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International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM)
||Volume||06||Issue||06||Pages||EL-2018-428-435||2018||
Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418
Index Copernicus value (2015): 57.47, (2016):93.67, DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v6i6.el09
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] El-2018- 428
Influence of Attitude, Cooperative and Inquiry Instructional Strategies on
the Academic Performance of Students in Basic Science and Mathematics in
Katsina, Nigeria
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, Elizabeth Julius,
Department of Science and Vocational Education,
Faculty of Education and Extension Services,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Science Education,
Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria
Abstract
Investigating the effects of cooperative learning as an instructional strategy for teaching basic science and
mathematics to junior secondary school students in Katsina state was the focus of this study. Equally, it
also looked at how gender affect students' performance and attitude in basic science and mathematics
when cooperative learning was used as an instructional strategy. Quasi-experimental design was used in
the study with 240 students as sample selected purposively. Cooperative Learning Guide (CLG), Basic
Science and Mathematics Performance Test (BSMPT) and Students’ Attitude to Science and Mathematics
Questionnaire (SASMQ) were used as instruments for data collection. Reliability indices of 0.78 for
BSMPT and 0.79 for SASMQ were obtained using split haft method and Cronbach alpha respectively.
Analysis of the data was done using, t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient.
Findings of the study revealed that students taught using cooperative learning strategy performed higher
than those taught using inquiry learning strategy; there was an insignificant difference in performance
between the male and female students in the cooperative learning group. The students in cooperative
learning group show a more positive attitude towards basic science and mathematics than those in inquiry
classroom learning. On the bases of these findings, it was recommended that cooperative learning strategy
be adopted by all secondary school Basic Science and Mathematics teachers as an effective learning
strategy in order to improve students’ performance and positive attitude towards science and mathematic
Key words: Cooperative Learning, Inquiry Method, Basic Science, Mathematics
Introduction
Instructional strategy is generally regarded as the vehicle through which content is passed to the learners.
There exist several methods of instruction which have permeated the educational system over the years.
These methods include concept mapping, demonstration method, dramatization method, inquiry method,
project and field trip, cooperative among others. Classroom experience shows that in most cases, two or
more teaching methods are combined by teachers in classroom practice for efficiency. The teaching strategy
employed by any teacher has been shown to reflect on students’ understanding of the subject. According to
Harman & Nguyen, (2010) teaching technique employed by any teacher in order to enhance learning is of
highest significance. Thus, he further resolved that, there is the need to introduce, adopt, and adapt the
newest instructional techniques that are capable of sustaining and improving the interest of the learners and
possibly yield meaningful learning.
According to Amosun (2002), a number of research works have been carried out on the efficacy of
Cooperative learning in Nigeria. Such studies include those of (Adeyemi, 2002; Omosehin, 2003; Obinna-
Akakura, Onah, Opara, 2015) who investigated the effects of a training programme in cooperative learning
of pre-service teachers’ classroom practice and pupils’ learning outcomes in Sciences. It was the conclusion
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-429
of all these studies that cooperative learning strategies seem to be more useful than other instructional
strategies.
Cooperative learning engages groups of students carrying out an activity in order to achieve a
common goal (Obinna-Akakura, Onah & Opara, 2015)). It is usually done with groups of 2-4 students, who
are working together in order to hel one another learn academic content (Slavin, 2011), the smaller the
group, the better the outcome. Groups produced higher performance outcomes than students working
individually, but this effect was not due to the cooperation as the case may be, but the cooperation increased
the likelihood of engagement in the types of talk that support learning. When working with a partner, forms
of elaborated talk are more prevalent than when working individually (Krol et al., 2004).
Cooperative strategy of learning equally gives learners the opportunity to analyze and evaluate
themselves as they work together to achieve a particular goal (Chukwuyenum, Nwankwo and Toochi, 2014).
This can be done in a non-threatening environment. The interactions with other students can help deepen the
level of understanding for all students and also communication of ideas helps to develop reasoning skills and
better understanding of processes and procedures in science and mathematics (Hossain & Tarmizi, 2012).
Study has shown that cooperative learning strategy just like any other strategy has an influence
(positive or negative) on students’ involvement in science (Ferreira, 2001). Students appear to enjoy
working cooperatively and are willing to cooperate with others in the group (Krol et al., 2004). Science and
mathematics teachers also find satisfaction with the incorporation of cooperative learning groups. The use of
small groups requires fundamental changes not only in the organization of the classroom but also in ways of
learning (Kramarski & Mevarech, 2003; Johnson &Johnson, 2009; Tran & Lewis, 2012). There are many
different research-based models of cooperative learning. One popular model is the Johnson and Johnson
model. This model defines five essential elements: (a) promotive interaction, (b) individual accountability,
(c) positive group interdependence, (d) social skills instruction, and (e) debriefing (Krol, Janssen, Veenman,
& Van der Linden, 2004; Slavin, 2011). Learning situations are not cooperative if students are arranged into
groups without positive interdependence (Johnson & Johnson, 2009).The great advantage here is that, there
is no single model to be followed precisely to have a positive influence in the classroom. In fact, teachers
will adapt research-based models for use in their classroom.
Through the mechanism of assimilation, teachers should reorganize the information that they receive
about cooperative learning to fit their existing scheme of teaching (Siegel, 2005). The inclusion of
cooperative learning need not be viewed as an added burden, but as a welcomed change of instruction in the
classroom.
With even the best of practices, there may be disruptions. Behavior is one such event. Implementing
any cooperative small-group setting does not automatically ensure cooperative work and a positive effect on
all students. Studies indicated that greater success may be achieved when cooperative learning is
implemented with heterogeneous groups of students. One study Krol, Janssen, Veenman, & van der Linden,
(2004) paired a low-ability student with a medium-ability student, and a medium-ability student with a high-
ability student. This pairing was based on the assumption that the ability levels of the students should be
different in order to generate help-seeking and helping behaviors, but not too different in order to still make
it possible for the students to work in their “zone of proximal development.” Analysis of the data revealed
that approximately 75% of the dialogue that occurred within the groups was cognitive in nature. There was
more high-level interaction between the groups consisting of a medium-ability learner and a high-ability
learner than there was in the groups consisting of a medium-ability learner and a low-ability learner.
Relative to students taught using other methods, individual assignments, and competitive grading-
cooperatively taught students tend to exhibit higher academic achievement, greater persistence through
graduation, better high-level reasoning and critical thinking skills, deeper understanding of learned material,
greater time on task and less disruptive behavior in class, lower levels of anxiety and stress, greater intrinsic
motivation to learn and achieve, greater ability to view situations from others’ perspectives, more positive
and supportive relationships with peers, more positive attitudes toward subject areas, and higher self-esteem.
Beyond that, cooperation enhances learning in several ways. Weak students working individually are likely
to give up when they get stuck; working cooperatively, they keep going. Strong students faced with the task
of explaining and clarifying material to weaker students often find gaps in their own understanding and fill
them in. Students working alone may tend to delay completing assignments or skip them altogether, but
when they know that others are counting on them, they are motivated to do the work in a timely manner.
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-430
Inquiry teaching approach on the other hand is more focused on using and learning content as a
means to develop information-processing and problem solving skills. The system is more of students
centered with the teacher as facilitator of the learning process (Julius, 2014). Students are also involved in
the construction of knowledge through active involvement while using inquiry as an instructional strategy.
In this instructional strategy, learning starts by posing questions, problem or scenarios rather than simply
presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge. It therefore means it could an active
means of acquiring scientific and mathematics knowledge of properly handled.
Attitude on the other hand may be defined as a pre disposition to respond in a favourable or unfavourablemanner
with respect to a given object (Oskamp and Schultz 2005). Attitude towards science and mathematics
denotes interests or feelings towards studying science and mathematics. It is the learners’ disposition
towards like or dislikes in a particular field. While attitude in science means scientific approach assumed by
an individual for solving problems, assessing ideas and making decisions. Student beliefs and attitudes have
the potential to either facilitate or inhibit learning (Yara, 2009). Many factors could contribute to student’s
attitude towards studying basic science and mathematics. Several studies including Berg (2005) and
Adesoji,(2008) reported that students’ positive attitudes to basic science correlate highly with their
performance, that, in general, the attitude of Nigeria students towards the basic sciences tend to decrease in
the order, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. They also found that using integrated science
environment activities improved high school student attitude and awareness about the environment.
It is against the above background that this study investigated the influence of Cooperative and Inquiry
instructional strategies and attitude on performance in basic science and mathematics among junior
secondary school students in Katsina state with the view to finding out their efficacy or otherwise in the
teaching and learning of basic science and mathematics.
Statement of the Problem
This study looked at the influence of cooperative strategy and inquiry method on attitude junior
secondary school students’ performance in basic science and mathematics in Katsina state. The problems of
learning basic science and mathematics may not be unconnected with the way and manner students are
taught concepts therein. In recent years however, evidences are bound showing that cooperative learning
strategy tends to give students better ways of understanding scientific and mathematical concepts
(Omosehin, 2003). It is believed by many that when students work in group rather than individually they
tend to understand each other better than when a teacher teaches them alone. A number of research works
have been carried out on efficacy of cooperative learning in Nigeria. Such studies include those of Adeyemi
(2002), Omesehin (2003) and Bashir, (2005). It was the conclusion of all these studies that cooperative
learning strategies seem to be more useful in social science than other instructional strategies, there is
therefore the need to try it in basic sciences and mathematics to see whether it could similar results or
otherwise.
The growing concern in all parts of Nigeria over a decline in the quality of students who enroll in
science related areas in schools as well as their performance is increasing. Although these problems may not
be rooted in the instructional strategies only but the way the students are taught may greatly affect their
performance. Therefore, a study towards this direction is necessary in order to contribute in searching for
answers to these numerous problems and concerns. It’s against this background that this study looked at the
influence of cooperative strategy and inquiry method on attitude junior secondary school students’
performance in basic science and mathematics in Katsina state.
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine students’ performance in basic science and mathematics using cooperative learning
strategy and inquiry method of teaching among junior secondary school students in Katsina State.
2. To determine if there is any relationship between students’ attitude and their performance in basic
science and mathematics
3. To find out if there is any difference between the performance of male and female junior secondary
school students in basic science and mathematics using cooperative learning strategy
Null Hypotheses
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-431
H01 There is no significant difference in the performance of students taught basic science and mathematics
using cooperative learning strategy and inquiry teaching method.
H02 There is no significant relationship between students’ attitude and their performance in basic science
and mathematics
H03 There is no significant difference in the performance of male and female students taught basic science
and mathematics using cooperative learning strategy.
Significance of the Study
Findings of this study will be useful by assisting most especially science and mathematics curriculum
planners in proposing appropriate changes which will promote better study habits in science and
mathematics. This will provide sound foundation in science and mathematics related fields via in
cooperating cooperative learning strategy as one of the instructional strategy to be use in the teaching and
learning of science and mathematics.
The study will also be of great advantage to all basic science and mathematics teachers as viable tool
that will improve the performance of students in basic science and mathematics. Findings of this study
revealed that students taught using cooperative strategy performed significantly higher than those taught
using inquiry method. This implies that cooperative strategy is a viable strategy for science and mathematics
teachers to adopt. The study is also beneficial to counselors since results revealed the superiority of
cooperative strategy in terms of enhancing performance in basic science and mathematics, counselors can be
in a better position to counsel and advice science and mathematics students to adopt group working while
learning science and mathematics.
Professional bodies like Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN), Mathematics Association
of Nigeria (MAN), Curriculum Organization of Nigeria (CON) etc will also drive a good benefit from this
work as that will motivate them in organizing workshops on this teaching strategy to their members who are
the science and mathematics teachers and will in turn impart it to their students there by raising their
performance. Finally, it contributes as an addition to the existing literature on cooperative learning, students’
performance and their attitude to basic science and mathematics.
Research Methodology
Quasi- experimental research design was used for this study with the aim of finding whether students
taught basic science and mathematics using cooperative learning strategy could perform better and improve
their attitudes than those taught using inquiry method of teaching.
The structure of the design is represented below:
EG, Y00 X Y01 R0
CG, Y11 Y02 R1
Where:
EG = Experimental group (cooperative learning strategy)
CG = Control group (inquiry teaching method)
Y00 and Y11 = Pre-test for experimental and control groups respectively for equivalence
Y01 and Y02 = Post-test for experimental and control group respectively for performance
R0 and R1 = Attitude test for experimental and control groups respectively.
X = Treatment given (cooperative learning strategy).
The experimental and control groups were taught basic science and mathematics under similar
conditions i.e. the same number of lesson periods, and at similar hour of the day i.e. during the morning
periods. The researchers did the teaching by themselves in both the experimental and control groups. While
experimental group was taught using cooperative method, control group was taught using inquiry method.
Two instrument were used for data collection namely Basic Science and Mathematics Performance Test
(BSMPT) and Students’ Attitude to Science and Mathematics Questionnaire (SASMQ). The BSMPT was
made up of (40) items from basic science and mathematics concepts derived from junior secondary three
(JSS III) syllabus which was validated by experts and experience teachers of these subjects. The SASMQ
was self-designed twenty items meant to assess attitude of JSS III students, it was validated by experts from
educational psychology. Cooperative Learning Guide adapted by the researcher from Siegel (2005) served
as guide for the cooperative learning. Both instruments were validated by experts and reliabilities of 0.79 for
(BSMPT) and 0.78 (SASMQ) were established through split half method and Cronbach alpha respectively.
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-432
The population of the study were all JSS III students in Katsina state. Six school were randomly selected and
proportionate sampling was used to select 240 sample students for the study.
Hypotheses Testing and Results
Table 1: Pre-Test Performance of Experimental and Control Groups for Equivalence
Group
N
Mean
Std.
Deviation
t-cal.
t-
critical
Remark
Cont. Pre-
test.
120
7.31
4.843
0.265
1.97
Not
Significant
Experimental
Pre- Test.
120
7.19
4.337
Result obtained from the table above indicates that, there is no significant difference between the
performance of the control and experimental groups during pre-testing. Hence, it could be concluded that,
there is no difference in their performance. This shows that the two groups (control and experimental) are
homogenous before the commencement of the treatment.
Table 2 for Ho1: Post Test Means of Control and Experimental Groups
Group
N
Mean
Std.
Deviation
t-cal.
t-Critical
Remark
Control Post
Test.
120
11.11
5.223
2.623
1.984
Significant
Experimental
Post Test.
120
19.21
4.321
α = 0.05 (two-tailed)
Result from table 2 showed the calculated t-value of 2.623 which is greater than the critical value of
1.98 at 0.05 level of confidence. Hence the first null hypothesis is rejected which means that, there is a
significant difference in performance between those students that were exposed to co-operative learning
strategy and those that were taught using inquiry method in favor of the experimental group.
Table 3 for Ho2: Relationship Between Students Attitudes and their Performance in basic science and
mathematics
Exp. Grp.
Post Test.
Exp. Grp. Att.
Test
Exp. Grp. Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
-
118
0.865
0.37
118
From Table 3 above, it can be seen that the calculated R value is 0.865. This implies that there is a
very high correlation between attitude and performance of students in basic science and mathematics.
Hence, the hypothesis that says, there is no significant relationship between students’ attitude and their
performance in basic science and mathematics was not accepted. This means that there is a relationship
between performance and attitude.
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-433
Table 4 for Ho3: Means of male and female students in basic science and mathematics
Group
N
Mean
Std.
Deviation
t-cal
t-critical
Remark
Male
Post Test
136
11.74
4.654
1.082
3.280
Not
Significant
Female
Post Test
104
14.92
5.611
α = 0.05 (two-tailed)
Results on table 4 showed the t-critical value of 3.280 which is greater than the t-calculated value of 1.082 at
0.05 level of significance. Hence, there is no significant difference in the performance of male and female
students taught basic science and mathematics using cooperative learning strategy was not rejected.
Discussion of Results
Findings from this study have shown the effectiveness of cooperative learning strategy in the
teaching and learning of basic science and mathematics at junior secondary schools of Katsina state. The
study also revealed that cooperative learning strategy is related to students' performance and attitude to basic
science and mathematics. Also found in this study is the fact that students taught using the cooperative
learning strategy performed better in basic science and mathematics performance test than those taught using
inquiry teaching method. This could be as a result of students' participation in learning activities. Students in
cooperative learning class carried out specific roles in solving problems which are presented in the
classroom to the benefit of all in the group. When students are faced with problems that they must solve,
they are forced to reason and think critically in order to solve the problems. The finding is in agreement with
the findings of Ferreira, (2001), Zakaria et al., (2010), and (Obinna-Akakura, Onah, & Opara, 2015) who
also found out that students taught using cooperative learning strategy tend to perform better. It is argued
that when properly and carefully used cooperative learning activities engage the students in the learning
process and tend to enhance the critical thinking and reasoning skills of learners (Etukudo 2006). Erinosho
(2005) hinged his study on the principle that cooperative learning enhances active engagement of students
and critical thinking. Adesokan, (2002) based his study on the principle that cooperative learning enhances
students’ memory and creativity, while Kolawole (2007) anchored his study on the principle that
constructive activity and collaborated learning are enhanced in cooperative learning classrooms. The present
study believes that cooperative learning strategy provides the students the impetus to understand better
certain basic science and mathematics concepts from their colleagues with ease.
Findings of this study is also in agreement with some research works conducted on the effectiveness
of cooperative learning in Nigeria. Such as that of Adeyemi (2002), Omosehin (2003) and Ibrahim (2003)
who studied the effects of a training program in cooperative learning of pre-service teachers’ classroom
practice and pupils’ learning outcomes in Sciences. Furthermore, Luu, (2010) take a look at the Learning
Together effects on the reading competence owith a sample of 77 Vietnamese tertiary students over a 7-
week-period. Results revealed that the small cooperative learning group outperformed their conterparts. It
was found out that cooperative learning strategy seems to be more effective in yielding positive results
performance wise than other instructional strategies.
Equally important, this study highlighted there is a significant relationship between performance and
attitude, though performance seems to be a factor that is dependent on attitude. Students in the cooperative
learning classroom were found to show better attitude towards the learning basic science and mathematics.
This seems to agree with the general notion that individuals can change their attitude and disposition through
interaction with others in one way or the other. Findings of this study is in agreement with Sahin (2010) who
adopted a pretest and posttest style to investigate the effects of Jigsaw III on achievement, and retention,
with sample of 71 Turkish sixth-grade students in a week course. The results portrayed that students in the
jigsaw group outperformed better than those in the traditional lecture-based learning group. The attitudes
exhibited by students in the cooperative learning class may also be by the fact that interaction among
students in cooperative learning groups is intense and prolonged in classes where cooperative learning
approach is used for teaching, students tend to gradually take responsibility for each other's learning. Tunga
Dr. Suleiman Sa’adu Matazu, IJSRM Volume 06 Issue 06 June 2018 [www.ijsrm.in] EL-2018-434
(2014) argued that better attitude exhibited by students in the cooperative learning classroom may have been
achieved because Feedback, reinforcement, and support from students’ peers in the group.
Gender was found not to be a barrier to meaningful learning when cooperative learning strategy is
employed. This could be the reason for finding no significant difference in the performance between the
male and female students on the use of cooperative learning strategy. This implies, if one group changes in a
similar amount as another group, there will be no significant difference between them. This finding is in
agreement with that of Viann (2002) who studied gender differences and their effects on cooperative
learning in chemistry classroom setting.
Conclusion
On the basis of this study, one can conclude that cooperative learning strategy is more effective than inquiry
teaching method in teaching and learning basic science and mathematics in Katsina state. It is also safe to
say cooperative learning strategy was found to be more effective teaching strategy in improving student’s
attitudes towards basic science and mathematics.
Recommendations
The following are recommended for improvement
1) Cooperative learning strategy be use at various secondary schools as a tool for effective learning and
improvement of student’s performance in basic science and mathematics.
2) Basic science and mathematics teachers need to undergo further training to update their skills in the
usage of cooperative learning strategy in schools.
3) Government, stakeholders and NGOs should provide adequate infrastructure and an enabling
environment for cooperative leaning strategy to be utilize at all secondary school levels.
4) Cooperative learning strategy should be adopted as a strategy of teaching basic science and
mathematics for both male and female secondary school students as it has the capability of
improving better students’ attitudes towards learning.
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