undergraduate students with the information problem-solving process based on the Big6 model of Eisenberg & Berkowitz (1990) and the use of essential online search tools. Qualitative data was collected via observation as well with the think-aloud protocol. Results-The results indicated that after the didactic intervention and familiarity with the search topic, the participants could realize a greater variety of actions to locate the required information. Conclusion-The findings deepen the comprehension of how the students' information behaviours evolve and indicate suitable interventions that could support students in performing effective internet searches.
Increase in the number of open-access academic publications and open-access institutional academic archives led more researchers use these archives. No model offers personalised publication suggestions in academic archives. A central service architecture has been proposed towards personalised academic article recommendations for open-access digital archives. Thus, it has been possible to make personalised suggestions for open-access digital archives and enable researchers to discover new publications. A service based on the centralised micro-service architecture model was proposed in the study. Also, TF-IDF and article classification methods were used together for the personalised publication suggestion system. For the first time globally, the proposed method was used with 1464 real users in 49 open-access archives. F-measure success value was found to be higher than 0.8 for recommended publications.
The abrupt upsurge of the COVID-19 pandemichas indeedcaused chaos in various educational institutions. As schools and universities suddenly migrated from traditional classes to online learning, unwanted challengeswere experiencedby bothstudents and teachers.Thus, the search for effective strategies in this regardis deemed more than pivotal to survive this new paradigm shift. This present study basically aims to provide a nuanced understandingof the challenges and strategies employed by Filipino pre-service teachers in online learning. Furthermore, the research designutilized in this study was qualitativeapproachwhereinthe participantsenrolled in Western Mindanao State University were purposively selected. The results of content analysis disclosed the followingthemes of their challenges in online learning:unstable internet connection, lack of concentration, role conflict, vague lesson instructions, unhealthy lifestyle, lower self-esteem, overloaded requirements, lack of needed device, poor learning environment, and insufficient learning references. On another note,the results oftheir strategies in online learning revealedthe following themes: searching for a conducive environment, being self-prepared, being motivated, getting in touch with friends, asking help from classmates, making use of search engines, being organized, and being optimistic and relaxed. Based on these findings, compelling suggestions were then elaboratedto help the participantscopewith their struggles inonline learning.
In this paper we investigate three different methods for several legal document retrieval and entailment tasks; namely, new low complexity pre-trained embeddings, specifically trained on documents in the legal domain, transformer models and boosting algorithms. Task 1, a case law retrieval task, utilized a pairwise CatBoost resulting in an F1 score of .04. Task 2, a case law entailment task, utilized a combination of BM25+, embeddings and natural language inference (NLI) features winning third place with an F1 of 0.6180. Task 3, a statutory information retrieval task, utilized the aforementioned pre-trained embeddings in combination with TF-IDF features resulting in an F2 score of 0.4546. Lastly, task 4, a statutory entailment task, utilized BERT embeddings with XGBoost and achieved an accuracy of 0.5357. Notably, our Task 2 submission was the third best in the competition. Our findings illustrate that using legal embeddings and auxiliary linguistic features, such as NLI, show the most promise for future improvements.
The article is devoted to the problem of identifying implicit information threats of user’s search activity in the Internet based on the analysis of activity during the interaction process. Application of knowledge stored in the Internet space for the implementation of criminal intentions poses a threat to the whole society. Identifying malicious intents in the users’ actions in the global information network is not always a trivial task. Modern technologies for analyzing the context of users’ interests can fail in terms of cautious and competent actions of malicious users, who do not demonstrate their intentions explicitly. The paper analyzes the threats related to certain scenarios for implementing the search procedures, which are expressed in the search activity. Authors present an approach to classification of the mentioned threats considering the given criteria of estimating different scenarios of the user’s behavior in the global information space. The article describes the developed algorithm of machine learning to identify the problem scenarios by comparing them with the key patterns of behavior. To implement the proposed approach, the authors developed software implementing the subsystem for identifying information threats. The experimental research proves the effectiveness of the developed subsystem.
The article considers a system for monitoring the state of hydrolytospheric processes in the region. The results of pilot filtration work (PFW) at the field under consideration are presented. Based on PFW, a methodology for determining the parameters of a link approximating the static coefficients of mutual influence of producing wells is shown. Using the obtained link, the procedure for determining the optimal number of producing wells located on a given size section is shown. Using the results of PFW, the parameters of the discrete mathematical model of the hydrolyte-sphere processes of the field were verified. The technique of designing a distributed network for controlling the flow rate of producing wells of a given field is shown. Using a verified mathematical model of the hydrolyte-sphere process, the operation of a closed control system was simulated.
How is economics made public? Specifically, how is economics made public on Google? Here we explore a methodological problem – studying google-knowing – and simultaneously explore the more pragmatic problem of the public-making of economics. We argue there has been very little attempt either to make economics public or to understand what is currently in the public sphere about economics. This is especially stark when compared to other knowledge contributors to society, like science. We start to remedy this gap by using a methodological figure: the google-knower. Google-knowing is central to how knowledge is created and circulated in society in the digital age and raises a range of questions at the heart of how we understand and make sense of our (economic) world. In this paper, we make common cause with google-knowers by searching on Google for economics. We find a picture of a discipline marked on the one hand by secrecy and gatekeeping and on the other by an insistence that it is not boring. We also argue that using the figure of the google-knower as a methodological tool offers insights into classic questions in epistemology, such as objectivity, knowledge as a commodity, a knowers' identity and expertise.
Search engines have become an integral part of our information environment. Increasingly they are replacing the role of libraries in facilitating information discovery and access. Search engine use is an embedded task that is determined by individuals’ specific work contexts and needs. The present study attempted to analysis the perspective of the search engines among the faculty members of autonomous colleges in the Coimbatore. The study had the objective of analysis the level of computer and internet proficiency of the faculty members, purpose of using the search engines and evaluation of the search engines. The study highlighted the relationship of the designation and their proficiency of computer and internet search skill and proved that difference between using the search engines by their age.
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